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LABORATORY MANUAL
COURSE
BASIC HYDRAULICS
COURSE CODE
ECW 321
LEVEL OF OPENNESS
CATEGORY
PERIOD OF ACTIVITY
1 WEEK (WEEK 4)
TITLE
1.1 Introduction
The traditional methods of conducting laboratory activities will not be able to
provide the avenue for students to enhance independent learning activities
and inculcate creativity and innovation. Level 0 is fully prescriptive where
problem, ways & means and answers are provided to the students.
However it is still necessary especially to first and second year students.
In these laboratory activities students will be exposed to the Bernoullis
principle, which is normally known as Bernoullis equation, defines the
PREAMBLE
(8.1)
1.2 Objectives
To determine total head for each point in the horizontal pipe using
Bernoullis principle when applied to the steady flow of water.
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LABORATORY MANUAL
v12
v22
= h2 +
2g
2g
(8.2)
The total pressure head, H can be measured from a probe with an end hole
facing into the flow such that it brings the flow to rest locally at the probe
end. Thus;
H=h+
v2
2g
(8.3)
The velocity of the flow is measured by measuring the volume of the flow,
V, over time period, t. This gives the rate of volume flow as;
Q=
V
t
(8.4)
2. Problem Statement
It is important to understand that an increase in the speed of the fluid will
have subsequent effect on the pressure or fluid potential energy. From the
PROBLEM
STATEMENT
in a fluid along a streamline is the same at all points on that streamline. This
requires that the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy remain
constant. Thus an increase in the speed of the fluid occurs proportionately
with an increase in both its dynamic pressure and kinetic energy, and a
decrease in its static pressure and potential energy.
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LABORATORY MANUAL
3.1 Apparatus
Bernoullis Apparatus Test Equipment, Hydraulic Bench, Stopwatch. Figure
3.1 below shows the Bernoullis Apparatus Test Equipment.
3.2 Procedure
1. Level the apparatus. Set up the Bernoullis Equation Apparatus on the
hydraulic bench so that its base is horizontal; this is necessary for accurate
height measurement from the manometers.
2. Connect the water inlet and outlet. Ensure that the rig outflow tube is
positioned above the volumetric tank, in order to facilitate timed volume
collections. Connect the rig inlet to the bench flow supply; close the bench
valve and the apparatus flow control valve and start the pump. Gradually
open the bench valve to fill the test rig with water.
3. Bleeding the manometers. In order to bleed air from pressure tapping
FKA, UiTM, KAMPUS PASIR GUDANG
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LABORATORY MANUAL
points and manometers, close both of the bench valve, the rig flow control
valve and open the air bleed screw and remove the cap from the adjacent
air valve. (For different sets of equipment, please refer to equipment
manual).
4. Connect a length of small bore tubing from the air valve to the volumetric
tank. Now, open the bench valve and allow flow through the manometers to
purge all air from them; then, tighten the air bleed screw and partly open the
bench valve and test rig flow control valve.
5. Next, open the air bleed screw slightly to allow air to enter the top of the
manometers (you may need to adjust both valves in order to achieve this);
retighten the screw when the manometers level reaches a convenient.
6. Repeat all procedures for different discharge.
highlighting the apparatus used, the procedures undertaken for the test,
data acquisition process, analysis carried out and the relevancy of the setout output to address the given problem. Comment on the validity of the
Bernoullis equation and its applications in engineering work.
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LABORATORY MANUAL
Distance
from 1st
tube (m)
Diameter
Tube, d
(m)
Area of
Tube, A
(m2)
Manometer/Static
Head, (m)
Velocity,
V (m/s)
Velocity/Dynamic
Head, (m)
Total
Head, h
(m)
Velocity,
V (m/s)
Velocity/Dynamic
Head, (m)
Total
Head, h
(m)
1
2
3
4
5
6
Distance
from 1st
tube (m)
Diameter
Tube, d
(m)
Area of
Tube, A
(m2)
Manometer/Static
Head, (m)
1
2
3
4
5
6
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