Friction

CHAPTER
8:
FRICTION
Dry Fric(on on Flat Surfaces
ES 11 Engineering Statics
What starts the MRT to move?

What accelerates it?
What stops it?
What makes you walk?
How does a
bike break
work?
Introduc6on
In the preceding chapters, it was assumed that con(guous
surfaces of bodies in contact were smooth so that the force of
one body on another acted perpendicularly to the surface of
contact.
Perfectly smooth surfaces, however, do not exist in nature.
Even the best polished surfaces
when examined microscopically
reveal a sequence of irregularly
shaped valleys and ridges.
FRICTION
resistance to rela(ve mo(on of two bodies in
contact.
represented by a series of forces ac(ng tangent at
the surface of contact.
resultant of which can be determined.

Nature of Friction
Surface irregularities and molecular

attraction are hypothesized to
contribute to friction.
The magnitude of friction
depends on the roughness and
normal force whether the object
is stationary or sliding.
Laws of Fric6on (Coulomb)

q The maximum fric(onal resistance that can be developed
between two surfaces is directly propor(onal to the normal
force.
q For the same normal force, fric(onal resistance is less
when rela(ve mo(on is taking place than when rela(ve
mo(on is just impending.
q Fric(onal resistance is independent of the size of the
macroscopic area of contact.
N
Nature of Friction
What youre seeing
FBD of block
W
T
Static
!
F = 0
Static
(impending
motion)
!
T
f
F = 0
Accelerated
motion
!
fk
F = 0
fsmax
State of motion
Static
!
fs
Friction vs. the

Tensile force
F 0
T
f
Nature of Friction
The coefficient of friction depends on the nature of

the surfaces in contact,
us (rubber to concrete):
us (metal to metal):
.60 - .90
.15 - .60
IMPORTANT NOTES
If there is no load parallel to surface, no friction will develop.
impending motion f
sliding f
Limiting Friction
Limiting Friction maximum friction that can develop between two

surfaces given their normal force.
Limi6ng Angle of Fric6on

WImpending motion
WImpending motion
f = s N
R
()
( )
s = tan
1 f
N
s = tan
1 s N
N
s = tan 1 s
Example A.1
Determine the friction
between the 100N
block and plane in
each of the ff. cases:
Case A
s = 0.20
k = 0.10
Example A.2
between the 100N
block and plane in
each of the ff. cases:
s = 0.20
k = 0.10
Case B
P=
P=10N
Example A.3
between the 100N block
and plane in each of the
ff. cases:
s = 0.20
k = 0.10
Case C
P=
P=30N
f
Example A
between the 100N block
and plane in each of the ff.
cases:
Case C
P=
P=?
F=?
s = 0.20
k = 0.10
If F < F, will not move F will be the friction in the contact surface.
If F = F, will not move but movement is IMPENDING.
If F > F, will move and F= kN we are not to solve because
moving.
Example B.1
f = 10 N sin 10 !
at rest
Case A
f = 1.74 N
10N
10 N
10 !
10 !
N P = 10 N cos10 !
N P = 9.85 N
f < f sMAX
1.74 N < (0.20)(9.85 N )
1.74 N < 1.97 N
Example B.2
Case B
Impending motion
10N
10 N
11.31 11.3
f = 10 N sin 11.31!
f = 1.97 N
N P = 10N cos11.3
N P = 9.81
f ? fsMAX
1.97N ?(0.20)(9.85N )
1.97N = 1.96N
Example B.3
Case C
Accelerated motion
f = 10 N sin 12 !
f = 2.08 N
N P = 10 N cos12 !
10 N
12!
12!
EXTRA:
Impending motion
occurs when the angle is
11.31.
N P = 9.78 N
f < f sMAX
2.08 N < (0.20)(9.78 N )
2.08 N > 1.96 N
non static
Example B
Body A has a mass of 25 kg and body B has a mass
of 50 kg. The coecient of fric(on for all
con(guous surfaces is = 0.20. Find the maximum
force P that can be applied to B without disturbing
the equilibrium of the system.
Solu6on
The force P is maximum when mo(on of B towards the right is
impending. Mo(on A is therefore impending towards the leN
rela(ve to B so that in the free body diagram of A, limi(ng fric(on
is directed towards the right.
FH = 0 = 0.20 N BA TCA cos 20

FV = 0 = N BA 245.3 + TCA sin 20
T CA may be eliminated from the two
equa(ons and the value of NBA found.
FBD of A
NBA = 228.7 N
FBA = 0.20(228.7) = 45.74 N
Solu6on
FV = 0 = NDA - 490.5 - 228.7
NDA = 719.2 N
FBD of B
The value of P is found by summing forces in the horizontal direc(on.
FH = 0 = P - 0.20(719.2) 45.74
P = 18.6 N
Example C
The mass of body A is 45 kg. The coecient of fric(on
for bodies A, B, and the ramp C is 0.10. Neglec(ng
fric(on between the string and the ramp, nd the
smallest mass of B for which equilibrium of the system
can exist.
Solu6on
Recall that the tangent of the angle of fric(on s
equal to the coecient of fric(on, i.e.,
= tan-1 0.10 = 5.71

FBD of A
sin 95.71 sin 24.29

=
441.5
T
Force polygon for A
T = 182.5 N
Solu6on
FBD of B
Force polygon for B
From the force polygon for body B, we get
sin 50.71 sin 84.29

=
182.5
9.81M B
MB = 23.92 kg
Example D
A 60-kg man climbs up a step
ladder A while another tries to
hold the ladder in place by
applying a 200 N horizontal force
at point (1). If the coecient of
fric(on for all con(guous surfaces
is = 0.20, determine if the
ladder will slide when the rst
man reaches point (2) of the
ladder.
Solu6on
There are three possibili(es to consider here, namely:
The 200 N force is too small

to hold the ladder in place so
that the ladder slides away from
the wall.
The 200 N force is too large
and the ladder slides towards
the wall.
The applied force is adequate
to hold the ladder in place.
FBD of A
Solu6on
FBD for impending mo(on
away from the wall
FV = 0 = NCA + 0.20NBA - 667
M1 = 0 = -3.3NBA - 0.20NBA(3.3/tan60) +
667(1.8/tan60) - 0.20NCA(1.2) + NCA (1.2/tan60)
NBA = 263. N
NCA = 614.2 N
FH = 0 = 263.9 - 0.20(614.2) - P
P = 141.1 N
Solu6on
The second possibility will now be
inves(gated. To do this, the minimum
force Q necessary to move the ladder
towards the wall will be determined.
The FBD of A when the force Q is
ac(ng is shown at right.
FV = 0 = NCA - 0.20NBA - 667
FBD for impending mo(on

towards the wall
M1 = 0 = -3.3NBA + 0.20NBA(3.3/tan60) + (667)1.8/tan60) +

0.20NCA(1.2) + NCA1.2/tan60)
NBA = 481.5 N
NCA = 763.3 N
FH = 0 = 481.5 + 0.20(763.3) - Q
Q = 634.2 N
CHAPTER 8:
FRICTION
Belt Fric(on on Circular Surfaces
Some terms you should know first

Belt a cable, band, or rope
Fixed drum an immovable
cylinder supporting the belt
Tension the force that pulls and
stretches the belt.
Pull
Pull
drum
Belt
(Magnified)
Tension is represented by a red

arrow pointing to the direction
of the pull on the rope.
A rope around a bollard is
another example of a belt on
a fixed drum.
What does fric(on do

Smooth
fixed
drum
Friction between the belt and

drum prevents slippage
between the two.
When either the belt or drum is
smooth, friction cant develop.
Unbalancing the weights will
cause the belt to move over the
drum towards the greater tension.
What does fric(on do

When both belt and drum have
rough surfaces, friction can
develop.
If tension is larger on one side
of the belt, the belt will tend to
move to that side.
But friction prevents it from
easily sliding. This friction is
called belt friction.
Note:
Belt is about to slide.
Finally, if that tension is further

increased, the belt eventually slips
toward that side.
Belt fric(on
Because of belt friction, to a
limited extent, the tensions can
be unbalanced without causing
the belt to slide.
Weaker
tension
Unequal tensions, contact area

and roughness between belt and
drum, are factors of belt friction.
Unequal
tensions
Heavier
tension
Some forces on the belt
Unequal tensions and belt fric(on

Belt friction is always against the
potential sliding action of the belt
against the heavier pull.
Direction of
Belt friction
In effect, it helps the weaker

tension to keep the belt from
sliding.
Weaker
tension
Heavier
tension
Direction of
the pending
slippage of
the belt
Belt friction is indicated by the

unequal tensions.
If the belt remains static when the
ratio of the heavier tension to the
weaker tension is large, then belt
friction is also large.
Relation of pulls in a belt with friction
s N
T + T
N
Weaker
tension
Heavier
tension
s N
T + T
N
(+) Fx = 0
0 = (T + T ) cos 2 T cos 2 s N
(+) Fy = 0
0 = N (T + T ) sin 2 T sin 2
N = (T + T ) sin 2 + T sin 2
0 = T cos 2 s N
0 = T cos 2 s ((T + T ) sin 2 + T sin 2 )
0 = T cos 2 s (2T + T ) sin 2
sin
T
T
0=
cos 2 s (T +
) 2
2
2
T 0, 0
dT
0=
sT
d
dT
= sT
d
dT
= sT
d
dT
= s d
T
TL
dT
T T = 0 s d
s
TL
ln = s
Ts
TL
s
=e
Ts
Weaker
Tension
(Ts)
Heavier
Tension
(TL)
Other effects of belt friction
TL
s
=e
Ts
Applicable only
if the belt is
about to slip.
TL
s
friction
Ts
Compare the friction

For a steel drum and
For a concrete drum.
TL

friction
Ts
Compare the friction

When there is half a turn and
When there is 2.5 turns
TL
s
friction
Ts
How to get :
Example F
The maximum tension that can be developed in the cord is
500N. If the pulley at A is free to rotate and the coefficient of
static friction at the fixed drums B and C is 0.25, determine the
largest mass of the cylinder that can be lifted by the cord.
Assume that the force T applied at the end of the cord is directed
vertically downward.
Solution
135!
500 N
45
T1
T1
T1
!
135
45
T1
T2
T2
W = mg
Solu(on
135!
45
500 N
T1
T1
T1
TL
= e s
Ts
TL 500 N
=
= e ( 0.25)( 3 / 4 )
Ts
T1
T1 =
500 N
e
( 0.25)( 3 / 4 )
= 277.4 N
!
135
45
T1
T2
T2
W = mg
Solu(on
135!
45
500 N
T1
T1
T1
TL
= e s
Ts
TL 500 N
=
= e ( 0.25)( 3 / 4 )
Ts
T1
T1 =
500 N
e
( 0.25)( 3 / 4 )
= 277.4 N
!
135
45
T1
T2
T2
W = mg
Solu(on
T1
T1
TL T1 277.4 N
= =
= e ( 0.25)( 3 / 4)
Ts T2
T2
277.4 N
T2 = ( 0.25)( 3 / 4) = 153.9 N
e
!
135
45
T1
T2
T2
W = mg
Solu(on
= 0 W = T2
W = 153.9 N
T1
!
135
45
m = Wg
m=
T2
153.9 N
9.81m / s 2
m = 15.7kg
T2
W = mg
Example G
The ywheel A rotates clockwise under the ac(on of a 700 N-m
couple. A band brake is to be used to stop the rota(on of A. The
coecient of fric(on between belt and ywheel is 0.40.

1) What is the minimum force P applied at the end of rod B that will
stop the ywheel?
2) If the 700 N-m couple acts counterclockwise on A, what is the
minimum braking force P?
Solu(on
1) When the braking force P is minimum,
clockwise rota(on of the ywheel is
impending. The larger tension will be at
the leN part of the belt. Thus,
FBD of belt & wheel
T1 = T2 e0.40 = 3.51T2 .
Summing moments about D, we have
MD = 0 = 3.51T2(0.3) - 0.3T2 - 700

T2 = 929.6 N
Solu(on
A summa(on of moments about point (1)
in the FBD of B yields the value of P.
M1 = 0 = 929.6(0.6) - 1.8P
P = 310 N
FBD of B
Solu(on
2) When a counterclockwise couple
acts on the ywheel, the right side
of the belt will carry the larger
tension. Therefore,
T2
T1 =
= 0.285T2 .
e 0.40
MD = 0 = 0.285T2(0.3) - 0.3T2 + 700
T2 = 3263 N
Solu(on
A summa(on of moments about point (1)
in the FBD of B yields the value of P.
FBD of B
M1 = 0 = 3263(0.6) - 1.8P
P = 1088 N
SUMMARY:
Belt friction accounts for the additional pull needed to
make a belt resting on a drum move.
When the belt is about to slip, the tensions on the belt
ends are related by:
TL
= e s
Ts
Roughness and contact surface
between the belt and drum affect the ratio of the
unbalanced tensions.
The above equation is a scalar equation relating only the
magnitudes of the tensions.
Other Examples
Example 1
Us=0.40 and Uk=0.30 between all the
surfaces of contact. A frictionless pin
holds the pulley. Determine the smallest
force P required to start the lower block
moving.
FBD of lower block
10 kg
30
P
20 kg
FBD of upper block
N1 f
1
W1
30
W2
f2
f1
N1
N2
Solu6on
FBD of upper block
Solu6on
Example 2
Beam AB is subjected to a 800N force as shown. If the coefficient of static
friction at B and C are 0.2 and 0.5 respectively, determine the force P needed
to pull the post out from the under the beam. Neglect the weight of the
members and the thickness of the post.
2m
800
N
Solu6on
FBD of beam
2m
A
800 N
Ax
Ay = 400 N
B
4m
FBD of post
fB
N B = 400N
fB
N B = 400N
B
0.75 m
P=?
0.25 m
fC
NC = 400N
Solu6on
Case 2
Case 1
f B = f B MAX N = 400N
B
B
0.75 m
fB
N B = 400N
B
0.75 m
P=?
0.25 m
fC
NC = 400N
FBD of post
P=?
0.25 m
f C = f C MAX N = 400N
C
FBD of post
(+ )ccw M C = 0
Solu6on
0 = (1m)( f B MAX ) (0.25m)(P )

0 = (1m)(0.2 400 N ) (0.25m)(P )
TRY Case 1
f B = f B MAX N = 400N
B
B
P=?
fC
Check :
(+ ) Fx = 0
0 = P f B MAX f C
0.75 m
0.25 m
P = 320 N
NC = 400N
FBD of post
0 = 320 N (0.2)(400 N ) f C
f C = 240 N
Compare :
f C < f C MAX
240 N < (0.5)(400 N )
240 N > 200 N
not _ possible
Solu6on
TRY Case 2
fB
N B = 400N
B
0 = (0.75m)(P ) (1m)( f C MAX )

0 = (0.75m)(P ) (1m)(0.5 400 N )
P = 266.7 N
Check :
(+ ) Fx = 0
0 = P f C MAX f B
0.75 m
P=?
0.25 m
(+ )ccw M B = 0
C
FBD of post
0 = 266.7 N (0.5)(400 N ) f B
f B = 66.7 N
Compare :
f B < f B MAX
66.7 N < (0.2)(400 N )
66.7 N < 80 N
possible
Solu6on
Case 2
fB
N B = 400N
B
0.75 m
P=66.7N
0.25 m
C
Summary :
P = 66.7 N
FBD of post
Example 3
Determine the maximum distance d that will maintain the
equilibrium of the system below. The beam weighs 50 lbs, and the
block weighs 100 lbs. The coefficient of static friction between the
peg and rope, and between the block and beam are both 0.4.
Assume the block will not tip.
1 ft
A
10 ft
Solu6on
How will this system move if the block is placed
farther to the right?
The beam will rotate

and the rope will slide
as shown.
Solu6on
d
FBD of block
100 lbs
T1
T1 = ?
T2
s
Ay = ?
Ax = ?
R=?
T2 = ?
A
50 lbs
5 ft
10 ft
FBD of beam
Solu6on
FBD of block
100 lbs
T1 = ?
s = tan s
1
s = tan 0.4
100 lbs
s = 21.8!
R
s = 21.8!
T1 = (100lbs) tan 21.8

T1 = 40lbs
T1
Solu6on
TL T2
( 0.4 )( / 2 )
= =e
Ts T1
T2 = 40 e
( 0.4 )( / 2 )
T1
T2
T2 = 74.978lbs
Solu6on
d
Ay = ?
Ax = ?
100 lbs
T1 = 40lbs
74.978lbs
1 ft
A
50 lbs
5 ft
FBD of beam and block
10 ft
!
(+)ccw M A = 0
(d )(100) (5)(50) + (10)(74.978) (1)(40) = 0

(5)(50) + (10)(74.978) (1)(40)
d=
= 4.6 ft
100
summary :
d = 4.6 ft

Friction

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Friction

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CHAPTER

What starts the MRT to move?

What makes you walk?

resultant of which can be determined.

Surface irregularities and molecular

Laws of Fric6on (Coulomb)

Friction vs. the

The coefficient of friction depends on the nature of

Limiting Friction maximum friction that can develop between two

Limi6ng Angle of Fric6on

FH = 0 = 0.20 N BA TCA cos 20

= tan-1 0.10 = 5.71

sin 95.71 sin 24.29

Force polygon for B

From the force polygon for body B, we get

sin 50.71 sin 84.29

The 200 N force is too small

FBD for impending mo(on

M1 = 0 = -3.3NBA + 0.20NBA(3.3/tan60) + (667)1.8/tan60) +

Some terms you should know first

Tension is represented by a red

What does fric(on do

Friction between the belt and

What does fric(on do

Finally, if that tension is further

Unequal tensions, contact area

Some forces on the belt

Unequal tensions and belt fric(on

In effect, it helps the weaker

Belt friction is indicated by the

Relation of pulls in a belt with friction

Relation of pulls in a belt with friction

Relation of pulls in a belt with friction

Relation of pulls in a belt with friction

Other effects of belt friction

Compare the friction

Compare the friction

FBD of belt & wheel

Summing moments about D, we have

MD = 0 = 3.51T2(0.3) - 0.3T2 - 700

FBD of lower block

FBD of upper block

FBD of upper block

0 = (1m)( f B MAX ) (0.25m)(P )

0 = (0.75m)(P ) (1m)( f C MAX )

The beam will rotate

T1 = (100lbs) tan 21.8

(d )(100) (5)(50) + (10)(74.978) (1)(40) = 0

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