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CAPSULE PHYSICS
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PHYSICS
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CLASS X
ALIF MUHAMMED.A
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CAPSULE PHYSICS
PREFACE
I feel immense pleasure in presenting the book CAPSULE PHYSICS
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Salient features:
Covers all the facts and aspects of syllabus in the form of a capsule.
Number of worked out examples are given in all chapters at
appropriate places for the quick revision and assessment of
understanding of the topic.
Model question paper is also included at the end of the book.
Use of very simple and lucid language.
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First thanks go to my father and mother and GOD and my friends &
Smart Caf, Edamon. My Sincere thanks go to Mrs. Jayakumary.S
[Former Principal KUCTE, ANCHAL].
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Please read this text book carefully, and then send your suggestions for
improving the quality and usefulness of the book.
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Alif Muhammed. A
Banglavu Murupel Puthen Veedu
Edamon Post
Punalur
Pin 691307
Mob: 9995858447
E-mail: alif.muhammedplr@gmail.com
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CAPSULE PHYSICS
Index
CHAPTER
PAGE NO
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4. SOUND.. 26
5. OPTICAL PHENOMENA.. 35
6. ELECTRONICS.. 40
7. OUR UNIVERSE....49
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CAPSULE PHYSICS
Joules Law
The law states that Heat developed in a conductor by the passage of electric current is equal to the
product of the square of the current and the resistance of the conductor and the time of the flow of
current.
H = I2Rt
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I current (A)
H = V2t /R
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t- Time (s)
H = VIt
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= V2t /R
2. H = I2R t =
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1. H = I2Rt =
H- Heat (joule)
I.e.: H =I2Rt
=VIt
Q1. What are the factors affecting heat produced by a current passing conductor?
Q2. State and explain joules law?
Additional l information
We know that H =I2Rt,
Then 1. t=H/I2R
2. R = H/I2t
3. I2 = H/Rt or I=
H = I2Rt
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CAPSULE PHYSICS
Characters of nichrome
1. High Resistance
ELECTRIC POWER
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Electric power is the work done by the electric current per unit time.
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=W/t=H/t
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Electric power =
P = I2Rt/t
P
P= I2R
=I R
P = V2 /R
P = VI
=I R
P= 3 x 200=1800 w
Q5.An Electric device of resistance 20works in a 230 V mains, find the power of the device?
R =20, V= 230V, P=?
P = V2 /R =2302/20=2645w
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CAPSULE PHYSICS
Q6.Calculate the heat produced when a 500 W heater works for 10 minutes?
Ans : P=500W ,t=10X60=600S,
H=VIt=Pxt=500x600=300000J
RESISTANCE
Resistance of an electrical conductor is the opposition to the passage of an electric current through that
conductor. It is denoted by R, and its unit is ohm (),
Factors affecting the resistance of a conductor
1.(
2.(R
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, R=
the conductor.
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Silver
Copper
Aluminum
Steel
Tungsten
Nichrome
Carbon
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4. Temperature of the
conductor
Resistivity
-8
x10
m
1.59
1.68
2.82
2
5.5
100
3.5
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Then R
Substance
the conductor(R
Q8. A current of Y ampere is passed through a conductor of X ohm resistance for a period of Z second,
a. Find the heat developed in the conductor?
b. When the current through a conductor is doubled, the heat developed in it will be increased
by?
LIGHTING EFFECT OF ELECRIC CURRENT
Different Types of lamps
1. FILAMENT LAMP
2. FLURESCENT LAMP
3. DISCHARGE LAMP
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CAPSULE PHYSICS
LAMPS
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Working: An incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe is an electric
light which produces light with a filament wire heated to a high temperature by an electric current passing
through it, until it glows. The hot filament is protected from oxidation with a glass or quartz bulb that is filled
with inert gas or evacuated.
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Filament lamp
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CHARACTRERISTICS OF TUNGSTEN
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DEMERIT OF THE FILAMENT LAMP: Main problem is major part of energy is lost in the form of heat.
5. HIGH RESISTANCE
5. ABILITY TO REMAIN IN WHITE HOT STATE
FOR A LONG TIME
DISCHARGE LAMP
Part-1.A Glass tube,
2. Glass tube filled with suitable gas,
3. Electrodes at both ends of the tubes
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CAPSULE PHYSICS
Working
A High voltage is applied on the electrodes of the tube, then the gas gets ionized. As a result of the collision of
ions and electrons with unionized particle, the light is produced.
The colour of the light produced in discharge lamp
depends on the nature of the gas that is used in the
discharge lamp
Gas in the
discharge tube
Neon
Nitrogen
Sodium Vapour
Mercury vapour
Chlorine
Hydrogen
FLUORESCENT LAMP
Main parts:
1. Glass tube,
Colour of light
Orange
Red
Yellow
white
Green
Blue
2. Heating coil
Working
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When electricity is passed though the heating coil of the F-lamp it gets heated and electrons are emitted. The
tube in the lamp has mercury in it, due to the passage of electricity mercury gets evaporated, and then the
emitted electrons collide with mercury atoms. As a result, UV rays are produced from mercury atoms. These
UV rays are absorbed by the fluorescent materials and change into visible light .
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CAPSULE PHYSICS
(CFL- LAMPS)
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LED is an electronic device which converts electrical energy into light energy, (An LED consists of two
elements of processed material called P-type semiconductors and N-type semiconductors. These two elements
are placed in direct contact, forming a region called the P-N junction.)
Benefits of LEDs compared with incandescent and fluorescent lamps
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Low power requirement: Most types can be operated with battery power supplies
High efficiency
Long life
L.E.D
Lower initial cost
Produces cool light
LED light up very quickly
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Indicator lights
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Uses of LED
LCD panel backlighting: Specialized white LEDs are used in flat-panel computer displays.
Q9.The colour of light in the Neon lamp is orange
a. We can fill mercury vapour instead of Neon gas, predict the colour of light?
b. Explain how light is obtained from it?
Ans: a .white b.(refer) what?
Q10.In a circuit there is a resistance wire of length 20 cm , a boy cuts the resistance wire in to two equal halves
and one half is connected to the circuit, what will be the change in the intensity of bulb in the circuit?
of the original value, intensity of current increases and the bulb glows with more intensity.
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CAPSULE PHYSICS
Positive electrode
Negative electrode
Electrolyte
Silver plate
Iron spoon
Gold plate
Aluminum cup
Chromium plate
Handle of bicycle
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Object to be electro
plated
An iron spoon with silver
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Uses of electroplating
Electroplating
Purification of metal
To extract metals from ore
Combination of resistors
Effective resistance in series R=R1+R2+R3+
Effective resistance in parallel = + +.
Q14.Two resistors 12, 6 are connected in series with 9v battery.
a. Draw the circuit diagram?
B . Calculate the effective resistance of the circuit?
c. Calculate the intensity of current through each resistor?
Ans : b. R=8 c .I=0.5A,
50W, 250V
25W, 250V
Q15.
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b. H=7500J
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Q16. Analyze the given figure and write about the effect of current utilized in each figure ?
(A)
(B)
(C)
Q17. Calculate the heat produced in the circuit given below when current is passed for one minute through the
circuit? (R1=6 and R2=3,V=3V}
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CAPSULE PHYSICS
.
Q18 .An electrical device of 250 work in 2 A current
a. find the power of this device?
B .How much energy will be consumed in one hour?
Q19. A silver cup is has to be electroplated with gold.
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b. What area the important points to be noted while doing this experiment?
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Gases are ionized, Rays are produced, and Collision between ions and molecule take place, High voltage is
given to the electrodes
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Q21.It is dangerous to use a thick wire as fuse instead of a fuse wire, why?
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2 .ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
MAIN POINTS
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
ELECTRIC GENERATOR
MOVING COIL MICROPHONE
MUTUAL INDUCTION
TRANSFORMER
SELF INDUCTION
FLEMINGS LEFT HAND RULE
MOVING COIL LOUDSPEAKER
DC MOTOR
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
The process by which an emf is induced in a conductor when the magnetic flux linked with it changes. The emf
produced is called induced emf, and the resulting current is called induced current.
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CAPSULE PHYSICS
AC and DC GENERATORS
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AC generator
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Field magnet
Armature
Slip rings
Brush
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Output of AC generator
If the coil completes one rotation in one second its frequency is said to be 1Hz
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CAPSULE PHYSICS
DC Generator
Main parts
Field magnet
Armature
Split ring
Brush
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Out put
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emf
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Moving coil microphone
Parts
Diaphragm
Field magnet
Moving coil (voice coil)
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CAPSULE PHYSICS
diaphragm
voice coil
out put
When the intensity of sound produced in front of the diaphragm increases, the amplitude of the induced electric
signal formed in the coil also increases.
Mutual induction
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Consider two coils placed near each other as shown in figure. When current is passed through the primary
coil, magnetic flux is produced. This magnetic flux is also linked with the secondary coil. If the current is
changed by varying the resistance in the primary circuit, the magnetic flux also changes. As this changing
flux is linked with the secondary coil, it induces an emf in it. This phenomenon of inducing emf in a coil by
changing current in another coil is known as mutual inductance.
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Transformer
Transformer is a device used to increase or decrees the AC voltage. This work on the principle of mutual
induction
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CAPSULE PHYSICS
Transformer
Step up transformer
High volt AC
High volt AC
Low Volt AC
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Low volt AC
Relation between the number of turns of coil of a transformer and induced emf
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Magnet
Voice coil
Diaphragm
Flow chart
Electrical signal from amplifier
Voice coil
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CAPSULE PHYSICS
diaphragm
sound
FUNCTION
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Field magnet
Armature
Split ring commutator
Brushes
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Parts
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Stretch the thump, fore finger, and middle finger of the left hand, so that they are perpendicular to one
another. The fore finger represents the direction of the magnetic field, and the thumb indicates the
direction of the force and middle finger represent the direction of current.
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CAPSULE PHYSICS
Q23.To wind a step-down transformer to get an output of 10v by applying an input voltage of 250v, how many
turns are required in the secondary coil if the number of turns in the primary is 4500?
Q24. Complete the following table?
Name of device
Dynamo
Micro phone
Loud speaker
transformer
Working principle
Q25. Initially 3v, 50Hz, AC is applied on the moving voice coil of a loudspeaker. After that a 3v DC is applied,
a. Which among these two will produce sound? Why?
b. What type of energy transformations occur in this device?
c. What arrangement is made to produce sound, when the voice coil vibrates in the moving loudspeaker?
d. Suppose you are given a circuit of loudspeaker, what changes can make that circuit into a microphone?
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Q27 When a bicycle dynamo is examined by opening it, the following components were found .
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d. How can you increase the amount of emf obtained from this dynamo without changing its structure?
Q28. In a transformer NS : NP -3 : 5 , if VS is 300 v ,then what will be the value of VP?
Q29.Wat is the difference between a generator and an electric motor with respect to energy transformation?
Q30. You are given a long insulated copper wire, a galvanometer and a bar magnet.
a. How can you produce electromagnetic induction by using these?
b. How can you increase the strength of the induced current?
c. Write any two devices working on the principle of electromagnetic induction?
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CAPSULE PHYSICS
Name of source
Graphical representation
[Paper cone vibrates, Sound is produced, Electric signals reach the voice coil, and Voice coil vibrates]
a. Name the device?
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Main points
POWER GENERATOR
SINGLE PHASE AND THREE PHASE GENERATOR
POWER TRANSMISSION
POWER DISTRIBUTION
TRANSMISSION LOSS
STAR CONNECTION
HOUSE HOILD WIRING
THREE PIN AND TWO PIN PLUG
EARTHING
MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY
Power Station
The centre where electricity is generated for distribution
Hydroelectric power
station
Pallivasal
Neyveli
Tharapur
Moolamattom
Kayamkulam
Kalpakkam
Kuttiadi
Sabarigiri
Ramangundam
Brahmapuram
Kotta
Narora
Power generator
In electricity generation, an electric generator is a device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy
Rotor
Stator
Exciters
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The most important parts of a generator are armature and field magnet. In order to cut the magnetic lines of
force one of them is said to be rotated and other is kept stationary.
Rotor is the rotating part of the generator & stator is the stationary part of the generator
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{The armature of a power generator will be of heavy mass .So it is used as the stator, and the field magnet is
used as rotor}
The auxiliary generators meant for providing DC to electro magnets in large AC generators is called exciter.
Q34.Why permanent magnet should not be used as field magnet in large AC generator?
Ans: If permanent magnet is used as field magnet the amount of current produced will decrease with the
decrease in the power of magnet. So electromagnets are used as field magnets.
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CAPSULE PHYSICS
Output
[One end of the three phase line is connected together, this point is called neutral]
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The process of sending electricity through wires from the generating station to the area where it is consumed is
known as power transmission.
Note:
Step up transformer are used at the substation near the power house
In other stage of distribution step down transformer is used
The voltages generated at the power station is 11 KV
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CAPSULE PHYSICS
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Voltage drop
Energy lose (Heat)
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minimized?
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Ans ; it can be minimized by reducing the strength of electric current and by raising the voltage during
transmission.
Star connection
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(The heat developed in a conductor is directly proportional to the square of the current passing through it from
joules law)
An arrangement of connecting one end each of the three phase coil at a common point is known as star
connection.
four lines come out of the distribution transformer meant for household and another purposes
Three lines come into the transformer
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CAPSULE PHYSICS
Star connection
Note:
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CAPSULE PHYSICS
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The large pin of the three pin plug is called earth pin which is connected to
metallic covering.
When the plug pins are inserted in the plug socket the earth pin will be
connected to the large hole in socket, which is kept well earthed.
If the insulation of a circuit is damaged, and the current happens to pass over the
metallic part of appliances one who happens to touch this may get an electric
shock. When a three pin plug is used, the metallic body of the appliance
connected to the instrument gets connected to the earth through the earth wire.
When electrical appliance consumes electrical energy at the rate of 1 joule per second, its power is said to be 1
watt
Electrical energy = power x time
i.e
x s = 1 j or
The energy consumed by a device of power 1000 w (1 KW) in one hour is one kilowatt hour. This is the
commercial unit of electricity
1 Watt hour = the quantity of energy consumed in one hour at the rate of 1 joule per second
= 1 joule x 60 x60 = 3600 j
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CAPSULE PHYSICS
Device
Power
w
Iron
750
Time of
working
hour
0.5
Fan
60
Bulb
40
L.E.D
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C.F.L
20
Consumed energy in
kilowatt hour
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Q38. Why we use very high voltage for transmitting electricity to distant places, why
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Ans : power p= VI , when electricity is transmitted to distant place , there is a loss of energy due to heat. To
reduce this electric current should be minimum. So high voltage is used by decreasing the value of electric
current without changing the electric power.
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Q41.
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CAPSULE PHYSICS
Complete a domestic electric circuit of your own idea and label the names of devices used?
Q42. There are five 500 w bulbs and three 60w bulbs in a house circuit. They work for 5 hours daily. How many
units of electricity is consumed in the month of March?
Q43. Some details in a survey form attached with a project report of a student are given below:
Appliance
Bulb
Bulb
power
100 w
60 w
Total number
3
5
Time in hours
5
5
Based on the survey calculate the total energy consumed per day in this house?
Ans : Total power 3 x100 + 5x 60 + =300+300 = 600W
Q45. If 0.01A current flows through a bulb working at 250V, how many hours are required to consume one unit
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of electricity?
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Time taken by the 25 W bulb to consume one unit of energy in hours= 1000/25 =40 hr
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b. The earth pin in a three pin plug is longer and thicker than other pins?
Ans . a, The neutral line will be maintained at zero potential by earthling at different points along its length
4. SOUND
Main Points
Sound
Transmission of sound
Characteristics of sound
Doppler effect
Resonance
Beats
Limit if audibility
Reflection of sound
Acoustics of building
Sound pollution
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CAPSULE PHYSICS
Sound
Sound is a form of energy which makes as hear. Sound is produced by the vibration of the objects.Objects that
produce sound are called sources of sound.
Frequency of sound
It is the number of vibrations per second, and its unit is Hertz. [Sound changes according to change in
frequency. The frequency of sound waves is the same as that of the vibrating body which produecs sound.
The reason for the sound variation from different sources is due to the difference in their frequency.]
Natural frequency
Every vibrating objects has its own frequency, this frequency is called natural frequency. This natural frequency
does not change if it is allowed to vibrate freely.
Factors on which the frequency depends
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Transmission of sound
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Sound needs a material medium like solid, liquid or gas to travel; the substance through which sound travels is
called a medium.
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Velocity of sound
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The moon has no air or atmosphere at all. It is all vaccum on the surface of moon. Sound cannot be heard
directly on the surface of moon because there is no air on the moon to carry the sound waves.
Sound travels faster in solids than in liquids, because the molecules inside solid substance are packed tightly.
The speed of sound in liquids is comparatively slow. As the molecules in gases are loosely packed speed of
sound through gases is much slower.
Medium
Aluminum
Iron
Steel
Water
Air
Remember this
sped =
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CAPSULE PHYSICS
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1.Intensity of sound
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Loudness
Intensity of sound
Pitch
Timber or quality
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Characteristics of sound
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Intensity of sound is the quantity of sound energy passed vertically through a unit surface in unit time.
According to the increase in the amplitude of vibrating object the intensity also increases.
The intensity of sound is proportional to the square of the amplitude of the sound. The intensity of
sound is the amount of energy passing through unit area per second perpendicular to the direction of
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propagation. Its unit is W/m
2. Loudness
The intensity of sound produced in the ear is called loudness.
Loudness is the measure of audibility produced by sound in a person. This is also called sound
pressure level. Its unit is decibel (db).it can be measured by an instrument called the decibel
meter
This depends on Intensity of sound, Frequency and Efficiency of the ear
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CAPSULE PHYSICS
3. Pitch
Shrillness of a sound felt by the ear is its pitch. The pitch of sound depends on the frequency of vibration.
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Pitch
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High pitch
Low pitch
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4. Timber or Quality
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A group of sound waves of low pitch is Bass & A group of sound waves of high pitch is treble
Timber or quality of sound is that characteristic which enables us to distinguish one sound from another having
the same pitch and loudness.
Doppler Effect
The change in frequency experienced by the receiver either because of the relative motion of the source or the
receiver or both is Doppler Effect.
When the sound source moves towards the receiver at rest, the frequency of the sound that is heard
increases.
When the sound source moves away from the receiver at rest, the frequency of the sound that is heard
decreases.
The reason for this that the number of cycles received by the receiver in a second decreases.
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CAPSULE PHYSICS
Resonance
When the natural frequency of the body undergoing forced vibration becomes equal to the frequency of the
impressed vibration, the body undergoing forced vibration will vibrate with greater amplitude, in this state the
two objects are said to be in resonance.
Beats
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If two sound sources of slightly different frequencies are sounded together, a periodic rise and fall in intensity
will be heard, this phenomenon is known as beats
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Limit of Audibility
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Intensity of sound
Frequency of sound
Normally a person can hear frequencies from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz
Sound of frequency less than 20Hz are called infrasonic sounds.
Sound of frequency greater than 20 kHz are called ultrasonic sounds.
Dogs ,bats , dolphins can hear sounds above 20Hz
Rhinoceroses can hear sounds of frequencies 5Hz and above
Whales and elephants can produce and hear infrasonic sounds
Bats produce ultrasonic sounds having high frequency when they travel at night
Certain types of rats and butterflies also have the capacity of identifying the ultra sonic sound .Using
this capacity they escape from bats
Certain animals and birds have the capacity to identify the infrasonic sound produced before
earthquake.
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Supersonic waves: waves whose speeds exceed the speed of sound in air
Subsonic waves: waves having speeds below the speed of sound in air
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CAPSULE PHYSICS
A supersonic aircraft is an aircraft able to fly faster than the speed of sound (Mach 1). Supersonic aircrafs were
developed in the second half of the twentieth century and have been used almost entirely for research and
military purposes. Only two, Concorde and the Tupolev Tu-144, were ever designed for civil use as airliners.
The aerodynamics of supersonic flight is called compressible flow because of the compression associated with the
shock waves or "sonic boom" created by any object travelling faster than sound.
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Multiple Reflections
Multiple reflection of sound is the process in which sound waves bounces off obstacles and reflects many
times before reaching the destination. This is the phenomena that occur in a stethoscope. Sound waves reflect
through the tube many times before reaching the ears of the doctor.
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CAPSULE PHYSICS
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Heavy curtains are put on the doors and windows to absorb sound and reduce reverberations
Carpets are put on the floor
Avoid curved walls
Panels made of sound absorbing materials are put on the walls and ceiling of big halls
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Q .50. What are the possible effects of reflection of sound in a big hall?
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Q.51. what can be done to minimize the disadvantages due to these phenomena?
A large number of ventilators and windows are provided
Curtains having many folds are used
Walls are made rough
Presence of large number of audience increase the sound absorbing space
Q52. Write the ways to minimize sound pollution in town and note down your suggestions?
Plant trees on the road side
Obey the laws to control noise pollution
Avoid air horns and loudspeakers
Maintain automobiles in good condition
Q53 A small bomb explodes just below the water surface at a distance of 1500 m from a ship .Suppose a person
on the ship hears the sound of explosion
a. Which are the media through which the sound travels to reach the ship?
b. If the speed of sound in water is 1500m/s , how long will it take for this sound to reach the ship through
water?
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CAPSULE PHYSICS
c. calculate the time the sound takes to travel the same distance through air ( speed of sound in air is 340 m/s)?
ans : a, air and water
b. speed
= 1500m/s
Distance =1500 m
Time
=?
=distance / speed
= 1500/1500= 1 s
t = 1500/340 = 4.4 s
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v = 340m/s
=?
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Ans : f = 170 Hz
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Q.55 . A tuning fork produces sound waves of frequency 170Hz. If the speed of sound waves is 340 m/s , what
will be the wave length?
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V=fx
=
=2 m
Q 56. What is the speed of a wave with frequency 256 Hz and wave length 2m?
f= 256 Hz
= 2 m V =?
V=fx
Tips
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CAPSULE PHYSICS
Q 58 The frequency of a given sound is 1.5K Hz. How many vibrations does it complete in one second?
F=
Number of vibration = frequency x time
= 1.5 x 1000 x 1
= 1500 vibrations
Q 59 Write any two differences between sound wave and light wave?
Ans
Light
Medium not required
Velocity does not depend on
temperature
Sound
Medium required
Velocity depends on temperature
m/s
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Velocity
Wavelength
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Hz
w/m2
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Intensity of sound
Period
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CAPSULE PHYSICS
5. OPTICAL PHENOMENA
MAIN CONTENT
Composite light
Dispersion of light
Rainbow
Opaque and transparent objects
Newtons colure disc
Primary and secondary colours
Complementary colours
Scattering of light
The rising /setting sun and the sky
Colure of the sky
U-V and I-R rays
Composite light
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Any light, which is composed of two or more colours . Eg: Sun light, torch light, candle light
Dispersion of light
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The phenomenon of the splitting up of composite light into its components coloure is known as dispersion of
light.
The colour which has lowest wavelength deviates most and with highest wavelength deviates least
An array of constituent colours formed as a result of dispersion is the spectrum
The component colours in the white light deviate at different rates according to their wavelength this is
the reason for dispersion
Dispersion of light can occur in water also
Rainbow is formed as result of dispersion of light
Electromagnetic spectrum
Visible light is a part of the electromagnetic spectrum .There is other electromagnetic waves on both side of it.
They are: radio waves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X ray & gamma rays
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Electromagnetic spectrum
Rainbow
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It is formed by the dispersion of sunlight when it passes through rain drops. Rainbow is formed on the opposite
side of the sun.
Refraction of light in the water drop two times and due to total internal reflection, it splits into
component colours.
Violet undergoes maximum deviation and red undergoes minimum deviation. It is this spectrum that
we see as a rainbow
Rainbow is seen in the form of an arc: The line joining the centre of rainbow and the observer is the
line of vision. Each coloured ray makes a definite angle with the line of vision (violet-40.80 andred42.70). These angles cause rainbow to be seen in the form of an arc.
An opaque object reflects its colour, if it does not reflect any colour ,it appears as black
Black is not a colour , it is the absence of colour
If an opaque object reflects all colours it appears as white
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A Newton disc is a disc with segments in rainbow colours. When the disc is rotated, the colors fade to white; in
this way Isaac Newton demonstrated that white light is a combination of seven different colours found in a
rainbow.
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A Newton Disc can be created by painting a disc with the seven different colours. A
combination of red, green and blue in the circular disc will yield the same result. This is due to the phenomenon
called persistence of vision.. It was an important discovery as it proves that light is not colourless, but has colour
in it which together converge to give a faded white colour which we consider colourless It was made by Isaac
Newton. This property is based on the concept of dispersion of light.
Persistence of vision: When a person sees an object its image remains in the retina of the eye for
a time interval of 1/16 second.
In TV and theatre screen the pictures are seemed to be moving and Newtons colour disc word on the basis of
persistence of vision.
Primary and secondary colours
Any colour, which cannot be obtained by mixing other colours of light, is called a primary colour. Eg: Red,
Blue, and Green. Any colour, which can be produced by mixing any two primary colours of light, is called a
secondary colour. Eg: Magenta, Cyan, and Yellow
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Secondary colour
yellow
Cyan
Magenta
Complementary Colours
The pair of colours combined with a primary colour to get white light.
Green + Magenta
Red + cyan
White light
Blue + yellow
Scattering of light
Irregular and partial reflection of light during its passage through a medium .
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Q66 write down the reason for seeing the sun in red during sunrise and sunset?
Q67 why does deep sea appear blue?
Q68 The sky appears dark in the moon, what might be the reason?
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Fluorescence: Substances which absorb light of shorter wavelength and convert them to light of longer
wavelength are fluorescent substances and this property is called fluorescence.
laser beam
Q72
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Sun light
I B
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6. ELECTRONICS
Introduction
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Electronic devices
Semiconductors
Diode
Rectification
Transistors
Amplification
Integrated circuit
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MAIN CONTENT
By combining the two words, electrons and mechanics we get the word electronics. It is that field of science and
engineering, which deals with electron devices and their utilization.
Basic electronic functions
Resistor
Function: Regulating the current supply and necessary potential difference to the components. It causes energy
loss. The value is recorded directly and on it or using colour code. Unit: Ohm ()
Symbols:
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Inductor
Function: inductors are coils of conducting wire. The ability to resist the variation of electric current without
energy loss is the function of inductor. Unit: Henry (H)
Inductor
Symbol
Capacitors
Function: Store electric charges and release them when necessary. Two parallel metallic plates and an
insulator (called dielectric) between the plates are major parts.
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Eg: Paper, Ceramic, Polyester, Mica Capacitors (these are dielectrics used) Unit: Farad (F). Microfarad (f), &
Picofarad (Pf) are practical units
SEMICONDUCTORS
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Symbols:
Substance can be classified as conductors, semiconductors& insulators based on their electrical conductivity
Substance
A semiconductor is a material
which has electrical
conductivity between that of a
conductor and insulator
An electrical insulator is a
material whose internal electric
charges do not flow freely
Semiconductors: The conductivity of semiconductors is higher than that of insulators, but lower than that of
conductors.
Semiconductors are classified in to two types
Intrinsic: Pure form, these are Insulator because the electron hole pairs are equal.
Extrinsic: Conductivity increases by doping with impurities.
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P n junction diode is a semiconductor crystal in which one end is doped with p-type semiconductor and other
end with an n- type semiconductor
Diode on circuit
A Diode can be connected in two ways to an external voltage
Forward biasing
Reverse biasing
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Forward biasing
P end of the diode is connected to the +ve pole and n-end to the negative pole of the a cell then the diode said
to be in Forward biasing
fig (a)
Reverse biasing
Forward biasing
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Reverse biasing
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When p-end of the diode is connected to the negative pole and n-end is connected to the positive pole of the cell
the diode is said to be reverse biased
{Forward and reverse biasing of a diode shown in fig (a}
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A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source that resembles a basic pn-junction diode,
except that an LED also emits light. The LED consists of a chip of semiconducting material doped with
impurities to create a p-n junction. As in other diodes, current flows easily from the p-side, or anode, to the nside, or cathode, but not in the reverse direction. Charge-carrierselectrons and holesflow into the junction
from electrodes with different voltages. When an electron meets a hole, it falls into a lower energy level and
releases energy in the form of a photon.
Symbol of L.E.D
L.E.D
We have learned about more details of a diode, then one question. What are the uses of a Diode?
Rectification
What is rectification?
Rectification is the process of converting AC in to DC, a p-n junction diode acts as a rectifier.
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If only one half of a a-c is rectified, it is called half wave rectification .The circuit diagram is as shown in figure
below.
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Working
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When ac input voltage applied to the primary, a voltage is induced across the secondary. During the first half
cycle of ac input, first end of the secondary coil is positive and below end becomes negative ,then the diode
becomes forward biased. Current flows through the diode .During the negative half of the ac input the diode
become reverse biased, and no current flow through it.
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In full wave rectifier, we get out put dc during the positive half and negative half of ac.
These are of two types
Centre-tap rectifier
Bridge rectifier
Centre-tap rectifier
The circuit diagram is as shown in fig. there are two diodes. Centre tap transformer is used
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Bridge rectifier
The circuit diagram is as shown in fig. there are four diodes in it.
Transistors
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A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals and electrical
power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external
circuit.
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npn
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A transistor has three terminals namely emitter (E), base (B), collector (C)
Note : emitter- base junction is forward biased and collector base junction is reverse biased
p-n-p and n-p-n Transistor
Transistor
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Amplification
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Before amplification
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Amplification is the process of increasing the strength of electrical signal. pnp or npn transistor act as a
amplifier
amplifier
After amplification
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Q79 a. What are the electric components indicated by the symbols given below?.
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I=
0.2=
R+5 =6/0.2
R+5 =30
R=30-5=25
Q86 1.What is forward biasing?
2. Draw the circuit diagram of forward biasing of a p-n junction diode?
3. Mention its characteristics?
Q87. What happens to the conductivity of the following with increase in temperature?
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7. OUR UNIVERSE
Main contents
Birth star
Constellation and ecliptic
Njattuvela
Sun
Stars
Galaxies
Big bang theory
Satellites
Birth star
The word birth staris related to the moon. The moon takes approximately 27 days to revolve round the earth
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once. The moons orbit can be divided in to 27 segments, each of 13 degrees. These 27 segments are named on
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ECLIPTIC is the orbit, along which the sun appears to move among the stars, the ecliptic is
divided into 12 equal parts. These are the 12 solar constellations.
Earth
Constellation
ecliptic
Celestial equator
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Each of the constellations is known by the shape of the stellar distribution in it. Every Malayalam month
corresponds to a particular rassi. There is a constellation for each rassi.
Malayalam Month: Explained on the basis of sun.
The sun takes nearly 30 days (365) to cross a constellation. This time is called Malayalam month. Every month
is named corresponds to the particular rassi. [Moon takes 2.25 days (27) to cross a constellation].
Njattuvela
It is the period of time (13-14 days) for which the sun appears together with an asterism (naal)
Sun
Energy production method Nuclear Fusion,
Energy distribution method convection and radiation.
Layers: Core, Radiative zone, Convective zone, Photosphere (layer of light), Chromospheres (layer of
colour) and Corona (layer of heat).
Stars:
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Evolution of stars:
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Galaxy
A galaxy is a massive, gravitationally bound system consisting of stars, stellar remnants, an
interstellar medium of gas and dust, and dark matter, an important but poorly understood component.
It is a cluster of billions of stars and interstellar matter, bound by gravitational force.
According to its shape galaxies are Spiral, Elliptical and Irregular galaxy.
Milky Way (our galaxy) is a spiral type. Andromeda is the adjacent galaxy to Milky Way.
Big Bang theory
The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological model for the early development of the universe.
According to the theory, the Big Bang occurred approximately 13.798 0.037 billion years ago,
which is thus considered as the age of the universe.
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At this time, the universe was in an extremely hot and dense state and began expanding rapidly. After
the initial expansion, the universe cooled sufficiently to allow energy to be converted into
various subatomic particles, including protons, neutrons, and electrons. Though simple atomic
nuclei formed within the first three minutes after the Big Bang, thousands of years passed before the
first electrically neutral atoms formed. The majority of atoms that were produced by the Big Bang
are hydrogen, along with helium and traces of lithium. Giant clouds of these primordial elements later
coalesced through gravity to form stars and galaxies, and the heavier elements were synthesized
either within stars or during supernovae.
INSTRUCTIONS:
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Time: 1 hrs
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Total Score: 40
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b) Whether in primary or secondary of this transformer, thick copper wire is used and why?
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b) Draw the output current graph. Note the features of the graph.
c) Compare the currents in the external circuit and in the armature.
d) Which element helps DC to available in the output?
e) What type of current is generated if field magnet is rotated instead of the armature?
4.
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1
1
1
2
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6. A
.
a.. Draw the graph of the emf obtained across A-B?
OR
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B
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b. The earth pin in a three pin plug is longer and thicker than other pins?
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8. When a bicycle dynamo is examined by opening it, the following factors were found out.
d. How can you increase the amount of emf obtained from this dynamo without changing its structure?
9
A
B
25 W, 230v
30W, 230v
1
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11. If a current of Y ampere is passed through a conductor of X ohm resistance for a period of Z second,
a. Find the heat developed in the conductor?
b. When the current through a conductor is doubled, the heat developed in it will be increased
by?
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1. Calculte the heat developed when a potential difference of 230v is maintained across a
conductor of resistance 92 ohm for 14 minutes. What is the current in the circuit?
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=483000J
I=
=2.5A
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H = V2 t/R
2. What is the heat produced in 10 min in an electric heater connected to a 240v supply if 4A
current flows through it?
V= 240v, I= 4 A, t = 10x60= 600s
H=IVt= 240x4x600= 576000J
3. What is the time taken to produce 320000 J heat in a resistor of 200 ohm , if the current
passed is 2A?
I=2A, R=200 ohm, H=320000J
H=I2Rt, t =H/I2R
t=
=400s
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4. The area of cross section of a conductor is 2mm2 and its resistance is 20.what will its
resistance be when its length is doubled?
Ans :
=
2 20
(1)
(2)
2 20
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R= 2x2x20 =80
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5.In a transformer Ns:Np =3:5 , if Vs= 300 V then what will be the value of Vp?
6.what is the difference between a generator and electric motor with respect to energy transformation?
7.You are given a long insulated copper wire , a galvanometer ,a bar magnet
a. how can you produce electromagnetic induction by using these ? Explain ?
b. How can you increase the strength of the induced current?
8.240 v ac is given to charge a battery
a. Which type of transformer is used to reduce 240v ac to 12 v supply?
b. if 4800 turns are in the primary of the transformer , then what is the number of turns in the
secondary ?
9.A wire of given material having length L and area of cross section A has a resistance of 4.
What would be the resistsnce of another wire of the same materials having length
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CAPSULE PHYSICS
and area of
10 When the current through a conductor is doubled , then the heat developed in it will be
increased by.
Ans : h= I2xRx t
I=2I
Then H= (2I)2xRxt
= 4I2Rt
= 4 times of H
11.A negligilby small current is paassed through a wire of length 15m and uniform cross
section 6m2, and its resistance is measured to be 5. Find the resistivity of the material?
=
= 30m
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12. What is the resistance of 2m length of a nichrome wire, which has a radius of 0.33 mm.
Resistivity of nichrome is 1.5 m?
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Ans. The neutral line will be maintained at zero potential by earthing it at different points
along its length
2. The earth pin in a three pin plug is longer and thicker than the other pins?
Ans: the earth pin has low resistance because of its thickness. It gives perfect earthing.
Therefore the earth pin in a three pin plug is longer and thicker than the other pins.
14. In a long hall sound produced at one end is heard after one second again.
a. What is this phenomenon called?
b. what is the length of the hall if the velocity of sound is 345m/s?
ans a) Echo
b) 2d= v/t =345/1
d= 345/2=172.5m
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b. LPG, the rate of burning of His high. So there is a chance of explosion, it is difficult to
store. Because of these reasons LPG is chosen as domestic fuel.
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b.What is the power of the device when it is given a potential difference of 200v ? What
is the current flowing through it?
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C .If a potential difference of 100v is given to the heater, what will the power of the
instrument be?
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Ans : a,. When the potential difference of the given device is 400v and its power is 800w
400 400
P=V2/R, R=V2/P=
When V=200V
200200
P=
200
800
= 200
= 200
200
I= =200 = 1
C.V=100V
100100
P=V2/R=
200
50.
100
I= =200 = 0.5
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19. A small bomb explodes just below the water surface at a distance of 1500m from a ship. Suppose
a person on the ship hears the sound of the explosion
a.Which are the media through which the sound travels to reach the ship?
Ans : water and air
b.Iif the speed of sound in water is 1500 m/s , how long will it for this sound to reach the ship
through water?
Ans: speed =
Time=
1500
= 1500 = 1
c. Calculate the time the sound takes to travel the same distance through air ,speed of sound in air is
340m/s
1500
340
= 4
ans: Time=
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Equations
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1. H = I2Rt
2. H = V2t /R
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3. H = VIt
4. t=H/I2R
5. R = H/I2t
6. I2 = H/Rt or I=
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8. P= I2R
9. P = V2 /R
10. =
13.
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Physics Quiz
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Test how much you know about physics by trying our fun physics quiz. Theres a range of questions
about topics such as energy, motion, friction, magnets, force, gravity and light.
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Take the challenge and pick up some interesting physics facts and trivia along the way. Once youve
finished with the questions, check your answers to see how much you got right.
1. When light bends as it enters a different medium .This e process is known as what?
2. A magnifying glass is what type of lens?
3. Electric resistance is typically measured in what units?
4. A person who studies physics is known as a?
5. Metals expand when heated and what happens when cooled?
6. What is the first name of the famous scientist who gave us Newtons three laws of motion?
7. Which computer technology is used to train pilots when wanting to copy the experience of flying an aircraft?
8. Electric power is typically measured in what units?
9. The most recognized model of how the universe begun is known as ----------10. The Hubble Space Telescope is named after whom?
11. The wire inside an electric bulb is known as ----------12. Theoretical physicist James Maxwell was born in what country?
13. Infrared light has a wavelength that is too long or short to be visible for humans?
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14. What kind of eclipse do we have when the moon is between the sun and the earth?
15. True or false? Iron is attracted by magnets.
16. What is the earths primary source of energy?
17. Conductors have a high or low resistance?
18. Electric current is typically measured in what units?
19. What scientist is well known for his theory of relativity?
2. Convex
5. Contract
6. Isaac
9. Big bang
17. Low
4. Physicist
7. A flight simulator
8. Watts
11. Filament
12. Scotland
15. True
18. Amperes
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13. Long
3. Ohms
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Thank you
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