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The endocrine system's effects on the body are wide-reaching. Its message-sending hormones influence the
operations of all of the body's tissues and organ systems. This centralized role in controlling body functions is
sometimes compared to that of the nervous system. But in general, the endocrine system operates in a less
rapid but longer-lasting manner than the nervous system, regulating slower processes, such as metabolism
and cell growth. The nervous system's functions, on the other hand, are more immediate, such as the control
of breathing and body movement.
Although hormones circulate throughout the bloodstream, each kind of hormone affects only its target cells
that are genetically programmed to receive and respond to its message. Hormone levels vary and can be
influenced by factors such as stress, infection, and changes in the balance of fluid and minerals in blood. A
gland is a group of cells that produces and secretes chemicals into the body. It selectively removes materials
from the blood, concentrates or alters them, and secretes the finished chemical product for use somewhere
in the body.
Endocrine glands release more than 20 kinds of chemical messengers, or hormones, directly into the
bloodstream where they can be transported to exert their effects on cells in areas of the body distant from the
gland itself.
The major glands that make up the human endocrine system are the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid,
parathyroids, adrenals, pineal body, and the reproductive glands - the ovaries and testes. The pancreas is
also part of this hormone-secreting system, even though it is also associated with the digestive system
because the exocrine part of the pancreas also produces and secretes digestive enzymes into the intestine.
Although the endocrine glands are the body's main hormone producers, some nonendocrine organs - such as
the brain, heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, thymus, skin, and placenta - also produce and release hormones.
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The hypothalamus, a collection of specialized cells that are located in the lower central part of the brain, is the
primary link between the endocrine and nervous systems. Nerve cells in the hypothalamus control the
pituitary gland by producing chemicals that either stimulate or suppress hormone secretions from the
pituitary.
Although it is no bigger than a pea, the pituitary gland, located at the base of the brain just beneath the
hypothalamus, is considered the most important part of the endocrine system. It's often called the "master
gland" because it makes hormones that control several other endocrine glands. The production and secretion
of pituitary hormones can be influenced by factors such as emotions and seasonal changes. To accomplish
this, the hypothalamus relays information sensed by the brain (such as environmental temperature, light
exposure patterns, and feelings) to the pituitary.
The tiny pituitary is divided into two parts: the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The anterior lobe
regulates the activity of the thyroid, adrenals, and reproductive glands. Among the hormones it produces are
growth hormone, which stimulates the growth of bone and other body tissues and plays a role in the body's
handling of carbohydrates, fats, protein and minerals; prolactin, which activates milk production in women
who are breast-feeding; thyrotropin, which stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones; and
corticotropin, which stimulates the adrenal gland to produce cortisol and other hormones.
THYROID GLAND
The thyroid, located in the lower neck, is shaped like a bow tie or butterfly and produces the thyroid
hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine, which control the rate at which cells burn body fuels (from food) to
produce energy. As the level of thyroid hormones increases in the bloodstream, so does the speed at which
chemical reactions occur in your body. Thyroid hormones also play a key role in bone growth and the
development of the brain and nervous system in children. The release of thyroid hormones is controlled by
the pituitary gland.
Attached to the thyroid are four tiny glands that function together called the parathyroids. They release the
parathyroid hormone, which regulates the level of calcium in the blood with the help of calcitonin, which is
produced in the thyroid.
ADRENAL GLANDS
The body has two triangular adrenal glands, one on top of each kidney. The adrenal glands have two parts,
each of which produces a set of hormones and has a different function. The outer part, the adrenal cortex,
produces hormones called corticosteroids (aldosterone, cortisol, adrenal androgens, and others) that
influence or regulate salt and water balance in the body, the body's response to stress, metabolism, the
immune system, and sexual function. The inner part, the adrenal medulla, produces catecholamines, such as
epinephrine. Also called adrenaline, epinephrine increases blood pressure and heart rate when the body
experiences stress.
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PANCREAS
The pancreas produces (in addition to others) two important hormones, insulin and glucagon. They work
together to maintain a steady level of glucose, or sugar, in the blood and to keep the body supplied with fuel
to produce and maintain stores of energy.
REFLEXOLOGY
The ancient healing art of reflexology has been known to man for many thousands of years. It was first
practiced by the early Indian, Chinese and Egyptian peoples.
In 1913 Dr. William Fitzgerald, an American ear, nose and throat surgeon, introduced this therapy to the West.
He noted that pressure on specific parts of the body could have an anaesthetising effect on a related area.
Developing this theory, he divided the body into ten equal and vertical zones, ending in the fingers and toes.
He concluded that pressure on one part of a zone could affect everything else within that zone. Thus, reflex
areas on the feet and hands are linked to other areas and organs of the body within the same zone.
In the 1930's, Eunice Ingham, a therapist, further developed and refined the zone therapy into what is now
known as foot reflexology. She observed that congestion or tension in any part of the foot mirrors congestion
or tension in a corresponding part of the body. Thus, when you treat the big toes there is a related effect in
the head, and treating the whole foot can have a relaxing and healing effect on the whole body.
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Pressure applied to the reflexology point produces a mirrored response in the body. The response will be
found in specific parts according to the specific points of the foot that have been touched. The link between
these corresponding parts seems to be through energy, rather than through a direct material link.
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