Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
1.0 DEFINITIONS
Demolition work
Any incidental to or connected with the total or partial dismantling or razing of a
building or a structure other than a building and includes the removing or
dismantling of machinery or other equipments.
Designated person
A competent person appointed by an employer to carry out any supervision or
inspection or to perform any tasks or duties as prescribed by Factories &
Machinery (Building Operations & Works of Engineering Construction) (Safety)
Regulations 1986.
DOSH
Department of Occupational Safety & Health
Employee
A person who is employed for wages under contract of service with an employer.
Employer
A person who employs another person under a contract of service. He/She could be
a principle employer or immediate employer.
Environment
The surroundings and conditions in which work being carried out .
Excavation
The removal of earth, rock or other material in connection with construction or
demolition work.
FMA 1967
Factory & Machinery Act 1967, Regulations and Rules.
Hazard
The potential to cause harm, including ill health or injury; damage to property,
plant, products or the environment; production losses or increased liabilities.
Main Contractor
A person who has entered into a contract with an owner or lessee of a property or
his agent for the purpose of carrying out any building operation or work of
engineering construction.
MS 1722:2003
Malaysian Standard 1722:2003, Occupational Safety & Health Management System.
OHSAS 18001
Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series 18001:1999.
OSH MS
Occupational Safety and Health Management System.
OSHA 1994
Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994, Regulations and Orders.
Place of work
Premises where persons work or premises used for storage of plant or substance.
Plant
Includes any machinery, equipment, appliance, implement or tool, any component
thereof and anything fitted, connected or appurtenant thereto.
Risk
The probability a specified undesired event will occur and the severity of the
consequences of the event.
site
safety
supervisor
appointed
under
Regulation
25,
Factories
&
Sub-Contractor
A person who has entered into a contract with another contractor for the purpose of
carrying out any building operations or works of engineering construction.
Occupational safety and health (OSH) like all facets of business, needs to be properly
managed. A companys OSH system helps ensure effective control of OSH risks and
continual improvement in OSH performance. The aim is to prevent work-related
illness or injury and achieve compliance with regulations and standards.
As well as not wanting to harm people, employers also have a legal duty to ensure
the safety, health and welfare of his/her employees at work and the health and
safety of others who may be affected by the work activities (e.g. trades-people and
the public.). Small businesses may be particularly vulnerable to the effects of an
accident, as absence of a key employee or damage to an essential piece of
equipment can cause problems in meeting commitments possibly threatening
business survival. It is also the case that small firms are twice as likely to have a
fatal or major injury as large firms. Preventing the creation/introduction of hazards at
the design stage is more cost-effective than trying to put things right later.
Without prejudice to the generality of sub-section (1), the matters to which the
duty extends include in particular the provision and maintenance of plant and
safe system of work that are, so far as is practicable, safe and without risks to
health.
Currently, most of the construction industry players in this country have their
own way of managing safety and health. Only few companies have adapted to
internationally recognized Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems.
For the purpose of this course only ILO-OSH 2001 MS will be discussed.
10
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The Occupational Safety & Health Act 1994 Act 514 (OSHA 1994), provides the
legislative framework for promotion, stimulation and encouraging high standards of
safety and health at work.
The aim is to promote safety and health awareness and establish effective safety
and health organization and performance through self-regulation scheme, which is
designed to suit the particular industry or organization.
The long-term goal of the Act is to create a healthy and safe working culture among
all Malaysian employers and employees.
2.0 CONTENTS
The Act, consisting of 15 Parts, is an enabling measure which is superimposed over
existing safety and health legislation such as the Factories and Machinery Act 1967.
Provisions of OSHA 1994 complement provisions of all existing legislation and in the
event of any conflict, provisions of OSHA 1994 shall prevail.
The Act, defines general duties of employers, self-employed persons, manufacturers,
designers, importers, suppliers and employees. Although these duties are of a
general character, they are very demanding, carrying a wide-ranging set of
responsibilities.
It provides for the appointment of enforcement officers, establishment of National
Council for Occupational Safety & Health, and the formulation of organizations policy
and arrangements to secure the safety, health and welfare of people at work and
protect other people against risks to safety and health arising from activities of
people at work.
11
Powers of enforcement and investigation, and liability for offences are also clearly
spelt out.
a) Duties of Employers
12
13
Part VIII - Employer must notify the nearest Occupational Safety and
Health office of any accident, dangerous occurrence, occupational
poi-
c) Duties of Employees
14
Section 20 -
for use at work must ensure that the plant will be safe and without risk to
health when properly used. They must carry out or arrange for the
carrying out of test and examination, to ensure the plant is safe and provide necessary information on the use, which it is designed for and has
been tested and on what condition the plant can be operated safely and
without any health risk.
Section 21 -
stance for use at work must ensure that the substance will be safe and
without risk to health when properly used. They must carry out or arrange
for the carrying out of test and examination, to ensure the substance is
safe and provide necessary information on the use, and has been tested
and on what condition the substance can be used safely and without any
health risk.
4.2 Regulations
The Act provides a wide regulation-making power to the Minister. Regulations
would normally formulated on the basis of proposals submitted by the
National Council of Occupational Safety & Health or the Director General of
Occupational Safety & Health after consultation with tripartite organization.
Regulations are made to define and elaborate certain provisions under OSHA
1994, clearly.
15
They are not statutory requirements but may be used in criminal proceedings
as evidence that statutory requirements have been construed.
16
17
Part II, required manufacturer to identify activity under his control and notify the
Director General of new installations and to notify of any changes in any of the
particular submitted earlier.
Under Part IV, requirements for report on industrial activity and preparation of
emergency plan for major hazard installation are described.
18
7.0 OCCUPATIONAL
SAFETY
&
HEALTH
(SAFETY
&
HEALTH
out
studies
on
trends
of
accidents
and
incidents
and
make
19
8.0 OCCUPATIONAL
PACKAGING
&
SAFETY
&
LABELLING
HEALTH
OF
(CLASSIFICATION,
HAZARDOUS
CHEMICALS)
REGULATIONS 1997
These Regulations is applicable to supplier of hazardous chemicals for use at work
except materials defined under relevant Acts and Regulations.
The supplier has a duty to classify the hazardous chemicals according to the specific
nature of the risk involved and hazardous chemicals are supplied in packaging, which
comply with certain requirements and the package must be sealed.
The labeling of packages must be clearly and contained specific information. The dimension of label must comply with relevant requirements.
The supplier is required to furnish Chemical Safety Data Sheet, which must
incorporate pertinent information.
20
9.0 OCCUPATIONAL
SAFETY
&
HEALTH
(SAFETY
&
HEALTH
Employer to provide adequate facilities and resources to enable Safety & Health
Officer performs his tasks this include provision for continuous education.
Main duties of a Safety & Health Officer are to advise employer on safety and health
matters, inspect the work place, investigate accident/incident, assist employer and
Safety & Health Committee in organizing programs, be the secretary for the Safety &
Health Committee, collect, analyze and maintain safety statistic and to submit
monthly report to employer.
21
10.0 OCCUPATIONAL
SAFETY
&
HEALTH
(SAFETY
&
HEALTH
OF
CHEMICALS
HAZARDOUS
TO
HEALTH)
REGULATIONS 2000
These Regulations are applicable to all places of work, which are within the
jurisdiction of the Act where chemicals hazardous to health are being used, except
chemicals, which are:
defined as radioactive under the Atomic Energy Licensing Act 1984,
foodstuffs;
hazardous to health solely by virtue of their explosive or flammable properties, or
solely because they are at a high or low temperature or a high pressure; and
pharmaceutical products
22
Employers and self-employed persons are to identify and records all hazardous
chemicals used at the work place in a register. The register must be maintained,
updated and made accessible to all employees.
Employer to conduct written risks assessment prior to expose his workers to any
chemical hazardous to health. The assessment to be carried out by competent
assessor.
23
Employer and self-employed person also need to make arrangements for health
surveillance under certain circumstances and records of such surveillance must be
kept.
Based on the medical findings, affected workers must be removed from his routine
work for protection. He/she can only be returned to the normal work when he is no
longer affected.
24
25
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Factories and Machinery Act 1967 (Act 139) was gazetted by the Government as a
legislative arrangement to provide the control of factories with respect workers safety, health and welfare, the registration and inspection of machinery and other safety
and health related matters.
It is the duty of the Government to prove that the employer or occupier of the work
place has violated provisions made under this Acts and its relevant Regulations. So,
the burden is on the Government not on the employer or occupier of the work place.
The Act and its Regulations are applicable for mining, quarrying, manufacturing and
construction only.
In case of any conflict and inconsistency between this Act and Occupational Safety &
Health Act 1994, the later shall supersede.
2.0 CONTENTS
Factories & Machinery Act 1967 consist of:
6 Parts;
3 Schedules;
59 Sections; and
15 Regulations.
This Material is for Training Purposes Only
COPYRIGHT : KLIA CONSULTANCY SERVICES SDN. BHD. 2004
All Right Reserved
26
b) Appointment of Officers
Provision for appointment of Government Officer to enforce this Act and its
Regulations.
c) Powers of Officers
The appointed officers has the power to examine, inspect & examine by
day or night any work place or process of work. These will include
examining copies of records, certificates and other related document; take
any samples of materials, issue stop work orders and if he is a medical
practitioner he may conduct medical examination.
d) Obstruction An Offence
27
c) Lifting of Weights
No person shall be permitted to lift any load if it can cause body injury.
28
e) Construction of Machinery
Machinery shall be of sound construction and materials; including all
fittings and attachments; and shall be properly maintained.
g) Projecting Material
Any projecting part of any material being carried out by a machine
must be effectively fenced or guarded.
j) Certificate of Fitness
Machine requires certificate if fitness shall not be operated unless
having valid certificate.
29
l) Duties of Occupier
n) Exposure To Elements
30
c) Young Person
31
32
The prerequisites for application for certificate of competency and the examination
procedures are laid own in detail. All certificates of competency have requirements
for experience and an examination pas before they can be granted.
33
There capacity of the lift must be clearly displayed on each lift car. Specifications for
each component of a lift system are specified in specific Regulations.
These Regulations also stipulated the duties of the lift owner to carry out the
scheduled inspection and maintenance of the system. The task can only be
performed by competent person.
Certificate of registration must be displayed in the lift car or at the bottom of the
landing.
6.0 FACTORIES & MACHINERY (FENCING OF MACHINERY & SAFETY) REGULATIONS 1970
These Regulations described the requirements on safeguard of machinery. All
dangerous part of a machine, including the power source and transmission must be
guarded. The Regulations described the methods for guarding various parts of
machines and methods of guarding for different types of machinery.
Machinery not listed in these Regulations must also be securely guarded or fenced it
they can pose hazards to the operators or those surrounding.
The six Schedules under these Regulations give further specifications for the
materials and dimensions of machinery guards.
34
The forms to be used for specific notification are prescribed under Part 1. While Part
2 describes the arrangements for certificate of fitness for certain machinery and its
validity.
Inspectors are authorized to issue directives for improvement and stop work notice
for machinery without valid certificate of fitness.
8.0 FACTORIES
&
MACHINERY
(PERSON-IN-CHARGE)
REGULATIONS 1970
These Regulations specified certain machinery require competent person in charge
to operate them. The machinery includes steam boiler, steam engine, internal
combustible engine and dredge.
35
9.0 FACTORIES & MACHINERY (SAFETY, HEALTH & WELFARE) REGULATIONS 1970
These Regulations described the various safety, health and welfare requirements at
the work place. These include:
provisions of safe means of access and safe place of work including edge
protection on floor openings and stairs;
stairways and floors must be of good construction and properly maintained.;
ladders must be of sound construction and maintained in good working condition;
provisions of fall protection for workers working at a height of 10 feet (3.0M) by
the use of safety belts or ropes;
arrangements and precautions for working in confined spaces;
storage of flammable and dangerous liquids and precautions against fire and
explosion;
materials storage properly stacked and stored;
workplace cleanliness;
requirements on lighting, ventilation and climate;
requirements on working clothes and protective equipment; and
provision and maintenance of welfare facilities such as toilets, drinking water,
washing facilities and first aid.
10.0 FACTORIES
&
MACHINERY
(STEAM
BOILER
&
UNFIRED
36
Steam boilers and unfired pressure vessels must comply with one of the codes listed
in the various Schedules in these Regulations.
It also gives details on the safety fittings required on a boiler and its burner system.
Provisions for unfired pressure vessel described requirements on air receivers, steam
receivers and their essential fittings.
Requirements on certain test such as hydrostatic testing for steam boilers an unfired
pressure vessel before being put into service also described under these Regulations.
The Regulations also describe the records that must be kept by the Chief Inspector,
Senior Inspector and Inspector.
The Chief Inspector must provide a report on the administration of the Act and Regulations to the Minister every year.
37
38
14.0 FACTORIES
&
MACHINERY
(ASBESTOS
PROCESS)
REGULATIONS 1986
These Regulations described arrangements and precautions to be taken when
handling asbestos. Amongst the salient points are:
39
40
41
42
1.0 INTRODUCTION
These Regulations came into force on the 1 October 1986. They are applicable to
building operations and works of engineering construction only. Where:
Contractor person who has entered into a contract for the purpose of carrying
out any building operations or works of engineering construction and includes
main contractor or sub-contractor.
43
Employer any person who employs another person under contract of service.
Main Contractor a person who has entered into a contract with an owner or
lessee of a property or his agent for the purpose of carrying out any building
operation or work of engineering construction.
Generally this Part describes the general precautions to be taken such as installation
of machinery, drawing hazards, slipping hazards, tripping and cutting hazards,
personal protective equipment, electrical hazards, public vehicular traffic, stability of
structures, illumination, storage of materials, disposal of debris, site safety
supervisors and safety and health committee.
44
Stripping of formwork should not commence until concrete is fully set in accordance
with Professional Engineers Specification.
Tag lines to be used to control movement of structural members while being hoisted.
45
Safety belts, lifelines at their attachments shall be adequate strength and of type
approved by Chief Inspector and inspected by designated person. All defective belts,
lifelines and attachments to be removed from work site.
46
47
Working platforms must be of adequate size for specific work and provided with
guard-rails and toe-boards.
Designated person must carry out inspection on all excavations and all findings must
be recorded.
48
Aisles and passageways to be kept clear to provide for free and safe movement of
material handling.
Material disposed from a height of 6 meters to be carried out with the aid of
enclosed chute.
Pile testing must be conducted under the direct supervision of a designated person.
Test area is a restricted area to other workers.
49
50
51
the doing phase, when implementing the plans and then check that its being
done what has been planned and that it is effective in controlling risks. Any
deficiencies found need to be acted upon and rectified, so that the system and
performance could be continually improved.
2.0 GUIDELINES
ON
OCCUPATIONAL
SAFETY
&
HEALTH
provides the
strength, flexibility and appropriate basis for the development of a sustainable safety
culture in the organization. The ILO has therefore developed these voluntary Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems to reflect ILO
values and instruments relevant to the protection of workers safety and health.
52
in
fulfilling
their
statutory
obligations
in
managing
a) Benefits of ILO-OSH:2001
b) Objectives of ILO-OSH:2001
53
provide
guidance
for
the
development
of
voluntary
leading
to
continual
improvement
in
OSH
performance; and
provide
guidance
regarding
the
integration
of
OSH
and
methods
to
continually
improve
OSH
performance.
54
the
following basic
elements:
55
a) OSH Policy
b) Organization
allocating
responsibilities,
securing
commitment,
Planning is the key to ensure the efforts put really work. Planning
involves setting of objectives, identifying hazards, assessing risks,
implementing standards of performance and developing positive
culture.
56
57
58
59
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Occupational Safety & Health systems are integral to the effective functioning of any
workplace. In order to maximize the effectiveness of the system, workers need to be
consulted and communicated on OSH matters.
Occupational Safety & Health needs to be promoted in the workplace for a variety of
reasons. Some of these reasons include creating awareness, increasing productivity,
increasing morale and to reinforce to employees that they are valued members of
the organization.
Occupational Safety & Health can be promoted within the workplace in may ways. It
is important to realize that using just one approach is not enough. Through using a
variety of approaches the message will be reinforced.
2.0 COMMUNICATION
Effective communication is essential to the safety, health, and welfare of workers in
the construction industry. It serves to motivate and encourage understanding and
acceptance of OHS systems and is a requirement under the Occupational Safety &
Health Act 1994.
are
required
liaise
with
management
and/or
employees.
60
Effective communication occurs when the intended meaning of the sender and the
perceived meaning of the receiver are one and the same. Communication is more
likely to be effective when the message is clear, concise and contains appropriate
and sufficient information. A shared system of codes or language between the sender and receiver is required.
61
inaccurate information;
unsafe work methods;
accidents and injuries;
lower productivity;
stress and staff dissatisfaction; and
high staff turnover and morale problems.
It is well known that employees who are fully informed and involved in their
work processes are likely to be more motivated to undertake work activities
safely and efficiently.
62
Information
originating
from
the
principal
contractor,
down
to
the
63
and further:
research also speaks about what happens when workers receive conflicting
messages from two different sources; management and their work group. Almost
invariably , people are more influenced by their peers than by their superiors.
What does this means for management then? It means that effective line of
communication must be opened up to realize the full potential of OSH promotions
programs within the workforce.
64
Majority of the workers will not have an active interest in the safety unless
they see management following the same steps they are encouraged to
take.
b) Employee Interaction
65
POOR LISTENERS
GOOD LISTENERS
Interrupt
Patient
Change subject
Eye contact
Impetuous
Summarize to clarify
Inattentive
Easily distracted
Have empathy
Impatient
Look attentive
Switch off
Dont interrupt
Curt
Show interest
Too talkative
Concentrate
Very critical
If employees are hesitant about coming forward with problems they see in
the workplace, a suggestion box could be used to encourage employees to
contribute OSH ideas. Ideally suggestion box should be placed away from
management and should be accessible to all employees.
66
3.0 PROMOTIONS
The promotion of occupational safety and health, as part of an overall improvement
of working conditions, represent an important strategy, not only to ensure the wellbeing of workers but also to contribute positively to productivity.
The promotion of good safety attitudes and awareness is providing an opportunity
for the total work force to become involved in some aspect of safety in the workplace.
Healthy workers are likely to have higher work motivation, enjoy greater work satisfaction and contribute to better quality-products and services. The safety, health and
well-being of workers are thus pre-requisites for quality and productivity improvements. Promotions programs could be in the form of:
Safety Week;
Poster & Slogan Competitions;
Safety Award Schemes;
Photographic Displays;
Regular site safety tours by middle/senior manager and directors;
Exhibitions of safety equipment that has prevented or minimized injury e.g. shoes
that have saved feet, glasses that have saved eyes; and
Short safety talks, film shows etc. using theme of the month.
67
4.0 CONSULTATION
4.1 Introduction
The effectiveness and real progress of any occupational safety an health
management system is impossible to be achieved without full cooperation and
commitment of all employees and to obtain that cooperation and commitment
there must be participation in the making and monitoring of arrangements for
safety and health at the workplace. The employees should be given a say in
developing a more realistic approach to accident prevention. In so doing the
aim is to encourage their cooperation in the effective implementation of the
system. One way to achieve this is by establishing safety and health
committee at the workplace.
a) Section
30
Safety
and Health
Organization,
Safety
&
Health
(Safety
&
Health
Committee),
68
are
two
conditions
that
require
employers
to
establish
the
whenever there are forty (40) or more workers employed on site; and
whenever
directed
by
the
Director
General
of
Department
of
When there are one hundred (100) or fewer workers employed on site there
should be minimum two (2) representatives from each side. If there are more
than one hundred (100) workers employed, there should be not less than four
(4) representatives from each side.
69
representatives
or
inadequate
number
of
representatives
assist in the development of safety and health rules and safe system of
work;
review the effectiveness of the safety and health programs;
carry out studies on the trends of accident, dangerous occurrence,
occupational poisoning or occupational disease that occurs at the
workplace and report to the employer of any unsafe or unhealthy
conditions or practices together with recommendations for corrective
actions;
review the safety and health policy and make recommendations for any
revision;
inspect the workplace at least once in every three (3) months, discuss the
observations
and
make
recommendations
for
corrective
and
improvement actions;
investigate accident, dangerous occurrence, occupational poisoning or
occupational disease that occurs at the workplace and discuss the findings
and recommendations for corrective and preventive actions;
hold regular meetings at least once in three (3) months; only safety and
health matters to be discussed and minuted.
70
provide a suitable place at the workplace for the committee to hold its
meetings;
permit every member of the committee to attend such meeting;
provide adequate training, information, relevant document and resources
in order to enable the committee to function effectively;
take necessary actions on recommendations made by the committee, if
unable to implement such recommendations, employer should give
his
71
72
1.0 INTRODUCTION
As part of the general "duty of care" under the OSHA 1994, Section 15(2)(c)
employers and self-employed persons must provide all necessary training,
instruction, information and supervision to ensure the health and safety of their
employees. All persons involved in any work should be trained to apply systems of
work and work practices that are safe and without risks to health.
Employers and principal contractors must ensure that persons carrying out the work
have relevant training including OSH training. This includes identifying the OSH
training requirements of persons carrying out any work activities. This the legal
provisions also stipulated that employers and self-employed persons should not allow
a person to carry out construction work until they are satisfied that the person has
attended and completed necessary OSH training. Only those persons who have
received training and instruction should carry out the work.
As a Site Safety Supervisor, one of your legal duties is to promote safe conduct of
work on your worksite. Therefore you are responsible in assisting your employer in
complying with the provisions made under OSHA 1994. This could be achieved by
organizing and conducting training programmes for all personnel at your respective
workplace.
73
Skills refer to manipulation objects, tools, equipment and machinery. Skills have
both a physical and mental aspect.
74
75
d) Multi-sensory learning
Learning occurs as a result of sensory experience and that is that learning
is generally more effective if we can use two or more senses. If a trainer
simply talks about something, it can be quite difficult to learn. If an
explanation is given along with a model, and participants can see and examine the model then learning is likely to be more effective.
e) Practice and reinforcement
Appropriate opportunities to practice and apply new skills and knowledge
enhance the learning process. Positive reinforcement helps to maintain or
increase the skill or knowledge being practised. Also pointing out areas for
improvement can facilitate mastering skills and new knowledge.
d) Feedback
Learning is made more effective when participants receive appropriate
feedback. Feedback is the process whereby the knowledge of results of a
past performance leads to a modification and improvement of a future
performance. It should occur throughout the training session and not be
confined only to the end.
f) Reward
Participants attend training for a number of reasons. These may include:
Increased pay.
Intellectual challenge.
To make a difference.
76
Problem-Centered
Experience-Centered With goals Meaningful to Adults
Encourage Active Participation
Provide Feedback Toward Progress
Learning Speeds Differ
77
78
The individual knows what to do but does not have the skills.
The individual has the knowledge and skills but is not performing to the
required workplace standard.
79
interviews,
observation,
performance tests,
questionnaires,
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81
82
By Committee
By Governmental Standards
For Qualification
Before education or training programs can be developed and objectives or lesson plans drawn up, goals for the education or train program must be set.
The specific goals is established at the outset and the content is clearly set
forth to identify what the train should accomplish or achieve. Goals can be
established at different levels. The decisions made concerning selection of
specific topics and subject areas where training is necessary are directly related to goal setting.
At the local level an emergency program manager or training officer may decide what training needs should be addressed. These decisions may be based
upon observation upon made during training or emergency activities.
Training goals may also be based on job performance qualifications or standards drawn up by local , state, or national institutions.
Regardless of who makes the decisions, the subject/content areas decided
upon for training must ultimately be defined through the establishment of
training goals. Both the instructor and the student must be aware of and accept the goals of any training program in which they are involved.
83
The cognitive domain contains those skills that deal with knowledge and
Other intellectual skills. An examples of this type of learning would be correctly ordering the steps in Maslows hierarchy.
The psychomotor domain emphasized motor skills. Teaching rescue techniques to scuba club is an example of this domain.
The ability to identify the proper domain of a specific objective is important
since objectives from different domains are taught by different methods.
Specific ways of teaching cognitive, affective, and psychomotor objectives
will be considered in unit III.
4.3 Objectives
Objectives are the specific steps within a domain necessary to reach an established goal.
An objective should be easy to read and easy to understand. If the student
understands the objective, the student should know what is expected of him/
her. From the objective, the student be able to gauge his/her progress.
84
An objectives will also give the instructor specific criteria to measure the students progress.
4.3.1
Writing Objectives
All well-written objectives have four components.
When writing or
Audience
Behaviour
Conditions
Degree
AUDIENCE
BEHAVIOUR
CONDITIONS
DEGREE
Student working towards this objective know exact. What they will be
expected to do. Additionally, the instructor will be easily able to tell
whether the student has met this objective.
This Material is for Training Purposes Only
COPYRIGHT : KLIA CONSULTANCY SERVICES SDN. BHD. 2004
All Right Reserved
85
A good objectives makes it easier for the instructor. It specifies what needs
to taught. It specifies for the student what they will need to learn and what
they need to practice. It also makes it easier for the instructor to develop
clear and objective evaluation instruments.
The following two pages provide common terms used for expressing learning
objectives.
identify
recall
spell
Cite rule
indicate
recite
state
Count
list
recognize
tell
Define
name
repeat
trace
Described
point
review
write
Find
quote
select
Gather data
read
show
discriminate
reformulated
Compute
discuss
restate
Conclude
distinguish
rewrite
Convey meaning of
extrapolate
summarize
deal with
give reasons
tell why
interpret
translate
Differentiate
predict
86
compare
employ
put in action.
Adopt a plan
complete
illustrate
solve
Apply
construct
make sure of
use
Calculate
construct
perform
use result
Carry out
demonstrate
plot
utilize
Classify
detect
practice
deduct
explain
Check
designated
infer
Criticize
detect
separate
fabricate
plan
Compose
form
prepare
Design
formulate
prescribe
Develop
integrate
Specify
Appraise
determine
grade
Ascertain
diagnose
judge
Assay
evaluate
recommend
Assess
fix value of
test
Devise
LEVEL 6.0 EVALUATION
87
4.3.1
Can Be Reused
Organizes Lesson
Assures Consistency
A training objective tells the student the steps required to achieve the goals,
and the lesson plan is the map or outline, telling the instructor how to accomplish those steps to reach the goals.
This Material is for Training Purposes Only
COPYRIGHT : KLIA CONSULTANCY SERVICES SDN. BHD. 2004
All Right Reserved
88
89
9.
Content / Activity
a. Instructional content outline
Introduction
Objectives
Overview
Presentation
Summary
Evaluation
b. Description of activities
10.
11.
Time
a.
b.
Instructor Notes
a.
b.
References to visual
References to textual materials
c.
Other information
Lesson plans may differ in format and content. However, every lesson
plan should address the above points to assure maximum learning.
On pages _____ through _____ there is a sample lesson plan taken from
this course. A blank lesson plan forms for use in preparing lesson plans in the
future is on pages ______ through _____ .
90
Safety
Student Comfort
Accessibility
Facilities
Arrangement
Adequate exits
Fire Extinguishers
Adequate ventilation
91
Pay Phones
Luncheon facilities
Lecture
Demonstration
Practice
It is advantages to find a facility that provides maximum flexibility for seating
arrangements.
The position of the instructor should be based upon the method of instruction.
For example, during discussion, the instructor must be in a position where he/
she can be seen and heard by all students, and where all students can see the
instructor.
It is essential that the instructor inspect the facility before the actual instruction is to take place to assure that the classroom is adequate for the instructional requirements, including audio-visual equipment.
structor should arrive early enough on the day of the course to set up and
checkout the classroom including: the seating arrangement; presence of
course location signs and near the classroom door; the facility is large enough
to require such information; water and glasses on the tables; and assured
that all required AV equipment is present.
92
Order or Borrow
A final, important consideration in preparing to teach is the ordering, collecting, testing and placing of the equipment that you will need to carry out your
program. Supplies, materials and equipment are critical to instruction. Forgetting a particular item cam sometimes destroy the continuity of an instructional sequence of training exercise. A checklist is help to insure that all of
the necessary items have been considered.
Once of the first things that must be done is to take inventory of all equipment and materials in sock. Determine if available equipment is adequate to
conduct the lesson. For some lessons, each student will need one set of materials. For other lessons one set of materials per class may be all that is necessary. Order the necessary printed materials and have reproduction of other
materials done well in advance of the course.
Part of the instructors preparation and planning for equipment may include
ordering additional materials or borrowing them from another source. If no
additional equipment or materials can be ordered or borrowed it will be necessary to make use of whatever is on hand and to adjust the instruction to suit
the circumstances.
Make sure all equipment and materials are ready before class starts.
Co-
93
Considerations discussed here should also be applied to all audio-visual materials and other logistical items necessary for a given lesson. The point is to
make sure that the instructor plans very careful for each need.
94
Presentation
Methodology
Instructional Aids
Classroom Dynamics
Methodology
Lecture
Illustration
Discussion
Conference
Demonstration
Instructional Aids
Chalkboards
Flipcharts
Film
Video tape
Classroom Dynamics
Establishing rapport
Involving students through questioning skills
Students with special needs
Practicum
95
Instructional Methods
Lecture
Illustration
Discussion
Conference
Demonstration
6.2 Methodology
The method or mode of instruction is selected for use is dependent , to large
extent, on the type of content or skill identified in the objective. Some methods are more effective for teaching one type ob objective than for another.
For this reason, the mode chosen is extremely important.
There are five standards instruction methods. They are:
Lecture
Illustration
Discussion
Conference
Demonstration
6.2.1 Lecture
Lecturer Method
*
96
97
98
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
The following tips will help you improve the educational quality of
training discussions:
1.
2.
3.
Let the group know how your intent to achieve the objective through an overview.
4.
5.
6.
99
7.
A discussion is a good
9.
6.2.4 Conference
Conference Method
*
100
3. Information will include shared experiences. The instructor has the responsibility for supplying copies of any report or articles on related incidents to the conference.
4. The instructor must also provide handout materials, if available, to broaden the conferences perspective in trying to solve the problem under consideration.
5. Allow adequate time for the group to reach a workable solution.
6. Expect and allow differences of opinion.
7. Use the flip chart to record positions and conclusions.
8. Give the group feedback from time to time.
Summarize what has been said or ask a question to get the discussion
moving.
6.2.3 Demonstration
Related theory to performance
Allow
Demonstration is a method of instruction in which the instructor (and/or assistant) explains the procedure while performing it.
The procedure is described as it would be done on the job while students see
the action correctly carried out step-by-step.
Difficult demonstrations, such as those which require seasonal weather conditions, may be recorded on film or video tape to be shown at later date.
Demonstration as a primary teaching method should be utilized when a skill is
thought.
101
6.3
Instructional Aids
Student s
would rather get involved in a situation that just sit back and watch. For this reason
the instructor should seek to involve class members as mush as possible, even in the
presentation step.
Instructional aids work because they introduce another level of involvement into the
presentation. When using lecture alone only the sense of hearing is involved. Adding and overhead visual, a chart, slide, or film increase impact by involving two senses - hearing and sight. Using models can add a third sensetouch.
By making the presentation easier to remember, training aid increase the long-term
learning retention of the student.
The instructor must insure that instructional aids support the lesson and do not detract from the lesson objectives.
102
look at board
103
2. Flipchart
Prepared in advance
Covered until ready
Can be saved
Inexpensive
Used to capture student ideas
Pages can be separated and posted
a) Advantages
Permanent, transportable
Can be prepared outside of classroom
Fairly inexpensive
Can be used to capture students ideas
Diagrams can be drawn ahead of time
Pages can be separated and posted
b) Disadvantage
104
a) Advantage
105
a) Advantage
Inexpensive preparation
Can be made from printed material using photocopy machine and specialized film
106
5.
Inexpensive
Adaptable
Equipment if portable
a)
Advantage
Inexpensive to produce
Pen or pencil can used as a pointer the projector which will project on screen
Prepared overlays can be used to add detailed information on transparencies.
Once the transparency has done its job turn off the projector
Mask or turn off the projector while changing transparencies.
Music and text can be synchronized with a tape recorded for presentation of
slides
b)
Disadvantages
107
c)
Techniques
Production
Start with objectives and develop shooting script
Slides are inexpensive, shoot more slides than needed
If detail is complex or explanation is long, shoot a number of slides of
same subject
Edit slides using only the highest quality
Mix in a non-related slide from time to time to allow the participants a brief
rest from subject area
Presentation
Preview Presentation
Assure adequate length of power and control cords
Have spare bulb on hand
Check the machines
Focus projector and have tape cued before students arrive
Introduce the slide presentation relating it to previous aspects of the
course.
Leave slide on long enough for group to study and/or understand it
Involved the students through questioning
6.
Films
Large audience
Strong Impact
a)
Advantages
Unexcelled to slow motion, timing, and phasing including changes occurring over extended periods of time with outstanding visual fidelity
Shows operations either accelerated or in slow motion
Realistically presents scenes and sound which otherwise would be impossible to see and hear
Large numbers of people can view at one time
Strong impact
b)
Disadvantages
108
c)
Before showing
Preview film
Have spare bulbs on hand set screen at least four feet from floor
Focus projector and cue
Introduce film, identify key points and related to course
During showing
Keep others from entering
Intercept phone calls if possible
After showing
7.
Video-tapes
Ease of use
Instant playback
a)
Advantages
Physical skilled can be recorded and played back for the student to observe and critique
b)
Disadvantages
c)
Disadvantages
109
Establishing Rapport
Speaking Voice
Eye Contact
Gesture
Dress
a)
Speaking Voice
Use a normal speaking voice and a microphone if necessary
Sound interested and be interested
b)
Eye Contact
Look at people, making contact with each student for a few moments during
the presentation
Students eyes will indicate whether the message is getting through
Resist the temptation to look at the wall, the clock, or over the students
head.
If the students eyed wander it may be time to change the instructional format.
c)
Gestures
Gestures should be used sparingly for emphasis
Use posture and movement to signal change of topic or point of view
Make movement conscious and meaningful
Make language and facial expression can lend support and encouragement
to students
Be cautions of overusing gestures as they may be distracting to students.
d)
Dress
The instructor should dress appropriately to suit the agency being represented and the material being presented
The instructor should dress appropriately for the group and material being
taught.
110
111
a) Rhetorical Questions
Rhetorical questions are not really questions at all the sense that a
immediate answer is expected. Rather, they are asked to a whole
group without the expectation of a spoken answer. They are used
to generate thinking, set the tone for presentation and often tied
are to general knowledge. They are often used during a lecture.
b) Knowledge Questions
Knowledge questions are asked to determine weather students remember what they have read, seen, or heard. These are important
since they help to set a base for further discussion or consideration.
c) Comprehension Questions
Comprehension Questions check whether the students understand
what they have read or seen. An example might be to find how
there would define an emergency.
d) Application Question
Application question require students to apply certain rules to solve
a problem or interpret the meaning of a given situation.
e) Analysis Questions.
Analysis questions ask the students to explain relationships or to
interpret the meaning of a given situation.
f) Synthesis Questions
Synthesis questions ask the students to develop solutions to problems or to make predictions.
112
g) Evaluation Questions
Evaluation questions ask the students to think critically, judge the
worth of an idea, or from an opinion about an issue.
h) Direct Questions
Direct questions are questions directed to a specific person.
i) Overhead questions
Overhead questions are questions addressed to an entire group.
They are used to get whole group thinking. Anyone may volunteer
to answer.
6.4.4 Questioning Techniques
Relay Questions
Ask-Pause Call
There are a number of techniques that may be used to make questioning more effective.
a) Relay questioning is the process of redirecting questions from one
student to another rather than providing an answer. It is used to
generate discussion, get other class members involved and to acquire more information rather than simply airing a particular point
of view.
b) Use the Ask-Pause-Call techniques for the overhead or relay questions. To us this techniques, ask the question, and then give the
group five to fifteen seconds before calling for an answer. Good
thinking takes time.
113
c) All questions should be asked in a sincere attempt to involve student in the lesson. By asking the students to share opinions and
experiences, the instructor is sometimes asked to find out the extend of their learning or knowledge.
d) Do not ask questions in a way that is punishing or embarrassing.
Credit the portion of partially correct answers to encourage the students thinking.
e) Do not relay questions to which you to do not know the answer unless you inform the group.
114
115
116
117
1.0 INTRODUCTION
With the skills and knowledge you have gained so far, you can now put together a
lesson plan. A lesson plan is a detailed overview of all that you will be covering and
doing in your training session. Your training lesson plan should include such things
as:
assessment tasks and criteria (what will they be required to know or do after
training?).
Outline the sequence and priorities of the skills and knowledge you need to cover.
118
b) Training Outcome/Objective
Training Outcomes describe what must be achieved within the constraints of
time, resources and learner's ability.
c) Content of Lesson
Content of Lesson is the knowledge and skills taken from the curriculum of the
award. The trainer prepares this material clearly and in sequence indicating:
Definitions.
Key points.
Examples.
The trainer can present the material all at once in the first part of the lesson or in
parts interlinked with practice.
d) Learning Strategies
This section on learning strategies should show how the trainees are to be
involved. It describes how the lesson is to be organised and presented to the
trainees. The Learning Strategies section may consist of some of the training
strategies we have already looked along with some of the following ideas:
119
Introduction
How will you start the lesson? The introduction serves to present the topic
and key purpose of the lesson in a stimulating and novel way. How will you
gain the attention of the class?
Be yourself and comfortable with your introduction. Remember INTROA.
Talk
This is the simplest form to introduce the lesson. Present the topic
title and move into the presentation of the content. Use some anecdotes to emphasise the outcome.
Video
Icebreaker
Have trainees introduce themselves, or do a practical task not related to the topic.
Puzzle/Task
Presentation
The Trainer presents the knowledge and skills of the lesson and the
appropriate OHT, visual aids and examples/demonstrations to explain the
knowledge and skills being presented.
What is an effective to deliver the content?
120
Lecture
A period of uninterrupted talk. Good for reaching a large audience and covering a lot of material. Talk on material should be
kept to a minimum to keep trainee interest. Use good visual aids
such as OHTs and videos.
Discussion
Demonstration
Class Activity
Trainees learn when they are actively involved. Therefore, class tasks/
activities/projects are set and assessment tasks identified to the trainees. The
Trainer observes trainees involved actively and can identify success or a need
for repetition.
Brainstorming
Role-play
Scenarios
Practical Work
121
SAMPLE 1
General Training Program (1-hour)
Topic: Personal Protective Equipment
Overview of the Legal Requirements
OSHA 1994 requires employers to protect their employees from workplace hazards
through the use of engineering or work practice controls. When these controls are
not feasible or do not provide sufficient protection, the use of personal protective
equipment (PPE) is required.
Employers are required to assess the workplace to determine if hazards are present,
or are likely to be present, which necessitates the use of PPE. If employees use PPE,
employers must establish general procedures, called a PPE Program, to give
employees necessary protective equipment and to train them to use it properly.
122
b) Learning Objectives/Outcomes.
Possible responses:
Personal hygiene.
123
Possible responses:
Training should give the employees information and hands-on experience with
the PPE. This includes:
specifics about what types of PPE are necessary under certain circumstances
guidance about the proper care, maintenance, useful life and disposal of PPE
3. List PPE that may be used to protect the eye, face, head, feet, hands/arms,
bodies and hearing.
Possible responses:
Face shields
4. Identify hazards that are lessened or eliminated by using the appropriate PPE for
eye protection, hearing protection, foot and hand protection, face protection and
body protection.
124
Possible responses:
falling objects
exposure to nails or other sharp objects that might pierce the foot
125
chemical exposure
intense heat
cuts
hazardous chemicals
contact with potentially infectious material like blood
radiation
Reference
126
SAMPLE 2
COURSE TITLE : Site Safety Supervisor
TOPIC NO
TOPIC
TIME
60
min
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1
MS 1722 OSH MS
127
REQUIREMENTS
1
LCD Projector.
White Board.
Marker - 3 Colours.
Laser Pointer.
REMARKS
Participants should be advised to have a copy of the Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management System, ILO-OSH MS:2001and MS
1722 OSH MS.
128
TIME
CUM.
TIME
1 min
PROCEDURES/INSTRUCTIONS
RESOURCES
Slide 1
1 min
2 min
Slide 2
2 min
4 min
Slide 3
3 min
7 min
Slides 4 - 5
3 min
10 min
Slide 6
2 min
12 min
Slide 7
3 min
15 min
Slide 8
3 min
18 min
Slide 9
2 min
20 min
Slide 10
3 min
23 min
Slide 11
4 min
27 min
Slide 12
4 min
31 min
Slide 13
3 min
34 min
Slide 14
129
TIME
CUM.
TIME
PROCEDURES/INSTRUCTIONS
3 min
37 min
Slide 15
3 min
40 min
Slide 16
5 min
45 min
To discuss organisation.
5 min
50 min
Slide 19
4 min
54 min
Slide 20
6 min
60 min
Slide 21
RESOURCES
Slides 17 -18
130
131
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Every presentation in a training program should be planned. The trainers who do not
plan their presentations are not doing their job properly. Unless the trainer is
particularly gifted, it is most unlikely that the presentation will be successful and
effective if it is unplanned. All effective trainers plan their presentations. They know
precisely how the presentation will flow before they begin. The trainer who does not
plan presentations is attracting trouble. Trainees are quick to sense a lack of
planning, and their response will reflect their disdain for the trainer.
132
Proper use of instructional aids saves time, adds interest, helps trainees learn and
makes your job easier. But remember that aids to training are aids only. They are
not substitutes for training.
Trainers should use training aids to supplement their training rather than to replace
all or part of it.
Training aids can be classified into the following categories:
Projective
Motion pictures.
Videos.
Colour slides.
Computer.
Non-projective
Blackboard.
Whiteboard.
Charts and diagrams.
Models.
Exhibits.
Handouts.
Tape recorder.
Practicability.
Suitability.
Complexity.
Clarity.
133
Portability.
Serviceability.
Availability.
Location.
Make it interesting
Combining a talk with a project or case study will make it more interesting.
Use flip charts, coloured pens and video to liven up the presentation.
134
Use activities which get participants to practice and apply the new
information such as role plays, brainstorming ideas and discussions. This
will get participants actively involved.
People want to see your face, expressions and read your body language. It is
impossible to connect with the audience or read the reactions to your presentation if
you are "out of the picture", hidden behind a lectern. As a presenter, you need to be
aware of and take care of your audiences needs. Keep your audience awake by talking to them, asking them questions, moving towards them and making
eye-contact. You need to be an integral part of your presentation, not just a
narrator.
Have some type of visual for participants to look at as they enter the room and
settle in which will inform them that your presentation will be different. For example,
you could display: a funny quotation or interesting, thought-provoking saying on the
overhead, a nicely done color flip chart, a fact and myth display.
135
136
Introduce the subject clearly. Let workers know exactly what you are
going to talk about and why its important to them.
Refer to the Safety Talk for information. But wherever possible use
your own words.
Connect key points to things your crew is familiar with on the project.
Pinpoint hazards. Talk about what may happen.
Use information from the Safety Talk to explain how to control or
prevent these hazards.
Ask for questions. Answer to the best of your knowledge. Get more
information where necessary.
137
You can gather information about these areas from a number of sources:
participants,
supervisors/managers,
colleagues,
yourself.
138
139
140
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Proper planning should be an integral part of overall preparation and budgeting for the efficient running of a construction operation. Clear procedures and
standards should be laid down at the start and adequate resources, in terms
of time, materials and money, should start with a pre-construction appraisal
on which administrative arrangements and layout of the site may be based.
a)
Establish and determine any constrains which might effect the site
layout or method of construction;
b)
determine logical sequence of work and identify any high risk operations,
hazardous
process,
etc
which
might
require
specific
identify and determine the type and capacity of plant and equipment
required and the need for competent or adequately trained operators;
d)
e)
141
1.3.2
Documentation
142
safety policies;
training;
permit-to-work/enter;
fire precautions;
emergency procedures;
promotions;
143
1.4.1
Site Boundary
The site should be provided with suitable perimeter fencing. Where
practicable this should consist of 2.0M high close-boarded fence
with lockable gates. The need to protect the public from site hazards, the provisions of security and the location of the site (e.g.
whether the site is in densely
populated area) are considerations affecting the choice of fencing. Particular account must be
taken of the need to prevent children straying on the site.
1.4.2
Safe Access
Safe access and good visibility for plant and vehicles entering
and leaving the site must be ensured, where possible pedestrian
should be excluded from vehicle access ways. Trained banksman should be used on busy highways near public footpaths
and elsewhere if reversing is necessary. One-way
systems or other means of controlling site transport and avoiding
the need to reverse should be considered. The conditions both
vehicle and pedestrian routes must be maintained in good order.
Suitable warning and directional signs must be posted.
1.4.3
Storage of Materials
Location of store and storage areas will be determined by the
availability of space, the nature of the materials and any statutory requirements e.g. in relation to highly flammable materials or
explosives. Considerations must be given to suitable off loading
areas and lifting equipment.
144
1.4.5
Temporary Accommodations
Adequate roads of paths must be provided to all temporary accommodation offices, welfare facilities, compounds and workshops. The
special problems of stacked accommodation fire precautions, escape
routes, rubbish build up must be appreciated.
1.4.6
Temporary Services
The positioning and marking of temporary services should be carefully undertaken to avoid possibility of accidental damage
1.4.7
Temporary Structures
Adequate space must be allowed for lighting towers and for scaffolding
and other support work.
1.4.8
Waste Management
Rubbish dumping area must be allocated. Arrangements for regular disposal must be determined particularly for scheduled waste.
1.4.9
Car Parking
Consideration should be given in parking facilities either on or off site.
145
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Planning means making arrangements for doing or using something. Budget
means estimate or plan of how money will be spent over a period of time.
Prior to making any costing for a particular project, the contractors should not
focus on the cost of the work with respect to technical requirements only but
also the safety and health requirements. These may include:
reg-
ulations;
146
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.2.3
147
2.2.4
Site Access
If site is adjacent to public roads, provision of vehicles washing bay, designated traffic controller and suitable warning and directional signs.
2.2.5
2.2.6
Lighting
Identify the necessity for lighting such as compound lighting for the offices
and storage areas. The possibilities of executing works at night should be
considered.
2.2.7
Manual Lifting/Handling
Assess for works require manual lifting and handling and requirements for
mechanical handling aids.
2.2.8
Mechanical Lifting/Handling
Use of mobile cranes, tower cranes and any other specific lifting equipment to be identified including the provisions of competent operators, necessary
2.2.9
Buried Services
Consult relevant authorities for the location of buried services in the vicinity. Possibility for re-aligns the services and establishment and implementation for permit-to-work should not be neglected.
148
2.2.10
Overhead Services
Existence of overhead services and height limitations for plant and machinery to move underneath and preventive measures required.
149
2.2.16
2.2.17
2.2.18
2.2.19
Site Security
Provisions of perimeter fencing or hoarding, security guards, and site security
pass system, control of materials delivery and disposal.
2.2.20
Others
When identifying the potential hazards, relevant work processes such as excavation, piling, demolition, confined spaces, welding and cutting, etc should not
be neglected as they may pose significant hazards to the project.
2.3 ESTIMATING
Once identified, the potential hazards control measures should be estimated and incorporated as part of tender price. The companys contract division should do the costing.
b)
c)
d)
150
151
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Occupational Health and Safety Legislation requires anyone in control of the
workplace to identify the potential hazards of the proposed work, assess the risks
involved and develop controls to eliminate, or minimize, the risk.
that
have
already
produced
fatalities,
disabling
injuries
or
152
153
a) For each hazard identified, ask the question What If?. Realistically, what
is the worst likely outcome (i.e. the potential severity of harm)?
154
Harmful - e.g.: lacerations; burns; concussions; serious sprains; minor fractures; deafness; dermatitis; asthma; work related upper limb disorders; illhealth leading to permanent minor disability.
poison-
ing; multiple injuries; fatal injuries; occupational cancer; other severe life
shortening diseases; acute fatal diseases.
2.3
Control Measures
Safety procedures and risk control measures are procedures and measures to be
put in place to reduce risk to a tolerable level. When deciding on safety procedures
and risk control measures, the list below should be
considered, in the
practicable.
a)
re-
ex-
and
measures
protective equipment as
to
ensure
the
proper
use
of
personal
155
Substitution - Substituting or replacing the hazard or hazardous work practices with less hazardous one.
practice
sub-
measure
156
need
to
be
taken
(e.g.
lock-in
and
lock-out)
by
contractors
e) The permit should have expiration time, A reissue of permit could be made
if the work assigned is not completed;
f) The permit should be recognized as the master instruction, which until it is
cancelled overrides an other instructions;
g) Work must limited to the area approved by the permit;
h) Making sure that the authorized person has\assured himself that, he has
taken all the necessary steps to make the operation and theoperator safe;
157
i) Reminding the contractors to carry out only the approved job and maintain
the same condition provided for with the permit to work;
j) A copy of the permit should be clearly displayed;
k) Where applicable monitoring of the working environment must be
carried out (noise, radiation or pressure);
l) All personnel not involved in the operation must be excluded from the area; and
m) The procedure for canceling the permit-to-work should be clearly stated so
that a smooth hand-over of responsibilities could be done.
158
159
4.1 Introduction
Several serious and fatal accidents occurred on construction sites were
resulted from mistakenly assuming machinery or equipment was safely off or
de-energized before working on it.
160
There are many types of analysis, and their duties are varied. But perhaps the
most important analyst in your life is you. Job related injuries occur every day
in the work place. Often these injuries occur because employees are not
trained in the proper job procedure.
a) may have been overlooked in the layout of the plant or building and in the
design of the machinery, equipment, tools, workstations, and processes.
b) result of changes in work procedures or personnel.
c) may have developed after production has started.
161
Jobs with the worst accident history have priority and should be analyzed
first. In selecting jobs to be analyzed and the order of analysis, senior
supervisors, supervisors, foreman should be guided by the following factors:
After the job has been selected, the three basic steps in making a J.S.A. are:
162
Completely describe each step. Any deviation from the regular procedure
should be recorded because it is this irregular activity that leads to an
accident.
Number the job steps consecutively in the first column of the J.S.A. Each step
should stress the job functions, not how it is done. The wording for each step
should begin with an action verb like insert, open, or weld. Naming the item
to which the action applies completes the action; for example insert board
weld joint. Be sure to include every step of the job from the beginning to
the end.
163
The next step in developing the J.S.A. is the identification of all hazards
involved with each step. Identify all hazards both those produced by the
environment and those connected with the job procedures. Ask yourself the
following questions about each step.
a) Is the worker wearing clothing or jewellery that could get caught in the
machinery?
b) Can the worker get caught in or between machine parts?
c) Can the worker be injured by reaching over moving machinery parts and
materials?
d) Is the worker positioned to the machine in a way that is potentially
dangerous?
e) Is the worker at any time in an off-balance position?
f) Is the environment hazardous to safety and health? Are there
concentrations of toxic gas, vapor, mist, fume, dust, heat or radiation?
g) Is there a fall hazard where the worker can fall to a lower level?
h) Can pushing, pulling, lifting, bending or twisting cause strain?
Close observation and knowledge of the particular job are required if the
J.S.A. is to be effective. The job observation should be repeated until the
worker and the observers are comfortable that all hazards and potential
accidents are identified.
164
All these questions can be incorporated into an inspection form that can be
filled out at regular intervals. Even if the questions may not apply at first it
may become relevant if there is a change form the standard operating
procedures. Using a checklist is a good way to be sure nothing is overlooked.
Employers should develop a checklist for each operation.
165
If a new way to the job cannot be found then try to change the physical
conditions (tools, materials, equipment, layout, or location) of the job to
eliminate the hazards. When changing the work procedure is the beat
solution, find out what the employee can do during the job to eliminate
hazards or prevent potential accidents. The employee should be able to
suggest ways to improve the safety on their work site.
166
List recommended safe operating procedures on the form, and also list
required or recommends personal protective equipment for each step of the
job. Be specific, says exactly what needs to be done to correct the hazard. If
the hazard is a serious one, it should be corrected immediately. The J.S.A.
should than be changed to reflect the new condition.
A Job Safety Analysis can do much toward reducing accidents and injuries in
the workplace, but it is only effective if it is reviewed and updated
periodically. Even if no changes have been made in the job, hazards that were
missed in an earlier analysis could be detected.
If an accident or injury occurs on a specific job, the Job Safety Analysis should
be reviewed immediately to determine whether changes are needed in the job
procedure. In addition, if accident results from an employees failure to follow
job procedures, this should be discussed with all employees performing the
job.
Any time a Job Safety Analysis is revised, training in the new job methods or
protective measures should be provided to all employees affected by the
changes.
Job
Safety
Analysis
also
can
be
used
to
train
new
To show how a Job Safety Analysis form is prepared, a sample worksheet for
grinding castings is given below. Both safety and health hazards are noted, as
well as recommendations for safer methods and protection.
167
Before any work is to commence the contractor or the relevant supervisor will submit
the method statement to the safety department for their comments and
recommendation. The safety manager / officer / supervisors will suggest
amendments on the basis of corresponding risk assessment, and then endorse the
method statement. By means of regular inspections and internal audit, the section
manager will monitor the implementation of hazard control measures. The safety
manager, officer, supervisors and the site safety committee members who will
review the effectiveness of the measures in the meeting.
168
169
170
1.0 INTRODUCTION
What is an accident? Accident can be defined as an unexpected, unplanned and
undesired event in a sequence of events, that occurs through a combination of causes; it results in physical harm, damage to property, a near-miss, a loss, or any combination of the mentioned effects. In simple language accident can be defined as
the direct result of unsafe acts and conditions. Both these elements are
manageable. Therefore accident does not just happened but it is created.
171
Bird & Loftus have extended this theory to reflect the influence of management in
the cause and effect of all accidents that result wastage of companys assets. The
modified sequence of events becomes:
172
ascertain the cause in order to prevent others being injured or placed at risk, not
to find scapegoat;
gather information for use in any criminal or civil proceedings;
confirm or refute a claim for industrial injury benefit; and
prepare notifications to be made to Department of Occupational Safety & Health
or other enforcing agency.
173
174
175
b) The Investigation
176
177
178
Medical Benefit;
Temporary disablement Benefit;
Permanent Disablement;
Constant Attendance Allowance;
Dependents Benefit;
Funeral Benefit; and
Rehabilitation Benefit.
Invalidity Pension;
Invalidity Grant;
Constant Attendance Allowance;
Survivors Pension;
Funeral Benefit; and
Rehabilitation Benefit.
179
Medical Benefit
When an employee meet with an accident or suffers from any occupational diseases, he/she is entitled to treatment at the SOCSO Panel
Clinic or at any Government Hospital or Clinic.
180
Temporary Disablement
The employer should submit the police report together with the
Accident report in Form 21 to the Local SOCSO Office.
181
Permanent Disablement
Dependents Benefit
Claimant should submit Form 24 (Claim Form) and certified copies of
the following documents:
Birth certificate.
Post-mortem report (if any).
Birth certificate of all his/her children.
Marriage certificate.
Widows identity card (if relevant).
182
Funeral Benefits
The claimant should fill-up Form 26 (Claim Form) and return it to the
SOCSO Local Office, together with a certified copy of the Death
Certificate.
Invalidity Pension
Claimant should the following documents:
PKS Form (P) 41Notice of Invalidity.
Medical Report.
Identity Card/ Birth Certificate (certified copy.
Survivors Pension
Claimant should submit Form 24(Claim Form) and certified copies of
the following documents:
Death Certificate.
Birth Certificate of all children.
Marriage Certificate.
Widows Identity Card (if relevant).
If there is no widow, widower or an eligible child, the claimant should
submit Form 24 (Claim Form) and certified copies of the following documents:
Birth certificate of deceased.
Birth certificates of all the younger brothers and sisters (if relevant).
Identity card of parents or guardian of grandparents (if relevant).
Death certificate.
This Material is for Training Purposes Only
COPYRIGHT : KLIA CONSULTANCY SERVICES SDN. BHD. 2004
All Right Reserved
183
184
185
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Safety & Health inspections and audits often have negative implications, associated
with faultfinding. A positive approach based on fact finding will produce better
results, and cooperation from all those taking part in the process.
186
Some system must be followed to ensure that all relevant matters have been
considered and, an adequate reporting system must be in placed so that
remedial actions necessary can be taken and that the results of the inspection
are available to management.
187
188
189
f) Follow up on problem
Items found missing or defective should be followed up and questioned
about, not merely recorded on the form. Otherwise there is a danger of
inspecting a series of symptoms of a problem without ever querying the
nature of the underlying disease.
190
For this module only First Party Safety Audit will be discussed.
191
192
193
194
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Sudden serious event or situation requiring immediate actions
Oxford Fajar Dictionary.
Potential emergencies on a construction site may include fire, collapse of structure,
flood, riots, explosion, etc.
195
The plan must be reviewed when any changes have been made.
196
197
198
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The
organization
should
document
and
maintain
up-to-date
sufficient
documentation, as it can become hard evidences to indicate that safety and health is
being managed effectively within the organization. The results of workplace
monitoring should be collected in standardize way. Employer to keep the records for
a period determined by the relevant authorities. . This need not be a complicated
task and in some cases, a simple diary of events, procedure, instructions or the like,
may be all that is needed.
All documents and data containing critical information for the occupational safety
and health management system and its performance should be identified and
controlled.
2.0 WHY?
The main purpose for documenting occupational safety and health matters is to
facilitate monitoring, reviewing and revising of the elements of the management
system.
199
Permit-To-Work;
Work Instruction; and
Forms, Checklists and All Monitoring Records.
OSH Policy;
Planning for Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment & Risk Control;
Legal & Other Requirements;
OSH Management Programs;
Structure & Responsibility Organization Chart;
Training, Awareness & Competence Awareness & Specific Training;
Consultation & Communication;
Documentation;
Documentation & Data Control;
Operational Control Based on List of Register of Significant Hazards &
Risks;
Emergency Preparedness & Response;
Performance Measurement & Monitoring;
Accident, Incidents, Non-Conformance and Corrective & Preventive
Action;
Records & Records Management;
Audit; and
Management Review.
200
201
3.4 Permit-to-Work
An operational control system developed to ensure works are done in
accordance with specific safe operating procedures and may comprise of:
Confined Spaces;
Working at Height;
Excavation;
Hot /Cold Work; etc.
202
The Occupational Safety & Health Manual together with procedures and
other
lower
level
documents
describe
the
management
systems
203
the document and data can easily be located systematic indexing and filing;
the document and data are periodically reviewed and revised;
only the current version of document and data are available;
all obsolete document & data are promptly removed;
archival documents & data retained for legal or knowledge preservation
purposes; and
they are stored in safe location.
3.5
Occupational
Safety
&
Health
Management
System
Documentation, ILO-OSH:2001.
204
205
206
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Loss of plant, tools and materials is a very serious problem in the construction
industry. It can have profound, and often hidden effect on the profitability of the
contractors involved. Not only including the cost of the items lost but also progress
delays caused by the immediate non-availability of those items.
207
208
and
control.
Discourage
visitors
from
going
to
209
d) Control of Personnel both from the security and safety point of view,
control of site personnel and visitors should be tactful. Particularly on large
sites, within fixed premises. To be meaningful the site security pass should
be issued after all personnel has underwent the site induction course.
210
211
212
1.0 INTRODUCTION
When we discussed and emphasized on the importance of safety and health on
construction sites, we tend to neglect the site office safety.
Humidity the optimum comfort range for relative humidity is 40% 60%. Low humidity can cause dryness of the eyes, nose and throat and
may also increase the frequency of static electricity shocks.
Whereas high humidity, above 80% can be associated with fatigue.
213
Ozone & Photocopiers ozone does not build-up in the air, it breaks
down into oxygen quickly after released into the air. Photocopiers and
laser printers are two most common ozone producers in the office.
Concentration of ozone above 0.1ppm can cause eye and upper
respiratory tract irritation, headache and temporary loss of ability to smell.
Besides that photocopiers can create discomfort from the heat, light and
noise generated during photocopying process. It is recommended that
photocopiers and laser printers not to be placed on or close proximity to
the personal workstations.
combination
of
poorly
adjusted
ventilation,
air-conditioning,
214
The symptoms that characterize sick building syndrome are sore eye,
running nose, headaches, mucous membrane irritation, dry skin, dizziness
and nausea.
general background
200 lux
400 lux
600 lux
white
light colors
medium colors
dark colors
20% or less.
215
Welfare Facilities welfare facilities such as eating, sanitary, washbasins, etc. should be available. These facilities should be kept clean and
well maintained.
216
Emergencies the type of emergencies that could occur in the site office
include fires, collapse of structures, etc. To ensure an orderly evacuation
from the office an emergency plan should be prepared and tested on regular basis.
Stress stress arises when the demands on the worker exceed the capacity to cope. Stressful situations should be identified in the office and
safeguards must be implemented at organizational level to minimize the
risk.
217
218
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Accidents and fatalities involving site transport continue to be one of the major
contributors to accident and fatality statistics in construction industry. Improving the
safety record of transport on construction site needs more than safety awareness
and compliance with regulations. It demands safe system of work, planned in the
company safety policy, incorporated into training and strictly adhered to on site.
2.0 HAZARDS
2.1 Site Conditions
Poor conditions on site obviously affect driving safety. It is bad practice to
regard situations as too temporary to justify the trouble and expense of
making them satisfactory. The result can be that uneven ground; debris,
unprotected excavations and congested loading and storage areas create
unnecessary hazards.
2.3 Overloaded
As a resort to minimize traveling time, lorries and trucks always has been
overloaded and lost its stability while traveling and overturned.
219
220
The possession of a valid driving license is not itself an indication that the
holder is capable of taking control of any vehicle/machine. At least it indicates
a minimum driving standard, and any endorsements can be taken into
consideration in driver selection. Each driver should be trained and tested for
the specific vehicle he is required to drive.
221
Drivers and operators are usually the first to notice when defects develop,
therefore drivers and operators on a daily or weekly basis should carry out
basic inspection and maintenance. A system of inspection/servicing carried
out by competent foremen at regular intervals must also be established, complying with the manufacturers or companys requirements. A record of
maintenance and repairs must be kept.
brakes;
headlights;
stoplights and indicators;
tyres;
screens and wipers;
steering wheels;
glass;
horn;
mirrors;
instrument;
exhaust system;
emergency equipment;
ignition problems;
connecting cables, etc.
This Material is for Training Purposes Only
COPYRIGHT : KLIA CONSULTANCY SERVICES SDN. BHD. 2004
All Right Reserved
222
223
224
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Every year, many workers are killed or seriously injured when working in
excavations. Excavation works are unavoidable in construction processes it is an
essential element particularly in the construction of foundations, drainage, sewerage,
etc.
During excavation work, soil conditions can vary widely, often in short distances. No
excavated soil can support its own weight for any length of time let alone if
imposed by any additional loads such as plants and machinery. One (1) cubic meter
of soil is approximately 1.3 tonnes, a small fall of earth is capable of causing serious
injury and even worse might result in fatality.
2.0 HAZARDS
The most common causes of accidents in excavation works are due to:
225
striking of under ground services such as gas lines, water mains and electrical
cables; and
Planning
It is impossible to predict the behavior of earth as its whole condition can
varies and change in short distances and time, therefore several consider
actions must be taken before commencement of work. These should include
but not limited to the following:
nature of soil and its failure mode, including the proximity of any made up
ground;
226
3.2
Protection of Public
Fence off all excavations in public places to prevent pedestrians and vehicles
from falling into them.
All slopes and its protection require Professional Engineer design and
endorsement.
copy
of
such
document
should
be
submitted
to
Department of Occupational Safety & Health Office and another copy be kept
at the site office for inspection purposes.
Do not position superimpose loads such as spoil, machinery and plant at the
edge of the excavations.
Inform and train workers not to work ahead of protected or supported sides.
3.4 Material Falling Into Excavation
Do not store spoil and other materials and tools at the edge of excavations. Keep them at a safe distance, at least 600mm from the edges.
Make sure the edges are protected from falling materials by providing toeboards if necessary.
an excavation.
227
3.5
Where vehicles have to tip materials into excavation use stop blocks to prevent
them from over turning and sides of excavation need to be supported.
Vehicles must be provided with rear mirror for good visibility while
reversing.
3.6
3.7
Nearby Structures
Make sure excavation does not affect the footings of adjacent structures.
Decide if the structure needs temporary support before excavation starts.
Seek professional advice if necessary.
3.8
Underground Services
Identify for obvious signs of underground services, e.g. valve covers or patching of road surfaces.
Use locators to trace any services, and mark the ground accordingly.
Make sure the person supervising the work has service plans and know how to
use it.
228
229
c) Maintenance
Any damage or displacement of support system members should be
rectified immediately.
230
231
232
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The need for deep foundations on any project typically results from many factors,
including subsurface conditions, foundation loads, and allowable foundation settlement criteria. Once a decision is made to use deep foundationsin particular, driven
pilesthe next step is the selection of the type of pile to be used and the design of
the pile. Selection of the pile type, in addition to local experience and practice, is frequently based on subsurface conditions, while the preliminary choice of pile size and
length is usually determined by static pile capacity calculations. The next
decision is how the pile should be driven, including the selection of the pile driving
system and the driving criteria. Accurate selection of the driving criteria will not only
affect the reliability of the pile foundation, but can also greatly affect the overall cost
of installation of the piles.
There are variety types of pile and methods of driving available in the market. For
the purpose of this discussion only generic safety and health aspects will be touched.
2.0 HAZARDS
Common safety hazards associated with piling works are:
a) lifting hazardsoverhead loads, swinging objects, rigging, loss of loads, etc.
b) ergonomicsmanual handling, noise and vibration hazards.
c) moving plantcollapse, run down other workers, etc.
d) crushing hazards.
e) overhead & underground services.
233
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment consistent with the hazard. Hard
hats, safety shoes, safety glasses and vests are standard required equipment.
Hearing protection is often needed.
Proper lifting techniques shall be used. Get help or use equipment if necessary.
Be aware of loose materials, excavation drop-off, tripping hazards and other
obstructions.
Keep walk spaces and work areas free from loose materials or tools.
Dispose of salvage materials properly, use gloves and long sleeves when handling
treated timber, sheet piles or steel piles.
234
235
236
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Over the years, there have been a number of spectacular collapses of formwork, in
this country. The collapse of formwork has the potential for severe injury and death.
The causes of many past failures were foreseeable and could have been prevented
by proper consideration when planning, erecting, loading or dismantling the
falsework. Most of the causes of falsework collapses were due to a lack of
co-ordination between the various trades and suppliers of falsework as a major
cause.
3.0 HAZARDS
3.1 Erection
237
d) Manual handling - Strains and sprains; injuries such as back damage while
handling and fixing falsework.
238
4.2 Design
Significant falsework structures should be designed by a competent person to
ensure adequate:
Stability.
Strength.
Stiffness.
This Material is for Training Purposes Only
COPYRIGHT : KLIA CONSULTANCY SERVICES SDN. BHD. 2004
All Right Reserved
239
4.3 Materials
Falsework should be constructed, or adapted, so as to be suitable for the
purpose for which it is used:
4.4 Erecting
Before erection begins a risk assessment should be carried out and a safe
system of work developed. A method statement which includes how all the
hazards are to be managed should be prepared. This should be read and
understood by those doing the work.
where to start;
whether the equipment supplied is the same as that ordered;
at what stage checks or permits are required; and
whether checks and permits have already been carried out or issued.
240
241
During dismantling, ensure that workers can work safely and cannot be
injured by falling objects. A sequence for dismantling should be agreed and
detailed.
242
243
244
1.0 INTRODUCTION
There are quite a number of work activities in construction that need to be performed at heights, where they cannot be reached from the ground. Means must be
provided to raise the workers to a suitable working level where they can carry out
the task safely.
2.0 HAZARDS
Fall hazards create the greatest exposure to injury on construction sites. These
hazards includes:
245
Ladders.
Scaffolds.
Work platforms.
Form work.
Bridges.
Structural steel.
Openings.
Reinforcing steel.
Stay-in place decking.
Cluttered / congested areas.
Excavations.
Falls from any of these locations may occur while accessing, climbing, traveling, or
working at elevation. Once the fall hazards locations have been recognized, the next
step in the fall prevention process involves identifying the type of fall hazards that
may occur at these locations.
246
247
Fall protection measures are taken when employees exposure to a fall hazards cannot be eliminated by using fall prevention measures.
Establishing an effective fall arrest system begins with selecting the proper
personal fall arrest equipment to protect the employee in the event of a
fall.
248
c)
To distribute the impact energy experienced during fall arrest. Properly installed and used, fall arrest system can prevent or minimize possible injury,
the three basis components of a fall arrest system includes: -
249
4.4 Ladders
Ladder safety begins with the selection of the proper ladder for the job and
includes inspection, set-up, proper climbing and standing, proper use, care,
and storage. In addition to the general safety rules for all ladders there are
special rules for using stepladders and for single and extension ladders.
a) Ladder Selection
Use the proper size ladder for the job. The average worker will generally
work most comfortably at his shoulder level, which is about 1.5 M above
where he stands. Since the worker must stand at least 600mm down from
the top of a ladder, the maximum working height would be about 0.9M
above the top of the ladder or 1.5M minus 0.9M. For example, a 1.5M
stepladder would give an effective working height of 2.4M or 1.5M plus
0.9M. When using straight or extension ladders, the workers stands 0.9M
down from the top, which gives an effective working height of 600mm
above the ladder top.
b) Ladder Set-Up
Place ladder feet firmly and evenly on the ground or floor. Make sure
the ladder is sitting straight and secure before climbing it. If one foot
sits in a low spot, build up the surface with firm material.
250
Brace the foot of the ladder with stakes or place stout boards against
the feet if there is any danger of slipping.
Keep the steps and rungs of ladders free of grease, oil, wet paint, mud,
paper and other slippery materials. Also clean such debris off your
shoes before climbing a ladder.
Always face a ladder when climbing up or down. Use both hands and
maintain a secure grip on the rails or rungs.
Climb and stand on a ladder with your feet in the center of the steps or
rungs.
Never climb onto a ladder from the side, from above the top or from
one ladder to another.
251
252
f) Ladder Inspection
Test movable parts to see that they operate without binding or without
too much free play. Inspect metal and fiberglass ladders for bends and
breaks.
4.5 Scaffolding
A scaffold is an elevated working platform for supporting both personnel and
materials. It is a temporary structure, used mainly in construction and or
maintenance work. Scaffolding is the structure-made of wood or metal-that
supports the working platform.
a) General Safe Practices
Provide scaffolds for all works except that which can be done safely from
the ground or similar. A competent person should supervise the erection.
When scaffolding is leased or purchased, safety instruction for erection and
use should accompany the equipment. Do not interchange the scaffolding
components of different manufactures.
Scaffolds must be designed, constructed and maintained in accordance
with the manufactures instruction and the applicable industry standards.
Design scaffolds to support at least four times the anticipated weight of
the workers and materials that will be on them.
If these structures, including such accessories as braces, brackets, trusses,
screw legs and ladders are damaged or weekend from any cause they
should be repaired or replaced immediately.
253
Determine the width of all scaffolds, ramps, runways and platform by the
purpose for which they are built. In no case, however, should they be less
than 1.8 in. (46 cm) wide. They should be wide enough for passage of
materials and movement of personnel.
Provide a safe and convenient means for workers to gain access to the
working platform. Means of access may be a portable ladder, fixed ladder,
ramp or runway, or stairway. Testing scaffold-planks.
Wood scaffold
Examine the planks for large knots, excessive grain slope, shakes,
decay and other. Defects that may render it unfit. Discard the plank
upon visible or audible evidence of failure, or if it has an obvious
deflection.
Determine the safe load for a plank based on its size and species.
254
b) Railings
erection
and
dismantling
services.
Erect
such
scaffolding
Do not exceed load limits, and do not use dissimilar metals together in one
scaffolding.
The following are some common-sense rules for erecting, dismantling and
using metal scaffolding, recommended by the scaffolding.
255
Post safety rules for scaffolding in a conspicuous place and make sure workers follow them.
Keep equipment in good repair, avoid using rusted equipment, is strength is not
known.
Inspect erected scaffolds regularly to be sure they are maintained is safe condition.
Consult the scaffolding supplier when in doubt. Never take chances.
Erect all such equipment in accord with manufacturers specifications. Do not exceed the loads limits recommended by the manufacturer. Use extreme caution,
when metal scaffolds are used in the vicinity of energized electrical circuits, prohibit
climbing of braces. Provide a ladder or stairway for entry and exit.
d)
256
Secure or remove all materials and equipment from the platform before
moving the scaffold.
Apply caster breaks at all times when scaffolding is not being moved.
Do not try to move rolling scaffolding without sufficient help.
Watch out for holes in the floor and for overhead obstructions.
No one is allowed to be on top of a mobile scaffold when its moving.
257
258
l) Part VIII Runways & Ramps, Factories & Machinery (Building Operations and
Works of Engineering Construction) (Safety) Regulations 1986.
m) Part IX Ladders & Step-Ladders, Factories & Machinery (Building Operations
and Works of Engineering Construction) (Safety) Regulations 1986.
n) Part X Scaffolds, Factories & Machinery (Building Operations and Works of
Engineering Construction) (Safety) Regulations 1986.
o) Part 7 Scaffolds, Code of Practice for Building Operations Code, MS 282:Part 1
to 9:1975 (ICS 91.040).
p) Part 8 Ladders, Code of Practice for Building Operations Code, MS 282:Part 1 to
9:1975 (ICS 91.040).
q) Part 9 Temporary Floors, Stairs, Railings & Toe Boards, Code of Practice for
Building Operations Code, MS 282:Part 1 to 9:1975 (ICS 91.040).
259
260
1.0 INTRODUCTION
There is a wide and ever increasing variety of mechanical plant and equipment in
use in construction works. In practice includes everything from heavy machinery
such as bulldozers, earth graders, mobile cranes, etc. through portable items such as
electrical drills, grinders, disc cutters, etc. Accidents involving plant and machinery
are often severe and some cases fatal.
2.0 HAZARDS
Only hazards associated with general plant and machinery will be discussed in this
module as hazards for hand and power tools are discussed in another specific
module.
Operating mechanical plant or machinery in the vicinity of overhead or underground
services such as electrical cables, water mains, etc may present a very serious hazard. There are potentials for plant or machinery or their part s to get in contact with
those services, which may have severe consequences.
Normally mobile plant such as excavator, crawler cranes, etc, is large, powerful and
noisy while in operation. The noise generated not only cause nuisance to the
operator but also surrounding public. At certain level the noise might result in
deafness to the operator if not controlled.
Dust emitted from the work using plant and machinery is another hazard to be considered
crusher run and other sub-base materials for the road. Exposure to silica dust for a
long period may cause workers to be infected by silicosis.
The operator also might have restricted visibility due to the position of the plant or
machinery or dust and other unavoidable obstructions. There is tendency for other
workers on site get hit or run over by moving plant or machinery or the plant or machinery might collide each other. Mobile plant or machinery being driven at high
speed is another contributor to accident on site.
Plant and machinery wrongly positioned is another contributing factor to accident on
site. Plant and machinery may be toppled or workers may be caught in between are
common hazards.
This Material is for Training Purposes Only
COPYRIGHT : KLIA CONSULTANCY SERVICES SDN. BHD. 2004
All Right Reserved
261
262
3.5
3.6
Training
Training of drivers, operators and all other personnel who are to use, or
perform work connected with plant and machinery, is one of the most
important single safeguards of all.
Training program must be carefully designed and made as participative as possible
in relation to the workers involved. Training may be both theoretical and practical,
Basically the training program must cover the following subjects:
legal requirements affecting employers, employees and other related parties;
Record Keeping
All inspections, maintenance and training must be recorded.
This Material is for Training Purposes Only
COPYRIGHT : KLIA CONSULTANCY SERVICES SDN. BHD. 2004
All Right Reserved
263
264
265
266
electrically charged wire, component, or piece of equipment can appear to be harmless. And because electricity is such a common, everyday part of life, people tend to
forget how dangerous it really is.
A
common
perception
is
that
normal
electricity,
the
kind
available
at
standard 110-volt outlets, is not dangerous. In truth, at one time or another, most
people have experienced a mild electrical shock and never considered it to be harmful or even dangerous. Nothing could be further from the truth. All electricity should
be considered dangerous. It doesnt take much electricity to kill.
On construction sites there are two (2) categories of electrical installations, i.e. temporary installation meant for use during construction period and permanent installation meant for use by end user after completion of construction works.
267
1.3
Permanent Installation
The increasing complexity of building services carries with its growing requirements for efficient and safe testing and commissioning.
The use of modern control systems demands particular attention at the
commissioning stage.
Testing procedures may apply voltages to circuit other than those being tested
because of faults.
It is essential that sufficient time be allowed in the program for commissioning
the plant and services. Testing and commissioning, if neglected, may lead to
unsafe conditions and to the building owner being involved in additional and
unnecessary maintenance costs.
The use of permanent electrical installation by others for their particular
commissioning requirements may cause problem.
1.4
Hazards
The consequences of contact with electricity are:
electric shock, where the injury results from the flow of electricity through
the bodys nerves, muscle and organs and causes abnormal function to occur
(the heart stop, etc.);
electrical burns resulting from the heating effect of the current which burns
body tissue; and
electrical fires & explosion caused by overheating or arcing apparatus in contact with a fuel.
268
damaged insulation;
inadequate system of work;
inadequate over current protection (fuses, circuit breakers);
inadequate earthing;
carelessness and complacency;
overhead apparatus;
earth leakage currents;
loose contacts and connectors;
inadequate ratings of circuit components;
unprotected connectors; and
poor maintenance and testing.
the case of
moderate
or large
size
construction sites however, the scale of the problem calls for a wider
and deeper knowledge of the engineering principles involved.
These problems must be considered at early stage of a construction
project. Good organizations and forward planning are essential for the
safe use of electricity.
269
Competent Person
Competent electrician as required by relevant laws and regulations must carry out all
electrical installation.
Distribution Boards
Distribution boards should be accommodated in weather proof positions and be so
arranged, if possible, that they will not need to be removed during the duration of
work. They should be protected from interferences or unauthorized operation and
they should be large enough to accommodate all the necessary apparatus required.
Each circuit should be clearly labeled and circuit diagram should be located at each
board.
For small portable panels or boards consisting two or three socket outlets, they must
be of robust construction, preferably all-insulated and should be supplied by heavyduty flexible cables.
Connectors
Plugs, socket-outlets and couplers for AC and DC supplies must be of suitable made
and weather proof and of approved types. Industrial sockets are strongly recommended to be used on construction sites. The use of domestic connections should be
prohibited, as they cannot stand the robust and weather conditions. Damaged and
faulty connectors should be replaced and removed immediately.
Cables Layout
Overhead cables should be of a robust and approved type. These cables should be
sited as to present the minimum of obstruction on the site and to avoid danger and
breakdown. Never looped the cables on nails and steel brackets.
Underground cables should be buried at a safe depth and their routes clearly marked
both on the sites and site plans.
Distribution cables should be arranged as to prevent the need for long trailing cables. If laid on ground and floors they should be protected from moving vehicles and
plant. Important consideration to be borne in mind is, never allowed the cable to be
laid in wet areas of come in contact with water.
270
The installations must be properly maintained to ensure safe utilization. Thus, inspection, test and maintenance must be carried out by
competent elec-
b) Permanent Installation
All permanent installation must comply with the approved design and statutory requirements. Testing and commissioning should be approved by the authorities.
271
Most common hand tools used in construction works are hammers, chisels,
screw-drivers, wrenches, punchers, files, hand saws, hacksaws, shovels,
etc.
b) Hazards
Hazards involved in using of hand tools may include but not limited to eye
injuries due to splinters flying-off, hand injuries due to accidental knock or
tools being used slipped-off, etc.
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c) Control Measures
Selecting right tools every tools has its proper application. The
correct type, size and weight of tool should be selected for the job. To
misuse a tool, or to use the wrong tool, is to invite personal accident
and damage.
273
b)
pneumatic tools;
cartridge operated tools;
electrically operated tools; and
diesel/petrol-engine tools.
Hazards
Common hazards associated with the use of
power tools are:
Control Measures
Pneumatic tools
The compressor used should have a valid certificate of fitness and under supervision of competent person. The person should be responsible for regular
inspection and maintenance of the compressor.
Hoses used must be of the correct size for the tool and the length should be
kept as short as possible. They must be kept free from corrosive and puncturing materials.
274
Petrol/diesel-engine tools
275
276
1.0 INTRODUCTION
In construction works, the use of explosives may arise when circumstances require
boulders to be blasted-off to make way for the works. Careful considerations must
be given while handling and storing the explosives. It is not only the hazards that
may arise on site but misuse of the explosives should not be neglected, especially
with the current global awareness on terrorisms.
2.0 HAZARDS
The main hazards likely to be encountered when handling of explosives and blasting
works are:
277
Explosives, detonators and fuses should be stored in bullet proof, fire proof
and weather proof magazines. The magazines shall be painted bright red with
words MAGAZINES DANGER EPLOSIVES distinctly painted in black
letters at least 150mm high on all four sides and on top of each magazine.
No matches, cigarettes lighters, or open flames shall be carried by any
person on the premise in which explosives are stored and no smoking
shall be allowed within 75M of the explosives.
in
good
working
condition.
Lorries
exclusively
used for
3.4 Drilling
Workers performing drilling works should have been adequately trained and
provided with suitable personal protective equipment particularly, respiratory
protective apparatus.
The holes must be made ready before the dynamite is brought to the work.
All drill holes shall be of sufficient diameter through out their length to permit
free insertion of cartridge without necessity of undue ramming or removing
the original wrapper from the dynamite. No person shall be allowed to deepen
holes once it is loaded.
3.5 Loading
In tamping is required, it should be done with a wooden stick having no metal parts, and pressure exerted only when necessary never a quick, sharp
blow. Provisions shall be made to segregate drilling and loading operations.
278
3.10 Misfires
In the event of a misfire, no person should approach the charge until it has
exploded or an interval of 10 minutes should be allowed before it is inspected.
The shotfirer shall designate the necessary personnel to dispose of the misfire
and shall determine the safe and proper way of disposal.
279
280
281
1.0 INTRODUCTION
There is continuous advancement in the size and variety of construction lifting
equipment used on construction site. Constant demand to lift, handle and erect
heavy modules, in order to keep on site work to a minimum, has resulted in the
development of lifting equipment from the smallest and simple type to very large
and sophisticated lifting equipment. The availability of such equipment has resulted
in a change of construction methods and design concepts. Heavy lifts are now
planned to take advantage of the greater versatility and capability of these lifting
equipment.
Passenger Hoists
Goods Hoist
d) Other Types
282
3.0 HAZARDS
Main dangers stem from:
poor maintenance;
mishandling; and
lack or care by those working with or near lifting equipment;
resulting:
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truck mounted mobile cranes are most suitable where the job duration is
short and good mobility is required around the site.
crawler cranes are best in off road position where ground conditions are
not suitable for wheeled vehicles. They do however require firm and hard
level standings where they are to carry out lifting duties. Transportation
and rigging times are normally longer with crawler cranes than mobile and
therefore wok duration is another factor to be considered.
derrick canes are most suitable for handling relatively heavy loads at long
radii and where the extent of work justifies the erection of such cranes.
tower cranes are suitable for the handling of relatively light loads to
extremes of height and reach and are particularly suitable when standing
is confined.
284
The correct preparation of the crane foundation is vital. The ground over
which a crane has to travel or operate should be carefully chosen or prepared.
There is often failure to realize that ground conditions may not be capable of
supporting the required total load. Foundations for tower cranes should be
designed and certified by professional engineers.
The same considerations should also be given to the overhead power lines
and height limits for tower cranes in certain areas such as in the airport.
285
286
cuts in the surface through bending round sharp edged objects these cuts
reduce the strength of a link out of all proportions to the depth of the cut;
hooks opened out, most frequently due to lifting on, or near, the point as the
result of using end links, rings or shackles that are too small and which therefore, cause the full load to be borne by some part of the hook not in line with
its support.
Chains derive their properties from close control over materials and the heat treatment of them. Proper heat treatment and testing are essential features of any repair.
Arc welding cannot provide the necessary conditions and thus it is impossible to affect any repairs on site. Suspect chains should immediately be removed from site.
b)
Wire Ropes
Wire rope is manufactured from a number of single wires, which are twisted together to form a strand. There can be any number of single wires in a strand and the single wires are laid round a core of fiber or steel. To make up wire rope, the strands
themselves are then twisted round core of fiber or steel. Obviously there can be
great variety in the arrangement of wire and strands.
The Safe Working Load (SWL) of a wire rope is determined from its
guaranteed breaking load. In all cases, the manufacturers own recommended SWL
should be strictly followed.
Effective examination of wire rope slings requires considerable experience. Before
sound judgment can be made, the following should always be
consid-
ered:
kinks usually caused by use around sharp bends can give rise to serious
weakening of the rope.
287
broken wires it is vital that a rope must be taken out of use if the number of visibly broken wire in any length of 10 diameter exceeds 5% of the
total number of wires in the rope. Broken wires\are dangerous to hands.
These wires should be broken-off on or below the surface by bending
backwards and forwards (cutting always leaves a raised sharp edge). It is
a wise precaution to replace slings long before the permitted broken wire
limit is reached.
c)
Bulldog Grips
Bulldog grips must not be used to make up slings, which must be properly
manufactured and tested.
d)
Fiber Ropes
The strength and other properties of a rope will vary considerably with
the material from which it is made. For example, sisal rope will have only
about one-third of the strength of a polyamide (nylon) rope, of the same
diameter. Manufacturers should be consulted to ensure that the slings
performance would be appropriate to the application.
As all fiber ropes are very prone to mechanical damage, they should be
checked before each use and generally treated with great care.
288
e)
Eyebolts
There are various methods of marking the Safe Working Load of eyebolts
and the user must be fully aware of the particular criteria applying. Where
hooks will not freely locate into the eye or link of the eyebolt, a shackle
should be used.
f)
Shackles
Shackles are widely used for making connections in slinging. They should b
matched to the grade of chain in use. They must have a record of test and
examination, be marked with their SWL an inspected prior to use.
The pin is a separate part of the shackle but belongs to it and there is always a great risk that
the wrong pin may be used, or an ordinary bolt
inserted if the proper pin has been lost. The
greatest care is always necessary to ensure that only the proper pins are
used and that they are fully tightened.
g)
Hooks
A load can become displaced by the hook falling back after it has been set
through an eye or hole in the load to be lifted, or particularly in the case of
multi leg slings, when the load is at rest. Loads can also become displaced
if the point of the hook catches against something during the lift.
Therefore it is vital to ensure the hook is provided with safety catch and
also from any defects such cracks, etc.
289
4.7 Slinging
a) Single-Leg Sling
Single leg sling should normally be used on loads with a single point of
attachment with the sling in a vertical position.
b) Two-Leg Sling
This type of sling will be used when two lifting points are required. The
angle between the legs of the sling should not exceed 900.
c) Three-Leg Sling
The sling may not be used when the angle between any leg and a line
vertically below the centre of the master ring exceeds 450.
d) Four-Leg Sling
The angles between legs on a four-leg sling are measured between
diagonally opposite legs and should not exceed 900.
e) Spreader Beam
This is a device, which is used when headroom is restricted and the wide
spacing of lifting points would require a long sling to maintain the 900
included angles. Alternatively, they are used when load will not sustain
the compressive force applied by sling used at an angle.
The slings should be protected form the loads sharp edges by placing
timber or any other material as padding.
290
Tag lines are used to control the movement of load being hoisted.
4.9 Maintenance
All lifting equipment and gears to be regularly checked and maintained. Inspection observations and any repairs done must recorded in the
maintenance log-book.
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292
293
294
1.0 INTRODUTION
For construction worksite, a confined space, as you might already have guessed, is a
work setting or place with limited access. At the same time, it might be subject to
the accumulations of toxic or flammable gasses or vapours. It might lack enough oxygen to breathe in. It might have physical hazards such as the potential for soil caveins, electrical shock, explosion, falls, or objects falling from above. The point is that
confined spaces, because of their confined ness, may inherently be a lot more dangerous than other spaces.
The space must be large enough to enable an employee to physically enter and
perform work there.
295
Some confined spaces are not easy to recognize. Trenches with open tops may
contain hazardous gasses, which are heavier than air and consequently, remain
trapped at the bottom of the trench, ready to effect employees working at the
lowest reaches of the excavation. Again, were not keying solely on mandatory regulations and rules. Its critical for employees to understand the theory behind confined space hazards.
Manholes are, of course means of entry to and exit from various vaults, tanks,
pits, sewers, and similar spaces. A variety of hazards are associated with
manholes, including oxygen-deficient atmospheres, explosive atmospheres, and
toxic atmospheres, as well as physical hazards such as the potential for falls
(cover can be left off, or never put on it the first place).
b) Pipe assemblies
in-
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c) Sumps
Sumps are frequently needed to collect storm water. Employees entering sumps
may encounter oxygen- deficient atmospheres, or atmospheres loaded with
hydrogen sulphide or other gasses from rotting vegetation. Due to the wet nature
of a sump, electricity is a hazard here when power tools or portable lighting are
used. Inadequate lighting can also create a hazardous situation.
e) Electrical transformers
Electrical transformers may be located near the worksite. They often contain a
nitrogen purge or dry air. Before theyre opened, they have to be well vented by
pumping fresh air in. Electricians frequently enter these transformers through
hatches on top for various reasons. Testing for oxygen deficiency and for toxic
atmospheres is mandatory.
When certain confined space are linked together (in piping systems, for example),
welding fumes or gasses from another part of the system can easily migrate or
spread to contaminate another part of the system, causing a hazardous atmosphere
where works needs to be done. This poses a serious problem, Especially if workers
entering one space do not suspect or are not aware of hazardous materials leaking
into the area.
3.0 HAZARDS
The injuries historically associated with confined spaces within the construction
industry are typically quite serious, with fatalities heading the list. In some
circumstances, employees face several serious hazards at the same time: electrical
shock and oxygen-deficient atmosphere, for instance. The hazards come from within
the space themselves, and also from materials or work the employees introduce to
perform the tasks.
This Material is for Training Purposes Only
COPYRIGHT : KLIA CONSULTANCY SERVICES SDN. BHD. 2004
All Right Reserved
297
10 to 12 percent oxygen - Lips may turn bluish color, respiration faster, poor judgment. Exposure to atmospheres containing oxygen levels at
or below 12 percent can cause unconsciousness so quickly that the
individual cannot help himself.
298
over-
head access-way, striking employees as they enter, work in or exit the space.
Vibration could cause the materials on top of the space to roll off and strike
employees, if a manhole cover has been removed, or it has not been installed
at the first place, materials, tools, or other equipment could fall into space,
causing injury.
299
Procedures;
Initial plan;
Standby person;
Communication/ observations;
Rescue; and
The work.
b) Preparation
Isolate/lockout/tag out;
Purge and ventilate;
Cleaning processes;
Requirements for special equipment and tools; and
Labeling and posting.
c) Safety equipment and clothing
Head protection;
Hearing protection;
Hand protection;
Foot protection;
Body protection;
Respiratory protection;
Safety positioning belts; and
Lifelines and harness.
300
Indeed, the safety of the workers will depend on their knowledge and
application of proper work procedures before the space is entered.
Atmospheric testing and monitoring, as well as preplanning of the work
and rescue procedures, are all critical aspects of job safety.
of
communications
used
for
emergency;
Sub-contractors work/hazards;
Atmospheric monitoring;
Rescue/retrieval preparations; and
Entry roster of entrants, observers, and entry supervisors.
301
a) General requirements
302
303
304
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Welding has been defined as the fusion of two pieces of metal by heat or by pressure or by both. There are many different types of welding process but the two (2)
most commonly used in construction are gas welding and electric arc welding.
In gas welding, metal fusions are achieved by the use of very high temperature
flames, produced by a mixture of oxygen and a fuel gas, such as acetylene or LPG,
at torch or blowpipe.
In electric arc welding, the arc is struck between an electrode and work-pieces. The
temperatures attained by the welding are approximately 40000C. At this
temperature, the work-pieces are melted and fused together.
2.0 HAZARDS
The main hazards likely to be encountered during welding and cutting processes are:
305
b) Gas Characteristics
Oxygen has no smell, and not it-self is flammable, however too much
oxygen in the atmosphere can be extremely dangerous. If the gas
impregnates materials that normally dont burn, they are liable to burst
into flame.
c) Storage of Cylinders
Oxygen cylinder must be stored at least 3.0M away from those containing
acetylene or LPG, since any mixture of them might result in explosion.
Gas cylinder must be kept on a hard standing in safe in the open air.
When cylinders need to be stored in store-room, the store must be
constructed from non-combustible materials with adequate high and low
level ventilation. Oxygen must not be kept in the same store with fuel
gases.
306
Cylinders must be shielded from direct sun light or other heat to avoid any
build up of excess internal pressure that might cause them to leak or in
extreme cases it will burst.
d) Cylinder Handling
Hand and clothing must be free from grit, grease and oil when handling
cylinder to prevent them from slipping and to prevent the girt getting into
the valve or grease into the valve or nozzle.
Do not handle cylinders at the nozzles, as they are not designed to take
such weight.
307
e) Regulators
Regulators must always be fitted to the cylinders, to regulate working
pressure of the blowpipe. The regulators must be inspected and checked
periodically for any leakage.
f) Hoses
Color code to be adhered for identification purposes red for acetylene
other fuel gas except LPG, the color is orange and blue for oxygen.
Hoses must be inspected daily to ensure they are free from cuts, scratches, cracks, burnt or worn patches.
They must be effectively clipped to the
equipment and protected from sharp edges,
falling materials, passing traffic and sparks
from the welding operation.
g) Non-Return Valves and Flashback Arrestors
The valves and arrestors must be fixed to avoid any flashback that might
occur in case the blowtorch nozzle becomes blocked.
h) Blowpipes
The blowpipes must be inspected, dismantled and
cleaned at regular intervals to avoid any reverse flow
of gas ad flashback might occur in the case the nozzle
is blocked or damaged.
i) Pressure Gauges
Pressure gauges must be in good working condition to ensure correct
mixture of gases is being released from the cylinders.
308
The part of the cable, which is connected to the electrode holder, must be
as flexible as possible, so as not to hamper the welders movement.
b) Electrode Holders
An electrode holder is essentially a pair of spring-loaded jaws, or a threaded sleeves, fitted to the end of welding lead. The holder must be fully insulated, so that the live portion cannot be touched accidentally.
309
3.4 Ventilation
Works performed in confined spaces must be provided with
adequate means of ventilation to remove fumes and smokes
at the source.
310
311
312
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Demolition means the complete or partial dismantling of a building or structure.
It excludes refurbishment, provided this work does not involve the alteration of existing structural components.
Demolition work creates high potential for risks to workers and the general public.
There have been a number of instances of workers and others being killed or seriously injured by falling materials and unsafe removal of plant from demolition sites.
To counter the hazards, all personnel involved in a demolition work must be fully
aware the types of hazards and the safety precautions to take to control the hazards.
2.0 HAZARDS
Demolition work involves many of the hazards associated with construction. However
demolition incurs additional hazards due to unknown factors such as deviations from
the structures design introduced during construction, approved or unapproved modifications that altered the original designs, materials hidden within structural members, and unknown strengths or weaknesses of construction materials. These may
cause pre-mature collapsed of the structure being demolished.
Hazards in demolition works could also exist in the form of dangerous materials such
as lead dust, silica dust, asbestos dust and toxic gases or vapors.
High level of noise is another hazard that could be experienced by workers in
demolition work.
313
314
More specifically,
reasonably
even
stages,
315
Walls and gables should be demolished course by course. All work should be
performed from safe working platforms. Workers should not work from the
top of a wall or partition being demolished.
Roof trusses should also be removed from safe work platforms. Care should
be taken that the removal of trusses does not cause instability of the walls.
316
317
The open sides of all floors, roofs, stairwells, lightwells, lift shafts and
any place from which a person could fall should be provided with
guardrails and toe boards, or should be securely boarded up.
318
Site offices and all amenities should also be located in areas protected
from falling debris, and should not be in any area that might be
affected by a premature collapse of any part of the building or
structure. The level of protection should be no less than that afforded
to public places.
Precautions should be taken to ensure that sudden weather changes do not affect the stability of the structure. Poorly braced structures can be blown over and loose debris can become airborne.
319
Adjoining Structures
No part of the demolition process should adversely affect the
structural integrity of any other building.
Lateral support for adjoining structures should be equal to or greater than that provided by the structure to be demolished. Provision
should be made for the erection of shoring before the existing lateral support is disturbed.
320
321
Before starting any demolition work, all areas of the site, including
basements, cellars, vaults and rubbish dumps, should be examined to
determine whether:
There are any items which could be a fire and explosion risk.
Any previous use of the site might cause a risk because of the
nature and/or decomposition of materials.
When mechanical plant is being used, and especially when cranes and
pusher arms are being used, care should be taken to ensure that no
part of the machines comes close to or in direct contact with overhead
or underground electricity or telephone cables.
322
323
Evacuation
procedures
should
be
established
and
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325
1.0 INTRODUCTION
A tunnel is an excavation beneath the surface of the ground, the longer axis of
which makes an angle not greater than 20 degrees to the horizontal. A tunnel could
also be defined as a confined spaces. Thus statutory provisions, codes of practice
and guidelines for confined spaces should be applicable for tunneling work.
2.0 HAZARDS
The construction of underground tunnels are essential yet dangerous activities.
Working under reduced light conditions, difficult or limited access and egress, with
the potential for exposure to air contaminants and the hazards of fire and explosion,
underground construction workers face many dangers.
Site Control
a) Check-in/Check-out Procedure
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To help control access, all unused openings, including chutes and man
ways, must be tightly covered, bulk headed, barricaded, or fenced off, and
posted with warning signs that read, Keep Out or similar language.
327
A competent person must determine how often rock bolts need to be tested
to ensure that they meet the necessary torque, taking into consideration
ground conditions, distance from vibration sources, and the specific bolt
system in use. Only torque wrenches should be used when torsion-dependent
bolts are used for ground support.
328
3.5 Ventilation
Fresh air must be supplied to all underground work areas in sufficient
amounts to prevent any dangerous or harmful accumulation of dusts, fumes,
mists, vapors, or gases. If natural ventilation does not provide the necessary
air quality through sufficient air volume and air flow, the employer must provide mechanical ventilation.
329
3.6 Illumination
As for other workplaces, adequate illumination should be provided in the
tunnel.
330
All blasting wires must be kept clear of electrical lines, pipes, rails and other
conductive material (except earth), to prevent explosions or exposure of
employees to electric current.
3.10 Training
All employees involved in underground construction must be trained to
recognize and respond to hazards associated with this type of work. Training
should be tailored to the specific requirements of the jobsite and include any
unique issues or requirements.
331
332
333
1.0 INTRODUCTION
With the higher demand for better infrastructure such a roads, bridges, etc.
engineering works are no more confined on land only. There are works to be done
either underwater or over water.
2.0 HAZARDS
Working underwater or over water presents a number of problems in particular:
334
a) Appropriate Qualification
dive supervisors;
stand-by divers; and
recompression chamber operators at the dive site.
b) Dive supervisors
c) Stand-by divers
335
b) Compression Chamber
336
337
Warning notices must be posted at all edges and boundaries near water
and set so that they are easily seen by operatives approaching the danger
points.
b) Ladders
Ladders must be sound, of sufficient length and strength and be securely
lashed to prevent slipping. Where ladders are permanently fitted to plant
over water, they should be fitted with safety hoops.
338
d) Site Tidiness
Good housekeeping is of special importance in minimizing tripping
hazards. Tools, ropes and other materials not in use should be stored
away, rubbish should be cleared up promptly. Materials not in use should
be properly stacked.
e) Weather Condition
The local weather forecast should be obtained and publicized at the beginning of each day. Rain, rising winds, fogs, sea-mist, etc. are all potential
dangers.
339
340
341
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Plant commissioning is a uniquely complex activity, whereby thousands of
mechanical items, designed often over a period of years and built by many people,
are integrated as a process plant, filled with process materials which may be toxic,
asphyxiating, highly flammable or a combination of all three, and put into design
service, often under conditions of extremely high temperature and pressure.
2.0 TESTING
Plant to be commissioned needs to be tested for its sustainability to underwent
actual processes as it is designed for. Some of the plant that requires to be tested
are as the following:
Steam Boilers;
Storage Tanks;
Pressure Vessels;
Piping, etc.
Prior to the commencement of any form of testing activities the following
documentation is normally required:
342
Test media must be selected with great care since unsafe conditions can be created
by incorrect selection, by their use under the wrong conditions or by incomplete removal of medium after test completion. The test medium must be compatible with
the equipment materials.
Prior to testing, a complete visual check of the plant is to be performed to verify correct installation, cleanliness and readiness for testing.
3.0 COMMISSIONING
The possible sources of plant hazards are many and various. They may arise from
the design of the plant, from the nature of the materials used or produced, from
flawed procedures in fabrication, construction or testing, or from commissioning or
operational errors.
343
Vendor data.
Construction Test Certificate.
Pre-Commissioning Certification.
Commissioning Procedures.
Logs for recording all actions, conditions and deviation encountered.
Work permits.
Ready-for-Commissioning Certificate.
Commissioning personnel must be constantly alert for a whole series of potentially
hazardous conditions, Some of the possible occurrences are:
344
On completion of handover, there remains one final safety related activity. This
consists of experience feedback and post commissioning safety audit.
A great deal of valuable experience will have been gained in term of the ease of testing the equipment, the correctness of the written instructions, ease of operation of
plant, and adequacy of safety and control features. The advantages of the site
modification should be analyzed in detail. All advantages and disadvantages should
be assessed carefully for incorporation in future designs.
345
346
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Good housekeeping means maintaining the necessary standards of domestic cleanliness and tidiness to make sites and work places safe, healthy, pleasant places at
which to work. It may be summarized by the phrase A place for everything and everything in its place. Bad housekeeping is the cause of large number of accidents on
site.
2.0 HAZARDS
The most commonly identified hazards associated with poor housekeeping are:
fire hazards,
tripping hazards;
slipping hazards;
falling hazards; and
infestation of rodents and vermin, etc.
347
3.2 Floors
Floors must be kept clear of small articles, tools, scrap metal, or any other
working material when any of those are no longer in use. Slippery materials to
be removed or attended immediately. Extra cautions to be taken on rainy
days.
Nothing must be thrown from one level to another.
3.3 Tools
Small tools and equipment must not be permitted to lie around where they
may present slipping or tripping hazards. They should be placed in tool-boxes
or racks.
348
349
350
351
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The risk of fire on many construction sites is great. Examples include the situation
when work is being carried out within an existing high fire risk plant, or the final
stages of a project when finishing materials are in the course of being worked and
positioned, often resulting in the accumulation of substantial amounts of combustible
materials and flammable liquids.
2.0 HAZARDS
There are five (5) main hazards produced by fire:
oxygen depletion;
flame / heat;
smoke,
gases combustion products; and
structural failure.
3.0 COMMON CAUSE OF FIRE ON CONSTRUCTION SITES
These include:
wet clothing which has been placed over, fell upon source of heating intended
to dry it;
352
(as shown next page). In combustion heat energy is released in a self-catalyzed reaction involving a condensed-phase fuel, a gas-phase fuel, or both. The combustion
process is usually associated with rapid oxidation of fuel oxygen in the air. If the
combustion process is confined so pressure can increase, an explosion can result. A
similar process that takes place over long periods of time and at a lower temperature
is called oxidation. Rusting of metal is an example of this. A fire, then, is a combustion process intense enough to emit heat and light.
353
In addition, a fire can be classified into two general forms or modes - flame fire and
surface fire. Flame fire directly burn gases or vaporized fuel and include deflagrations. The rate of burning is usually high, and a high temperature is produced. The
following are two type of flame fire:
premixed flame fire exists in a gas burner or stoves are relatively controlled.
diffusion flame fire refers to gases burning on mixed vapors and air. Controlling
this fire is difficult.
Surface fire occurs on the surface of solid fuel and is often called a glow or deep amber seated fire. Surface fire takes place at the same temperature as do often flame
fire.
The surface fire is represented by the fire triangle heat, fuel, oxygen but not
chemical chain reaction. The flame fire includes chemicals chain reactions. These
two modes of fire are not mutually exclusive, and they may occur together or alone.
Knowing how and why a fire burn, suggest ways to control and extinguish it. The
surface fire has three (3) components that can be controlled, while the flame fire has
four (4) components. Fire can be controlled in the following ways;
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5.1 Class A
Fires which involve solid materials,
predominantly
of
an
organic
kind,
5.2 Class B
Fires, which involve liquids or liquefiable solids; they are further divided into:
b) Class B2 : which involve liquid which not soluble in water, such as petrol
and oil. They can be extinguished by foam, carbon dioxide, dry powder,
light water and vaporizing liquids.
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5.3 Class C
Fires, which involve gases or liquefied gases resulting from leaks or spillage,
e.g. methane or butane. Extinguishments can be achieved by using foam or
dry powder in conjunction with water to cool any leaking container involved.
5.4 Class D
Fires, which involve metals such as aluminum or magnesium. Special dry
powder extinguishers are required to fight these., which may contained
powdered graphite or talc. No other extinguisher type should be used.
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c) Emergency Procedures
Written emergency procedures must be displayed in prominent location and made available
to all personnel on site. The procedures should
include on the means of alerting the alarms, reporting procedures, etc.
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f) Temporary Buildings
Temporary buildings should be separated from building under construction
or refurbishment and other permanent building
Temporary building should be constructed with materials that do not
significantly contribute to growth of fire.
Cooking appliances in canteen and kitchen must be properly installed and
adequate ventilation provided. Cooking in living accommodation should be
prohibited.
358
h) Hot Work
Hot work includes welding and cutting, brazing and the use of blow-lamps,
soldering equipment, bitumen boilers and other equipment producing heat,
sparks or having naked flames should be controlled and monitored as to
ensure they will not constitute fire hazards on site. Where applicable establish, implement and maintain Permit-To-Work System.
i) Electricity Supplies
Electrical installations, both temporary and permanent must be installed in
accordance with relevant statutory requirements.
Where possible, main switches, other than controlling security lights,
should be turned off when work ceases and all electrical equipment
unplugged when not in use.
Only authorized competent person should carry out all electrical installation, connection and maintenance.
j) Material Storage & Housekeeping
As far as possible, combustible materials must be stored in a safe place
outside the building under construction. When they have o be store in the
building, areas where any hot work or other ignition hazard is present
should not be used and quantities should be kept to a minimum. Suitable
fire extinguishers should be readily to hand.
Good housekeeping is essential on all sites. Waste materials if allowed to
accumulate, provide an excellent starting point for fire. Therefore all
wastes, packing materials, wood, shavings and oily rags must be regularly
removed. All collected waste materials awaiting disposal must be kept in
an area away from temporary building, stores or equipment.
Debris and rubbish should not be burned on site.
359
k) Plant
Wherever possible internal combustion engines should be positioned in the
open air, away from working areas or other buildings. They should be sited so that exhaust pipes and exhaust gases are kept clear of
combustible materials.
Fuel tanks must not be filled whilst engines are running. Where
appropriate, sand trays should be provided to absorb drips of fuel or
lubricants.
Plant and equipment must be provided against accidental impact and
provided with suitable extinguishers.
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
The objective of the Personal Protective Equipment Program is to protect employees
from the risk of injury by creating a barrier against work place hazards. Personal
protective equipment is not a substitute for good engineering or administrative
controls or good work practices, but should be used in conjunction with these
controls to ensure safety and health of employees. Personal protective equipment
will be provided, used, worn and maintained when it has been determined that it use
and wear is required and that such will lessen the likelihood of occupational injury
and / or illness.
This program will address head, hand, feet, eyes and face protection only. For other
specialized equipment it shall be established and addressed separately.
2.0 SELECTION
Prior to providing personal protective equipment to workers on site, a preliminary
identification of the hazards and risks involved should be carried out and workers
need to be consulted as to ensure the personal protective equipment provided are
suitable, comfortable and convenient to them.
362
of approved types.
3.0 INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE
All personal protective equipment must be examined in accordance with
manufacturers recommendation, by trained persons before being issued to and
worn/used by workers;
there must be arrangements for cleaning and disinfecting FOR equipment used
by more than one worker,
4.0 STORAGE
personal protective equipment issued, must be properly stored while not in use;
competent designated person must be appointed to take charge of items such as
safety belts, safety harness, respiratory protective equipment, etc.; and
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5.0 TRAINING
As stipulated under Section 15(2)(c), Occupational Safety & Health Act 1994, every
employer and self-employed person must provide suitable and adequate information,
instruction, training and supervision to his / her employees with respect to safety
matters. Thus, it should include the personal protective equipment program, where it
should cover such matter as:
364
Head protection selected must be suitable, compatible with the work being
carried out and comfortable to the wearer.
365
All personnel on site must be encouraged to wear proper and suitable foot
protection and arrangements must be made for their issuance. In general
safety footwear must be shoes having built-in steel toe-caps and reinforced
soles. For work carried out in wet or muddy conditions at or below ground
level, rubber boots should be worn. Comfort is important and care should be
exercised with the selection as well as the fitting of the correct and most
suitable type of boot or shoe.
366
Workers issued with such protection must be trained in the use, wear and
maintenance of the equipment.
lacerations,
punctures,
burns,
abrasions,
biological,
Ear protections are used to prevent the loss of hearing when workers would
otherwise be exposed to level of noise, which are considered to be hazardous.
The permissible exposure limit is 90dB(A) for a period of 8 hours.
367
A full harness gives greater protection than a safety belt in the event 0f fall
and therefore preferable; the use of lanyards fitted with shock absorbers is
also recommended.
368
369
370
371
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The purpose of a system of safety colors and signs is to draw attention to objects
and situations, which affect, or could affect, health or safety. Unfortunately, safety
signs on most of construction sites come in a variety of colors and symbols. Some
even could not be understood and interpreted. Thus it beats the actual purpose of
having safety signs. Therefore there must be a standard colors and symbols to make
them understandable and effective. But, we have to bear in mind that the use of a
system of safety colors and signs alone does not replace the need for other
appropriate preventive measures.
b) Contrasting Color
A color that contrasts with the safety color in order to make the latter
more conspicuous.
c) Symbols
372
d) Safety Signs
e) Prohibition Signs
f) Warning Signs
g) Mandatory Signs
i) Supplementary Signs
A sign with text only that may be used in conjunction with a safety signs in
order to provide additional information.
373
The safety colors which shall be used and the meanings which shall be
assigned to them as in Table below.
b) Danger Identification
If identification is required of places where there is risk of collision, falling,
stumbling, falling objects or where there are steps, holes in floor or similar
hazards; the following combination of fluorescent orange-red* or safety
color yellow in either black case.
374
This color provides high conspicuity, especially in conditions of poor natural lighting
Prohibition Signs
375
376
377
378
379
380
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The Occupational Safety & Health Act 1994 requires employers and self-employed
persons to:
Provide and maintain plant and safe systems of work that are safe and risk free.
Make arrangements for ensuring safety and health in connection with the use or
operation, handling, storage and transportation of plants and substances.
Maintain a place of work that is safe and without risks to health including means
of access and aggress.
To provide and maintain a working environment that is safe and without risks to
health with adequate health and welfare facilities.
The facilities should include at least one wash hand basin of ample size for every
twenty workers, clean water suitable cleansing and towels or other means of drying
agents in any of the following cases:
381
where workers are handling materials that are difficult to wash from the skin with
cold water;
The floors at all washing facilities should be made of impervious material and
properly graded for effective drainage.
382
Where conveniences for each sex are provided they shall be separated by walls of
full height.
They should be readily accessible, well-lit and ventilated, and protected from the
weather. If situated outside, good footpath access with lighting should be provided.
They should be constructed and situated in such a way as to ensure privacy for
persons using them, and built of materials that can be easily cleaned.
It should be readily accessible to all persons engaged in the work and clearly labeled
as drinking water. A common drinking container should not be used. If it is stored in
a container, the container:
should be clean and protected from contamination and from heat; and
should be emptied and refilled daily from a wholesome source.
5.0 FIRST AID FACILITIES
Every employer is required to provide adequate first-aid facilities, appliances and requisites.
Normally, first-aid is to prevent the condition of the injured person from becoming
worse until more skilled help becomes available.
383
6.0
Any such accommodation should have a suitable floor, be furnished with suitable
seats and tables, and other furniture and equipment as to ensure that meals may be
taken with reasonable comfort and security from the weather.
A suitable receptacle with a tightly fitting cover should be provided for rubbish, and it
should be emptied and cleaned at suitable intervals.
Provision should made for boiling water at mealtimes and rest periods.
provided with adequate supply of water for drinking, cooking and washing;
provided with regular pest control programs.
384
8.0 LIGHTING
Poor light can be a major contributor to accidents, and employers must ensure that
adequate lighting is provided. Generally, natural light is preferred, but where this is
not practicable, suitable and sufficient artificial lighting must be provided.
Lighting should be provided over the entire place of work including amenity
rooms, passages, stairs, ramps, ladders and gangways, which all should be capable
of being lit at such times as people pass along them or use them.
People passing need not be employees, and may include other persons lawfully in the
vicinity.
Adequate local lighting needs to be provided for detailed work, for dangerous
processes, or where machinery is being used.
385
10.0 VENTILATION
All work sites should have an adequate supply of fresh air. This is not normally a
problem on construction work where it is carried on outdoors. However, there are
occasions when a supplementary supply of air has to be provided to ensure safe
working conditions.
Excessively dusty conditions, such as concrete cutting or grinding, the use of volatile
chemicals, such as adhesives, or sand blasting are examples of when extra
ventilation will be necessary. This can be supplied by portable extraction equipment.
Where this is not practicable, workers should be supplied with personal protective
equipment such as respirators and suitable eye protection.
Care must be taken when using extraction equipment to ensure that hazardous
fumes are not vented into other work areas or sources of ignition.
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387
388
1.0 INTRODUCTION
More and more work today is being done by machines. This increase in
mechanization and automation often speeds up the pace of work and at times can
make work less interesting. On the other hand, there are still many jobs in the
construction sector that must be done manually, involving heavy physical strain. One
of the results of manual work, as well as the increase in mechanization, is that more
and more workers are suffering from backaches, neckaches, sore wrists, arms and
legs, and eyestrain.
389
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, a problem of the nerve in the hand and wrist,
caused by repeated bending of the wrist, holding tools or materials tightly,
constantly
include: numbness, tingling, burning and pain. In severe cases, there may be
wasting of the muscles at the base of the thumb; dry shiny palm; clumsiness of
the hand.
390
Carpet Layers Knee, caused by repeated use of a knee kickers while laying
carpeting.
Of course there are many other types of musculoskeletal injuries and problems,
including strains and sprains, muscle and joint pains, broken bones, etc., which may
be related to work on the construction site. A sprain is an injury or tear to a ligament. Ligaments attach one vertebrae to another and help support the spine.
Strains is an injury to muscles that have been stretched or used too much.
Strained muscles and sprained ligaments both irritate the muscles around them. This
adds to the pain and discomfort.
Construction activities which could cause ergonomics injuries may but not limited to
the following:
391
392
393
2.8 Plumbing
Plumbing for a new building involves a lot of welding and pipe fitting in
cramped positions and considerable work overhead (e.g. for sprinkler fitters).
Welding has also been associated with wrist injuries due to the poor design of
the welding guns.
394
2.11 Roofing
Roofing presents a risk of back injuries because of the heavy materials used,
such as buckets of hot tar and single ply roofing, and force used by the kettle
operator to break up tubes of asphalt to put into the kettle.
395
2.15 Painting
Painting also places stress on the arms, shoulders, neck and back by the use
of long handled rollers overhead and at unusual angles, similar to drywall
sanding. Carrying paint materials, such as buckets of paint, can be stressful
on the hands, because of poorly designed handles.
396
397
application
of
force
398
reaching sideways to pick up goods from a conveyor belt and pack them
picking up items from a conveyor belt
and turning them over for inspection and
packing
Painting;
lifting goods from a conveyor
belt and packing them in a
carton; and
399
The type of grip you use also makes a difference in the amount of effort you
have to use. A pinch grip which uses only the fingers to hold an item,
requires more muscle effort than a power grip. A power grip (full-hand grip),
which uses the larger muscles of your arm, has about four times the strength
of a pinch grip. A pinch grip can cause fatigue and injury.
400
b) Repetitive Work
Nailing a deck and screwing drywall are examples of repetitive tasks. Doing
the same motions over and over again puts stress on muscles, tendons
and joints.
c) Vibration
Damage to the blood vessels and nerves in your hand and fingers can result from the long term use of powered hand tools. Rotary hammers,
chainsaws, grinders and jackhammers all cause vibrations to travel
through the hand. The risk of conditions, such as Raynauds Syndrome,
from powered hand tools is increased if you are also exposed to cold, because the cold causes you to use a much tighter grip on the tool.
d) Contact Stress
Tools and materials (wood, metal) can press against the soft part of the
palm of your hand or other soft tissues of your body. When tools or sharp
edges press into the palm of your hand, they can press on or compress
the soft blood vessels and nerves in your hand. When blood vessels are
compressed, the amount of blood that gets through to the tissues is reduced. Compressed nerves can cause numbness and tingling. Continuous
compression may cause irreversible damage to the blood vessels, nerves
and surrounding tissue.
401
3.6 Vibration
Vibration exposure is possible in many occupation where a worker comes in
contact with vibrating machinery or equipment. When a worker operates hand
-held equipment such as chainsaw or jackhammer, vibration effects hands
and arms and is called hand-arm vibration exposure. When a
work-
ers sits or stands on a vibrating floor or seat, the exposure affects almost the
entire body and is called whole-body vibration exposure. The risk of injury depends on the intensity and frequency of the vibration, the duration of exposure and the part of the body receives the vibration energy.
402
3.7 Noise
Not all sound is noise noise is sound that people do not like. Noise can be
annoying and it can interfere with your ability to work by causing stress and
disturbing your concentration. Noise can cause accidents by interfering with
communication and warning signals. Noise can cause chronic health
problems. Noise can also cause you to lose your hearing.
Hearing loss from exposure to noise in the workplace is one of the most
common of all industrial diseases. Workers can be exposed to high noise
levels in workplaces as varied as construction industries, foundries and textile
industries. Short-term exposure to excessive (too much) noise can cause
temporary hearing loss, lasting from a few seconds to a few days. Exposure
to noise over a long period of time can cause permanent hearing loss.
Hearing loss that occurs over time is not always easy to recognize and
unfortunately, most workers do not realize they are going deaf until their
hearing is permanently damaged. Industrial noise exposure can be controlled
often for minimal costs and without technical difficulty. The goal in
controlling industrial noise is to eliminate or reduce the noise at the source
producing it.
In addition to hearing loss, exposure to noise in the workplace can cause a
variety of other problems, including chronic health problems:
Excessive exposure to noise can also reduce job performance and may
cause high rates of absenteeism.
This Material is for Training Purposes Only
COPYRIGHT : KLIA CONSULTANCY SERVICES SDN. BHD. 2004
All Right Reserved
403
404
It is fairly fair to say that every worker who lifts or does other manual handling tasks is at some risk for musculoskeletal injury. Low back injury is the
most likely kind of injury.
3.9 Lighting
Besides causing eye strain, poor lighting can make employees adopt awkward
postures and movements in order to do their work. For example, to see
scratches and other imperfections on painted panels, an employee must bend
down and twist his or her head to look at the panels side-on.
405
406
Just as a runner prepares for a race event by warming up, prepare for
work by up and stretching. Warm up by walking, marching in-place, or
moving arms in circles. Once muscles are warm:
407
b) Be Aware
Constant fatigue.
Cold Hands.
Swelling.
Numbness.
Tingling.
Lack of Energy.
Change in skin color.
Weakness.
Loss of sensation.
Aching, burning or shooting pain.
The symptoms could be experienced or felt at the back, neck, hands, fingers, shoulders, arms and knees.
c) Noise
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409
At the Source
As with other types of exposures, the best method of prevention is
to eliminate the hazard. Therefore controlling noise at its source is
the best method of noise control. It can also often be cheaper than
other methods of noise control. This method of control may require
that some noisy machinery be replaced. Noise can be controlled at
the source by the manufacturer, so that noisy devices never reach
your workplace. Many machines are now required to conform to
noise standards. Therefore before new machines (such as presses,
drills, etc.) are purchased, checks should be made to see that they
conform to noise standards. Unfortunately, many used machines
producing high noise levels (which have been replaced with quieter
models) are often exported to developing countries, causing
workers to pay the price with hearing loss, stress, etc.
Noise control at the source can also be engineered into an existing
device by making adjustments to parts or a whole machine that
reduce noise. For example, the noise level from a pneumatic drill
can be reduced by placing a sound-reducing blanket around the
drill. A length of tubing on the exhaust of the drill will also reduce
the noise level. A rubber covering can be used to reduce noise from
metal falling on to metal.
410
reducing the dropping height of goods being collected in bins and boxes;
411
Barrier
If it is not possible to control the noise at the source, then it may be
necessary to enclose the machine, place sound-reducing barriers
between the source and the worker, or increase the distance
between the worker and the source. (However, this can be difficult in
many cases.) The following chart is a simple method of knowing how
much sound is reduced by distance.
Here are a few points to remember when controlling noise with
barriers:
access doors and holes for wiring and piping should be fitted with
rubber gaskets;
exhausts and air vents must be silenced and directed away from
operators;
412
At the Worker
Controlling noise at the worker, by using ear protection (sometimes
called hearing protection) is, unfortunately, the most common yet least
effective form of noise control. Forcing the worker to adapt to the
workplace is always the least desirable form of protection from any
hazard. Generally there are two types of ear protection: earplugs and
earmuffs. Both are designed to prevent excessive noise from reaching
the inner ear.
Earplugs are worn inside the ear and come in a variety of materials,
including rubber, plastic, or any material that will fit tightly in the ear.
Earplugs are the least desirable type of hearing protection because
they do not provide very effective protection against noise and they
can cause ear infection if pieces of the plug are left in the ear or if a
dirty plug is used. Cotton wool should not be used as ear protection.
Earmuffs are more protective than earplugs if they are used correctly.
They are worn over the whole ear and protect the ear from noise. Earmuffs are less efficient if they do not fit tightly or if glasses are worn
with them.
Ear protection is the least acceptable method of controlling an occupational noise problem because:
413
c) Vibration
To eliminate or reduce exposure to vibration:
make sure that plant and tools are serviced regularly; and
provide gloves to keep hands warm and dry if the work is done in cold,
wet conditions (this will help reduce the risk of vibration-induced
Musculoskeletal Disorders , which increases in cold, wet conditions, but
will not protect against vibration as such).
414
d) Manual Handling
Proper lifting technique is critical to back safety, but perhaps more
important is proper planning.
Before you lift that box, or tool, or piece of equipment, take a moment to
consider your action:
415
e) Lighting
To improve lighting and visibility:
416
417
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
Occupational health hazards are extremely varied and have been part of industry for
centuries. The earliest recorded occupational disease was lead poisoning, identified
during mining of lead over 2,000 years ago.
Today, employees are becoming much more concerned about how their work may
affect their health. This increased awareness combined with greater research has
meant that more workplace health hazards are being identified, evaluated and controlled in construction.
e.g. physical hazards - ionizing radiation (x-rays and gamma rays), nonionizing radiation (infrared and ultraviolet, lighting, noise, vibration and heat.
419
a) Gas
b) Liquid
420
c) Vapor
d) Fumes
e) Mist
421
f) Dust
2.2 Physical
A second major category of occupational health hazard is physical
hazards. These can be defined as different types of energy which may be
hazardous to people in the workplace. Some examples are noise,
temperature, radiation and vibration.
a) Noise
b) Temperature
422
c) Radiation
d) Vibration
423
2.3 Biological
Biological hazards are relatively minor concern in construction. However,
exposure to bacteria may occur in sewer work, while air handling systems
contaminated by bacteria and fungi can cause Legionnaires Disease and
other conditions. A fungus that grows on bird or bat dropping is responsible for a disease called histoplasmosis, producing flu-like symptoms. Contact may occur where buildings contaminated with droppings are being
renovated or demolished.
Fever cause by mosquitoes such as malaria and dengue are other hazards
that should not be neglected.
The human body has natural defense systems which help to protect you against
many hazards (dangers). These defense systems also help the body to heal
(repair) itself when it gets injured or sick. However, there are hazards arising
from bacteria, viruses, chemicals, dusts, vapors, noise, extreme temperatures,
work processes, etc. to which you may be exposed (which are around you) at
work or in the general environment, that can break down (weaken) the body's
defense systems.
424
These
include
the
skin,
(e .g.
ch emi cals
and
425
a) Acute Effect
b) Chronic Effect
426
For all diseases, it is better to prevent rather than treat the illness once it
has developed, but for chronic diseases such as cancer, prevention is
the only cure. With chronic diseases it is difficult to establish the cause of
the condition and even harder to get compensation. Thus it is important to
document all exposures to workers and maintain good records for at least
30 years.
427
428
429
solvents,
wet
concrete,
chromic
acid,
and
calcium
hydroxide.
b) Allergic Contact Dermatitis, on the other hand, is the result of an allergic reaction to a given substance. Sensitization may be the result of
prolonged or repeated contact and becomes established usually within 10
to 30 days.
5.2 Cancer
It's not well understood exactly how a chemical produces cancer. Some
carcinogens (cancer-causing substances) are thought to interact with the
genetic material of the cell; others may interact with the immune system; and
still others are thought to act with other agents, but not initiate cancer
themselves. Whatever the mechanism, the effect is very often delayed,
sometimes up to 30 years.
430
Inhaling asbestos dust has been shown to cause the following diseases:
asbestosis
lung cancer
mesothelioma (cancer of the lining of the chest and/or abdomen).
Asbestosis is a disease of the lungs caused by scar tissue forming around
very small asbestos fibers deposited deep in the lungs. As the amount of scar
tissue increases, the ability of the lungs to expand and contract decreases,
causing shortness of breath and a heavier workload on the heart. Ultimately,
asbestosis can be fatal.
431
Studies of asbestos workers have shown that the risk is roughly five times
greater than for people who are not exposed to asbestos.
432
6.1 Introduction
Industrial hygiene has been defined as that science and art devoted to the
anticipation, recognition, evaluation and control of those environmental
factors or stresses arising in or from the workplace, which may cause
sickness, impaired health and well-being, or significant discomfort among
workers or among the citizens of the community. industrial hygienists use
environmental monitoring and analytical methods to detect the extent of
workers exposure and employ engineering, work practice controls, and other
methods to control potential health hazards.
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a) Environmental Monitoring
Odor Thresholds
Some people think that contaminants can be detected by their odor.
But some contaminants may have no odor. With other contaminants,
the odor threshold or lowest level at which most people can smell that
chemical may be well above the safe working level. For example, the
strong pungent odor of ammonia is not detectable until their concentration reaches 47ppm. This is almost twice the safe working level of
25ppm. A third problem is that many chemical odors you get used to
the smell and after a short time no longer detect it, thereby giving
yourself a false sense of security.
434
Direct
reading
instrument
provide
immediate
readout
of
b) Health Surveillance
435
The best method is at the source. This prevents the contaminants from
affecting other employees or reacting with other substances. In construction
two main strategies are engineering controls and personal protection.
a) Engineering Control
Substitution
This is a simple control whereby a less toxic chemicals or materials with
equivalent specifications is substituted for a more toxic chemical. A
common example is the substitution of fiberglass insulation for
asbestos insulation.
Isolation
A substance or procedure may be isolated or enclosed so that toxic
omission are not transported into the workplace. It may be as simple
as putting a lid on an open solvent container. Enclosures have been
built around compressors to reduce the noise level. However the
enclosure must not restrict access.
Worker is usually isolated from the hazard for example in quarry work,
the operator of a crusher can be isolated from the dust by a filtered air
-conditioned cab.
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Change of Process
This is simply means doing the job in a way which is less hazardous.
For example brushing or rolling paint procedures much lower vapor
levels than spray painting. Similarly wet removal of asbestos releases
up to 100 times less dust than dry removal. The change should be
checked to ensure it is safer.
Ventilation
A common engineering control is to increase ventilation in the
workplace. This may be done by general ventilation using fans to move
large volumes of air, thereby increasing the air exchange. However,
the use of general ventilation is not suitable for highly toxic materials.
Local ventilation is more effective for toxic substances because it captures and removes the contaminants at their source.
b) Personal Protection
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c) Hazard Communication
SECTION
CONTENTS
Product Identity
II
Hazardous Ingredients
III
Physical/Chemical Characteristics
IV
Reactivity Data
VI
VII
VIII
IX
Labeling
All Chemical Containers Will Be Labeled. Unless The Container Is a
Portable Container in the Control of A Specific Person for Their
Immediate Use.
438
HMIS - NATIONAL PAINT AND COATINGS ASSOCIATION - HAZARDOUS MATERIAL IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM
439
440
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1.0
INTRODUCTION
What is first aid? First aid is the skilled application of accepted basic treatment for
someone who is injured or has been taken ill until he is placed in the care of
qualified medical practitioner or other skilled aid, or taken to the hospital.
a) Breathing
Any unconscious incident, the protective mechanism, which prevents solids and
fluids entering the windpipe, does not function.
b) Bleeding
Embedded object.
Concealed bleeding.
c) Shock
Shock is a condition arising from stress or injury producing an insufficient supply of blood to the brain and other vital organs. This causes lessening activities
of the vital functions of the body. It may accompany injuries, bleeding, severe
pain or sudden illness. The severity of the shock depends upon the nature and
extent of the injury or other causes and may vary from a feeling of faintness
even to sudden death.
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d) Fractures
e) Crush injuries
This is a condition, which may cause acute kidney failure, especially if the
casualty has been crushed or trapped more than an hour by some heavy
weights (e.g. mason or machinery). Crush injuries involve soft tissues (e.g.
muscles and skin) and sometimes bones are fractured.
f) Unconsciousness
These problems arise when unprotected body parts come in contact with hot
objects or suffering electrical burns.
Heat exhaustion - The most vulnerable persons to this condition are those
who are un-acclimatized to high temperature and humidity.
Heat stroke - The onset of this condition is more sudden and may be
preceded by heat exhaustion.
This Material is for Training Purposes Only
COPYRIGHT : KLIA CONSULTANCY SERVICES SDN. BHD. 2004
All Right Reserved
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First aider;
First aid box/first aid room;
First aid equipment/manual.
2.1 First Aider
a) Number Required
TABLE 1
DESCRIPTION
Logging
NO. OF WORKERS
< 20
21 - 150
> 150
< 20
20 or more
> 400
b) Shift Work
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e) Selection
Personnel selected for attending competent first aider training should be:
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The competency certificate is only valid for three (3) years except for
hazardous industries where it is only valid for one (1) year. In general
the validity of the certificate may be subjected to specific requirement,
such as:
refresher training;
evidence of proficiency in cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
Approved first aid training providers are as listed in Table 2.
TABLE 2
ORGANISATION
ADDRESS
FRLS Committee
g) Responsibilities
Management of Casualty
Workplace competent first aider has an important role to play in
managing an injured worker or in a case of sudden collapse. He
should:
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The first aiders responsibility ends when the casualties are handed over to the care of a doctor, nurse or other appropriate persons.
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Workplace safety and health committee will also carry out such
checks.
First aid box should be made of sturdy material and be portable so that it
can be taken to the site of an incident. The boxes should be clearly
marked with a green crescent on a white background.
b) Location
c) Contents
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TABLE 3
CONTENTS
1
2
3
< 10
WORKERS
11-50
WORKERS
> 50
WORKER
12
24
12
12
10
15
10
15
i)
12
ii)
12
Adhesive plaster.
Absorbent sterilised cotton wool, in 0.5oz. packet or cotton wool strip contained
in cotton wool dispenser.
- a sufficient supply -
10
- a sufficient supply -
11
12
13
14
- a sufficient supply -
15
16
Safety pins.
12
24
36
17
Crepe bandage
i) 5cm
ii) 7.5cm
18
19
12
24
20
CPR Mask.
- a sufficient supply -
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a) Design
The room must be easily identifiable by posting suitable sign outside the
room.
Materials used for walls, floors and ceiling must be of materials, which do
not collect dust and can be cleaned easily. Particular consideration must
be given to the floor finishing must be of non-slip material.
b) Location
In identifying suitable location for a first aid room, the following factors
must be given due consideration:
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proximity to toilet;
proximity to lifts and main passageways which a wide enough to
allow a stretcher, wheelchair or carrying chair through;
stretcher(s);
splints;
clinical thermometer;
a couch with pillow and blanket;
a suitable store for first aid equipment;
soap and nail brush;
clean garments for first aiders;
suitable refuse container;
pocket mask;
adult cervical collar;
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