Mushroom

A mushroom is the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus, typically

produced above ground on soil or on its food source. The standard for the name
"mushroom" is the cultivated white button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, hence the
word mushroom is most often applied to those fungi (Basidiomycota,
Agaricomycetes) that have a stem (stipe), a cap (pileus), and gills (lamellae, sing.
lamella) on the underside of the cap, just as do store-bought white mushrooms.

Edible Mushrooms
Some species are difficult to cultivate; others (particularly mycorrhizal
species) have not yet been successfully cultivated. Some of these species are
harvested from the wild, and can be found in markets. When in season they can be
purchased fresh, and many species are sold dried as well. The following species are
commonly harvested from the wild:

* Boletus edulis or edible Boletus, native to Europe, known in Italian as Fungo

Porcino (plural 'porcini') (Pig mushroom), in German as Steinpilz (Stone mushroom),
in Russian as "white mushroom", in Albanian as (Wolf mushroom) and in French the
cep. It also known as the king bolete, and is renowned for its delicious flavor. It is
sought after worldwide, and can be found in a variety of culinary dishes.

* Cantharellus cibarius (The chanterelle), The yellow chanterelle is one of

the best and most easily recognizable mushrooms, and can be found in Asia,
Europe, North America and Australia. There are poisonous mushrooms which
resemble it, though these can be confidently distinguished if one is familiar with the
chanterelle's identifying features.

* Cantharellus tubaeformis, the tube chanterelle or yellow-leg

* Clitocybe nuda - Blewit (or Blewitt)

* Cortinarius caperatus the Gypsy mushroom (recently moved from genus

Rozites)

* Craterellus cornucopioides - Trompette du Mort or Horn of Plenty

* Grifola frondosa, known in Japan as maitake (also "hen of the woods" or

"sheep’s head"); a large, hearty mushroom commonly found on or near stumps and
bases of oak trees, and believed to have medicinal properties.

* Gyromitra esculenta this "False morel" is prized by the Finns. This mushroom is
deadly poisonous if eaten raw, but highly regarded when parboiled (see below).

* Hericium erinaceus, a tooth fungus; also called "lion's mane mushroom."

* Hydnum repandum Sweet tooth fungus, hedgehog mushroom, urchin of the

woods

* Lactarius deliciosus Saffron milk cap - Consumed around the world and prized in
Russia
 * Morchella species, (morel family), morels belong to the ascomycete grouping of
fungi. They are usually found in open scrub, woodland or open ground in late spring.
When collecting this fungus, care must be taken to distinguish it from the poisonous
false morels, including Gyromitra esculenta.

o Morchella conica var. deliciosa

o Morchella esculenta var. rotunda

* Tricholoma matsutake the Matsutake, a mushroom highly prized in Japanese

cuisine.

* Tuber species, (the truffle), Truffles have long eluded the modern techniques of
domestication known as trufficulture. Although the field of trufficulture has greatly
expanded since its inception in 1808, several species still remain uncultivated. For a
list of domesticated truffles, see above.

Other edible wild species

Many wild species are consumed around the world. The species which can be
identified "in the field" (without use of special chemistry or a microscope) and
therefore safely eaten vary widely from country to country, even from region to
region. This list is a sampling of lesser-known species that are reportedly edible.

Lactarius salmonicolo

* Amanita caesarea (Caesar's Mushroom)

* Armillaria mellea

* Boletus badius

* Boletus elegans

* Chroogomphus rutilus (pine-spikes or spike-caps)

* Calvatia gigantea (Giant Puffball)

* Clavariaceae species (coral fungus family)

* Clavulinaceae species (coral fungus family)

* Coprinus comatus, the Shaggy mane. Must be cooked as soon as possible after
harvesting or the caps will first turn dark and unappetizing, then deliquesce and
turn to ink. Not found in markets for this reason.

* Cortinarius variecolor

* Fistulina hepatica (beefsteak polypore or the ox tongue)

* Hygrophorus chrysodon

A particularly well developed example of Auricularia auricula-judae.

* Lactarius salmonicolor
 * Lactarius subdulcis (mild milkcap)

* Lactarius volemus

* Laetiporous sulphureus (Sulphur shelf). Also known by names such as the

"chicken mushroom", "chicken fungus", sulphur shelf is a distinct bracket fungus
popular among mushroom hunters.

* Leccinum aurantiacum (Red-capped scaber stalk)

* Leccinum scabrum (Birch bolete)

* Lepiota procera

* Polyporus squamosus (Dryad's saddle and Pheasant's back mushroom)

* Polyporus sulphureus

* Polyporus mylittae

* Ramariaceae species (coral fungus family)

* Rhizopogon luteolus

* Russula, some members of this genus are edible.

* Sparassis crispa. Also known as "cauliflower mushroom".

* Suillus bovinus

* Suillus luteus

* Tricholoma terreum

Toxic mushrooms
Of central interest with respect to the chemical properties of mushrooms is
the fact that many species produce secondary metabolites that render them toxic,
mind-altering, or even bioluminescent.

Although there are only a small number of deadly species, several others can
cause particularly severe and unpleasant symptoms

Toxicity likely plays a role in protecting the function of the basidiocarp: the
mycelium has expended considerable energy and protoplasmic material to develop
a structure to efficiently distribute its spores. One defense against consumption and
premature destruction is the evolution of chemicals that render the mushroom
inedible, either causing the consumer to vomit (see emetics) the meal, or to learn to
avoid consumption altogether.

Three of the most lethal mushrooms belong to the genus Amanita: the
death cap (A. phalloides) and destroying angels (A. virosa, and A.
bisporiga); the fool's mushroom (A. verna) and two are from the genus
Cortinarius: the deadly webcap (C. rubellus), and the fool's webcap (C.
orellanus). Several species of Galerina, Lepiota, and Conocybe also contain lethal
amounts of amatoxins. Deadly species are listed in the List of deadly fungi.

The following species may cause great discomfort, sometimes requiring

hospitalization, but are not considered deadly.

* Amanita muscaria (fly agaric)–known for its use as an entheogen, and it is now
known that the toxins convert to psychoactives upon drying[citation needed].

* Amanita muscaria var. regalis–symptoms generally mild.[citation needed]

* Amanita pantherina (panther mushroom)–contains similar toxins as A. muscaria,

but is associated with more fatalities than A. muscaria[12].

* Chlorophyllum molybdites (greengills)–causes intense gastrointestinal upset.

* Entoloma (pinkgills)–some species are highly poisonous, such as livid entoloma

(Entoloma sinuatum), Entoloma rhodopolium, and Entoloma nidorosum. Symptoms
of intense gastrointestinal upset appear after 20 minutes to 4 hours, caused by an
unidentified gastrointestinal irritant.[30]

* Many Inocybe species such as Inocybe fastigiata and Inocybe geophylla contain
muscarine, while Inocybe erubescens is the only one known to have caused death.

* Some white Clitocybe species, including C. rivulosa and C. dealbata–contain

muscarine[8].

* Tricholoma pardinum, Tricholoma tigrinum (Tiger Tricholoma )–gastrointestinal

upset due to an unidentified toxin, begins in 15 minutes to 2 hours and lasts 4 to 6
days.

* Tricholoma equestre Man-on-horseback–until recently thought edible and good,

can lead to rhabdomyolysis after repeated consumption.

* Hypholoma fasciculare/Naematoloma fasciculare (Sulfur tuft)–usually causes

gastrointestinal upset[8] but the toxins fasciculol E and F could lead to paralysis and
death[31]

* Paxillus involutus (Brown roll-rim)–once thought edible, but now found to

destroy red blood cells with regular or long-term consumption[17].

* Boletus satanas (Devil's bolete), Boletus luridus, Boletus legaliae, Boletus

piperatus, Boletus erythropus, Boletus pulcherrimus–gastrointestinal irritation. Of
these, only B. pulcherrimus has been implicated in a death. Many books list B.
erythropus as edible, but Arora[8] lists it as "to be avoided."

* Hebeloma crustuliniforme (known as Poison pie or Fairy cakes)–causes

gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea and vomiting.

* Russula emetica (the Sickener)–as its name implies, causes rapid vomiting.
Other Russulas with a peppery taste (Russula silvicola, Russula mairei) will likely do
the same[8].
 * Agaricus hondensis, Agaricus californicus, Agaricus praeclaresquamosus,
Agaricus xanthodermus–cause vomiting and diarrhea in most people, although
some people seem to be immune.[8]

* Lactarius piperatus, Lactarius torminosus, Lactarius rufus–these and other

peppery-tasting Lactarius are pickled and eaten in Scandinavia, but are indigestible
or poisonous unless correctly prepared.[8]

* Lactarius vinaceorufescens, Lactarius uvidus–reportedly poisonous. Arora[8]

reports that all yellow- or purple-staining Lactarius are "best avoided."

* Ramaria gelatinosa–causes indigestion in many people, although some seem

immune.[8]

* Gomphus floccosus (the scaly chanterelle)–causes gastric upset in many

people, although some eat it without problems. G. floccosus is related to the
chanterelle and sometimes confused with it.[8]

Project
In
Science
Submitted by:

Jerriza Marie Gaviola

V-1 (Aguinaldo)
 Submitted to:

Mrs. Judy Asuncion