3 ITBA MIP - Seleccion de Sistemas

Materia: Manejo Integral de la Produccin
Tema:
Seleccin de Sistemas de Elevacin Artificial
Profesor:
Julio Shiratori
Buenos Aires, Mayo 2013

Escuela de Postgrado Especializacin en Produccin de Petrleo y Gas
Optimization Loops
Reservoir
management
optimization
Slow loop
(months/
years)
Daily
production
optimization
Fast loop
(days)
Real-time
optimization
V. fast loop
(minutes)
Benefit:
Benefit:
Benefit:
Optimized
reservoir
development
Optimized
asset
utilization
Optimized
equipment
utilization
Value of Real-Time Production Optimization

Power Costs
Repair Frequency
Cost per Barrel

or Mcf
Production
Chemical Costs
Integrated Solution
Corporate
Management
Field
Operations
Engineeri
ng
Gas\Flowing
Wells
Application
Server
Plunger Lift
Wells
ESP
Wells
Beam
Wells
Producti
on
Facilities
Gas Lift
Wells
Injection
Wells
PCP
Wells
Test
Facilities
SPE Technical Paper presentado en el:

SPE -ATW Opportunities in Mature Oil Fields:
Technical and Economics Challenges
Section: Integrated Production Optimization
"Selection of Artificial Lift Systems"

Julio Shiratori
Lima, Peru 24th August 2006
Artificial Lift Trends

Integrated Capabilities,Technologies and Resources
Right Combination of Engineering,
Manufacturing and Application Expertise

Solve Reservoir Production Problems
Technology Mandate to Optimize Reservoir Productivity
Development of Intelligent Well Systems
Automatization, Asset Management
Tendencias Extraccion Artificial

Integrar Capacidades,Tecnologias y Recursos
Correcta combinacion de: Ingenieria, fabricacion y la
aplicacion por expertos

Solucionar los Problemas de la Produccion del
Reservorio
El mandato de la Tecnologia es Optimizar la Productividad
del Reservorio
Desarrollo de Pozos con Sistemas Inteligentes
Automatization, Gerenciamiento de los Activos
Production Optimization with

Exceptional Economic Value
Technology-Driven Cost Reductions
Enhanced Recovery of Maturing Field
- Increased Rates
- Increased Ultimate Reservoir Recovery
Integrated Solutions and Technologies
- Eliminates Redundancy and Cost

- Most Effective and Efficient Application of
Technology
- Economic Modeling Availability
Artificial Lift Systems
Electric
Submersible
Pumping
(ESP)
Plunger
Lift
Reciprocating
Rod Lift
Gas
Lift
Hydraulic
Lift
Progressing
Cavity
Pumping
(PCP)
Reciprocating Rod
Lift
System Limitations
Sucker Rod
Tubing Anchor/
Catcher
Potential for Tubing and Rod Wear

Sucker Rod
Pump
Assembly
Gas-Oil Ratios
Most Systems Limited to Ability of
Rods to Handle Loads - Volume

Decreases As Depth Increases
Environmental and Aesthetic Concerns
Motor Control
Vent Box
Produced
Hydrocarbons Out
Production
Tubing
Electric Submersible
Pumping System
Limitations
Pump
Available Electric Power

Limited Adaptability to Major
Flat Cable
Extension
Seal Section
Changes in Reservoir
Difficult to Repair In the Field
Free Gas and/or Abrasives
High Viscosity
Motor
Higher Pulling and repair Costs
Progressing Cavity Pumping

System Limitations
Vertical
Electric Wellhead
Drive
Casing
Limited Depth Capability

Temperature
Production Tubing
Sensitivity to Produced Fluids
Sucker Rod
Low Volumetric Efficiencies in

Sucker Rod Coupling
High-Gas Environments
Tubing Collar
Stator
Rotor
Potential for Tubing and Rod
Coupling Wear
Requires Constant Fluid Level
above Pump
Tubing Collar
Escuela de Tag
Postgrado
Bar Sub Especializacin en Produccin de Petrleo y Gas
Injection
Gas In
Produced
Hydrocarbons
Out
Side Pocket
Mandrel with
Gas Lift Valve
Gas Lift
System Limitations
Needs High-Pressure Gas Well or
Compressor
Side Pocket
Mandrel with
Gas Lift Valve
One Well Leases May Be
Uneconomical
Side Pocket
Mandrel with
Gas Lift Valve
Completion
Fluid
Single Production
Packer
Fluid Viscosity
Bottom hole Pressure
High Back-Pressure
Lubricator
Catcher
Solar Panel
Controller
Motor Valve
Orifice Control
Valves
Plunger Lift
System Limitations
Dual T Pad
Plunger
Specific GLRs to Drive System

Low Volume Potential (200 BPD)
Bumper
Spring
Solids
Requires Surveillance to Optimize
Hydraulic Piston
Lift System
Limitations
Surface Power
Fluid Package
Production
Casing
Solids
Packer Nose
High Pressure
Power Fluid
Bottom Hole
Assembly
Requires Specific Bottom Hole
Assemblies
Medium Volume Potential
(50 - 1000 BPD)

Piston or Jet
Free Pump
Require Service Facilities

Free Gas
Standing Valve
Requires High-Pressure
Surface Line
Hydraulic Jet Lift

System Limitations
Surface Power
Fluid Package
Production
Casing
Producing Rate Relative to

Packer Nose
High Pressure
Power Fluid
Bottom hole Pressure

Some Require Specific Bottom hole
Bottom Hole
Assembly
Assemblies
Piston or Jet
Free Pump
Lower Horsepower Efficiency

High-Pressure Surface Line
Standing Valve
Requirements
Production Enhancement
Wellsite Logic and Control
Data gathering,
Data communication, Real-time wellsite control
Intelligent Well Technology
Wireless, non-reciprocating system for
cyclical steam injection well
Cableless Telemetry System (CaTS)
Optical Sensing Systems (downhole)
Integral P/T & Flowmeter
Seismic Systems (permanent)
Asset Management
Well Optimization Software (real-time)
Real-time monitoring
Desktop control
Artificial lift analysis
System design
5 Steps to
Artificial Lift Optimization
1.
Project Scope
2.
Elimination Process
3.
Systems Analysis
4.
Final Selection
5.
Follow-Up Analysis
1.
Selection Process
Project Scope
General Operator Requirements

Data Collection & Confirmation
Well Information
Production & Fluid Information
Desired Production Rate
System Details (Existing Lift System)
2.
Selection Process
Elimination Process
Easy Eliminations
More Detailed Reviews
Applicable Systems
2.
Elimination Process
Rod Lift
Progressing
Cavity
Gas Lift
Plunger
Lift
Hydraulic
Piston
Hydraulic
Jet
Electric
Submersible
100 16,000 TVD
2,000 6,000 TVD
5,000 15,000 TVD
8,000 19,000 TVD
7,500 17,000 TVD
5,000 15,000 TVD
1,00015,000 TVD
5 - 5000
BPD
5 - 4,500
BPD
200 - 30,000
BPD
1 - 5 BPD
50 - 4,000
BPD
300 - >15,000
BPD
200 - 30,000
BPD
100 550 F
75-250 F
100 400 F
120 500 F
100 500 F
100 500 F
100 400 F
Corrosion
Handling
Good to
Excellent
Fair
Good to
Excellent
Excellent
Good
Excellent
Good
Gas
Handling
Fair to
Good
Good
Excellent
Excellent
Fair
Good
Poor to
Fair
Solids
Handling
Fair to
Good
Excellent
Good
Poor to
Fair
Poor
Good
Poor
to Fair
Fluid
Gravity
>8 API
<35 API
>15 API
GLR Required 300 SCF/BBL/

1000 Depth
>8 API
>8 API
>10 API
Workover or
Pulling Rig
Gas or
Electric
Workover or
Pulling Rig
Gas or
Electric
Hydraulic or
Wireline
Multicylinder
or Electric
Hydraulic or
Wireline
Multicylinder
or Electric
Workover or
Pulling Rig
Electric
Motor
Limited
Good
Excellent
N/A
Good
Excellent
Excellent
45% - 60%
40% - 70%
10% - 30%
N/A
45% - 55%
10% - 30%
35% - 60%
Operating
Depth
Operating
Volume (Typical)
Operating
Temperature
Servicing
Prime Mover
Offshore
Application
Overall System
Efficiency
Wellhead
Wireline or
Workover Rig Catcher or Wireline
Wells Natural
Compressor
Energy
2.
Elimination Process
High
Volume
Hydraulic
Jet Pumps,
Electric
Submersible
Pumping
and Gas Lift
Barrels per Day
35,000
30,000
Gas Lift
ESP
25,000
20,000
15,000
Hydraulic
Jet Pump
10,000
16,000
15,000
14,000
13,000
12,000
11,000
10,000
9,000
8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
5,000
Lift Depth
Elimination Process
Lower
Volume
Reciprocating
Hydraulic
Pumps,
PC Pumps,
Rod Pumps &
Plunger Lift
Barrels per Day
2.
4,500
4,000
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
Recip. Hydraulic
1,500
Recip. Rod Pump

1,000
PC Pumps
500
Lift Depth
16,000
15,000
14,000
13,000
12,000
11,000
10,000
9,000
8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
Plunger Lift
3.
Selection Process
Systems Analysis
Type Lift
Programs
Reciprocating Rod Lift
Nabla, Rod Star, S Rod, Cs

Beam
PCP
C-Fer
Gas Lift
Pipesim, WellFlo, Prosper
Hydraulic
Pipesim, Prosper, Jet 4.1,

Super H, Pump Evaluation
ESP
Pipesim, Prosper, WellFlo,

SubPump
4.
Selection Process
Final Selection
Proposal for viable forms of lift

Economic evaluation model
- Capital expenditure
- Operating expenses
- Comprehensive analysis
What equipment is available?
- Customer
- Supplier
4.
Final Selection
CAPEX / OPEX SUMMARY*

Cost Category
Rod
Lift
PCP
Gas
Lift
Plunger
Lift
Hydr.
Piston
CAPEX
Installation Cost
Energy Cost Per
Month
Failure Frequency
Equipment Repair
$/Failure
Well Service Cost
$/Failure
OPEX
Annual Total $
Hydr.
Jet
ESP
4.
Final Selection
Economic Analysis INPUT SECTION
Lease operating expenses ________ $ / month / well Fluid disposal costs_________ $ / bbl water
Energy input cost
________ $ / kW-hr, or $ / Mscf, etc
CLIENT INPUT
Oil price _____ $ / bbl; Gas price _____ $ / Mscf;

Oil / Gas Price Increase / Decrease ____ % /
yr;
Inflation Rate _____ % / yr;
Discount Rate for Present Value _______ % / yr;
Reservoir decline rate / type ___________________ % / yr / Exponential / Hyperbolic / Straight Line
Initial Oil Rate _____ BOPD; Initial Water Rate ____ BWPD; Initial Gas Rate ________ Mscf / day;
Well abandonment flow rate ____ BFPD, or Well abandonment Oil flow rate _____ BOPD, or
Well abandonment water cut value _____ %. Well water cut increase rate ____ % / yr,
if not linear, is it exponential or other rate of change _______________________;
Workover cost to pull existing pump _______________ $;
Workover cost to pull existing tubing _______________ $;
Working Interest ________ %;
Net Revenue Interest ____ %;
Severance Tax Rate Oil ___ % - Gas _____ %;
Ad Valorem Tax Rate __________ %;
4.
Final Selection
Economic Analysis Predicted Performance Data Selection
PREDICTED PERFORMANCE DATA
Failure Frequency of downhole components proposed,
in producer well environment
______ days;
Failure Frequency of surface components proposed , in producer well environment

days;
______
Avg. cost of parts & labor for avg. repair of downhole components in producer environment
$;
______
Avg. cost of parts & labor for avg. repair of surface components in producer environment
______ $;
Avg. downtime to repair / replace downhole parts and return well to producing
______ hrs;
Avg. downtime to repair / replace surface parts and return well to producing
______ hrs;
Equipment cost for full ALS system proposed ( gas lift / hydraulic / rod pump / PCP / ESP )
______ $
Installation cost for full ALS system proposed

Future Workover cost estimates for ALS system proposed
______ $
______ $
Weatherford does not warrant the results of any economic evaluation, the results are dependent on
the data provided by the client and Weatherford has made no attempt to verify the accuracy of this
data.
Selection Process
5.
Follow-Up Analysis
Did System Meet Expectations?

Continuous Process of Evaluation
and Follow-Up on Failure Rates,

Confirm Costs, etc.
Production Economics
1.
Factors to consider when choosing

Optimum Lift System
Electricity Availability & Cost $ .00/kwh

Gas Availability / Considerations
Fuel
Gas Lift
Pipeline Access
Pipeline Pressure
Compression Requirements
1.

Optimum Lift System
Operating as Availability / Considerations

Chemicals
Failure Frequency & Cost for Rods, Tubing & Pumps
Salt Water Disposal
Compression / Dehydartation
Pumping Unit Repair & Maintenance

ESP or PCP Failure Cost
Valve Repair & Wireline Cost for Gaslift
Repair & Maintenance Cost for Surface & Subsurface
Components of Hydraulic Lift

1.

Optimum Lift System
Operating as Availability / Considerations

Sand, Scale, H2O, CO2, Oil Gravity, GOR, Wellbore
Deviation, Temperature, Operation Depth, Fluid Volumes
System Efficiencies both Mechanical and Energy
Consumption
Service Rig Availability Mob And Demob
Logistic and Surface Limitations Associated With Inland
Water Fields and Offshore Platforms
Availability of Service and Support
Environmental Considerations
1.
Commercial Options
Well Testing
Rental
Leasing
Purchase / Exchange
Integrated Solutions
1.
Commercial Options
Integrated Solutions
Non-traditional Funding Such as Payment from
Incremental Production or Reduced Operating
Expenses
Field Management of Artificial Lift
Turnkey Installations
Performance Based Contracts
Additional
Information
Rod Lift System Application

Considerations
Typical Range
Sucker Rod
Operating
Depth
100 - 11,000 TVD
16,000 TVD
Operating
Volume
5 - 1500 BPD
5000 BPD
Operating
Temperature
100 - 350 F
550 F
0 - 20 Landed
Pump
0 - 90 Landed
Pump <15/100
Build Angle
Wellbore
Deviation
Tubing Anchor/
Catcher
Corrosion Handling
Sucker Rod
Pump
Assembly
Good to Excellent
w/ Upgraded Materials
Gas Handling
Fair to Good
Solids Handling
Fair to Good
Fluid Gravity
Servicing
Prime Mover Type
*Special
Analysis
Required
Maximum*
>8 API
Workover or Pulling Rig
Gas or Electric
Offshore Application
System Efficiency
Limited
45%-60%
Electric Submersible Systems Application

Considerations
Typical Range
Motor Control
Vent Box
Produced
Hydrocarbons Out
Operating
Depth
1,000 - 10,000 TVD
Operating
Volume
200 - 20,000 BPD
30,000 BPD
100 - 275 F
400 F
Operating
Temperature
Production
Tubing
Wellbore
Deviation
10
Corrosion Handling
Seal Section
Good
Gas Handling
Poor to Fair
Solids Handling
Poor to Fair
Fluid Gravity
Servicing
Prime Mover Type
Motor
*Special
Analysis
Required
15,000 TVD
0 - 90 Pump
Placement <10 Build
Angle
Pump
Flat Cable
Extension
Maximum*
>10 API

Electric Motor
Excellent
System Efficiency
35%-60%
Progressing Cavity System Application

Considerations
Typical Range
Operating
Depth
2,000 --4,500 TVD
Operating
Volume
Vertical
Electric Wellhead
Drive
4,500 BPD
75 -150 F
250 F
N/A
0 - 90 Landed
Pump <15/100
Build Angle
Casing
Wellbore
Deviation
Production Tubing
Corrosion Handling
Fair
Gas Handling
Sucker Rod Coupling
6,000 TVD
5 - 2,200 BPD
Operating
Temperature
Sucker Rod
Maximum*
Good
Solids Handling
Excellent
Fluid Gravity
<35 API
Tubing Collar
Servicing
Stator
Rotor
*Special
Analysis
Required
Prime Mover Type
Gas or Electric
Good (ES/PCP)
System Efficiency
Tubing Collar
Escuela de Postgrado
Especializacin en Produccin de Petrleo y Gas
Tag Bar Sub
40%-70%
Gas Lift System Application

Considerations
Injection
Gas In
Produced
Hydrocarbons
Out
Typical Range
Maximum*
Operating
Depth
5,000 -10,000 TVD
15,000 TVD
Operating
Volume
100 - 10,000 BPD
30,000 BPD
100 - 250 F
400 F
0- 50
70
Short to
Medium
Radius
Operating
Temperature
Wellbore
Deviation
Side Pocket
Mandrel with
Gas Lift Valve
Corrosion Handling
Side Pocket
Mandrel with
Gas Lift Valve
Gas Handling
Excellent
Solids Handling
Side Pocket
Mandrel with
Gas Lift Valve
Fluid Gravity
Servicing
Single
Production
Packer
Good to Excellent with

Upgraded Materials
Completion
Fluid
Good
Best in >15 API

Wireline or Workover Rig
Prime Mover Type

*Special
Analysis
Required
Compressor
Excellent
System Efficiency
10% - 30%
Plunger Lift System Application

Considerations
Lubricator
Catcher
Solar Panel
Controller
Motor Valve
Orifice
Control
Valves
Typical Range
Maximum*
Operating
Depth
8,000 TVD
19,000 TVD
Operating
Volume
1-5 BPD
200 BPD
120 F
500 F
N/A
80
Operating
Temperature
Dual T Pad
Plunger
Bumper
Spring
Wellbore
Deviation
Corrosion Handling
Excellent
Gas Handling
Excellent
Solids Handling
Poor to Fair
GLR Required
300 SCF/BBL/1000 Depth
Servicing
Wellhead Catcher or Wireline
Prime Mover Type

Wells Natural Energy

N/A at this time
System Efficiency
N/A
Hydraulic Piston Lift Application

Considerations
Typical Range
Surface Power
Fluid Package
Production
Casing
Packer Nose
Maximum*
Operating
Depth
7,500 - 10,000 TVD
17,000 TVD
Operating
Volume
50 - 500 BPD
4,000 BPD
Operating
Temperature
100 - 250 F
500 F
0 - 20
Landed Pump
0 - 90 Pump
Placement <15/100
Build Angle
Wellbore
Deviation
High Pressure
Power Fluid
Corrosion Handling
Bottom Hole
Assembly
Piston or Jet
Free Pump
Good
Gas Handling
Fair
Solids Handling
Poor
Fluid Gravity
Servicing
Prime Mover Type
Standing Valve
*Special
Analysis
Required
>8 API
Hydraulic or Wireline
Multi-Cylinder or Electric
System Efficiency
Good
40%-50%
Hydraulic Jet Lift Application

Considerations
Typical Range
Surface Power
Fluid Package
Production
Casing
Packer Nose
Operating
Depth
5,000 - 10,000 TVD
15,000 TVD
Operating
Volume
300 - 1,000 BPD
>15,000 BPD
Operating
Temperature
100 - 250 F
500 F
Wellbore
Deviation
0 - 20
Hole Angle
0 - 90 Pump
Placement <24/100
Build Angle
High Pressure
Power Fluid
Corrosion Handling
Bottom Hole
Assembly
Piston or Jet
Free Pump
Excellent
Gas Handling
Good
Solids Handling
Good
Fluid Gravity
Servicing
Prime Mover Type
Standing Valve
*Special
Analysis
Required
Maximum*
>8 API
Hydraulic or Wireline
Multi-Cylinder or Electric
Excellent
System Efficiency
10%-30%

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Materia: Manejo Integral de la Produccin

Seleccin de Sistemas de Elevacin Artificial

Buenos Aires, Mayo 2013

Escuela de Postgrado Especializacin en Produccin de Petrleo y Gas

Value of Real-Time Production Optimization

Cost per Barrel

Escuela de Postgrado Especializacin en Produccin de Petrleo y Gas

Escuela de Postgrado Especializacin en Produccin de Petrleo y Gas

SPE Technical Paper presentado en el:

"Selection of Artificial Lift Systems"

Artificial Lift Trends

Manufacturing and Application Expertise

Escuela de Postgrado Especializacin en Produccin de Petrleo y Gas

Tendencias Extraccion Artificial

aplicacion por expertos

Production Optimization with

- Eliminates Redundancy and Cost

Escuela de Postgrado Especializacin en Produccin de Petrleo y Gas

Artificial Lift Systems

Escuela de Postgrado Especializacin en Produccin de Petrleo y Gas

Potential for Tubing and Rod Wear

Rods to Handle Loads - Volume

Escuela de Postgrado Especializacin en Produccin de Petrleo y Gas

Available Electric Power

Higher Pulling and repair Costs

Escuela de Postgrado Especializacin en Produccin de Petrleo y Gas

Progressing Cavity Pumping

Limited Depth Capability

Sensitivity to Produced Fluids

Low Volumetric Efficiencies in

Potential for Tubing and Rod

One Well Leases May Be

Escuela de Postgrado Especializacin en Produccin de Petrleo y Gas

Specific GLRs to Drive System

Escuela de Postgrado Especializacin en Produccin de Petrleo y Gas

Requires Specific Bottom Hole

(50 - 1000 BPD)

Require Service Facilities

Hydraulic Jet Lift

Producing Rate Relative to

Bottom hole Pressure

Lower Horsepower Efficiency

Escuela de Postgrado Especializacin en Produccin de Petrleo y Gas

Escuela de Postgrado Especializacin en Produccin de Petrleo y Gas

Escuela de Postgrado Especializacin en Produccin de Petrleo y Gas

General Operator Requirements

Escuela de Postgrado Especializacin en Produccin de Petrleo y Gas

Escuela de Postgrado Especializacin en Produccin de Petrleo y Gas

100 16,000 TVD

2,000 6,000 TVD

5,000 15,000 TVD

8,000 19,000 TVD

7,500 17,000 TVD

5,000 15,000 TVD

GLR Required 300 SCF/BBL/

Escuela de Postgrado Especializacin en Produccin de Petrleo y Gas

Barrels per Day

Escuela de Postgrado Especializacin en Produccin de Petrleo y Gas

Barrels per Day

Recip. Rod Pump

Escuela de Postgrado Especializacin en Produccin de Petrleo y Gas

Reciprocating Rod Lift

Nabla, Rod Star, S Rod, Cs

Pipesim, WellFlo, Prosper

Oil price _ $ / bbl; Gas price _ $ / Mscf;