0|Page

K : Kimia
I : Itu
M : Mudah
I : In Sya Allah / Pasti
A : A+

NAMA:..............................................
TINGKATAN:...................................

1|Page
Atomic Structure
HAND OUT 1

1. From the above diagram, define diffusion

2. What is the relationship between

A) diffusion and space between particles
.
B) diffusion and temperature of particles

C) diffusion and mass of gas particles

..
3. Explain the following observation:
A) Diffusion in gas is faster than diffusion in liquid

B) Diffusion of dye in hot water is faster than in cold water

.................
C) Ammonia gas diffuse faster than hydrogen chloride gas
..

HANDOUT 2

Match these description with terms

ELEMENT

ATOM

FREEZING
POINT

MOLECULE

2|Page

MATTER

ION

MELTING
POINT

DIFFUSION

COMPOUND

1. Positively charged or negatively charged particles

2. A group of two or more atoms which are chemically
bonded together
3. The smallest particle of an element that can participate in
a chemical reaction
4. Made up of tiny and discreet particles
5. Anything that occupies space and mass
6. A process when particles of a substance move in between
the particles of another substance
7. A substance that consists of only one type of atom
8. A substance that contains two or more elements that are
chemically bonded together

9. The temperature at which a solid changes into a liquid

at a particular pressure
10. The temperature at which a liquid changes into
a solid at a particular pressure

HANDOUT 3

Choose correct sentences to describe the arrangement and movement of particles in solids,
liquids and gases according to the kinetic theory of matter.

3|Page
KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER

1.

The particles are packed closely together in orderly manner

2.

Can be compressed easily

3.

Particles only vibrate and rotate about their fixed positions

4.

Cannot be compressed

5.

Particles are far apart from each other and in random motion

6.

There are weak force between particles

Has fixed volume and shape

Does not have a fixed volume and shape

Has a fixed volume but no fixed shape

10 Takes the shape of the container

11 Particles are held together by strong forces but weaker than in a
solid
12 Particles can vibrate , rotate and move throughout
14 Particles have moderately high energy
15 Particles have high energy
16 Particles can collide against each other frequently
17 Particles are less closely packed.
18 Particles are still in contact but not in orderly arrangement
20 A lot of spaces between particles
23 Particles move in a random motion
24 The force between particles are very weak

SOLID, LIQUID
OR GAS?

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HANDOUT 4

Name the process for the following conversion of states of matter

a) solid to gas
.
b) gas to solid
.
c) gas to liquid
..
d) liquid to gas
..
e) solid to liquid
..
f) liquid to solid

HAND OUT 5

5|Page
WE LEARN THAT THERE ARE 3 STATES OF MATTER. BUT DO YOU KNOW
THAT ACTUALLY THERE ARE 5 STATES OF MATTER?

Look at the diagram on the right

PLASMA AND BOSE- EINSTEIN CONDENSATE ARE THE 4TH AND THE 5TH
STATES OF MATTER
PLASMA
Plasmas are a lot like gases, but the atoms are different because they are made up of free
electrons and ions of the element. Northern Lights or ball lightning, are types of plasmas.
FINDING A PLASMA
Inside the long tube of fluorescent light bulb is a gas. Electricity flows through the tube
when the light is turned on. The electricity acts as that special energy and charges up the
gas. This charging and exciting of the atoms creates glowing plasma inside the bulb.
Another example of plasma is a neon sign. The electricity charges the gas, possibly neon,
and creates plasma inside of the tube. The plasma glows a special color depending on what
kind of gas is inside.
Stars are big balls of gases at really high temperatures. The high temperatures charge up
the atoms and create plasma.
BOSE-EINSTEIN condensate
In 1995, two scientists, Cornell and Weiman, finally created this new state of matter. Two
other scientists, Satyendra Bose and Albert Einstein, had predicted it in the 1920. If
plasmas are super hot and super excited atoms, the atoms in a Bose-Einstein condensate
(BEC) are total opposites. They are super-unexcited and super-cold atoms.
The BEC happens at super low temperatures. When temperatures get that low, you can
create a BEC with a few special elements.
When you get to a temperature near absolute zero something special happens. Atoms
begin to clump .A group of atoms takes up the same place, creating a "super atom." There
are no longer thousands of separate atoms. They all take on the same qualities and for our
purposes become one blob.

6|Page
HANDOUT 6

The following graph shows the HEATING CURVE of a substance

Using the kinetic theory of matter, explain what happens when the solid is heated
Fill in the blanks with right words in the sentences below.
more energy
overcome
energy supplied during heating

the temperature
liquid

gains energy

A-B
When the solid is heated, the solid particles .and
vibrate faster .
B-C
As the temperature is further increases, the particles vibrate faster until they
gain enough energy to the forces of attraction between solid particles.
At this point, the solid changes to The energy absorbed by the
particles is used to overcome the forces of attraction between particles.More heating
does not increase ..because the energy absorbed by the particles is equal
to the ..
C-D

The substance is in liquid form. As the temperature continue to rise , the

particles absorb .and move faster

7|Page
The following graph shows the COOLING CURVE of a substance

Using the kinetic theory of matter, explain what happens when liquid is cooled. Fill in the blanks
with right words in the sentences below.
get closer to one another
release energy

kinetic energy
bonds are formed
lose energy
loss to the environment

A-B When the liquid is cooled, the particles ..and move slower
As the temperature continue to drop, the particles continue to lose energy and begin to
..
B-C

Temperature remains unchanged because at this time ,

between solid particles.This bonds forming between solid particles will
..This heat energy released to the environment during
bond forming is exactly balanced by the energy
.during cooling

C-D

The substance is in solid form. The temperature drops because the solid particles
released more ..and move slower.

8|Page

SUMMARY
HANDOUT 7
1. Fill in the table below
( Note that the order of discovery is not arranged according to the correct sequence)
Students are requested
1) to draw the atomic models suggested by each scientist 2) To rearrange the ideas according to the correct order of discovery
Scientists

Democritus

Ideas/discovery

J.J. Thomson

All matter is composed of atoms. Atoms cannot be split

into smaller portions
There is empty space between atoms
Atoms are completely solid
Atoms are homogenous (same all the way) , with no
internal structure
Atoms are different in their sizes , shapes and weights

Discover electrons through cathode rays experiment

Electrons are embedded in clouds of positive charges
Describe atoms as a sphere of positive charges which
contains tiny negative particles
Remember, no protons in the Thomson model
Remember, he did not say that electrons are revolving around
nucleus!

Draw atomic model

Arrangement of
discovery

9|Page

All atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass,

and other properties.
Atoms of different elements differ in size, mass, and other
properties.
Atoms cannot be subdivided, created, or destroyed.
Atoms of different elements can combine in simple,
whole-number ratios to form compounds.
In chemical reactions, atoms are combined, separated, or
rearranged
Atom is tiny impenetrable ball

known as the discoverer of the neutron.

He found neutrons the same mass as the proton.
Explain the flaw in Rutherford model of atom
Awarded the Nobel Prize in physics in 1935

Heisenberg pointed out that it is impossible to know both

the exact position and the exact momentum of an
electron at the same time.
This concept, called the Heisenberg Uncertainty
principle, effectively destroys the idea of electrons
traveling around in neat orbits.

John

Dalton

Werner
Heisenberg

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In 1913, Niels Bohr proposed improvement to

Rutherford atomic model.
Bohr added the idea of fixed orbits, or energy levels for
the electron traveling around the nucleus.
Electrons traveling in neat orbits

discovering that most of the atom is made up of "empty

space."
Electrons move at high speed around nucleus
"the greater part of the mass of the atom was
concentrated in a minute nucleus."
Discovered protons
Lord Ernest
Rutherford

. calculated mass of atom from his model is less than

mass of real atom
Famous for his gold foil experiment.

Note 1 - Answers to worksheet 1

scientists

year

1. Democritus

BC460-371
BC

Ideas/discovery

All matter is composed of atoms. Atoms cannot be split

into smaller portions
There is empty space between atoms
Atoms are completely solid
Atoms are homogenous (same all the way) , with no
internal structure
Atoms are different in their sizes , shapes and weights

model

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John

1766-1844

Dalton

J.J. Thomson
1856-1940

All atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass,

and other properties.
Atoms of different elements differ in size, mass, and other
properties.
Atoms cannot be subdivided, created, or destroyed.
Atoms of different elements can combine in simple,
whole-number ratios to form compounds.
In chemical reactions, atoms are combined, separated, or
rearranged
Atom is tiny impenetrable ball

Discover electrons through cathode rays experiment

Electrons are embedded in clouds of positive charges
Describe atoms as a sphere of positive charges which
contains tiny negative particles
Remember, no protons in the Thomson model
Remember, he did not say that electrons are revolving around
nucleus!

1871-1937

Lord Ernest
Rutherford

discovering that most of the atom is made up of "empty

space."
Electrons move at high speed around nucleus
"the greater part of the mass of the atom was
concentrated in a minute nucleus."
Discovered protons

. calculated mass of atom from his model is less than

mass of real atom
Famous for his gold foil experiment.

Negative
electron
Positive
sphere

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scientists

year

discovery

Niels Bohr
1913-1963

In 1913, Niels Bohr proposed improvement to

Rutherford atomic model.
Bohr added the idea of fixed orbits, or energy levels for
the electron traveling around the nucleus.
Electrons traveling in neat orbits

James
Chadwick
1891-1974

known as the discoverer of the neutron.

He found neutrons the same mass as the proton.
Explain the flaw in Rutherford model of atom
Awarded the Nobel Prize in physics in 1935

1901-1976

Heisenberg pointed out that it is impossible to know both

the exact position and the exact momentum of an
electron at the same time.
This concept, called the Heisenberg Uncertainty
principle, effectively destroys the idea of electrons
traveling around in neat orbits.

Werner
Heisenberg

Model

The ChargeCloud Model

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HANDOUT 8 ( MATCHING DISCOVERIES AND NAME OF SCIENTISTS)

Democritus
James Chadwick

John Dalton
Niels Bohr

Werner Heisenberg
Lord Ernest Rutherford

J.J. Thomson
Match the following ideas with the names of scientists in the box above
Atoms are of different size, shape and weight .
Atom is a small indivisible matter like a tiny ball ..
Discovered electrons
Proposed that atom is a sphere of positive charges that that contains tiny negative particles like plum pudding model
.
5. Discovered protons
6. Most of an atom consists of an empty space ..
7. Positive charge only concentrated in a small , central region .
8. Proposed that protons are small central nucleus with electrons revolve around

9. Famous for gold foil experiment .

10. Calculated that mass of atom is less than mass of real atom
11. Proposed that electrons moved in shells around nucleus ..
12. Proposed electrons traveling in fixed orbits ..
13. Proved the existence of neutrons ..
14. Calculated that mass of proton is about the same as mass of neutron
15. Proposed charge cloud model of atom ..
16. Impossible to know exact positions of electrons in atom
17.
1.
2.
3.
4.

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HANDOUT 9

( MATCHING ATOMIC MODELS AND NAME OF SCIENTISTS)

Below are atomic model of atoms . Write down names of the scientists who proposed the ideas of the models.
ATOMIC MODELS
1

SCIENTISTS

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5

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HANDOUT 10

1. Fill in the table below

PROTON

SYMBOL

RELATIVE
ELECTRIC CHARGE

RELATIVE
MASS

+1

NEUTRON

ELECTRON

1/1840

17 | P a g e
2. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to describe properties of subatomic particles of an atom. Use words in the box to help you
QUARKS
SPIN AND ROTATE ELEMENT COMPOUNDS
CHEMICALLY
CHEMICAL FORMULA

GAIN OR LOSE

SUBATOMIC PARTICLES

ATOM
NEUTRONS

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

AN ISOTOPE

PROTONS AND NEUTRONS

..................................................is
of protons
in the nucleus of an atom
PROTON NUMBERthe number
NUCLEON
NUMBER
....................................................is the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
An is the smallest particle of an element that remain identical to all other particles.
The atoms of one .are different from those of all other element.
are made when atoms of different elements are combined together.
..are used to describe the types of atoms and their numbers in an element or compound.
Protons and neutrons are composed of smaller particles called ..
While an atom is tiny, the nucleus is ten thousand times smaller than the atom and the quarks and electrons are at least ten thousand times
smaller than the nucleus.
9. ..are particles that are smaller than the atom.
10. Atoms of a particular element must have the same number of protons but can have different numbers of
11. When two atoms have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons, they are called .

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12. Element's or isotope's mass number or nucleon number tells how many
..in its
atoms.
13. Electrons around the outside of the nucleus.
14. As the electrons circle the nucleus they travel at certain energy levels but can "jump" between different energy levels if they
energy.
If this were the proton in a
hydrogen atom, it would take a
screen 1 mile across to display
the electron's orbit.
If an electron weighed the same as a 1 cent ,
a proton would weigh the same as a gallon of milk.
HANDOUT 11

Write symbols for elements below

ELEMENT
Hydrogen

SYMBOL

ELEMENT
Sodium

Helium

Magnesium

Calcium

Aluminium

Potassium

Silicon

SYMBOL

Al

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Argon

Phosphorous

Chlorine

Neon

Sulphur

Fluorine

S
Lithium

Oxygen

Beryllium

Zinc

Boron

Iron

Carbon

Silver
C

Nitrogen

Gold

Lead

Nitrogen

Au

Note 1
What is the function of electron to an atom?
Answer:
Absorbs or give out energy. Also valence electron able to form bond with other atoms so to make compounds
What is the function of proton to an atom?
Answer:
The number of protons in an atom defines what element the atom is. Also provides an attractive force for orbiting electrons.
What is the function of neutron to an atom?
Answer:
neutrons hold the nucleus together.
Neutrons in an atom's nucleus decide the isotopes of an atom

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Worksheet 1.1:
Question:
1. Helium-6 and Helium-7 are isotopes. The nucleon number of helium-6 is 6 and Helium-7 is 7. Given the proton number for each isotope
is 2, answer the following question.
(a) What is meaning of the term isotopes?
____________________________________________________________________
(b) Write the symbol for helium-6 and helium-7 , showing proton number and nucleon number.

(c) Compare the number of electrons, protons and neutrons in one atom of helium-6 and one atom of helium-7
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(d) What are the similarities and difference between isotopes helium-6 and helium-7.

Answer the following questions.

Atoms of the same element can have different numbers of neutrons; the different possible versions of each element are called isotopes.
For example,

21 | P a g e
Fill in the table below
Isotopes

No. of protons

No. of electrons

No of neutrons

10

17

22 | P a g e

Carbon-14

Cobalt-60

Gamma rays of Cobalt-60

Iodine-131

1. used in radiotheraphy for treatment of cancer

2. destroy bacteria in food without destroying its quality
3. estimates the age of fossils and artifacs
4. metabolism of phosphorous in plants
5. treat thyroid patients

6. study photosynthesis in plants

7. detect leakage of underground pipes
8. as an alternative energy to replace fossil fuels

Phosphorous -32
Radio isotopes

Sodium-24

plutonium

23 | P a g e
9. inhibit budding in potatoes
10. pest control in agriculture
Worksheet 1 (complete the table below)
Element

Proton
number

Nucleon

Hydrogen

Helium

Lithium

Beryllium

number

Number
of
neutrons

Number
of
protons

Number
of
electrons

Draw the BOHR S

ATOMIC MODEL

Electron
arrangement

Number of
valence electrons
1

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Boron

11

Carbon

12

Nitrogen

Oxygen

2.4

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Fluorine

10

Neon

10

10

Sodium

11

12

Magnesium

12

12

Aluminium

13

27

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Silicon

14

28

Phosphorus

15

31

Sulphur

16

32

Chlorine

17

18

Argon

18

22

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Potassium

19

20

Calcium

20

20

STATE THE MEANINGS OF THESE TERMS

A. VALENCE ELECTRONS

Are the number of in the occupied shell of an ..

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LO 3.3 ANALYSING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE NUMBER OF MOLES OF A SUBSTANCE WITH ITS MASS
Activity 1 : Relate molar mass of a substance to its NA constant and RAM / RMM / RFM
No
Name
1. Potassium, K
2. Oxygen, O2
3. Water, H2O

RAM/RMM/RFM

(39)
(32)
(18)

No of particles
(atom/molecule/ion)
6.02 x 1023

6.02 x 1023
6.02 x 1023

5. Magnesium
oxide, MgO

6.02 x 1023

6. Sodium
chloride, NaCl

6.02 x 1023

8. Aluminium
sulphate,
Al2(SO4)3
9. Sulphur
dioxide, SO2
10. Copper(II)
nitrate, Cu(NO3)2

(39g/mol)

6.02 x 1023

4. Zinc, Zn

7. Nitrogen
dioxide, NO2

Molar mass
(g/mol)

(65g/mol)

(40g/mol)

(58.5)
6.02 x 1023
(46)
6.02 x 1023
(342)

(342g/mol)
6.02 x 1023
6.02 x 1023

(64g/mol0

Mass of
1 mole
(g)
39g

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(188)
11. Methane,
CH4
12. Iron(III)
chloride, FeCl3

(16)

6.02 x 1023
6.02 x 1023

(162.5)

13. Carbon, C

6.02 x 1023

14. Nitric acid,

HNO3

6.02 x 1023

(12g/mol)

(63)

Activity 2 : Solving numerical problems to convert the number of moles of a given substance to its mass and vice versa
1. The molar mass of a substance ,
= the mass of _________________ mole of the substance.
= the mass of (NA) number of particles
= the mass of ____________________ particles
x Molar mass

Number of moles

Mass in g
Molar mass

2. Calculating the Mass from a number of Moles

Number of moles
=
.
mass of the substance

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mass of 1 mole of the substance/molar mass
Therefore :
Mass of substance
Example 1 :

Example 2 :

What is the mass of 2 moles of carbon ?

Mass
=
2 x 12
=
24g
What is the mass of 2 moles of H2O ?
Mass
=
2 x [ 2(1) +
=
36g

Number of moles x Molar mass

16 ]

3. Calculate the masses of these substances.

a) 2 moles of aluminium atoms
Mass =

b) 10 moles of iodine atoms

Mass =

c) 3 moles of lithium atoms

Mass =

d) 0.5 moles of oxygen gas (O2)

Mass =

e) 0.1 moles of sodium

Mass =

f) 2 moles of chlorine molecules (Cl2)

Mass =

31 | P a g e
g) 1 mole of carbon dioxide ( CO2)
Mass =

h) 3 moles of nitric acid, ( HNO3 )

Mass =

i) 2 moles of calcium carbonate (CaCO3 )

Mass =

j) 0.25 moles of calcium chloride (CaCl2 )

Mass =

k) 0.25 moles of sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

Mass =

l) 0.25 moles of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)

Mass =

m) 0.5 moles of potassium manganate (VII) (KMnO4)

Mass =

n) 0.25 moles of hydrated magnesium sulphate (MgSO4.7H2O)

Mass =

4. Calculate the Number of Moles from a given Mass

Example : How many moles are there in 88g of CO2
Number of moles = 88
= 2 moles
44
a) 2g of helium atoms
Number of moles =

c) 16g of helium atoms

b) 6g of carbon atoms
Number of moles =

d) 4g of sulphur atoms

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Number of moles =

Number of moles =

e) 4g of oxygen molecules (O2)

Number of moles =

f) 213g of chlorine molecules (Cl2)

Number of moles =

g) 0.56g of nitrogen molecules (N2)

Number of moles =

h) 254g of iodine molecules (I2)

Number of moles =

i) 88g of carbon dioxide (CO2)

Number of moles =

j) 3.1g of sulphur dioxide (SO2)

Number of moles =

k) 560g of potassium hydroxide (KOH)

Number of moles =

l) 392g of sulphuric acid (H2SO4)

Number of moles =

m) 170g of ammonia (NH3)

Number of moles =

n) 120g of magnesium oxide (MgO)

Number of moles =

o) 4g of sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

Number of moles =

p) 73g of hydrogen choride (HCl)

Number of moles =

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q) 15.8g of potassium manganate (VII) KMnO4
Number of moles =

r) 8g of ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3)

Number of moles =

s) 0.78g of aluminium hydroxide Al(OH)3

Number of moles =

t) 0.92g of ethanol (C2H5OH)

Number of moles =

5. Complete the following table.

Chemical
Element/compound

Molar mass

Calculate

formulae

Copper

Cu

RAM= 64

(a)Mass of 1 mol = g
(b) Mass of 2 mol = . g
(c)Mass of mol = .g
(d)Mass of 3.01x1023 Cu atoms
=

Sodium hydroxide

NaOH

RFM= 40

(a) Mass of 3 mol of sodium hydroxide

=

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(b) Number of moles of sodium hydroxide in
20 g =

Zinc nitrate

Zn(NO3)2

RFM =

a) Number of moles in 37.8 g of zinc nitrate :

LO 3.4 ANALYSING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE NUMBER OF MOLES OF A GAS WITH ITS VOLUME
Activity 1 : Calculate the volume of gases at STP or room conditions from the number of moles and vice versa,
1. The molar volume of a gas is defined as the
.
2. One mole of any gas always has the under the same temperature and pressure.
3. The molar volume of any gas is
24 dm3 at or
22.4 dm3 at .
Example :
1 mol of oxygen gas, 1 mol of ammonia gas, 1 mol helium gas and 1 mol sulphur dioxide gas occupies the same volume of 24 dm3 at room
condition.

35 | P a g e
x 22.4 / 24 dm3
Number of moles of gas

Volume of gas
22.4/24 dm3

4. Calculate the volume of gas in the following numbers of moles at STP

Example : Find the volume of 1 mole of CO2 gas
Volume
=
number of moles x
22.4 dm3
=
1 x 22.4 dm3
=
22.4 dm3
a) 3 moles of oxygen
b) 2 moles of CH4
Volume =
Volume =

c) 0.3 moles of Argon

Volume =

d) 0.2 moles of SO3

Volume =

e) 0.1 moles of N2
Volume =

f) 1.5 mol of N2
Volume =

36 | P a g e
5. Complete the diagram below .
Volume of gas (dm3)

Mass in gram

Number of moles

No of particles

Activity 2 : Solve numerical problems involving number of particles, number of moles, mass of substances and volume of gases at STP or room
conditions.
Solve these numerical problems
1.
What is the volume of 0.3 mole of sulphur dioxide gas at STP? [Molar volume: 22.4 dm3 mol-1 at STP]

2.

(Ans: 6.72 dm3)

Find the number of moles of oxygen gas contained in a sample of 120 cm3 of the gas at room conditions. [Molar volume: 24 dm3 mol-1 at
room conditions]

(Ans: 0.005 mol)

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3.

4.

5.

Calculate the number of water molecules in 90 g of water, H2O. [Relative atomic mass: H, 1; O, 16. Avogadro constant, NA: 6.02 x 1023
mol-1]

(Ans; 3.01x 1024 molecules)

What is the volume of 24 g methane, CH4 at STP? [Relative atomic mass: H, 1; C, 12. Molar volume: 22.4 dm3 mol-1 at STP]

(Ans: 33.6 dm3)

How many aluminium ions are there in 20.4 g of aluminium oxide, Al2O3? [Relative atomic mass: O, 16; Al, 27. Avogadro constant, NA:
6.02 x 1023 mol-

(2 x 0.2 x 6.02 x1023)

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6.

Calculate the number of hydrogen molecules contained in 6 dm3 of hydrogen gas at room conditions. [Molar volume: 24 dm3 mol-1 at
room conditions Avogadro constant, NA: 6.02 x 1023 mol-1]

(Ans: 1.505x1023 molecules)

7.
Find the volume of nitrogen in cm3 at STP that consists of 2.408 x 1023 nitrogen molecules. [Molar volume: 22.4 dm3 mol-1 at STP.
Avogadro constant, NA: 6.02 x 1023 mol-1]

(Ans: 8.96 dm3 )

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SOLVING NUMERICAL PROBLEMS INVOLVING EMPIRICAL FORMULA
1. 24g of element X combines with 32 g of sulphur to form a compound. Determine the empirical formula of the compound? [RAM: X; 6,
S; 32 ]

2. 1.72g of M oxide contains 0.8g oxygen. Determine the empirical formula of M oxide.

[RAM : M; 46, O; 16 ]

3. A sample of carbon disulfide, CS2, contains 16g of sulphur. Determine the mass of carbon in the sample. [RAM: S; 32, C; 12 ]

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4. 11g of element A combines with 6.4g of element B to form a compound AB2, Calculate the relative atomic mass of element A. [RAM :
B; 16 ]

5.

An oxide of sulphur contains 40% sulphur. Calculate its empirical formula. [RAM: S; 32, O; 16 ]

6. Element M combines with fluorine to form MFx. Determine the value of x if 2.28g of fluorine combines with 3.8g of element M.[RAM :
M; 190, F; 19 ]

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EXERCISE 1 : EMPIRICAL FORMULA AND MOLECULAR FORMULA
a)

Write the empirical formula of the following compounds in the table below.
Molecular Formula

Empirical Formula

C2H4
C4H8
C6H12O6
H2SO4
MgO
b)

A compound has empirical formula of C4H9 and relative molecular mass is 114. Determine the molecular formula of the compound.[
RAM: C; 12, O; 16]

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c)

A compound has the empirical formula CH and relative molecular mass is 78. Determine its molecular formula. [RAM : C; 12, H; 1 ]

1.

DETERMINATION OF EMPIRICAL FORMULA OF METAL OXIDE

The empirical formula of an oxide of metal X is determined using the set-up shown in the diagram 1. A result of the experiment is as
follows. [ RAM: X; 24, O; 16]

Diagram 1
Mass of combustion tube
Mass of combustion tube + metal X
Mass of combustion tube + oxide of X
a.
b.

=
=
=

24.56 g
25.16 g
25.56 g

Why must metal X used in powdered form?

................................................................................................................................................
Suggest a method to prepare oxygen
................................................................................................................................................

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c.

d.

How do you determine that all metal X has completely reacted with oxygen?
............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
i.
Determine the empirical formula for the oxide of metal X.

ii.
Write the chemical equation for the above reaction
................................................................................................................................................
CHEMICAL FORMULA OF COMPOUNDS
Write the formula for the ionic compounds listed below.
sodium chloride
ammonium sulphate

calcium carbonate

zinc sulphate

lead (II) oxide

lead (II) bromide

Magnesium sulphate

sulphuric acid

calcium nitrate

sodium hydride

silver nitrate

magnesium hydroxide

44 | P a g e
iron (II) nitrate

Lead(II) nitrate

zinc sulphide.

Potassium sulphate

Copper(II) sulphate

barium hydroxide

aluminium oxide

calcium carbonate

copper (II) chloride

NAMING OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS USING IUPAC NOMENCLATURE

Name the compounds below.
H2 S
FeCl2
Cu2 O

K2 Cr2 O7

NH4 NO3

Al2 (OH) 3

NaBr

BaCO 3

PbI2

CaSO4

MgH2

Fe (OH) 3

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ZnSO4

CuCO3

Li2 SO4

Ag2 CrO4

SnO

(NH4) 2 SO4

CH3 COOH

Na2 CO3

ACTIVITY 1: NUMERICAL PROBLEMS INVOLVING CHEMICAL EQUATION

NO.
1

QUESTION
2 Li + 2 H2O 2 LiOH + H2
Lithium atom has 0.5 mol, find the number of mole for :
a) water
b) lithium hydroxide
c) hydrogen gas

ANSWER
a)

b)

c)

a)0.5 mol , b)0.5mol , c)0.25 mol

46 | P a g e
2

Zn + 2 HCl ZnCl2 + H2
a) How many moles of hydrochloric acid are needed to
react with 0.2 mol of zinc ?
b) How many moles of hydrogen gas are produced from
0.6 mol of HCl?

a)

b)

a)0.4 mol , b) 0.3 mol

3

2 H2O2 2 H2O + O2
When 0.02 mol of H2O2 decomposes, calculate
a) the mass of water formed[Ar H = 1 , O =16]
b) the volume of O2 gas evolved at s.t.p
[1 mol of gas occupied 22.4 dm3 at s.t.p]

a)

b)

a)0.36 g , b) 0.224 dm3

4

2 Mg + O2 2 MgO
Calculate the mass of magnesium oxide which is formed
when 1.2 g of magnesium is burn in oxygen .
[Ar O = 16 , Mg = 24 ]
Ans : 1.0 g

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WORKSHEET 1 -IONIC BOND
ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS.
Exercise 1 : Write the half equation for the:
a) Formation of cation from a metal atom
i)
Li : _____________________
ii)
Na:_____________________
iii)
K : _____________________
iv)
Mg:_____________________
v)
Ba:_____________________
i)
Pb:______________________

b) Formation of anion from a non metal atom

F :_______________________
Cl:_______________________
Br:______________________
I : _______________________
N:_______________________

Exercise 2: Formation of ionic compound, sodium chloride

1. Electron arrangement of sodium atom is _____________________________
2. A sodium atom _________________ one valence electron to achieve the ________
Electron arrangement which is 2.8.
3. A sodium ion, _____________ is formed.
4. Half equation : ____________________________________
5. Electron arrangement of chlorine atom is _______________________
6. A chlorine atom _____________ one electron from sodium atom to achieve
_______________________________________ which is 2.8.8.
7. A chloride ion, ___________ is formed.
8. Half equation : _____________________________________
9. The sodium ion, Na+ and chloride ion, Cl- are attracted to each other by a strong
________________________________________
10. Forming an ________________ bond.
11. Electron arrangement diagram :

48 | P a g e
Exercise 3: Explain the formation of ionic bond in magnesium chloride.(Proton no: Mg;12, Cl; 17)

Covalent Bonds
Activity 1 : Formation of covalent bonds
Fill in the blanks with the correct words.
1 Covalent bonds are formed when .. atoms .. electrons to achieve . electron
arrangements .
2 Types of covalent bonds:(i)
(ii)
(iii)
3

A single bond is formed when of electrons is shared between two atoms.

A double bond is formed when ..of electrons is shared between two atoms.
A triple bond is formed when .of electrons is shared between two atoms.
Formation of hydrogen molecules, H2 : A hydrogen atom has valence electron, with an electron arrangement of...
It needs .. more electron to achieve the .. electron arrangement
..hydrogen atoms one electron each for
Shared-paired electrons forms a .. bond in the hydrogen molecule, H2
Single bond holds the two hydrogen atoms together because the shared-pair of electrons is attracted to the of

49 | P a g e

5
(a)

both atoms
Complete the diagram below.

(b) A covalent bond can be illustrated by using.

Activity 2 : Formation of covalent bonds

1

Formation of oxygen molecules, O2 :

An oxygen atom has valence electron, with an electron arrangement of..
It needs .more electrons to achieve the .. electron arrangement
....oxygen atoms sharepairs of electrons forming a..bond
2 Draw the electron arrangement for the formation of oxygen molecule.
(a) [Proton number : O, 8 ;]

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(b) Illustrate the formation of oxygen molecule using the Lewis structure.

Formation of a nitrogen molecule, N2 :

A nitrogen atom has valence electron, with an electron arrangement ....
It needs more electrons to achieve the .. electron arrangement
..nitrogen atoms sharepairs of electrons forming a
covalent bond
Draw the electron arrangement for the formation of nitrogen molecule.
[Proton number : N, 7]

(b) Illustrate the formation for nitrogen molecule using the Lewis structure.

51 | P a g e
Appendix 1
Complete the following table for the electrolysis of 0.5 mol dm-3 sodium nitrate, NaNO3 solution using carbon electrode.

Set up of apparatus

Ions present in electrolyte

Electrode
Ion that are attracted to
anode and cathode
Ion discharged (accept or
donate electron)

Half equation
Name of the products
Observations
Confirmatory test (method
and observation)

Anode

______ ions because

Cathode

________ ion because

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Changes in electrolyte

Appendix 2
Complete the following table for the electrolysis of 0.5 moldm-3 copper (II) nitrate, Cu(NO3)2 solution using carbon electrode.

Set up of apparatus

Ions present in electrolyte

Electrode
Ion that are attracted to
anode and cathode
Ion discharged (accept or
donate electron)

Half equation

Anode

______ ions because

Cathode

________ ion because

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Name of the products
Observations
Confirmatory test (method
and observation)

Changes in electrolyte

Appendix 3
Complete the following table for the electrolysis of 0.5 moldm-3 sodium sulphate, Na2SO4solution using carbon electrode.

Set up of apparatus

Ions present in electrolyte

Electrode
Ion that are attracted to
anode and cathode
Ion discharged (accept or

Anode

______ ions because

Cathode

________ ion because

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donate electron)

Half equation
Name of the products
Observations
Confirmatory test (method
and observation)

Changes in electrolyte

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Appendix 4
EXERCISES
1
Diagram 1 shows the electrolysis of copper (II) sulphate solution using carbon electrodes.

(a)
(b)

(c)

(d)

Diagram 1
Determine the cathode and the anode electrodes.

(i) State all the ions present in the dilute copper (II) sulphate solution.

(ii) Name the ions which move to electrodes K and L.

Electrode K :
Electrode L : .
(i) What is observed at electrode L in the cell?

(ii) Write down the half equation for the reaction at electrode L.
..
(i) Name the product at electrode K in the cell.

(ii) Explain your answer.

...
(iii) Write down the half equation for the reaction at electrode K.
.

56 | P a g e
Appendix 1
Complete the following table for the electrolysis of 0.001moldm-3 hydrochloric acid and 1 moldm-3 hydrochloric acid using carbon electrode.

Set up of apparatus

Electrolyte

0.001 moldm-3 hydrochloric acid

1 moldm-3 hydrochloric acid

______ ions because

________ ion because

Ions present in electrolyte

Ion that are attracted to
anode
Ion discharged (accept or
donate electron) at anode

Half equation at the anode

Name of the products at
anode
Observations at anode
Confirmatory test at the
anode (method and
observation)
Ion that are attracted to
cathode

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Ion discharged (accept or
donate electron) at cathode

______ ions because

________ ion because

Half equation at cathode

Name of the products at
cathode
Observations at cathode
Confirmatory test at
cathode (method and
observation)
Appendix 2
Complete the following table for the electrolysis of 0.001 moldm-3 sodium chloride solution and 2.0 moldm-3 sodium chloride solution using carbon
electrode.

Set up of apparatus

Electrolyte
Ions present in electrolyte
Ion that are attracted to
anode

0.001 moldm-3 sodium chloride solution

2.0 moldm-3 sodium chloride solution

58 | P a g e
Ion discharged (accept or
donate electron) at anode

______ ions because

________ ion because

______ ions because

________ ion because

Half equation at the anode

Name of the products at
anode
Observations at anode
Confirmatory test at the
anode (method and
observation)
Ion that are attracted to
cathode
Ion discharged (accept or
donate electron) at cathode

Half equation at cathode

Name of the products at
cathode
Observations at cathode
Confirmatory test at
cathode (method and
observation)

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Appendix 3
Complete the following table for the electrolysis of 1 moldm-3 copper (II) sulphate solution with carbon electrode and copper electrode.

Set up of apparatus

Electrode

Carbon

Copper

______ ions because

________ ion because

Ions present in electrolyte

Ion that are attracted to
anode
Ion discharged (accept or
donate electron) at anode

Half equation at the anode

Name of the products at
anode
Observations at anode
Confirmatory test at the
anode (method and
observation)
Ion that are attracted to
cathode

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Ion discharged (accept or
donate electron) at cathode

______ ions because

________ ion because

Half equation at cathode

Name of the products at
cathode
Observations at cathode
Changes in the intensity of
blue solution and the
reason.

Appendix 4
1
Diagram 1 shows the apparatus set up to investigate the electrolysis of 1.0 mol dm-3 sodium chloride solution using carbon electrodes.

Diagram 1
(a)

State all ions present in sodium chloride solution.

..............................................................................................................................

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(b)

(c)

(d)

(i) State the ion that will be discharged at electrode X.

.........................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain your answer in b(i).
........................................................................................................................
(i) Name the product formed at electrode Y.
.........................................................................................................................
(ii) Write the half equation for the reaction at electrode Y.
.........................................................................................................................
(iii) 0.1 mol of gas is released at electrode Y.
Calculate the volume of gas released.
[Molar volume of gas = 24 dm3 mol-1 at room temperature and pressure]

The experiment is repeated using 0.0001 mol dm-3 sodium chloride solution as the electrolyte.
(i) Name the gas produced at electrode X.
.......................................................................................................................
(ii) Write the half equation for the reaction in d(i).
......................................................................................................................
(iii) Describe a chemical test to confirm the presence of gas named in d(i).
................................................................................................................................................................................................

62 | P a g e
2.

The Diagram 2 shows the apparatus set-up for the electrolysis of silver nitrate solution using silver electrodes X and Y.

Bulb
Silver
Silver

electrode X

electrode Y
Silver nitrate
solution
Diagram 2
Based on Diagram 2, answer the following questions.
(a)
(i)
What is meant by cation?
..........
(ii)
List the ions present in silver nitrate solution
..................................................................................................................
(iii) Name the ions attracted to
anode : .............................................................................................
cathode : ................................................................................................
(b)
(i)
Name the product formed at the silver electrode X.
..........
(ii)
Write the half equation for the reaction that take place at silver electrode X.
......
(c)
(i)
The electrolysis is repeated by replacing both silver electrodes with carbon electrodes. What can be observed at anode and
cathode?
At anode: .......
At cathode: ..........
(ii)
Write the half equation

63 | P a g e
At anode: ......
At cathode..............
Topic : Electrochemistry
Sub topic : 6.6 Construct the electrochemical series using voltaic cell
Diagram 1 shows a chemical cell. / Rajah 1 menunjukkan satu sel kimia.

Diagram / Rajah 1
(a)

(i)

State the name of apparatus A.

Nyatakan nama bagi radas A.
..
[1 mark]

(ii)

What is the function of apparatus in (a) (i).

Apakah fungsi radas dalam (a) (i).
..
[1 mark]

(b)

(i)

State one observation at the zinc plate.

Nyatakan satu pemerhatian pada kepingan zink.
..
[1 mark]

(ii)

Write the half equation for the reaction that occurs at the zinc plate.
Tuliskan setengah persamaan bagi tindak balas yang berlaku pada kepingan zink.
..................................................................................................................

64 | P a g e
[1 mark]
(c)

What is the type of reaction occur at copper plate.

Apakah jenis tindak balas yang berlaku pada kepingan kuprum.

(d)

Draw the flow of electron in Diagram 1.

Lukiskan arah pengaliran elektron pada Rajah 1.

[1 mark]

(e)

(f)

[1 mark]
The copper plate in the chemical cell above is replaced by magnesium metal and copper(II) sulphate solution is replaced by
magnesium sulphate solution.
Kepingan kuprum dalam sel kimia di atas ditukar dengan logam magnesium dan larutan kuprum(II) sulfat ditukar dengan
larutan magnesium sulfat.
(i)
What will happen to the direction of electron flow?
Apakah yang akan berlaku kepada arah pengaliran elektron?
..
[1 mark]
(ii)
Give a reason for your answer.
Berikan satu sebab untuk jawapan anda.
..
[1 mark]
Another experiment is carried out by replacing zinc plate with metal P and Q.
Table 1 shows the results.
Satu eksperimen lain dijalankan dengan menggantikan kepingan zink dengan logam P dan Q. Jadual 3.2 menunjukkan keputusan
yang telah diperolehi.
Pair of metal
Voltage / V
Negative terminal
P and Cu
2.0
P
Q and Cu
0.5
Q
Table / Jadual 1
(i)
Arrange metals P, Q and Cu in ascending order of electropositivity.
Susunkan logam P, Q dan Cu mengikut tertib menaik keelektropositifan.
..................................................................................................................

65 | P a g e
[1 mark]
(ii)

Predict the voltage for chemical cell using pair of metal P and Q.
Ramalkan voltan bagi sel kimia yang menggunakan pasangan logam P dan Q.
..................................................................................................................
[1 mark]

Topic
: Electrochemistry
Sub topic : 6.6 Construc electrohcemical Series : Predict the ability of a metal to displace another metal from its salt solution
An experiment is carried out to determine the relative position of three metals, silver,L and M, in the electrochemical series. Diagram 8.2 shows
the results of the experiment.
I

II

Grey deposit
Colourless solution

Grey deposit
Light blue solution

III

experiment

Observation

(i)
(ii)

No change

Diagram 8.2
Based on the results, arrange the three metals in order of increasing electropositivity. Explain your answer.[6 marks]
If M is copper, name the product formed in experiment II. [2 marks]

66 | P a g e
EXAMPLE OF ESSAY QUESTION.
A student is given a piece of impure silver plate. Design an experiment to
produce a sample of very pure silver metal in the laboratory.
Your answer should consist of the following:
Chemicals required
Procedures of the experiment
Diagram showing the set-up of apparatus
Chemical equation involved in the reaction
Observation

10 marks

C: CONCENTRATIONS OF ACIDS AND ALKALIS

Learning Outcomes
You should be able to:
State the meaning of concentration
State the meaning of molarity
State the relationship between the number of moles with molarity and volume of a
solution
Describe the methods for preparing standard solutions
Describe the preparation of a solution with a specified concentration using dilution
method
Relate pH values with the molarity of acids and alkalis
Solve numerical involving molarity of acids and alkalis
Activity 1 : Concentration of acids and alkalis
Fill in the blanks with the correct answers.
1 The concentration of a solution refers to the quantity of solute in 1dm3 of solution
2 Concentration can be defined in two ways :-

67 | P a g e
(a)

(b)

Concentration in g dm-3

Concentration in mol dm-3

(Concentration in mol dm-3 is also known as molarity or molar concentration (M ) )

2

The two units of concentration can be inter-converted:

X Molar mass
Concentration in............................

Concentration in ...................
Molar mass

Work this out.

3

5.0 g of copper(II) sulphate is dissolved in water to form 500 cm3 solution. Calculate the concentration of copper(II) sulphate solution
in g dm-3 ?

[Answer: 10.0 g dm-3]

4

What is the mass of sodium carbonate required to dissolve in water to prepare 200 cm3 solution that contains 50 g dm-3 ?

[Answer: 10 g]
(Refer to page 123 -124 - F4 Chemistry textbook )

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5

4.0 g of sodium carbonate powder, Na2CO3 , is dissolved in water and made up to 250 cm3. What is the molarity of the sodium
carbonate solution?
[Relative atomic mass: C, 12; O, 16; Na, 23]

[Answer: 0.15 mol dm-3]

Activity 2
The number of moles of solute, n in a given volume of solution V and the molarity of M can be calculated by using the formula :
n = MV

n =
M =
V =

Number of moles of solute

Molarity of solution (mol dm-3)
Volume of solution (dm3)

If the volume is in cm3 convert the volume of solution from cm3 to dm3
n= MV
1000

or

n = M x

V
1000

Calculate the number of moles of ammonia in 150 cm3 of 2 mol dm-3 aqueous ammonia.

[Answer: 0.3 mol]

69 | P a g e
6

A student pipetted 20.0 cm3 of potassium hydroxide , KOH solution into a conical flask. The concentration of the alkali was 1.5 mol
dm-3 . Calculate the number of moles of potassium , KOH in the flask.

[Answer: 0.03 mol dm-3]

Calculate the number of moles of hydrogen ions present in 200 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid, H2SO4.

[Answer: 0.2 mol of H+ ions]

Activity 12 : Preparation of Standard solutions
1

What is a standard solution?

Preparation of standard solutions by Weighing method (mass of solute) :Step 1 : Calculate the mass of solute needed .
mass = n
X molar mass
= MV
X molar mass
1000

n = mass
molar mass
n = MV
1000

Example: To prepare 100 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution.
Calculate the mass of NaOH needed. [Relative atomic mass: Na, 23 ; O, 16 ; H, 1]
mass

molar mass

70 | P a g e
=

MV
X molar mass
1000
= 2.0 X 100 X 40
=
1000

8g

Try this:
(a) To prepare 250 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 sodium carbonate solution. Calculate the mass of Na2CO3 needed. [Relative atomic
mass: Na, 23 ; O, 16 ; C, 12]

[Answer : 26.50g]
(b) 0.25 mol dm-3 solution of sodium hydroxide was prepared by dissolving x g of sodium hydroxide in 750 cm3 of water. What is
the value of x ? [Relative atomic mass: Na, 23 ; O, 16 ; H, 1]

[Answer : 7.5 g]
(Refer to page 126 - F4 Chemistry textbook )

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Step 2 :
Match the descriptions / procedures with the correct diagram below.
(a)
Wash and rinse the weighing bottle
or small beaker and filter funnel to
ensure no solute remains in any of
the apparatus used.
Transfer the dissolved solute into a
suitable volumetric flask.

Add water slowly by using a

dropper to bring the level of the
solution to the calibration mark.
The volumetric flask is closed
tightly and inverted several times to
get a uniform or homogenous
solution.

(b)

Calculate the mass of solute

needed.
Weigh out the exact mass of solute
needed in a weighing bottle.
Dissolved the solute in a small
amount of distilled water.

(c)

Add more water carefully to the

volumetric flask and swirl gently.
Shake well to ensure thorough
mixing.

(d)

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Handout : Preparation of Standard solutions by Dilution method
1

Dilution method
Step 1 : Calculate the volume of stock solution required by using the equation:M1V1 = M2V2

M1 = molarity of solution before dilution

V1 = volume of solution before dilution
M2 = molarity of solution after dilution
V2 = volume of solution after dilution

When using the equation M1V1 = M2V2 ,

make sure that both V1 and V2 are of
the same unit.

Example: 50 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution from 2.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide,NaOH solution
Before dilution
M1
2.0 mol dm-3
2.0 x V1 = 0.1 x 50
V1 = 0.1 x 50
2.0

V1
?

After dilution
M2
V2
-3
0.1 mol dm
50 cm3

= 2.5 cm3

Try this: 100 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 potassium manganate(VII) ,KMnO4 solution is prepared from 1.0 mol dm-3 potassium
manganate(VII) ,KMnO4 solution. Calculate the volume of the solution

[Answer : 50 cm3]

73 | P a g e

(a)

Step 2
Match the diagram with the correct descriptions below.
Add water slowly by using a dropper to bring the level of the solution to the
calibration mark.
The volumetric flask is closed tightly and inverted several times to get a
uniform or homogenous solution.

Transfer the stock solution to a suitable volumetric flask.

Calculate the volume of stock solution required.

Use a pipette to draw up the required volume of stock solution.

(b)

(c)

(d)

Activity 14 : The pH values and molarity of acids and alkalis

Fill in the blanks with correct words . Use words given in the box.
Increases
dissociation

decreases
concentration
higher
hydroxide alkali

hydrogen

74 | P a g e
1

2
3
4

The pH value of an acid or an alkali depends on three factors :

(a) degree of.
(b) molarity or ..
(c) .. of the acid or ..
The lower the pH value, the .. the concentration of ions.
The higher the pH value, the .. the concentration of ... ions.
As the molarity of an acid increases , the pH value of the acid .
The pH value of an alkali increases when the molarity of the alkali ...

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76 | P a g e

Fill in the blanks for appropriate substances to be used to prepare insoluble salts
( Remember!!!! All insoluble salts must be prepared from two soluble substances )
Write balanced chemical equation for each reaction from 1)
a) ..+ calcium carbonate +
chemical equation:

b) ..+ lead(II) iodide +

chemical equation

c) ..+ barium sulphate +

chemical equation:

d) ..+ silver chloride +

chemical equation:

77 | P a g e

SALT

Precipitation
Mix solutions of two soluble substances /salts
to precipitate the insoluble salt

IS IT
SOLUBLE?

Eg: NaCl + AgNO3 AgCl + NaNO3

No

Yes

React acid with metal/ metal hydroxide

/ metal oxide/ metal carbonate

Is metal hydroxide /
metal carbonate soluble?

yes

Titration method
Mix acid and alkali to produce salt
Eg: HCl +NaOHNaCl + H2O

No
Mix acid and excess metal/ metal oxides/
metal carbonate
Eg: CuO+ H2SO4 CuSO4 + H2O

78 | P a g e
EXIT TICKET INSOLUBLE SALT
TO PREPARE INSOLUBLE SALT (EG BARIUM SULPHATE)
Rearrange the procedures below according to the correct order of method
The mixture is filtered
The insoluble salt is then pressed between 2 filter papers to dry

The residue is rinsed with distilled water to remove impurities

The mixture is stirred with a glass rod

1

50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 barium nitrate solution is poured into 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 of sodium sulphate in a beaker

Rearrange the pictures below according to the correct order of procedures

79 | P a g e
Write a balanced chemical equation for the preparation of insoluble salt.

b) ..+ calcium carbonate +

chemical equation:

Uses of salts in our daily life

Salts are important to our bodies.

Choose the best salts for use in various fields below. One example has been done for you
Ammonium sulphate
silver salts

copper(II) sulphate
sodium hypochlorite

sodium chloride
potassium nitrate

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Calcium sulphate

MEDICAL USE

FOOD INDUSTRY

USES OF SALTS

AGRICULTURE
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY

81 | P a g e

1) Fill in the blanks for word equation below to prepare soluble salts ( Remember!!!! All soluble salts must be prepared from acids)
a) . + magnesium magnesium sulphate + .
b) Hydrochloric acid + zinc chloride + water
c) Nitric acid + .. copper (II) nitrate+carbon dioxide + ............
d) .. + potassium hydroxide potassium nitrate +
e) Ethanoic acid + zinc ethanoat + hydrogen
f) . + calcium oxide calcium nitrate +
2) Write balanced chemical equations for reactions which make the following salts .(Remember, soluble salts must start from acids)
a) Magnesium chloride from magnesium metal
..
b) copper(II) sulphate from copper(II) oxide
..
c) sodium nitrate from sodium hydroxide
..
d) lead(II) nitrate from lead(II) carbonate
.
TO PREPARE SOLUBLE SALT ( EG SODIUM CHLORIDE) BY TITRATION METHOD
CONSISTS OF 2 STAGES
Stage 1- Determine the volume of alkali needed to neutralize acid solution by titration method
Rearrange the procedures below according to the correct order of method
Fill a burette with hydrochloric acid and record the initial burette reading
Use a pipette to draw up 25.00 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution
1
Add hydrochloric acid drop by drop into the alkali solution . Swirl the contents of the flask.
Continue adding the acid until the indicator just turns from pink to colourless Record the final burette reading
Transfer the sodium hydroxide solution into a conical flask . Add 2 to 3 drops of phenolphthalein
Rearrange the pictures below according to the correct order of procedures

82 | P a g e

stage 2 : TO PREPARE SALT( SODIUM CHLORIDE) FROM THE NEUTRAL SOLUTION OBTAINED FROM TITRATION METHOD
Rearrange the procedures below according to the correct order of method
The experiment is now repeated as stage 1 above but no indicator is used
1
Pour the solution of sodium chloride in an evaporating basin
Filter the sodium chloride crystals and dry them by squeezing them between sheets of filter paper
Allow the solution to cool .Crystals of sodium chloride will appear in the cool solution
Heat to evaporate most of the water. This produce a hot saturated solution of sodium chloride
The hydrochloric acid is placed in a burette and the same volume of acid is added to the flask as before. If, for example 30.5 cm3 of the
acid was used in the first experiment to just react with the alkali, then 30.5 cm3 of acid is added to the second experiment. The flask will
then contain a solution of sodium chloride without excess of acid or alkali

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Rearrange the pictures below according to the correct order of procedures

TO PREPARE SOLUBLE SALT (EG ZINC SULPHATE) BY REACTION OF ACID WITH EXCESS METAL/OXIDE
METAL/CARBONATE METAL
Rearrange the procedures below according to the correct order of method
Filter the zinc sulphate crystals and dry them by squeezing them between sheets of filter paper
Heat to evaporate most of the water. This produce a hot saturated solution of zinc sulphate.
Allow the solution to cool .Crystals of zinc sulphate will appear in the cool solution
Pour the solution of zinc sulphate in an evaporating basin
Remove the excess zinc metal by filtering
1

Add zinc powder bit by bit with stirring to hot dilute sulphuric acid until some of it no longer reacts, The acid is then used up .There is
excess zinc present

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Rearrange the pictures below according to the correct order of procedures

SOLUBLE SALT EXIT TICKET

1) A salt is a compound formed when the .. ions from an acid is replaced by a ion or an
ion
2) Salts are named from acids that they come from.
Choose appropriate salts from the corresponding acids in the boxes below . One example has been done for you
Sodium chloride

sodium sulphate

Calcium nitrate magnesium nitrate

sulphate
silver chloride

sodium nitrate

sodium ethanoat
potassium ethanoat

copper(II)

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Sulphuric acid

Nitric
acid
SALTS

Ethanoic acid
Hydrochloric acid