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Introduction
Phase: A region in a material that differs in structure and
function from other regions.
Phase diagrams:
Represents phases present in metal at different conditions
(Temperature, pressure and composition).
Indicates equilibrium solid solubility of one element in
another.
Indicates temperature range under which solidification
occurs.
Indicates temperature at which different phases start to
melt.
Basic Concepts
Basic Concepts
Solute: impurity atoms
Solvent: matrix
Solubility limit
maximum concentration of solute atoms
that may dissolve in solvent to still form a
solid solution
(without the formation of a new or second
phase)
Basic Concepts
Phase a homogeneous portion of a
system that has uniform physical (e.g.
crystal structure) and chemical
characteristics (e.g. composition).
Eg., In sugar-water system, two phases:
1. Syrup (water and sugar) liquid phase
2. Sugar solid phase
Aluminum-Copper Alloy
What is the
solubility limit at
20oC?
Cooling Curves
Used to determine phase transition temperature.
Temperature and time data of cooling molten metal
is recorded and plotted.
Pure Metal
Iron
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Phase Diagrams
Binary alloy
Isomorphous
Eutectic
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# 2. Composition of phases
For CO = 35wt% Ni
at TA:
CL =CO =35wt%Ni
(only L phase)
at TD:
C =CO =35wt%Ni
(only phase)
at TB: both L phase and phase (Tie Line)
CL = 32 wt% Ni, C = 43 wt% Ni
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For CO = 35wt% Ni
at TA: only L phase
WL = 100 wt%
W = 0 wt%
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S
43 35
73wt %
WL
43 32
R S
R
W
= 27wt%
R S
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Equilibrium Cooling
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L (CE)
(C E) + (C E)
heating
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Eutectic Reaction
Eutectic reaction in Cu-Ag system
cooling
L (71.9%Ag)
(8%Ag) + (91.2%Ag)
heating
Important observations:
(1) Within a phase field, only one or at most two phases may
be in equilibrium.
(2) Three phase in equilibrium only along eutectic isotherm
(3) Single-phase regions are always separated by a two-phase
region.
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Structure Evolution 1
Co < 2wt%Sn
Result:
--polycrystal of grains.
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Structure Evolution 2
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Structure Evolution 3
18.3wt%Sn < Co < 61.9wt%Sn
Result: crystals and a eutectic microstructure
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Microstructure Evolution 3
Just above TE :
C = 18.3wt%Sn
CL = 61.9wt%Sn
S
W =
=50wt%
R+S
WL = (1-W) =50wt%
Just below TE :
C = 18.3wt%Sn
C = 97.8wt%Sn
W = S =73wt%
R+S
W = 27wt%
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Eutectoid Reaction
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Eutectoid Reaction
cooling
heating
solid1 + solid 2
Eutectic: liquid
solid1 + solid 2
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Fe-C system
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Fe-C System
One of the most important binary alloy phase
diagrams with wide applications.
Two basic components: Fe and C
Single phase regions:
1. - ferrite (bcc)
2. - austenite (fcc)
3. - ferrite (bcc)
4. Fe3C cementite
5. L liquid phase
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Fe-C System
For pure Fe (100 wt% Fe)
Polymorphic transformations:
ferrite
912oC
- austenite
1394oC
ferrite
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Octahedral Interstices
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Peritectic reaction:
1495C
Liquid (0.53%C ) (0.09%C )
(0.17%C )
Eutectic reaction:
1148C
Liquid (4.3%C )
austenite (2.14%C ) Fe3C (6.67%C )
Eutectoid reaction:
723C
Austenite (0.76%C )
Ferrite (0.022%C ) Fe3C (6.67%C )
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Hypereutectoid
Steel
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Eutectoid steel
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