APPS Course 2014

Numerical Feeder Differential Protection

Joao Jesus
Stafford - UK
14/05/2014

Agenda

Numerical Line Differential Protection

Numerical Line Differential Communication
Numerical Differential Protection Interfaces
Numerical Differential Protection Over MPLS

Presentation title - 30/04/2014 P 2

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liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Numerical Line Differential

Protection

Presentation title - 30/04/2014 P 3

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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Line Differential Protection Principle (1)

End A

End B

IA + IB = 0 Healthy
IA

IF

IA + IB 0 Fault (= IF)

IB
Relay B

Relay A

Communication Link
Each end measures the local current
Current information exchanged between the two ends using

communication link
Each end performs the differential calculations based on local and

remote end currents

Presentation title - 30/04/2014 P 4
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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Line Differential Protection Principle (2)

IA
End A

IF
IC

Relay B
End C

IA + IB + IC = 0 Healthy
IA + IB + IC 0 Faulty (= IF)
Presentation title - 30/04/2014 P 5
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liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

IB

Line Differential Protection Typical Current Magnitude Estimation

Current magnitude estimated with Fourier Filter

The Fourier filter extracts the fundamental component in the currents

Sending only the fundamental component reduces bandwidth

requirements

These currents are used in the differential calculations

i(t)
i2
i1

i3
i4

i8

i5
i6

i7

Presentation title - 30/04/2014 P 6

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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Line Differential Protection - Characteristic

IA

IB

Differential current

IC

Idiff = IA + IB + IC

Trip
k1
s
a
i
b
ge
a
t
n
e
c
r

Is1

rc
e
P

e
g
ta
n
e

2
k
s
a
i
b

No trip

Pe

Is2
Bias Current
Ibias = (IA + IB + IC )
Presentation title - 30/04/2014 P 7
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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Line Differential Protection - Neutral Protection Element

Idiff
IN diff

Phase CDiff
Enhanced sensitivity for highresistive faults

iff
D
C
l
a
r
Neut

Tested up to 500 Ohm in 500 kV

networks

Ibias
Presentation title - 30/04/2014 P 8
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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Line Differential Protection Transient Bias (1)

Differential current

I DIFF

I DIFF (n)

Internal fault or
CT saturation

I BIAS (n)

K2

K2

I BIAS (n), I DIFF (n)

External fault R

I S1

K1

I BIAS (n 1), I DIFF (n 1)

K2

I BIAS (n), I DIFF (n)

IS2

Presentation title - 30/04/2014 P 9

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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Bias current

I BIAS

Line Differential Protection Transient Bias (2)

Typical reduction in CT Requirements ( P54x with K2 = 150%)

If

X/R

w/out trans. bias

with trans. bias

65

33.2

49

10

10

65

39.1

40

20

20

68

52.2

23

30

30

103

67.1

35

40

40

107

83.7

22

40

65

100.4

Presentation title - 30/04/2014 P 10

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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Effect %

Line Differential Protection Capacitive Current Compensation

IL

IR

ZL

IchL

IchR

VL

VR

Conventional current differential protection needs to be set above Ich

to avoid tripping for 50/60Hz line charging current

Extracts Ich to allow more sensitive current settings to be applied
Presentation title - 30/04/2014 P 11

Benefit: Resistive fault coverage improved

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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
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Line Differential Protection Transformer Feeders

Power transformer

P54x
Scheme

Ratio
correction

Vectorial
correction
Virtual interposing CT

Presentation title - 30/04/2014 P 12

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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Virtual interposing CT

Line Differential Protection Magnetizing Inrush Current

Magnetizing inrush current flows into the energized winding at

switch on

This current is not represented at the distant end of the line

A method of restraint is required to avoid trips on breaker closure:
Inrush current is rich in harmonics: 2nd, 5th etc..
Increase bias current by adding a multiple of 2nd harmonic
current = RESTRAINT

Presentation title - 30/04/2014 P 13

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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
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Line Differential Protection - Resume

No voltage transformers needed

Good for multi-ended lines
Phase discrimination

Detect very high resistance faults

Immune to power swings
Uniform trip time
Capacitive charging current compensation

Presentation title - 30/04/2014 P 14

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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Line Differential Protection Coverage

Example
: MiCOM
P54x
CDiff
: Optical
Budgets for Direct Connection

Short Haul

Presentation title - 30/04/2014 P 15

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liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Maquette - - P 15

Long Haul

Diff : Charging Current Compensation

Conventional current differential

elements have to be set above steadystate charging current (Ich) to avoid
tripping for 50/60Hz line charging
current

IL

IchL
VL

It is possible to extract Ich to allow more

sensitive current settings to be applied

Compensation requires voltage input :

Ich = V * C

Benefit: Sensitivity / resistive fault

coverage improved

Presentation title - 30/04/2014 P 16

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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

IR

ZL

IchR
VR

CDiff : Tee-off Application

End A

End B
IF

Differential protection can be IDMT or DT delayed to

discriminate with tapped feed protection:

Fused spurs
Tee-off transformer in-zone
Ring main units (RMU)

Presentation title - 30/04/2014 P 17

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CDiff : Three-ended Schemes

Rx

CH1

CH2

Tx End B

P540
Tx

Tx

Rx

End C

CH2

Rx
Tx

P540
CH1

Rx

Rx

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liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

E.g. For A-B channel

fail, C still offers line
protection and will
intertrip to A and B in
the event of a fault

CH1

CH2

Tx
End A

Presentation title - 30/04/2014 P 18

Note: Full line

protection can be
provided even if one
communications path
fails

Rx
P540

Tx

Numerical Line Differential

Communication

Presentation title - 30/04/2014 P 19

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Line Differential Communication - Requirements

Requires high speed exchange of data between multi-ended

terminals

Normally provided by a direct fiber communication interface

Duplex preferred that one channel for transmit and one for
receive

Critical applications may require the use of dual redundant ports

Sampling at all ends need to be at the same instant of time

Requires the need to measure and compensate for the

measured propagation delay

Presentation title - 30/04/2014 P 20

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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Line Differential Communication Propagation Delay (1)

R elay B

R elay A

Current at B
Current received from A

Propagation delay

To perform the differential function, sample, at different ends, need to be

compared as the same instant of time
Propagation delay introduced by the communication media can cause
spurious differential trip
Presentation title - 30/04/2014 P 21
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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Line Differential Communication Propagation Delay (2)

Propagation Delay Compensation can be done using two methods:
Asynchronous sampling (eg: LFCB and P54x) Ping Pong
Continuous time difference measurement
Vector transformation in software

Synchronize sampling in both relays

Direct comparison of samples
Synchronizing both relays to real time a possibility if GPS
receiver available - what happens for loss of GPS?
Presentation title - 30/04/2014 P 22
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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Line Differential Communication Ping Pong Method (2)

Unequal send (tp1) and receive (tp2) delays result in incorrect vector
alignment and hence incorrect differential current
Majority of switched communications networks switch send and receive
path simultaneously but some networks may produce transient period
where send/receive paths differ

Potential for relay maloperation

Relay continuously measures the propagation delay
Any change in propagation delay greater than settable value used to
raise k1 (initial bias slope) to a high value, eg: 200% (effectively blocking
relay for currents less than Is2, similar to an overcurrent interlock)

Change is maintained for settable time delay (max. 500ms) to overcome

transient period after which k1 is reduced to original value if the switch
path not persist.
Presentation title - 30/04/2014 P 24
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liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Line Differential Communication Ping Pong Method (3)

Trip

Differential current
Idiff = IA + IB + IC

No trip
Is1

Is2
Bias Current
Ibias = (IA + IB + IC )

Presentation title - 30/04/2014 P 25

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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Line Differential Communication Synchronize Method (1)

GPS Clock
Eg: P594

GPS Clock
Eg: P594

1
4

1sec

1sec

Direct or with interface connection

Relay at End A

P591
/P592
/P593

MUX

Presentation title - 30/04/2014 P 26

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liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

MUX

P591
/P592
/P593

Relay at End B

Line Differential Communication Synchronize Method (2)

Timing information
from the GPS can be
used to overcome the
limitations of the
traditional ping pong
method
Ta1
Ta2
Sample 1
Ta3
Ta4
Ta5
Arrive 1 * Ta6
Ta7

This method can work for

unequal
and
receive
1 PPSsend
from
P594
propagation delays and
hence suitable for SDH
Time
networks

Leading edge is
timing point

tp2

Relay A

tp1

Tb1
Tb2
Tb3 Sample 1*
Tb4
Tb5
Tb6
Tb7
Tb8
Tb9 = Arrive 1

Relay B

Tp2 = Ta6 - Ta3

Presentation title - 30/04/2014 P 27
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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Tp1 = Tb9 - Tb3

Line Differential Communication Dual Redundancy

Node
2

Node
1

Dependability
maintained
Node
6

If one channel
fails
communication
maintained via the
redundant
channel

Node
3

Standby
path

tp2
Node
5

tp1
tp2

Working path

P543-6
End A

Node
4

tp1

P543-6
End B
Line

Presentation title - 30/04/2014 P 28

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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

CDiff : Communication Security (1)

Example : MiCOM P54x
Scheme Unique Address Setting
The validity of messages is checked using

Address byte, message length

Cyclic redundancy check
Sequencing time tags on received msgs
Monitoring the time between receiving two
consecutive messages

Only valid messages are used by the protection

function
Channel quality monitoring
PROT COMMS / IM64 _Alarm Level; settable
threshold plus timer
Channel Statistics

Presentation title - 30/04/2014 P 29

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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

CDiff : Communication Security (2)

Example : MiCOM P54x
Relay Display : Comms Channel Information

Presentation title - 30/04/2014 P 30

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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Numerical Differential Protection

Interfaces

Presentation title - 30/04/2014 P 31

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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Line Differential Protection - Communication Interfaces (1)

Standard or IEEE C37.94
Provides optimal performance
Higher cost involved
Fibre optic transmitters can span up to 100 km without the need for
repeaters

Fibre communications allow the bandwidth to be increased resulting

in increased communication speed and relay operating speed
Direct connection - no interface!
Multiplexer
850nm multimode
optical fibre
Presentation title - 30/04/2014 P 32
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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Line Differential Protection - Communication Interfaces (2)

Interfacing to Multiplexers
Typically voice grade channels operating at 64kbps or 2Mbps
The bandwidth of this channel along with the operating time
requirements of the differential relay limits the amount of message
that can be transmitted
P591/2
interface
unit
850nm multimode
optical fibre
P593
interface
unit
Presentation title - 30/04/2014 P 33
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liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Multiplexer
G.703
or V.35
electrical

ISDN
X.21
electrical

Line Differential Protection - Communication Interfaces (3)

Multiplexed Optical Link
Earth wire optical fibre

Multiplexer

Multiplexer
34 Mbit/s
Telephone

64kbits/s

Telecontrol
Teleprotection
End A
Presentation title - 30/04/2014 P 34
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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
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End B

Line Differential Protection - Communication Interfaces (4)

Multiplexed Microwave Link

PCM
Multiplexer

PCM
Multiplexer

Telephone

64kbits/s

Telecontrol
Teleprotection
End A
Presentation title - 30/04/2014 P 35
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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
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End B

Numerical Differential Protection

Over MPLS

Presentation title - 30/04/2014 P 36

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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Line Differential Protection Over MPLS (1)

Utility
Private
MPLS WAN

Electronic Security
Perimeter (ESP)

Defined Physical
Boundary (DBP)

Substation Network

Substation
MPLS
Router

Serial, C37.94, E&M

HMI

HMI

FAN
Aggregation

Distributed
Controller

Legacy
RTU

Multiservice Bus

IEC 61850
Station
Bus
Comm
Bay
Processor Controller

Private WiMax or LTE

to Field Area Network

PMU Teleprotection Protection

Relay
Relay
PDC

RTU

Teleprotection
Relay

IEC 61850
Process
Bus
Hardwired
I/O

PT

CT

Breaker

Sensor

Physical
Security

Breaker
IED

MU

Workforce
Enablement
PT

CT

Breaker

PT

CT

Presentation title - 30/04/2014 P 37

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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Line Differential Protection Over MPLS (2)

ASR-9K
901

ASR-9K
902
CGR-2K-1

Native IP
T1 Uplink

CGR-2K-4

ASR-903
802

CGR-2K-5

ME3600X-24CX
809

MPLS/IP
10GE Ring
ISIS-L2 backbone

ASR-903
701

Native IP over
REP 1GE Ring

CGR-2K-2

6 hop routers
x6
ASR-903
801

MPLS/IP
1GE Ring
ISIS-L1

ASR-903
702

TPR Relay

CGR-2K-3

ASR-903
803 (PE1)

E1 Interface
ASR-903
703 (PE2)

MPLS/IP
1GE Ring
ISIS-L1

ME3600X-24CX
808

Anue Network Impairment tool

used to introduce latency and jitter

E1 Interface

TPR Relay

Presentation title - 30/04/2014 P 38

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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Line Differential Protection Over MPLS (3)

Optical
Interface

Clear-Channel E1
Interface
CEM 0/5/3

Clear-Channel E1
Interface
CEM 0/5/3

Optical
Interface

Structured Circuit Emulation VC 6660001

Alstom
Differential
Relay-1
64kbps

Alstom
Serial
Converter
E1 2Mbps

SAToP Pseudowire
Cisco
ASR-903

Cisco
ASR-903

Alstom
Serial
Converter
E1 2Mbps

Alstom
Differential
Relay-2
64kbps

The data rate from Alstom relays over the optical interface is 64kbps
Alstom Serial Conv. convert the 64kbps optical signal into a 2Mbps E1 clear-channel signal
MPLS/IP substation routers enable Circuit Emulation for transporting E1 relay telegrams to the
remote end using a SAToP pseudowire
The SAToP pseudowire de-jitter buffer is configured at 1msec
MPLS/IP substation routers are frequency synchronized for TDM circuit emulation using SyncE
The pseudowire is carried over RSVP TE tunnels using explicit routing to ensure symmetrical
forward and return paths.
TE-FRR protection is used to achieve 50ms recovery against failures in the transport network
Presentation title - 30/04/2014 P 39
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liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Line Differential Protection Over MPLS (4)

1

1.4 msec

Alstom
Differential
Relay-1

Optical
Interface

Alstom
Serial
Converter
64kbps

Optical
Interface

Alstom
Differential
Relay-1

Optical
Interface

5.8 msec

Alstom
Serial
Converter

Alstom
Serial
Converter

Clear-Channel E1 Interface
2Mbps

64kbps

64kbps

Optical
Interface

Clear-Channel
E1 Interface

Alstom
Serial
Converter

SAToP Pseudowire
2Mbps

Cisco
ASR-903

Presentation title - 30/04/2014 P 40

ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on
that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Optical
Interface

2.9 msec

1 hop across MPLS network

Alstom
Serial
Converter
64kbps

Clear-Channel
E1 Interface

7.225 msec
1.425 msec

2.9 msec
Alstom
Differential
Relay-1

Alstom
Differential
Relay-2

Cisco
ASR-903

2Mbps

64kbps

Alstom
Differential
Relay-2

Line Differential Protection Over MPLS (5)

Optical
Interface-1

Alstom
Serial
Converter-1

Clear-Channel E1
Interface CEM 0/5/3

Optical
Interface-2

Clear-Channel E1
Interface CEM 0/5/3

SAToP Pseudowire-1
Cisco
ASR-903

Alstom
Differential
Relay-1
Alstom
Serial
Converter-2

Structured Circuit Emulation VC 6660001

MPLS Pseudowires routed

along non-fate sharing paths

Structured Circuit Emulation VC 7770001

The relays are enabled with dual protection interfaces

Each optical interface is connected to a distinct E1 converter
Each E1 link is connected to a distinct E1 controller port on the 16-port
T1/E1 card on the substation router
The substation router maps this traffic on to two distinct SAToP
pseudowire that are carried over non-fate sharing paths in the
network
The SAToP pseudowire VC 666001 is mapped to the green RSVP TE
tunnel that follows the 1-hop or 10-hop direct link between
substations
Presentation title - 30/04/2014 P 41
ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on
that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Clear-Channel E1
Interface CEM 0/5/4

Optical
Interface-1

Alstom
Differential
Relay-2

Cisco
ASR-903

SAToP Pseudowire-2
Clear-Channel E1
Interface CEM 0/5/4

Alstom
Serial
Converter-1

Alstom
Serial
Converter-2

Optical
Interface-2

Line Differential Protection Over MPLS Conclusions (6)

Packet based networks reliably (dependable & secure) support the most stringent
Line Differential schemes with guaranteed SLAs well below the required latency
Main factors consuming delay budget are relay protection interface types and speeds,
and overlay transport if used (Packet over TDM), and not the packet network itself
RSVP MPLS TE tunnels can ensure that LSPs are co-routed when echo-based relay
synchronization is used for differential schemes

SyncE or PTP ensures efficient synchronization distribution to MPLS PEs for circuit
emulation
MPLS TDM pseudowire de-jitter buffers compensate for network PDV when clocking
data on to relay synchronous protection interfaces
Efficient QoS mechanisms will ensure Line Differential traffic is subject to minimum
latency (for faster detection) and jitter (for accurate relay synchronization) as it
traverses the packet network
Presentation title - 30/04/2014 P 42
ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on
that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

www.alstom.com