Mechanisms of Machines Questions Bank

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DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGG
UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS BANK

AE-2201-MECHANICS OF MACHINES
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UNIT-I- MECHANISMS
2 MARKS:
1. What are binary and quaternary links?
Binary Joint:
When two links are joined at the same connection, joint is known as binary joint.(
Fig.5.10, Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 100)
Quaternary Joint:
When four links are joined at the same connection, the joint is called a
Quaternary Joint. ( Fig.5.12, Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 101)
2. Differentiate machine and structure.
Machine
The parts of a machine move relative to
one another.
A machine transforms the available energy
into some useful work.
The links of a machine may transmit both
power and motion.
Structure.
The member of a structure do not move
relative to one another.
In a structure no energy is transformed into
useful work.
The members of a structure transmit forces
only.
3. What is degree of freedom?

It is defined as the number of input parameters which must be independently controlled in order
to bring mechanism into a useful engineering purpose. (Or) The minimum number of
independent coordinates required to specify the motion of a system at any instance is known as
degrees of freedom.
4. Define Centroid or centrode
The instantaneous centre of a moving body may be defined as that centre which goes on
changing from one instant to another. The locus of all such instantaneous centres is known as
centrode.
5. Define instantaneous axis and Axode.
A line drawn through the instantaneous centre and perpendicular to the plane of motion is called
instantaneous axis. The locus of this axis is known as Axode.
6. What is a machine? Giving example, differentiate between a machine and structure.
A machine is a device which receives energy and transforms it into some useful work.
A machine consists of mumber of parts or bodies.
Ex: all mechanical instruments like reciprocating steam engine.
Manikandan.T, Asst. Professor, Dept. of Aeronautical Engg. Jeppiaar Engg. College, Chennai
Page 2
7. Explain grublers criterion for determining degree for freedom for mechanisms.
The gruplers criterion applies to mechanisms with only single degree of freedom joints where
the overall movability of the mechanism is unity. Substituting n=1,& h=0 in Kutzbach Eqn
n=3(L-1)-2j-h
1= 3(L-1)-2j or 3L-2j-4=0
8. Define a kinematic pair and kinematic chain.
Kinematic pair:
The two links or elements of a machine, when in contact with each other, are
said to form a pair. If the relative motion between them is completely constrained, the pair is
known as kinematic pair.
Kinematic chain:
when the kinematic pairs are coupled in such a way that the last link is joined to
the first link to transmit definite motion, it is called a kinemtic chain.
9. What are the types of instantaneous centre?
It has three types
1. Fixed instantaneous centre
2. Permanent instantaneous centre
3. Neither fixed nor permanent instantaneous centre (Fig.6.5, Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 123)
10. How are kinematics pair classified?
The kinematic pair may nbe classified accoding to the following,
1. According to the type of relative motion between the elements.
2. According to the type of contact between the elements.
3. According to the type of closure.
11. What are the inversions of the slider crank chain?
By fixing the different links in a kinematic chain , an inversion is obtained.
Inversions of the single slider crank chain
Pendulum pump or bull engine
Oscillating cylinder engine
Rotary internal combustion engine
Crank and slotted lever quick return motion mechanism
Whitworth quick return motion mechanism.
Inversions of the Double slider crank chain
Elliptical trammel
Scotch yoke mechanism
Page 3
Oldhams coupling
12. What are the important kinematic chains with four kinematic pair?
Kinematic chain may be defined as a combination of kinematic pairs. The four kinematic pair
joined in which each link forms a part of two pairs and the relative motion between the links or
elements is completely constrained. (Ex.Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 98)
13. What is the mechanism of finding acceleration of various points in a mechanism? Name two
different methods of finding acceleration in mechanism?
The acceleration of a particle whose mechanism is finding through radial component and
tangential component of particle at the given instant.
Methods:
Acceleration of a point on a link
Acceleration in a slider crank mechanism
Coriolis component of acceleration
14. What are centripetal and tangential components of acceleration? When do they occur?
Centripetal component: which is perpendicular to the velocity or it acts parallel to the space
diagram of the instant.
Tangential component: which is parallel to the velocity or it acts perpendicular to the space
diagram of the instant.
15. Define the term inversion and name of four inversions obtained from a slider crank chain.
By fixing the different links in a kinematic chain , an inversion is obtained.
Inversions of the single slider crank chain
Pendulum pump or bull engine
Oscillating cylinder engine
Rotary internal combustion engine
Crank and slotted lever quick return motion mechanism
Whitworth quick return motion mechanism
16. State the difference between lower and higher pair.
Lower pair: when relative motion takes place and the surface of one element slides over the
surface of the other, the pair formed is known as lower pair. Ex: sliding pair, turning pair, screw
pairs.
Higher pair: when relative motion takes place and the motion between the two elements is
partly turning and partly sliding, then the pair is known as higher pair. Ex: A pair of friction
discs, gear tooth, belt and rope.
17. State the difference between the following : a fixed link of elliptical trammel and fixed link of an
oldham coupling.
Elliptical Trammel: Link 4 (Slotted plate) is fixed
Link 1& 3 are sliders and form sliding pair with link4
Link 2 is a bar which forms turning pair with links 1& 3
oldham coupling : link 2 (supporting frame) is fixed
Page 4
link 1&3 (flange) is connected with shaft rigidly fastened, it forms

turning pairs with link 2.
Link 4 (intermediate piece) which is a circular disc.
16 MARKS:
1.
In a quick return motion mechanism of crank and slotted level type, the ratio of maximum
velocities is 2. If the length of stroke is 250mm find
[Apr/May 2008]
(i ) The length of the slotted lever ( 3 )
( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no:112).
(ii) The ratio of times of cutting and return strokes ( 3 )

(iii) The maximum cutting velocity per second if the crank rotates at 30 rpm ( 2 )
(iv) Explain various inversions of single and double slider crank chains ( 8 )
( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no:107-110 & 113-115).
2. For the given mechanism shown in fig., determine the acceleration of the slider F and the angular
acceleration of link BE when crank rotates clockwise at 191 rpm for the given configuration OA
= 200mm AC=BE=EF=800mm BC=300mm. [Apr/May 2008] ( Ref. S.S Rattan P.no:93, Ex;3.6 ).
3. PQRS is a four bar chain with link PS is fixed. The lengths of the links are PQ=62.5mm;
QR=175mm; RS=112.5mm; PS=200mm. the crank PQ rotates at 10 rad/s clockwise. Draw the velocity
acceleration diagram when the angle QPS is 60 and Q and R lie on the same side of PS. The angular
velocityand angular acceleration of links QR and RS. [Apr/May 2008] ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no:184, Ex: 8.4).
4. In a slider-crank mechanism, the crank 480mm long and rotates at 20 rad/s in counter-clockwise
direction. The length of connecting rod is 1.6m. When the turns 60 from the inner dead. Determine
( i ) the velocity of the slider
[Apr/May 2008] ( Ref. S.S.Rattan P.no:46, EX:2.2).
( ii ) the velocity of a point E located at a distance of 450mm on the connecting rod from crank
( iii ) the position and velocity of a point F on the connecting rod having least absolute velocity.
Page 5
5. (a) what is inversion of a machine? Explain in details, the various inversions of

(1) four bar chain (2) single slider crank chain, with figures.
[Nov/Dec 2007]
(Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no:105-110).
6. (1) Describe the method to find the velocity of a point on a link whose direction(or path) is known
and the velocity of some other point on the same link in magnitude and direction is given. ( Ref. R.S Kurmi
P.no:145-146).
(2) Derive an expression for the magnitude of coriolis component of acceleration. [Nov/Dec 2007]
7. (i) What do you mean by inversion of a mechanism? Explain any two inversions of single slider crank
mechanism.
[Apr/May 2005]
( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no:107-110).
8. A mechanism in which the crank AB is rotating uniformly at 180rpm in the clockwise direction is
shown in Fig. 1. The blocks D and E are working in frictionless guides. The dimensions of the
mechanism are AB = 450 mm, BD = 1500mm, BC = 900mm and CE = 900 mm. Draw the velocities of
blocks D and E in their guides. Find the turning moment at A if a force of 1000 N acts on D in the
direction of the arrow X and a force of 1500 N acts on E in the direction of the arrow Y.
[Apr/May 2005]
( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no:167-168, Ex.7.13).
9. Explain in details the double slider crank mechanism. Name all the inversions of double slider crank
mechanism.
[Nov/Dec 2008]
10. With a neat sketch explain the inversion of the double slider crank mechanism which is used in
elliptical trammel.
[Nov/Dec 2008]
Page 6
11. In a steam engine mechanism ,shown in fig 1 the crank shaft AB rotates at 200 r.p.m. find the
velocities of C,D,E,F and P. Also find the acceleration of slider at C. the dimension of the various links
are AB=12CM,BC=48CM,CD=18CM,DE=36CM AND EF=12CM AND FP=34CM [Nov/Dec 2008]
( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no:93, Ex: 3.6).
12) i) sketch and explain any two inversions of a double slider crank chain. [Apr/May 2004]
ii) The crank and connecting rod in a theoretical steam engine are 0.5 m and 2 m long respectively. The
crank makes 180 rpm in the clockwise direction. when it has turned 45 degree from the inner dead
centre position, determine
( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no:148, EX: 7.2).
1. Velocity of piston
2. Angular velocity of connected rod
3. Velocity of the point E on the connecting rod 1.5 m from the gudgeon pin,
4. Velocity of rubbing at the pins of the crank shaft, crank and cross head when the diameters of the pin
are 50mm, 60 mm and 30 mm respectively.
13.A) The following data refer to the lengths of links of a six-link mechanism in which the rotory
motion of
the input link 2 is transformed to the horizontal linear motion of the output slider6. Fixed
link I, AoBo=60mm,input link 2, AoA=25mm,coupler link 3, AB = 85mm, Follower link 4,BBo =
55mm connecting rod 5,CD 60mm. The pin joint C is at the center of the link Bbo.The horizontal line of
the stoke of the slider passes through the fixed link pivots Ao and Bo.The angle between B0 Ao Axis
60(dgree) in this position,(i) Sketch the mechanisim and indicate the data.(ii) Draw the velocity diagram
and determine the linear velocity of the slider, if the input link speed is 2 rad/sec. constant, clockwise.
(iii) Draw the acceleration diagram and determine the linear acceleration of the slider, which is
connected at one end of the connecting rod,CD.
[Nov/Dec 2008] (Ref.S.S Rattan P.no:69-71 EX:
2.20,2.21,2.22).
Page 7
14. The following data refer to the length of the links of the six-link mechanism in which the rotory
motion of the input link 2 is transformed to the horizontal linear motion of the output slide 6. Fixed
link1, AD = 60mm, Input link,AB = 25mm, Coupler link3,BC = 85mm, Follower link4,CD = 55mm
Connecting rod ,EF= 60mm. The pin joint E is the center of the link CD.The horizontal line of the
stroke of the slider passes through the fixed link pivots A and D.Angle DAB is 45(dgree).In position,
(i)
Sketch the mechanism and indicate the data.
(4)
(ii)
Draw the velocity diagram and determine the linear velocity of the solider, if the input
link constant speed is rad/sec. clockwise. (6)
(iii)Draw the acceleration diagram and determine the linear accelearation of the slider, which is
connected at the end of the connecting rod ,EF. (6) [Nov/Dec 2008] (Ref.S.S Rattan P.no:69-71 EX: 2.20,).
15. In a pin jointed four bar mechanism ABCD, the length of the links are; AB=75mm;BC= 80 mm;CD=
37mm and AD=125 mm. The link AD is fixed and the angle BAD =53 degree,if the velocity B is 100
rad/sec and an angular acceleration of 4400 rad/sec2 in the counter clockwise direction. Find (!)
angular acceleration of BC and (2) linear acceleration of R on the link BC , take BR=28mm.
[May/June 2006]
16. (i) explain the construction and working of cramk and slotted lever quick return mechanism with neat
sketch.(8)
( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 108-109).
[May/June 2006]
(iii) what is corolis acceleration? When does it occur? Derive for its magnitude and
direction.(8) ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 208).
17. (i)draw the acceleration diagram of a slider crank mechanism.explain.(8)
[May/June 2007]
(ii) Explain how the velocities of a slider and the connecting rod are obtained in a slide crank
mechanism. (8)
18. In a simple steam engine , the lengths of the crank and the corresponding rod are 100 mm and 400
mm respectively. The weight of the corresponding rod is 500 n and its centre of mass is 220 mm from
the cross head centre. The radius of gyration about the centre of mass is 120 mm if the engine speed is
300 rpm, determine for the position when the crank has turned 45 degrees from the inner dead centre,
(i) the velocity and acceleration of the centre of mass of the connecting rod,
(ii) the angular velocity and acceleration of the rod, and
(iii) the kinetic energy of the rod.
3. For the kinetic linkages shown below, find the number of binary links, ternary links and degrees
of freedom.
NOTE: Figure november/december 2007 question no. 11(b)
Page 8
UNIT-II- FRICTION
2 MARKS:
1. Explain the term limiting angle of friction
The reaction R must be equal and opposite to the resultant of W and P and will be inclined at an angle
to the normal reaction RN. This angle is known as the limiting angle of friction. tan =F/ RN
(Fig.10.2, Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 262).
2. What is the effect of centrifugal tension in the belt tension ratio?
While in motion the belt continuously runs over the pulleys, resulting some centrifugal force is
caused, whose effect is to increase the tension on both, tight as well as slack slides. The tension caused
by centrifugal is called centrifugal tension.
3. What is dry fraction? Write its classifications.
The friction experienced between two dry and unlubricated surfaces in contact is known as dry or solid
friction. Its due to the surface roughness. It may be classified by sliding friction and rolling friction.
4. Define velocity ratio.
Its the ratio between the velocities of the driver and the follower or driven.
V2/V1= d1/d2
5. What is mean by limiting friction?
When the external forces acting on the body which does not make any motion towards the applied force
until the applied force leads to the friction. The friction which is acting opposite to the applied force
thus the friction is called the limiting friction. (Fig.10.1, Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 260).
6. State any four advantages v belt drive over flat belt drive.
The v-belt drive gives compactness due to the small distance between the centre of pulleys.
The drive is positive, because the slip between the belt and pulley groove is negligible.
The high velocity ratio (maximum 10) may be obtained.
It can be easily installed and removed.
7. Differentiate between pivot and collar bearing

The bearing surfaces placed at the end of a shaft to take the axial thrust are known as pivots. It may
have a flat or conical surface.
The bearing surfaces placed along the length of the shaft to take the axial thrust are known as collars. It
may have a flat or conical surface, but the flat surface is commonly used, in order to reduce the
intensity of pressure.
8.
Differentiate between Theory of uniform pressure and theory of uniform wear.

The study of friction of bearings, its assumed that
The pressure is uniformly distributed throughout the bearing surfaces,
The wear is uniform throughout the bearing surfaces.
Page 9
9. Derive from first principles an expression for the effort required to raise a load with screw jack taking
friction into consideration.
Briefly explain and draw fig. (Fig.10.12, Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 271).
10. Explain the terms : (a) co-efficient of friction (b) angle of friction
Co-efficient of friction:
It is defined as the ratio of limiting friction (F) to the normal reaction (RN)
between the two bodies.
= /
Angle of friction: It is defined as the ratio of limiting friction (F) to the normal reaction (RN) between
the two bodies.
tan = / =
11. What is angle of friction and solid friction?
REF Ans.11 & 3
12. Define slip and creep.
Slip:The belts and shafts assuming a firm frictional grip between the belts and the shafts. But
sometimes, the frictional grip becomes insufficient. This may cause some forward motion of the belt
without carrying the driven pulley with it. This is called slip of the belt.
Creep: when the belt passes from the slack side to the tight side, a certain portion of the belt extends
and it contracts again when the belt passes from the tight side to slack side. Due to the changes of
length, there is a relative motion between the belt and the pulley surfaces. The relative motion is called
as creep.
13. Explain the laws of static and dynamic friction.
14. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the v-belt drive over the flat belt drive?
Advantages: Ref answer of Q.6
Disadvantages:
The v-belt cannot be used with large centre distances.
The v-belt are ot so durable as flat belts.
The construction of pulleys for v-belts is more complicated than pulleys for flat belts.
15. What is overhauling and self locking in screws.
The effort required at circumference of the screw to lower the load
P=W tan( )
Torque required to lower the load,
T=P x d/2 = W tan( ) x d/2
In the above eqn, if < , then torque required to lower the load will be negative. It leads the load
will start moving downward without application of any torque. Such a condition is known as
Page 10
overhauling of screws. If > , the torque required to lower the load will positive, indicating that an
effort is applied to lower the load Such a condition is known as self locking of screws.
16 MARKS:
1. (a) ( i ) the following data relate to a screw jack:
Pitch of the threaded screw=8mm, Diameter of the threaded screw=40mm, Coefficient of friction
between screw and nut=0.1, Load=20kN. Assuming that the load rotates with the screw, determine
(1) The ratio of torques required to raise and lower the load (4 )
(2) The efficiency of the machine ( 4 )
(3) List the laws of dry or solid friction ( 8 ).
[Apr/May 2008]
( Ref. SS Rattan P.no: 264, Ex.8.8).

2. In an open belt drive, the linear velocity of the belt is 3m/s. the angle of lap on the smaller pulley is
166, the co-efficient of friction is 0.3 and the power transmitted is 3kW.
Determine the effect of power transmission in the following cases:
(i) initial tension in the belt is increased by 10% ( 4 )
[Apr/May 2008]
(ii) initial tension in the belt is decreased by 10% ( 4 )

(iii) angle of lap is increased by 10% by the use of an idler pulley, for the same speed and tension on
the tight side. (4 )
(iv) Co-efficient of friction is increased by 10% by suitable dressing to the friction surface of the belt.
3. A single plate clutch is required to transmit 8kW at 1000rpm. The axial pressure is limited to
70kN/2 . The mean radius of the plate is 4.5 times the radial width of the friction surface. If both the
sides of the plate are effective and =0.25, find
[May 2010]
( i ) the inner and outer radii of the plate and the mean radius ( Ref. S.S Rattan P.no: 278, Ex:8.16).
( ii ) the width of the friction lining ( 16 )
4. The following data relate to rope drive:
[May 2010]
Power transmitted=20kW; diameter of pulley=480mm; speed=80rpm; angle of lap on smaller

pulley=160; number of ropes=8; mass of rope/m length=48 2 kg; limiting working tension=132;
= 0.3; angle of groove=44. If G is girth of rope in m, determine the tension and diameter of each
rope.
5. The external and internal radii of a friction clutch of a disc type are 90 mm and 50 mm respectively
both sides are friction clutch are effective and coefficient of friction is equal to 0.25.The friction clutch
is used to rotate a machine from a shaft which is rotating at a constant speed of 240 r.p.m. The moment
of inertia of rotating parts of machine is 5.5 kg m 2.The intensity of pressure is not exceed 0.8 x105 n/m2 .
Page 11
Assuming uniform wear, determine the time required for the machine to attain the full speed when the
clutch is suddenly applied. also determine the energy lost in slipping the clutch. [Nov/Dec 2008]
6. Any open belt connects two flat pulleys, the smaller pulley being of 400 mm in diameter .the angle of
gap on the smaller pulley is 160 degree and the coefficient of friction between belt and pulley is 0.25.
Which of the following alternatives would be more effective in increasing the power that could be
transmitted?
[Nov/Dec 2008]
(i)
Increasing the initial tension by 10%
(ii)
Increasing the coefficient of friction by 10% by the application of suitable dressing to the
belt?
7. (i)The thrust of a propeller shaft in marine engine is taken up by a number of collars integral with a
shaft which is 300 mm in diameter ,the thrust on the shaft is 200 km and the speed is 75 r.pm..the is
equal to 0.05 and assuming the intensity of pressure as uniform and equal to 0.3 n/mm2,find the external
diameter of the collars and the number of collars required ,if the power lost in friction is not exceeded
16 kw.
[Apr/May 2004] ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 296, Ex:10.21).
(ii) A single dry plate clutch transmits 7.5 KWat 900 rpm.The axial pressure is limited to 0.07
n/mm2.If the coefficient of friction is 0.25,find mean radius and face width of the friction lining outer
and inner radii of the clutch assuming the ratio of the mean radius to face width as 4. [Apr/May 2004]
( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 304, Ex:10.25).
8. The following data refer to an open belt drive: diameter of the larger pulley =400 mm; diameter of the
smaller pulley=250 mm;distance between the two pulleys is 2m; coefficient of friction between the
smaller pulley surface and belt =0.4;maximum tension when the belt is on the point of slipping =1200
N.Find the power transmitted at the speed of 10 m/s. It is desired to increase the power .which of the
following two methods you will select? ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 357, Ex:11.16).
[Apr/May 2004]
(i)
Increasing the initial tension in the belt by 10%
(ii)
Increasing the coefficient of friction between smaller pulley surface and belt by 10% by the
application of suitable dressing on the belt. Find also ,the possible % increase in power in
each case.
9. The thrust of a propeller shaft in a marine engine is taken up by a number of collars integral with the
shaft which is 300 mm diameter. The thrust on the shaft is 300 KN and the speed is 90 rpm. Taking
constant equal to 0.4 N/mm.find the external diameter of the collars and the number of collars required,
if the power lost in friction is not to exceed 18kw. ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 296,Ex:10.21).[Nov/Dec 2007]
10. Explain the following : (1) effect of centrifugal and initial tension in belt drive. (2) conditions for
maximum power transmission in belt drive. (3) friction in thrust bearings. [Nov/Dec 2007]
( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 345,353).
11. (i) Derive the expression for the transmission for maximum power considering the effect of
centrifugal tension.
[Apr/May 2005]
Page 12
(ii) An open belt drive running over two pulleys 24 cm and 60 cm diameter connects two parallel
shafts 3 m apart and transmits 3.75 kW from the smaller pulley that rotates at 300 rpm. The coefficient
of friction between the belt and the pulleys is 0.3 and the safe working tension is 100 N per cm width.
Determine (1) maximum width of the belt, (2) initial belt tension, (3) length of the belt required.
12. The external and internal radii of a friction clutch of disc type are 90 mm and 50 mm respectively.
Both sides of the friction clutch are effective and co-efficient of friction is 0.25. The friction clutch is
used to rotate a machine from a shaft which is rotating at a constant speed of 240 rpm. The moment of
inertia of the rotating parts of the machine is 5.5 kg.m2. The intensity of pressure is not to exceed 0.8 x
105 N/m2. Assuming uniform wear, determine the time required for the machine to attain the full speed
when the clutch is suddenly applied. Also determine the energy lost in slipping of the clutch.
[Apr/May 2005]
13. An applied force of 1800 N acting parallel to the inclined plane is required to move a body upon the
inclined plane of 20 degree, with uniform velocity. If the angle of the inclined plane is reduced to 15
degree, the applied force required is 1500N. find the coefficient of friction and the weight of the body.
(8)
14. A screw jack with square thread having 60 mm pitch diameter is used to raise 30 KN load. Pitch of
the rod is 16 mm and coefficient of friction between screw and nut is 0.2. find the ratio of torque
required to raise the load to the torque to lower the load and the efficiency of the screw jack when
raising the load. (8)
15. Two parallel shafts 6m apart are to be connected by a belt running over pulleys of diameters 0.4m
and 0.6 m. determine the exact length of the belt required for open belt drive. (8) ( R.S Kurmi P.no: 338,
Ex:11.3).
16. A belt is running over a pulley of a diameter 1.2 m at 200 rpm. The angle of contact is 0.0. if the
maximum tension in the belt is 3000N, determine the power transmitted by the belt. Also state the
conditions for maximum power transmission by the belt drive. (8) ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 342, Ex:11.4).
17. An open belt moving over two pulleys 240mm and 600mm diameter connects two parallel shafts
3.2m apart and transmits 4kW from the smaller pulley that rotates at 300 rpm. coefficient of friction
between belt and pulley is 0.3 and the safe working tension is 10N per mm width. determine (i)
minimum width of the plane (8) (ii) initial belt tension(4) (iii) length of belt required (4).
[May/June 2007] ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no:356, Ex:11.15).
18. A single plate clutch ,effective on both sides ,is required to transmit 25kW at 3200rpm. Determine
the outer and inner radii of frictional surface if coefficient of friction is 0.3,the ratio of radii is 1.25
and the maximum pressure is not to exceed 0.1 N/mm2 . Also determine the axial thrust to be
provided by springs. Assume the theory of uniform wear.(16) ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 303, Ex:10.24).
[May/June 2007]
19. Neglecting collarfriction,from first principles, prove that maximum efficiency of a square threaded
screw moving in a nut is (1-sin/1+sin) where is angle of friction. [May/June 2006]
Page 13
20. (i) The efficency of a screw is 60%,when a load of 1500N is lifted by an effort applied at the end of
the handle 0.5m.Determine the effort applied if the pitch of the screw thread is 12m. (8) ( Ref. R.S
Kurmi P.no: 272, 279).
(ii) An effort of the 1200N is required to the just move a certain body up an inclined is increased
to 15(degree), then the effort required is 1400N.Find the co-efficient of friction and the weight of the
body. (8)
( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 272,).
[Nov/Dec 2008]
22. Derive the expression for finding the length of the belt drive if it is
(i) Open belt drive
[Nov/Dec 2008]
(ii) Closed belt drive. (16)
( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 334,336,).
23. (i) explain with neat sketch the working principle of single plate clutch.(6) ( Ref. R.S Kurmi
P.no: 297,).
(ii) An open belt drive is used to connect two parallel shafts 4m apart the diameter of bigger
pulley is 1.5m. the mass of the belt is 1 kg/m length. The maximum tension is not to exceed
1500N. the coefficient of friction is 0.25. The bigger pulley which is driver runs at 250 rpm.
Due to the slip the speed of the driven pulley is 725 rpm. Calculate the power transmitted,
power lost in friction and efficiency of the drive. (10)
[May/June 2006]
UNIT-III-GEARING AND CAMS

2 MARKS
1. Define law of gearing.
The common normal point at the point of contact between a pair of teeth must always pass through
the pitch point. This is the fundamental condition which must be satisfied while designing the
profiles the teeth of gear wheel is known as law of gearing.
2. The types of cams and followers.
Cams are classified according to
1. Shape as wedge and flat cams, radial cams, spiral cams, cylindrical cams, conjugate cams,
cycloidal cams, globoidal cams, spherical cams,
2. Follower movement as rise-return-rise, dwell-rise-return-dwell, dwell-rise-dwell return-dwell
3. Manner of constraint of the follower as pre-loaded spring cam, positive-drive cam, gravity
cam.
Followers are classified according to
1. shape as knife edge follower, roller follower, mushroom follower,
2. Movement as reciprocating follower, oscillating follower
3. location of line of movement as radial follower, offset follower
3. What is pressure angle or angle of obliquity?
The angle between pressure line and the common tangent to the pitch circles is known as the pressure
angle. For more power transmission and lesser pressure on the bearings, the pressure angle must be kept
small.
Page 14
4. What is a cam?
A cam is a mechanical member used to impact desired motion to a follower by direct contact. The cam
may be rotating or reciprocating whereas the follower may be rotating, reciprocating or oscillating.
Cams are widely used in automatic machines, internal combustion engines, machine tools, and so on.
5. A single reduction gear of 120 KW with a pinion 250 mm pith circle diameter and speed 650 rpm is
supported in bearings on either side .Calculate the total load due to power transmitted ,the pressure angle
being 20 degree?
6. What are various types of gear trains?
simple gear train
compound gear train
Epicyclic gear train
7. Explain module and pressure angle?
Module: Its the ratio of pitch circle diameter in millimeters to the number of teeth. Its denoted by m .
m=D/T
Pressure angle: The angle between pressure line and the common tangent to the pitch circles is known
as the pressure angle. For more power transmission and lesser pressure on the bearings, the pressure
angle must be kept small.
8. What do you mean by interference between two mating gears?
The tip of tooth on the pinion will then undercut the tooth on the wheel at the root and remove part of
the involute profile of tooth on the wheel. This effect is known as interference, and occurs when the
teeth are being cut.
9. State and prove law of gearing.
Ref : Ans .1
10. What do you understand by the term interference as applied to gears?
Ref : Ans .8
11. Define module and pressure angle.
Ref : Ans .7
12. Name the different motions that a follower can have.
Reciprocating or translating follower
Oscillating or rotating follower .
13. What is meant by epicylic gear train? Give a practical example.
When the arm is fixed, the gear train is simple and gear A can drive gear B or vice-versa. But if gear
A is fixed and the arm is rotated about the axis of the gear, then the B is forced to rotate upon and
around gear A. such a motion is called epicylic gear train. (Fig.13.6, Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 437).
15. Why a roller follower is preferred to that of knife- Edged follower? Explain
Knife- Edged follower is quite simple, its limited as it produces a great wear of the surface at the point
of contact. But Roller follower is a widely used cam follower and has a cylindrical roller free to rotate
about a pin joint. At low speeds, the follower has a pure rolling action but at high speeds, some sliding
also occurs.
Page 15
16. What is interference in a gear and how it is prevented?

The phenomenon when the tip of tooth undercuts the root on its matting gear is known as interference.
Interference may be avoided if the path of contact does not extend beyond the interference points.
17. What do you understand by the terms cam and follower? Name the essential members of am
mechanism.
A cam and the follower combination belong to the category of higher pairs. Necessary elements of cam
mechanism are,
A driver member known as the cam

A driven member called the follower
A frame which supports the cam and guides the follower
18. Define cam jump phenomena in cam follower mechanism.

As the cam shaft velocity increases, the term involving the square of the velocity increase at a faster
rate and the force F becomes zero at a speed when (se+P)+(m-s) e =0, this can happen at
= 180. (Ref.P.no 242 of SS RATTAN). At that speed, there will be some impact between the
cam and the follower, resulting in a rattling, clicking and noisy operation. This is usually known as
JUMP.
19. Explain how an epicyclic gear train does from the conventional gear train.
The other types of gear trains, the axes of the shafts over which the gears are mounted are fixed
relative to each other. But in case of epicyclic gear trains, the axes of the shafts on which the gears
are mounted may move relative to a fixed axis.
20. Sketch and state the differences between the roller type follower over knife edged follower and flat
faced follower. (Fig. Ref.P.no 212 of SS RATTAN).
21. Define normal pitch and axial pitch relating to helical gears.
Normal pitch: It is the distance between similar faces of adjacent teeth, along a helix on the pitch
cylinder normal to the teeth. It is denoted by PN.
Axial pitch: It is the distance measured parallel to the axis, between similar faces of adjacent teeth.
Its the same as circular pitch and is denoted by Pc. (Fig.12.15, Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 417).
16 MARKS:
1. A pair of gears, having 40 and 20 teeth respectively, are rotating in mesh, the spread of the smaller
being 2000rpm. Determine the velocity of sliding between the gear tooth faces at the point of
engagement, at the pitch point, and at the point disagreement if the smaller gear is the driver. Assume
that the gear teeth are 20 involutes form, addendum length is 5mm. Also find the angle through which
the pinion turns while any pairs of teeth are in contact.
[Apr/May 2008] [May/June 2006] ( Ref.
R.S Kurmi P.no: 400, EX: 12.5).
Page 16
2. A cam with convex flanks operating a flat faced follower has base circle diameter of 75mm and nose
radius of 10mm. The lift of the follower is 19mm. The cam is symmetrical about a line drawn through
the centre of nose and centre of the cam shaft. The total angle of shaft is 120. Determine maximum
velocity, acceleration and retardation of the follower when the cam shaft rotates at 600rpm. [Apr/May
2008]
3. The following data relate to two spiral in mesh:
[May 2010]
Shaft angle=90; centre distance=16mm; normal circular pitch=8mm; gear=3; friction angle=5. For
maximum efficiency of the drive, determine
( i ) The spiral angles of the teeth
( ii ) The number of teeth

( iii ) The centre distance
( iv ) efficiency
4. A cam with a minimum radius of 25mm be designed for a knife edged follower. The following data:
to raise the follower through 35mm during 60 rotation of cam, dwell for next 40 of the cam rotation.
Descending of the follower through the next 90 of the cam rotation, dwell during the rest of the cam
rotation. Draw the profile of the cam if the ascending and descending of the cam is SHM and the line of
stroke of the follower is offset 10mmfrom the axis of the cam shaft.
[May 2010]
5. Two mating involute spur gears of 20degree pressure angle have a gear ratio of 2.The number of teeth on
the pinion is 20 and its speed is 250 rpm. The modular pitch of the teeth is 12mm.If the addendum on
each wheel is such that the path of approach and the path of recess on each side are half the maximum
possible length each, find
[Nov/Dec 2008]
i) The addendum for pinion and gear wheel;
ii) The length of arc of contact;

iii) The maximum velocity of sliding during approach and recess, assume pinion to be a driver.
6. Figure 2 shows an epicyclic gear train, Pinion A has 15 teeth and it is rigidly fixed to the motor
shaft. The wheel B 20 teeth and gears with A and also with the annular fixed wheel D. pinion C has 15
teeth and is integral B(B,C being a compound gear wheel).the gear C meshes with annular wheel E,
which is keyed to machine shaft. The arm rotates about the same shaft on which A is fixed and carries
the compound wheel B, C. If the motor runs at 1000 rpm, find the speed of the machine shaft. Find the
torque exerted on the machine shaft if the motor develops a torque of 100 Nm. [Nov/Dec 2008].
Page 17
( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 463,EX:13.19).
7. A pair of 20 degree full depth involute spur gears having 30 and 50 teeth respectively of module 4
mm are in mesh. The smaller gear rotates at 1000 rpm .determine (i) sliding velocities at engagement
and at dis-engagement of pair of a teeth and (ii) contact ratio.
[Apr/May 2004]
( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 412, Ex.12.12).
8. A cam rotating clockwise at a uniform speed of 100 rpm is required to give a roller follower the motion
defined below
[Apr/May 2004]
(i).the follower to move outwards through 50 mm during 120 degree of cam rotation
(ii).follower to dwell for next 60 degree of cam rotation.
(iii).follower to return to its starting position during 90 degree of cam rotation

(iv).the follower to dwell for the rest of the cam rotation
The minimum radius of the cam is 50 mm and the diameter of roller is 10 mm .
The line of stroke of the follower is offset by 20 mm from the axis of the cam shaft. if the displacement
of the follower takes place with uniform and equal acceleration and retardation on both the outward
and return strokes, draw profile of the cam and find the maximum velocity and acceleration during
outstroke and return stroke..
9. A pair of gears having 60 and 30 teeth respectively , are rotating in mesh, the speed of smaller being
3000rpm determine the velocity of sliding between gear teeth faces at the point of engagement, at the
pitch point and at the point of disengagement if the smaller gear is driver. Assume that the gear teeth
are 20 in volute from, addendum length is 6mm and the module is 5mm. also find the angle through
which the pinion turns while any pair of teeth are in contact. [Nov/Dec 2007]
10. A cam is to be designed for a knife edged follower with following data. [Nov/Dec 2007]
(1) cam lift = 60 mm during 90 of cam rotation with simple harmonic motion
(2) dwell for next 30
(3) during the next 60 of cam rotation, the follower return to its original position with simple
harmonic motion.
Dwell during the remaining 180
(4) Draw the profile of the cam when the line of stroke of the follower passes through the axis of the
cam shaft. The radius of the base circle of the cam is 60 mm. determine the maximum velocity
and acceleration of the follower during its ascent and descent, if the cam rotates at 340rpm.
11. (a) In a reverted epicyclic train, the arm F carries two wheels A and D and a compound
wheel B C. The wheel A meshes with wheel B and wheel D meshes with wheel C. The number of
teeth on wheel A,D and C are 80,48 and 72 respectively . Find the speed and direction of wheel A is
fixed and arm F makes 200 rpm clockwise. ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 440, Ex.13.5). [Apr/May 2005]
Page 18
12. Draw the profile of a cam operating a knife edge follower from the following data:
(i) follower to move outward through a distance of 20 mm during 120o of cam rotation.
(ii) follower to dwell for the next 60o of cam rotation. ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 796, Ex.20.6).
(iii) follower to return to its initial position during 90o of cam rotation.
(iv) Follower to dwell for the remaining 60o of cam rotation.
The cam is rotating clockwise at a uniform speed of 500 rpm. The minimum radius of the cam is 40
mm and the line of stroke of the follower is offset 15 mm from the axis of the cam and the
displacement of the follower is to take place with uniform and equal acceleration and retardation on
both the outward and return strokes. Determine the maximum velocity and acceleration of the
follower during outward and return strokes.
13. (i) State and prove the law of gearing.
[May/June 2007]
(ii) In a reverted Epicyclic gear train the arm A carries two gears B and C and a compound gear
D-E. The gear B meshes with gear E and the gear D.T he number of teeth on gears B,C and D are
75,30 and 90 respectively. Find the speed and directoin of gear B is fixed and the arm a makes 100
r.pm. Clockwise.
14. Draw the profile of a cam to satisfy the following motion:
[Nov/Dec 2008]
(i) Follower to move outwards through 50mm with Uniform acceleration during 120(degree) of
cam rotation. (ii) Dwell for 40(degree) (iii)Return with SHM in 120(degree) and (iv) Dwell for
80(degree). The cam rotates with 1200r.p.m clockwise. The follower is off set 10mm towards the left.
Roller diameter is 10mm, base circle diameter is 40mm. ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 802, Ex.20.9).
15. The Differential gear used in the automobile has a pinion A on the propeller shaft which has 12
teeth and the crown gear B has 60 TEETH. The shafts P(left) and Q (right) form the rear axles to which
the road wheels are attached. if the propeller shaft rotates at 1200 rpm and the road wheel attached to
axle Q has speed of 250 rpm while taking a turn, the speed of road wheel attached to axle P. (10)
(ii)Sketch the nomenclature of a gear and state the classification of toothed gears.(6)
16.A push rod operated by a cam is to rise and fall with simple harmonic motion along an inclined
straight path .the minimum radius of the cam is 50mm and the push rod is fitted at its lower end with
roller 50mm diameter. Roller center is vertically above the cam centre in its lowest position. The
maximum displacement of the roller is 40mm. draw the profile of the cam. Follower to move outwards
during 120 degree rotation of cam .dwells for next 60 degree and return to its starting position during
next 90 degree rotation.the follower to dwell for rest of the cam rotation.wat will be the maximum
velocity and acceleration of follower during the lift?.(16)
Page 19
17. (i)Derive the expression to determine the length of contact of meshing gear teeth. (6)
(ii) An epicyclic gear train consist of a ring gear R with 78 teeth, a planet gear P with 28 teeth and a sun
gear S. gear R meshes internally with gear P and in turn gear P meshes with gear S externally. The arm
which carries the gear P rotates about the sun gear centre. The arm makes 50 rpm counter clockwise and
ring gear R makes 150 rpm clockwise. Sketch the arrangement and find the speed of the sun gear S.
(10).
18. Draw the profile of the cam that gives a lift of 40 mm to a rod carrying a 20 mm diameter roller. The
axis of the roller passes through the centre of the cam. The least radius of the cam is 50 mm. the rod is to
be lifted with simple harmonic motion in a quarter revolution and is to be dropped suddenly at half
revolution. Determine the maximum velocity and acceleration during the lifting. The cam rotates at 60
rpm.
16. In a epicyclic gear train,the internal wheels A and B and compound wheels C and D rotate
independently about axis O.the wheels E and F rotate on pins fixed to the arm G. E gears with A and C
and F gears with B and D. All the wheels have the same module and the number of teeth are:
Tc=28;TD=26,TE=TF=18.(i)sketch the arrangement (ii)find the no. Of teeth on A and B.(iii)if the arm G
makes 100 rpm clockwise and A is fixed, find the speed of B and (iv) if the arm G makes 100 rpm
clockwise and A makes 10 rpm counter clockwise ;find the speed of wheel B.
[Apr/May 2004]
UNIT-IV-BALANCING
2 MARKS:
1. What is partial balancing of locomotives?
A single or uncoupled is a partial balancing of locomotives, in which the effort is transmitted to
one pair of the wheels only; whereas in coupled locomotives, the driving wheels are connected to
the leading and trailing wheel by an outside coupling rod.
2. Differentiate between static and dynamic balancing.
Static balancing: A system of rotating masses is said to be static balance if the combined mass
centre of the system lies on the axis of rotation. (Fig.Ref.P.no 478 of Ss Rattan).
Dynamic balancing: A system rotating masses is in dynamic balance when there does not exist
any resultant centrifugal force as well as resultant couple.
3. What is the method of balancing used in radial engines?
Direct method
Reverse cranks method
4. Give example for a completely balanced engine
5. What do you mean by static balancing and dynamic balancing? What are the necessary conditions to
achieve them?
Ref . Answer: 2
Conditions:
Page 20
The resultant centrifugal force must be zero.

The resultant couple must be zero.
6. Define and explain the term Balancing of rotating masses. What is the effect of unbalancing of
rotating parts in a high speed engine?
The process of providing the second mass in order to counteract the effect of the centrifugal force of
the first mass is called Balancing of rotating masses.
7. What are static and dynamic balancing?
Ref . Answer: 2
8. What are primary and secondary balancing?
The secondary acceleration force is defined as
(Ref.P.no 496 of SS Rattan).
2
Secondary force = mrw cos 2 ,
its the frequency is twice that of the primary force and the magnitude 1/n times the magnitude of the
primary force.
9. Distinguish between static balancing and dynamic balancing.
Ref . Answer: 2
10. Discuss the crank arrangement for balancing of v-engines.
Consider a symmetrical two cylinder v-engine as shown in fig. (Fig.22.33, Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 899). The
common crank OC is driven by two connecting rods PC and QC. The lines of stroke OP and OQ are
inclined to the vertical OY, at an angle .
11. What is meant by swaying coupling?
This couple ha s swaying effect about a vertical axis, and tends to sway the engine alternately in
clockwise and anticlockwise directions. Hence the couple is known as swaying couple.
12. What do you mean by static and dynamic balancing?
Ref . Answer: 2
13. Define static balancing and dynamic balancing. State the necessary conditions to achieve them.
14. Can reciprocating masses can be completely balanced for multi cylinder engines? Justify.
15. Why balancing of rotating masses is needed for high speed engines?
In high speed engines, if these parts are not properly balanced, the dynamic forces are set up. These
forces not only increase the load on bearings and stresses in the various members, but also produce
unpleasant and even dangerous vibrations.
16. What is meant by Balancing of Rotating Masses?
Ref . Answer: 6
17. What do you understand by inside cylinder locomotives and outside cylinder locomotives?
18. Write a short note on primary and secondary balancing.
Ref . Answer: 2
19. Define hammer blow
The maximum magnitude of the unbalance forces along the perpendicular to the line of stroke is
hammer blow.
Page 21
20. Define tractive force.

The resultant unbalance force due to the two cylinders along the line of stroke is known as
tractive force.
16 MARKS:
1. A shaft carries four rotating masses A, B, C and D in this order along its axis. The mass A may be
assumed concentrated at a radius of 300mm, B at 375mm, C at 350mm and O at 450mm. the masses A,
C and D are 6.85kg, 4.5kg and 3.6kg respectively. The planes of revolution of A and B are 375mm apart
and B and C are 450mm apart. The angle between the radii of A and C is 90. Determine
(i) the angles between the radii A, B and D.
[Apr/May 2008] ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 412, Ex.12.12).
(ii) The distance between the planes of revolution of C and D

(iii) The valve of mass B so that the shaft may be perfect balance
2. Explain the following in detail:
[Apr/May 2008] ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 894,899).
( i ) Balancing of radial engines

( ii ) Balancing of V engines.
3. Three masses of 8kg, 12kg and 15kg attached at radial distances of 80mm, 100mm and 60mm
respectively to a disc on a shaft are in complete balance. Determine the angular positions of the masses
12kg and 15kg relative to 8kg mass. May 2010
( Ref. S.S Rattan P.no: 485, Ex.14.5).
4. Deduce expression for in tractive force and swaying couple for a locomotive engine. May 2010
5. A five cylinder in-line engine running at 750 rpm has successive cranks 144 degree apart, the
distance between the centre lines being 375 mm. The piston stroke is 225 mm and the ratio of the
connecting rod to the crank is 4.Examine the engine for balance of primary and secondary forces and
couples. Find the maximum values of these and the position of the central crank at which these
maximum values occur. The reciprocating mass for each cylinder is 15 kg.
6. Figure 3 shows a long shaft carries 3 pulleys ,two at its ends and third at its mid point.the two end
pulleys have masses 48 kg and 20 kg and centre of gravity are 1.5 cm and 1.25 cm respectively from the
axis of the shaft .the pulleys are so keyed to the shaft that the assembly is in static balance. The shaft
Page 22
rotates at 300 rpm in two bearings 180 cm apart with equal over hangs on either sides. Determine
relative angular position of the pulleys. [Nov/Dec 2008] ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 853, Ex.21.7).
7. A four cylinder vertical engine is in complete primary balance the length of the cranks are 150
mm the planes of rotation of the first ,second and fourth cranks 400 mm,200 mm and 200 mm
respectively from the third crank and their reciprocating masses are 50 kg,60 kg and 50 kg respectively
.find (i) the masses of the reciprocating parts for the third cylinder and (ii) the relative positions of the
cranks. [Nov/Dec 2008]
8 . A shaft carriers four masses in parallel planes A, B, C and D in this order along its length. The
masses at B and C are 20kg and 14.5 kg respectively, and each has a eccentricity of 60 mm. the masses
at A and D have an eccentricity of 80mm. the angle between the masses at B and C is 100 and that
between the masses at B and A is 190, both being measured in same direction. The axial distance
between the plane A and B is same direction. The axial distance between the planes A and B is 110
mm and that between B and C is 210mm. if the shaft is in complete dynamic balance, determine;
(1)the magnitude of the masses at A and D
(2)the distance between planes A and D
[Nov/Dec 2007] ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 848, Ex.21.5).
(3)The angular position of the mass at D.

10. Explain the following detail;
(1) balancing of radical engines.
[Nov/Dec 2007]
( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 894, ).
(2) balancing of four cylinder in-LINE ENGINES. ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 879,).
(3) effect of particle balancing of reciprocating parts of two cylinder locomotives. ( Ref. R.S Kurmi
P.no: 863,).
11. Four masses 200kg, 300kg, 240 kg and 260 kg are attached to a shaft. These masses are revolving at
radii 270 mm, 210 mm, 300 mm and 360 mm respectively in planes measured from A 1 at 270 mm, 420
mm and 720 mm respectively. The angles measured anticlockwise are m 1 to m2 and m3 75o, m3 and
m475o, m3 to m4 135o and the distance between the planes L and M in which the balance masses are to be
placed is 500 mm. The distance planes A1 and L is 120 mm and M and A4 is 100 mm. If the balancing
masses revolve at a radius of 72 mm, find their magnitude and angular positions. [Apr/May 2005]
12. The cranks and connecting rods of a 4-cylinder-in-line engine running at 1800 rpm are 60 mm and
240 mm each respectively and the cylinders are spaced 150 mm apart. If the cylinders are numbered 1 to
4 in sequence from one end. The cracks appears at intervals of 90o in an end view in the order 1-4-2-3.
The reciprocating mass corresponding to each cylinder is 1.5 kg. Determine (i) unbalanced primary and
secondary couples with reference to central plane of the engine. [Apr/May 2005]
13. A shaft carries four masses A,B,C and D of magnitude 200Kg, 300Kg, 400Kg and 200Kg
respectively and revolving at radii 80mm, 70mm, 60mm, and 80mm in planes measured from A at
Page 23
300mm,400mm and 700mm. The angles between the cranks measured anticlockwise are A to B
45(degree), B to C 70(degree), C to D 120 (degree). The balancing masses are to be placed in planes X
and Y. The distances between the planes A and X is 100mm, between X and Y is 400mm between A
and B is 300m, between A and C is 400mm between Y and D is 200mm. if balancing masses revolve at
a radius of 100mm, find their magnitudes and angular positions.
[Nov/Dec 2008]
14. The pistons of a 60(dgree) twin V-engine has stokes of 120mm. The connecting roads driving a
common crank has a length of 200mm. The mass of the reciprocating partrs per cyclinder is 1 Kg and
the speed of the crank shaft is 2500 r.p.m. Determine the magnitude of the primary and secondary
forces.
[Nov/Dec 2008]
15. Derive the following expressions for an uncoupled two cylinder locomotive engine .ANSWER ANY
TWO,
[May/June 2006]
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Variation in tractive forces

Swaying couple
Hammer blow.(16).
16. A shaft has three eccentrics of mass 1 kg each. The central plane of eccentrics is 50 mm apart. The
distances of centres from the axis of rotation are 20 mm,30 mm, and 20 mm and their angular positions
are 120 degree apart. Find the amount of out of balance force and couple at 600 rpm. If the shaft is
balanced by adding two masses at a radius of 70 mm and at a distance of 100 mm from the central plane
of middle eccentric, find the amount of masses and their angular positions.(16)
[May/June 2006]
17. A shaft carries four masses A,B,C,D of magnitude 250 kg,320 kg, 400 kg and 220 kg respectively
and revolving at radii 80mm, 70 mm, 60 mm and 80 mm in planes measured from A at 300 mm, 400
mm and 700 mm. the angle between the cranks measured anticlockwise Ato B 45 degree, B to C 70
degree and C TO D 120 degree. the balancing masses are to be 100 mm, between X and Y is 400 mm
and between Y and D is 200 mm. if the balancing masses revolve at a radius of 100 mm, find the
magnitudes and angular positions.(16) ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 843, Ex.21.2).
[May/June 2007]
18. A twin cylinder V engines has the cylinders set at an angle of 45 degree, with both pistons connected
to single crank the crank radius is 62.5 mm and the connecting rod are 257 mm long the reciprocating
mass per line is 1.5 kg and total rotating mass is equal to 2kg at the crank radius. a balance mass fitted
opposite to crank is equivalent 10 2.25 kg at a radius of 87.5 mm. determine for engine speed of rpm the
maximum and minimum values of primary and secondary forces due to the inertia of reciprocating and
rotating masses.
[May/June 2007]
19. Four masses A,B,C and D are completely balanced. Masses C and D makes angles of 90 and 210
respectively with B in the same sense. The plane containing B and C mm apart. Masses A,B,C and D
can be assumed to be concentrated at radii of 360,480,40 and 300 mm respectively. The masses B,C and
D are 15 kg, 25 kg and 20 kg respectively. Determine the mass A and its angular position and also the
positions of planes A and D.
20 .A single cylinder reciprocating engine has a reciprocating mass of 60 kg. the crank rotates at 6o rpm
and the stroke is 3 20 mm. mass of the revolving parts at 160 mm radius is 40 kg if two-thirds of the
Page 24
reciprocating parts and whole of the revolving parts are to be balanced determine (i) the balanace mass
required at a radius of 350 mm (ii) the unbalanced force when the crank has turned 50 from the top
dead centre.
UNIT-V- VIBRATIONS
2
MARKS
1. Define the term vibration isolation.

Vibrations are produced in machines having unbalanced masses. Thus vibrations will be
transmitted to the foundation upon which the machines are installed. This is usually undesirable. To
diminish the transmitted forces, machines are usually mounted on springs or dampers, or on some other
vibration isolating materials. This process is called vibration isolation.
2. What is the effect of damping in the critical speed of a shaft?
3. Define frequency.
Its the number of cycles described in one second. In S.I units, the frequency is expressed in Hz which
is equal to the one cycle per second.
4. What is critical speed?
The speed, at which the shaft runs so that the additional deflection of the shaft from the axis of
rotation becomes infinity, is known as critical or whirling speed.
5. What are the causes and effect of vibration?
There are various harmful effects of vibration:
(a) Excessive wear of bearings.
(b) Formation of cracks in machines, buildings and structure, etc.
(c) Loosening of fasteners in mechanical systems.
(d) Structural and mechanical failures in machines and buildings.
(e) Frequent and costly maintenance of machines.
(f) Electronic malfunctions through failure of solder joints.
(g) Abrasion of insulation around electric conductors, causing soots.
(h) The occupational exposure of humans to vibration leads to pain, discomfort and reduction in working
efficiency.
6. A shaft of 100 mm diameter and1 meter long has one of its free end fixed and the other end carries a
disc of mass 500 kg at a radius of gyration 450mm.the modulus of rigidity for the shaft material is 80
GN/m2.Determine the frequency of the torsional vibration.
(Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 947).
Page 25
7. Prove that the natural angular velocity of a body having free longitudinal vibration is given by
n=square root (s/m) where n=circular frequency or natural angular velocity, m=mass of vibrating body ,
s= stiffness of the spring to which mass is attached ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 911,912).
8. What do you understand by torsionally equivalent shaft?
9. Explain the term dynamic magnifier or magnification factor.
It is the ratio of maximum displacement of forced vibration to the deflection due to the static force.
For eqn ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 955).
10. Explain the terms under damping, critical damping and over damping.
Under damping: when the roots are complex conjugate
If s/m> (/2)2, then the radical becomes negative. The two roots k1 & k2 are then known as complex
conjugate. This is a most practical case of damping and it is known as Under damping. ( Ref. R.S Kurmi
P.no: 939).
Over damping: when the roots are real ,

If (/2)2 > s/m, then the roots k1 & k2 are real but negative. This is a case of over damping.
Critical damping: when the roots are equal,
If (/2)2 = s/m, then the radical becomes zero and the two roots k1 & k2 are equal. This is a case
of Critical damping.
11. Define forced and damped vibration.
Forced vibration: when the body vibrates under the influence of external force, then body is set to be
under forced vibrations.
Damped vibration: when there is a reduction in amplitude over every cycle of vibration, the motion is said
to be Damped vibration.
12. A vibrating system consists of a mass of 25 kg, a spring stiffness of 15 kN/m and a damper. The
damping provided is only 15% of the critical value. Determine (a) the critical damping coefficient and
(b) the damping factor. ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 944, EX.23.12).
13. Explain the term resonance with retard to vibration.
When the frequency of the external force is the same as that of the natural frequency the system, state
of resonance is set to have been reached. Resonance results in large amplitude of vibrations and this
may be dangerous.
14. Explain the relationship between damped natural frequency and natural frequency.
15. Define the term violation isolation. (Ref. Ans:1)
16. Prove that the ratio of two successive amplitudes in case of under damped system is constant.
Page 26
17. What are the causes and effects of vibration? (Ref. Ans:1)
18. Explain whirling of shafts. (Ref. Ans:4)
19. What are the basic elements of a vibrating system? What is the degree of freedom?
Basic elements of a vibrating system are inertial elements, restoring elements and damping elements.
Degree of freedom: the number of independent coordinates required to describe the vibratory system is
known as Degree of freedom.
20. Explain the term Critical speed of a shaft. (Ref. Ans:4)
16 MARKS:
1. A single cylinder engine of total mass 200kg is to be mounted on an elastic support which permits
vibratory movement in vertical direction only. The mass of the piston is 4kg and has a vertical
reciprocating motion which may be assumed simple harmonic with a stoke of 160mm. It is desired
that the maximum vibratory force transmitted through the elastic support to the foundation shall be
600N when the engine speed is 800rpm and less than this at all higher speeds. [Apr/May 2008]
( i ) Find the necessary stiffness of the elastic support and the amplitude of vibration at 800rpm and
( ii ) If the engine speed is reduced below 800rpm, at what speed will the transmitted force again
becomes 600N.
2.
A steel shaft 1.5m long and 95mm in diameter for the first 0.6m of its length, 60mm in diameter for
the next 0.5m of the length and 50mm in diameter for the remaining 0.4m of its length. The shaft
carries two flywheels at two ends, the first having a mass of 900kg and 0.85m radius of gyration
located at the 95mm diameter end and the second having a mass of 700kg and 0.55m radius of
gyration located at the other end. Determine the location of the load and the natural frequency of the
free torsional vibration of the system. The modulus of rigidity of shaft material may be taken as 80
GN/2 .
[Apr/May 2008]
3. A rotor has a mass of 12kg and is mounted midway on a 24mm diameter horizontal shaft supported
at the ends by two bearings. The bearings are 1m apart. The shaft rotates at 2400 rpm. If the centre
of mass of the rotor is 0.11mm away from the geometric centre of the rotor due to manufacturing
defect, find the amplitude of steady state vibration and the dynamic force transmitted to the bearing.
E=200GN/2 .
May 2010.
4. Write short notes on basic features of vibrating system.
May 2010
5. Figure 4 shows a flywheel of mass 750 kg mounted on a vertical shaft of diameter 50 mm. The both
ends of the shaft are fixed.the length L1 ,of the shaft is 1350mm where as the length l2 is 900mm.if
E=200 GN/m2 then find the natural frequencies of the longitudinal and transverse vibrations. Neglect
the weight of the shaft.
[Nov/Dec 2008]
Page 27
6. A reciprocating I.C engine is coupled to a centrifugal pump through a pair of gears .The shaft from the
flywheel of the engine to the gear wheel has a 45 mm diameter and is 1 m long. The shaft from the
pinion to the pump has a 30 mm diameter and is 810 mm long. Pump speed is four times the engine
speed. The moment of inertia of flywheel, gear wheel, pinion and pump are 400 kg/m2,8kg/m2 and
10kg/m2 respectively. if the modulus of rigidity of shaft material is 80 GN/m2,Find the natural
frequency of the torsional vibration of the system. ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 998, Ex.24.10). [Nov/Dec 2008]
7. A vertical shaft 15 mm diameter is held in bearings 1 meter apart and carries at its middle a disc of mass
15 kg. The eccentricity of the centre of gravity of the disc from the centre is 0.30 mm. The modulus of
elasticity for the material is 200 GN/m2 and the permissible strength is 70 MN/m2.Determine (i) the
critical speed of the shaft and (ii) the range speed over which it is unsafe to run the shaft, neglect the
mass of the shaft. ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 935, Ex.23.8).
[Apr/May 2004]
8. A steel shaft ABCD 1.5 m long as fly wheel at its end A and D. The mass of the flywheel A is 600 kg
and has a radius of gyration of 0.6 m. The mass of the flywheel D is 800 kg and has a radius of
gyration 0.9 m. The connecting shaft has a diameter of 50 mm for the portion AB which is 0.4m. long
and has a diameter of 60 mm for the portion BC which is 0.5 m long and has a diameter of d mm for
the portion CD which is 0.6 m long. Determine(i) the diameter d of the portion CD so that the node
of the torsional vibration of the system will be at the centre of length BC and (ii) The natural
frequencies of the torsional vibrations. The modulus of rigidity for the shaft material is 80 GN/m2.
[Apr/May 2004]
9. A machine mass 95 kg is mounted on springs and is fitted with dashpot to damp out vibrations. There
are four springs each of stiffness 8N/mm and it is found that the amplitude of vibration dimishes from
38.4mm to 6.4mm in two complete oscillations. Assuming that the damping force varies as the velocity
determine :
[Nov/Dec 2007]
(1) the resistance of the dashpot at unit velocity ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 947, Ex.23.15).
(2) the ratio of the frequency of the damped vibration to the frequency of the undamped vibration
(3) the periodic time of the damped vibration.
10. Explain the following;
[Nov/Dec 2007]
(1) logarithmic decrements
( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 941).
(2) critical speeds of the shafts ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 930).
(3) vibration isolation
( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 961).
(4) torsional vibrations of geared system. ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 991).
11. A vertical shaft is held in long bearings and a disc is attached to the shaft at its mid-point. The centre
of gravity of the disc does not coincide with the axis of the shaft. The diameter of the shaft is 15 mm and
the span of the shaft between the bearings is 1 metre. The mass of the disc is 10 kg and the centre of the
disc is 0.30 mm from the axis of the shaft. Assuming E= 200 GN/m2 and the permissible stress in the
shaft material is 70 x 106 N/m2, determine (i) critical speed of the shaft and (ii) range of speed over
which it is unsafe to run the shaft.
[Apr/May 2005]
Page 28
12. The moments of inertia of three rotors A,B, and C are respectively 0.3, 0.6 and 0.18 kg.m 2. The
distance between A and B is 1.5 m and between B and C is 1m. The shaft is 70 mm in diameter and the
modulus of rigidity for thhe shaft is 70 mm in diameter and the modulus of rigidity for the shaft material
is 84 x 109 N/m2. Find (i) the frequencies of torsional vibrations, (ii) position of nodes and (iii)
amplitude of vibrations ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 989, Ex.25.7).( Ref. SS Rattan P.no: 669, Ex.18.26). [Apr/May 2005]
13. (i) Derive an expression for the Natural frequency of Single dgrees of Freedom system.
(ii) Calculate the whirling speed of a shaft 20mm diameter and 0.6m long carrying a masses of 1Kg at its
midpoint. The density of the shaft material is 4000Kg/m3, and E= 200GN/m3. Assume the shaft to be
freely supported.
[Nov/Dec 2008]
14. A centrifugal pump rotating at 400 rpm is driven by an electric motor at 1200rpm through a single stage
reduction gearing. The moments of inertia of the pump impeller and the motor are 1500 Kgm2 and 450
Kgm2 respectively. The lengths of the pump shaft and the motor shaft and the motor shaft are 500 and
200 mm, and their diameters are 100 and 50 mm respectively. Neglecting the inertia of the grears, find
the frequency of torsional oscillating of the system. G= 85 GN/m2.
[Nov/Dec 2008]
15. (i) write short notes for the following(6)
(1) Vibration isolation
(2) Force transmissibility
(3) Critical damping
[May/June 2006]
( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 961,).
(ii) a vibrating system consists of mass 3 kg, a spring of stiffness 100 N/m and a damping
coefficient of 3 N-sec/m. Determine
(10) ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 944, Ex.23.12).
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
The damping factor

Natural frequency of damped vibration
Logarithmic decrement
Ratio of two consecutive amplitudes and
The number of cycles after which the original amplitude is reduced by 20%.
16. A machine of mass75 kg is mounted on springs of stiffness 1200 KN/m and with an assumed
damping factor of 0.2. a piston within the machine of mass 2kg has a reciprocating motion with a stroke
of 80p mm and a speed of 3000 cycles/min. assuming the motion to be simple harmonic find
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
The amplitude of the motion of the machine ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 947, Ex.23.15).
Its phase angle with respect to the excited force
The force transmitted to the foundation and
(iv )The phase angle of the transmitted force with respect to exciting force
[May/June 2007]
17. The rotors A,B and C having a moment of inertia of 2000 ; 600 ; and 3500 kg-m2 respectively are
carried on the uniform shaft of 0.35 diameter. The length of shaft between the rotors A and B is 6m and
between B and C is 32 m. find the natural frequency of torsional vibrations. the modulus of rigidity of
the shaft material is 80 GN/m2.(16). ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 985, Ex.24.5).
[May/June 2007]
Page 29
18. A machine part having a mass of 3 kg vibrates in a viscous medium. A harmonic exciting force of 30
N acts on the part and causes a resonant amplitude of 14 mm with a period of 0.22 sec. find the damping
coefficient. Also, if the frequency of the exciting force is changed to 4 hz, determine the increase in the
amplitude of the forced vibrations upon the removal of the damper. ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 959, Ex.23.20).
18. In a single degree damped vibrating system, the suspended mass of 4 kg makes 24 oscillations in 20
sec. the amplitude decreases to 0.3 of the initial value after 4 collisions. Find the stiffness of the spring,
the logarithmic decrement, the damping factor and damping coefficient.
Page 30

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DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGG

UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS BANK

3. What is degree of freedom?

link 1&3 (flange) is connected with shaft rigidly fastened, it forms

(i ) The length of the slotted lever ( 3 )

( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no:112).

(ii) The ratio of times of cutting and return strokes ( 3 )

[Apr/May 2008] ( Ref. S.S.Rattan P.no:46, EX:2.2).

5. (a) what is inversion of a machine? Explain in details, the various inversions of

( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no:93, Ex: 3.6).

7. Differentiate between pivot and collar bearing

Differentiate between Theory of uniform pressure and theory of uniform wear.

( Ref. SS Rattan P.no: 264, Ex.8.8).

( Ref. SS Rattan P.no: 321, Ex.9.14).

(ii) initial tension in the belt is decreased by 10% ( 4 )

Power transmitted=20kW; diameter of pulley=480mm; speed=80rpm; angle of lap on smaller

Increasing the initial tension by 10%

Increasing the initial tension in the belt by 10%

(ii) Closed belt drive. (16)

( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 334,336,).

UNIT-III-GEARING AND CAMS

16. What is interference in a gear and how it is prevented?

A driver member known as the cam

18. Define cam jump phenomena in cam follower mechanism.

( Ref. SS Rattan P.no: 368, Ex.10.19).

( ii ) The number of teeth

( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 406, Ex:12.8).

ii) The length of arc of contact;

( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 463,EX:13.19).

( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 800, Ex.20.8).

(iii).follower to return to its starting position during 90 degree of cam rotation

14. Draw the profile of a cam to satisfy the following motion:

The resultant centrifugal force must be zero.

20. Define tractive force.

[Apr/May 2008] ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 412, Ex.12.12).

(ii) The distance between the planes of revolution of C and D

[Apr/May 2008] ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 894,899).

( i ) Balancing of radial engines

[Nov/Dec 2007] ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 848, Ex.21.5).

(3)The angular position of the mass at D.

Variation in tractive forces

( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 863,864).

1. Define the term vibration isolation.

Over damping: when the roots are real ,

(1) logarithmic decrements

( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 941).

( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 961).

The damping factor

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