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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The principle of wireless charging has been around for over a century but only now
are we beginning to recognize its true potential. First, we need to be careful about how
liberal we use "wireless" as a term; such a word implies that you can just walk around the
house or office and be greeted by waves of energy beamed straight to your phone. We're
referring, largely, to inductive charging the ability to manipulate an electromagnetic field
in order to transfer energy a very short distance between two objects (a transmitter and
receiver). It's limited to distances of just a few millimeters for the moment, but even with
this limitation, such a concept will allow us to power up phones, laptops, keyboards,
kitchen appliances, and power tools from a large number of places: in our homes, our
cars, and even the mall.
There are three types of wireless charging.
1. Inductive charging
2. Radio charging
3. Resonance charging
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CHAPTER 2
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
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In recent years they have also been used for license-free error-tolerant
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CHAPTER 3
Here as we can see there are two part. One is transmitting part and the other is the
Receiving part. At the transmitting end there is one microwave power source which is
actually producing microwaves. Which is attach to the Coax-Waveguide and here Tuner
is the one which match the impedance of the transmitting antenna and the microwave
source. Directional Coupler helps the signal to propagate in a particular direction. It
spread the Microwaves in a space and sent it to the receiver side. Receiver side
Impedance matching circuit receives the microwave signal through Rectena circuit. This
circuit is nothing but the combination of filter circuit and the schottky Diode. Which
actually convert our microwave in to the DC power!
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CHAPTER 4
TRANSMITTER SECTION
The transmitter section consists of two parts. They are:
1. Magnetron
4.1 MAGNETRON
Fig.4.1 Magnetron
Magnetron[4] is the combination of a simple diode vacuum tube with built in cavity
resonators and an extremely powerful permanent magnet. The typical magnet consists of
a circular anode into which has been machined with an even number of resonant cavities.
The diameter of each cavity is equal to a one-half wavelength at the desired operating
frequency. The anode is usually made of copper and is connected to a high-voltage
positive direct current. In the center of the anode, called the interaction chamber, is a
circular cathode.
The magnetic fields of the moving electrons interact with the strong field supplied
by the magnet. The result is that the path for the electron flow from the cathode is not
directly to the anode, but instead is curved. By properly adjusting the anode voltage and
the strength of the magnetic field, the electrons can be made to bend
Dept. of ECE SDMIT Ujire
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CHAPTER 5
RECEIVER DESIGN
The basic addition to the mobile phone is going to be the rectenna. A rectenna is a
rectifying antenna, a special type of antenna that is used to directly convert microwave
energy into DC electricity. Its elements are usually arranged in a mesh pattern, giving it a
distinct appearance from most antennae.
A simple rectenna can be constructed from a Schottky diode placed between
antenna dipoles. The diode rectifies the current induced in the antenna by the
microwaves. Rectennae are highly efficient at converting microwave energy to electricity.
In laboratory environments, efficiencies above 90% have been observed with regularity.
Some experimentation has been done with inverse rectennae, converting electricity into
microwave energy, but efficiencies are much lower--only in the area of 1%. With the
advent of nanotechnology and MEMS the size of these devices can be brought down to
molecular level. It has been theorized that similar devices, scaled down to the proportions
used in nanotechnology, could be used to convert light into electricity at much greater
efficiencies than what is currently possible with solar cells. This type of device is called
an optical rectenna. Theoretically, high efficiencies can be maintained as the device
shrinks, but experiments funded by the United States National Renewable energy
Laboratory have so far only obtained roughly 1% efficiency while using infrared light.
Another important part of our receiver circuitry is a simple sensor. This is simply used to
identify when the mobile phone user is talking. As our main objective is to charge the
mobile phone with the transmitted microwave after rectifying it by the rectenna, the
sensor plays an important role.
Antenna design is important in the proposed rectenna. The antenna absorbs the
incident microwave power, and the rectifier converts it into a useful electric power. In this
paper, in order to reduce the size of the rectenna, we propose to combine the BPF and the
antenna into a single unit.
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5.1 RECTENNA
A rectifying antenna rectifies received microwaves into DC current. A rectenna
comprises of a mesh of dipoles and diodes for absorbing microwave energy from a
transmitter and converting it into electric power. A simple rectenna can be constructed
from a Schottky diode placed between antenna dipoles. The diode rectifies the current
induced in the antenna by the microwaves. Rectenna are highly efficient at converting
microwave energy to electricity. In laboratory environments, efficiencies above 90% have
been observed with regularity. In future rectennas will be used to generate large-scale
power from microwave beams delivered from orbiting GPS satellites.
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Fig.5.2 LM2907
The LM2907 LM2917 series are monolithic frequency to voltage converters with a
high gain op amp Comparator designed to operate a relay, lamp, or other load when the
input frequency reaches or exceeds a selected rate. The tachometer uses a Charge Pump
technique and offers frequency doubling for low ripple, full input protection in two
versions (LM2907-8, LM2917-8) and its output swings to ground for a zero frequency
input.
The op amp Comparator is fully compatible with the tachometer and has a floating
Transistor as its output. This feature allows either a ground or supply referred load of up
to 50 mA. The collector may be taken above VCC up to a maximum VCE of 28V.
The two basic configurations offered include an 8-pin device with a ground
referenced tachometer input and an internal connection between the tachometer output
and the op amp non-inverting input. This version is well suited for single speed or
frequency switching or fully buffered frequency to voltage conversion applications.
The more versatile configurations provide differential tachometer input and
uncommitted op amp inputs. With this version the tachometer input may be floated and
the op amp becomes suitable for active Filter conditioning of the tachometer output.
Both of these configurations are available with an active Shunt Regulator
connected across the power leads. The Regulator clamps the supply such that stable
frequency to voltage and frequency to current operations are possible with any supply
voltage and a suitable resistor.
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CHAPTER 6
6.1 ADVANTAGES
6.2 DISADVANTAGES
1. Wireless transmission of the energy causes some effects to human body, because
of its radiation
2. Network traffic may cause problems in charging
3. Charging depends on network coverage
4. Rate of charging may be of minute range
5. Practical possibilities are not yet applicable as there is no much advancement in
this field.
6. Process is of high cost
6.3 APPLICATIONS
1. As the topics name itself this technology is used for Wireless charging of mobile
phones.
Dept. of ECE SDMIT Ujire
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CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
Thus this paper successfully demonstrates a novel method of using the power of the
microwave to charge the mobile phones without the use of wired chargers. Thus this
method provides great advantage to the mobile phone users to carry their phones
anywhere even if the place is devoid of facilities for charging. A novel use of the rectenna
and a sensor in a mobile phone could provide a new dimension in the revelation of mobile
phone.
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CHAPTER 8
REFERENCES
1.
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