Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Electrolysis
The conduction of electricity through an electrolyte
together with the resulting chemical changes.
In electrolyte the electric current is due to the motion of
free ions.
Application of chemical effect
To extract metals from their ores; to purify metals; for
electroplating; for anodisation.
Electroplating
Electroplating is the process of coating a metal on the
surface of a conductor by electrolysis.
Which metal is to be used for electroplating, that metal is
Anode (positive electrode) and the solution of the same
metal is to be used as the electrolyte. The object which is
to be electroplated is to be used as the cathode (negative
electrode).
Uses of electroplating
Improve the appearance, to prevent corrosion.
Law of Electrolysis
The mass of a substance liberated from an electrolyte or
deposited on the electrode is directly proportional to the
charge that is passed through the electrolyte.
mQ or m = a constant Q
Heating Devices
Heating coil (Main part)
Heating coils are made of Nichrome
Characteristics of Nichrome: High melting point and
resistance, ability to remain in red hot state for a long time
Joules Law
The heat produced by an electric current flowing through
a conductor is equal to the product of the square of
current passed, the resistance of the conductor and time
for which the current is passed.
x Heat H = I 2 Rt or H = IVt or H =
V2 t
or
R
H = Pt
Page
SSLC
9048332443
SSLC
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Safety fuse
Parts: Porcelain block, porcelain bridge, fuse wire
Fuse wire:Alloy of tin and lead(Low melting point)
Safety fuse is a mechanism to safe electrical appliances by
stopping huge current due to short circuit or overloading
in a circuit.
Incandescent lamp(Filament lamp)
Main partFilament
Filament is made of tungsten.
Characteristics of tungsten: High melting point and
resistance, ability to remain white hot for a long time.
Working: Heat is produced when current flows through
the tungsten filament and produces white light.
Tungsten is the pure metal with maximum resistivity.
Discharge Lamps
Main parts: Two electrodes, a glass tube filled with gas
Working: As a result of the collision of ions and electrons
with unionized particles and produces light.
The colour of light depends in gas(Neon-Orange; NitrogenRed; Sodium-Yellow; Mercury-White; Chlorine-green;
Hydrogen-Blue)
Fluorescent Lamps
Working: The electrons ionize mercury atoms, ultraviolet
rays are produced. These rays are absorbed by the
fluorescent materials and produce visible light.
Merits: High longevity (five times that of filament lamp),
Shadow minimized, Energy loss is less, Gives greater
intensity of light.
CF lamps
BRAINS MOOZHIKKAL, CALICUT
Short Notes
Prepared By Fassal Peringolam
9048332443
x
x
x
V2
Page
x P = I 2 R or P = VI or P =
x Unit of Power: Watt
SSLC
x
x
x
x
x
9048332443
Page
Electromagnetic Induction
The magnetic flux associated with a coil changes by the
relative motion of the coil or magnet.
The phenomenon of producing an in a conductor as a
result of change in the magnetic flux linked with the
conductor is electromagnetic induction.
The developed due to electromagnetic induction is
called induced and the current so obtained is called
induced current.
Generator, moving coil microphone etc. work on the
principle of electromagnetic induction.
Generators are two types.
AC generator
Generator gives alternating current.
Main parts:
Field magnet: This is the magnet which produces
magnetic flux in a generator.
Armature: An armature is an arrangement of insulated
copper wire wound on a soft iron core.
Slip rings: They are full rings fused to the ends of the
armature coil.
Brushes: An arrangement that is always in contact with
the slip rings
Working: When the armature rotates in the magnetic
field, an alternating is induced in the coil. The current
is carried to the external circuit through the brushes
keeping contact with the slip rings.
Different stages of the rotation of the armature: During
the first half of rotation the current begins from zero and
reaches the maximum positive value, then decreases
SSLC
9048332443
Page
9048332443
Page
SSLC
SSLC
x
x
x
x
x
VS =Secondary voltage;
VP=Primary voltage;
NS =Secondary turns;
NP=Primary turns;
IS =Secondary current;
IP=Primary current.
Self-Inductance
It is the phenomenon of inducing emf in a coil caused by
the variation of magnetic flux produced by a varying
current in the same coil.
The effective voltage is reduced through a conductor due
to back emf.
Inductors
Inductors are coil which can oppose the changes of
current in a circuit.
Flemings left hand rule
Stretch the thumb, fore finger and middle finger of the left
hand so that they are perpendicular to one another. The
fore finger represents the direction of the magnetic field,
the middle finger represents the direction of the current,
and the thumb indicates the direction of the force, This is
Flemings left hand rule.
Motor Principle
A current carrying conductor in a magnetic field
experiences a force. Electric motor, moving coil loud
speaker etc. work on the principle of electric motor.
Electric motor(electrical energy to mechanical energy) and
Loud speaker (electrical energy to sound energy) works on
the motor principle
Electric Motor
It has a field magnet and an armature capable for free
rotation about an axis. The armature rotates in the
magnetic field produced by the field magnet. When a
BRAINS MOOZHIKKAL, CALICUT
Short Notes
Prepared By Fassal Peringolam
9048332443
Page
SSLC
9048332443
Page
x Nuclear
EnergyThermal
Energy
Mechanical
EnergyElectrical Energy
x Eg: Kalpakkam,Tharapur,Kotta,Narora.
Power Generator
x Mainly Three Parts.
x Rotor : The rotating part (Field magnet)
x Stator : Stationary part (Armature)
x Excitor : (Auxiliary Generator) : Providing DC to
electromagnets in large AC generators)
x The problems when a permanent magnet is used as the
field magnet.
The limitation of producing strong magnets.
The magnetic strength of permanent magnet loses
gradually. So the flex cannot be maintained stable.
The strength of the field magnet cannot be increases or
decreases.
x The armature of a power generator will be heavy and so it
is used as the stator. This helps to eliminate the graphite
brush and avoid sparks.
Single phase Generator
x One Field magnet and One Armature Coil
x Only a single Ac is obtained
x It is used in House and Shops
Three Phase Generator
x One Field magnet and Three Armature Coil
x Three distinct AC is obtained
x It is used in Power station
x Numbers of turns are equal in three armature coil.
x Three identical armature coil at angle of 1200 with one
another
Power Transmission
x The process of sending electricity through wire from the
generating station to the area where it is consumed.
x In our country electricity is generated in 11 kV.
x Step up transformers are used at the substation near the
powerhouse.
BRAINS MOOZHIKKAL, CALICUT
Short Notes
Prepared By Fassal Peringolam
9048332443
Page
SSLC
9048332443
Page
SSLC
SSLC
Sources of sound
The part that vibrates
Drum, Tabala
Diphragm
Violin, Veena, Guitar
Strings
Flute
Air
BRAINS MOOZHIKKAL, CALICUT
Short Notes
9048332443
Prepared By Fassal Peringolam
Page
Sound
x Sound is a form of energy which makes us hear.
x Sound is produced by the vibration of objects(solid, liquid,
gas)
Source of Sound
x Devices that produce sounds are called source of sound.
10
SSLC
x
x
Medium
Aluminium
Steel
Pure water
Air
Velocity (m/s)
6420
5950
1498
340
9048332443
11
x
x
x
x
Natural frequency
Every vibrating object has its own frequency. This is its
natural frequency.
Factors depends on vibration (frequency of a wire)
The nature of material
Thickness of wire
Length of wire
Tension of the wire
Transmission of sound
Sound needs a material medium to travel.
Astronauts in space or on the moon use radios to talk each
other because there is no air on the moon to carry the
sound waves.
Page
9048332443
12
Page
SSLC
SSLC
9048332443
Page
Persistence of Hearing
13
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Limit of audibility
Normally a person can hear frequencies from 20 hertz to
20,000 hertz. This is limit of audibility.
Sounds of frequency less than 20 Hz are infrasonic sounds
and sounds of frequency greater than 20 kHz are
ultrasonic sounds.
Uses of ultrasonic sounds
To record the functioning of the heart (Echocardiography)
To study the functioning of internal organs like liver,
kidney, uterus (Ultrasonography)
To crush small stones formed in the kidney
To measure the depth of oceans (SONAR- Sound
Navigation and Ranging)
Situations/Animals to utilize Infra sonic sounds
Elephants, whales, Rhinoceroses, earthquakes.
Reflection
Sound bounce back when it falls on hard surface is
reflection
Megaphones, Horns, Stethoscope, Sound board are
utilizing multiple reflections.
Echo
Echo is the same sound heard a gain after sound is heard.
The distance from the sound reflecting surface to hear an
echo should be above 17m
Reverberation
The persistence of sound as a result of multiple reflection
is reverberation
Acoustics of buildings
Acoustics of buildings is the branch of science which deals
with the conditions to be fulfilled in the construction of a
hall for clear audibility.
Problems
Cannot hear sound properly
The sound is heard repeatedly
The sweetness of music is lost
Loudness is insufficient
BRAINS MOOZHIKKAL, CALICUT
Short Notes
Prepared By Fassal Peringolam
9048332443
14
Page
SSLC
SSLC
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Dispersion of Light
The phenomenon of splitting of visible light into its
constituent colours is dispersion.
The component colours in the white light deviate at
different rates according to their wavelength; this is the
reason for dispersion.
Rainbow
The dispersion of light in water forms rainbow.
The light ray entering to a drop of water undergoes two
refraction and one total internal reflection.
The line joining the centre of the rainbow and the observer
is the line of vision.
Rainbow is seen as an arc because each colour makes a
definite angle with the line of vision.
Opaque objects
An opaque object reflects only its colour. It absorb all other
colours falls on it.
Transparent objects
The colour of a transparent object depends upon the
colour that it allows to pass through it.
Persistence of vision
The sensation of seeing an object remains for about 1/16
of a second after the object is removed from view. This is
known as persistence of vision
Newtons colour disc
BRAINS MOOZHIKKAL, CALICUT
Short Notes
Prepared By Fassal Peringolam
9048332443
15
x
x
x
Minimize Options
A large number of ventilators and windows are provide
Curtains having many folds are used
Carpets are used
Walls are made rough.
Sound Pollution:
Ways to minimise sound pollution
Plant trees on the roadside.
Obey the laws to control noise pollution
Maintaining automobiles in good condition
Page
x
x
x
x
x
9048332443
16
Page
SSLC
SSLC
9048332443
Page
17
Capacitors
SSLC
9048332443
Page
18
Rectification
SSLC
Asterism (Naal)
9048332443
Page
19
Ecliptic
9048332443
20
Page
SSLC
SSLC
x Nebula
Primitive star Main sequence star Red
giant White dwarf Black dwarf
Galaxy
9048332443
Page
21
Light Year
SSLC
x Dryness
x Adequate supply of oxygen.
x Facilities for the removal of gases produced as a result of
combustion.
Partial burning
x
x
x
x
x
Fuel loss
Wastage of time
Large scale environmental pollution.
Large quantity of smoke is produced.
Increase the amount of C and CO.
Source of fuels
Petroleum
x CNG Natural gas
x Electricity Power stations,
x Coal Coal
x Hydrogen Water
x Kerosene Petroleum
x Fire wood Trees
water, fossil fuels
9048332443
Page
22
Fossil fuels
SSLC
Coal
x Based on the carbon content it is classified into four
groups as peat, lignite, anthracite and bituminous coal.
Situations where Coal are used
x It is used as household fuel.
x It is used as industrial fuel.
x It is used as the fuel in thermal power stations.
x It is used to produce Coaltar, Coal gas Coke and Ammonia.
x More details of CNG, LNG and LPG as fuels:
x CNG
x LNG
x LPG
x It cannot be liquefied at
x
normal pressure.
x It is difficult to transport
to far off places.
x
x Methane is the main
x
component
x
x
Calorific value
The amount of heat liberates by the complete combustion
of 1 kg of fuel is its calorific value.
Its unit is joule/kilogram.
Hydrogen is the fuel which has the highest calorific value.
Hydrogen is used as a fuel in rockets
Biomass
Biowastes are generally known as biomass.
Properties must a substance have in order to be
considered as a good fuel are
Increased availability; low cost; minimum atmospheric
pollution; a liquid fuel must not evaporate quickly at
ordinary temperatures; low ignition temperature; easy to
store and transport.
The problems that arise due to their combustion are
9048332443
23
x
x
x
It can be liquefied
at
normal
pressure.
Easy to transport
Main components
are propane and
Butane
Page
It can be liquefied
x
at
normal
pressure
Easy to transport
x
Methane is the
x
main component
SSLC
x Black mid rough surfaces absorb radiant heat well. They also
emit radiations well.
x In solar water heater, suns heat is absorbed through the
copper pipe. Black and rough surface absorb radiant heat
well.
Advantages of cooking food in a solar cooker
x
x
x
x
x
x
24
Page
x
x
x
x
9048332443