TRANSLATION OF SPECIALIST TEXTS

SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE EXCERPTS.

PART 1. Mathematics

Translate into Romanian

Text 1.
A historical look at the evolution of the genres of
mathematical texts suggests that the lexicogrammar of
mathematical symbolism may have evolved from natural
language because mathematical texts were initially written
in the prose form of verbal ``rhetorical algebra.'' These
texts contained detailed verbal instructions about what was
to be done for the solution of a problem. In later texts, there
appeared abbreviations for recurring participants and
operations in what is known ``syncopated algebra.'' The use
of variables and signs for participants and mathematical
operations in the last 500 years resulted in ``symbolic
algebra'' and the contemporary lexicogrammar of
mathematics. Thus, we may conjecture that the grammar of
modern mathematical symbolism grew directly out of the
lexicogrammar of natural language and this may explain the
high level of integration of symbolic and linguistic forms in
mathematical texts.
(Extracted from OHalloran, Classroom Discourse in
Mathematics, in Linguistics and education, 2000, 3: 359-388,
pdf)

Text 2.
Our sources of information on the history of Greek geometry
before Euclid consist merely of scattered notices in ancient
writers. The early mathematicians, Thales and Pythagoras,
left behind no written records of their discoveries. A full
history of Greek geometry and astronomy during this
period, written by Eudemus, a pupil of Aristotle, has been
lost. It was well known to Proclus, who, in his commentaries
on Euclid, gives a brief account of it. This abstract
constitutes our most reliable information. We shall quote it
frequently under the name of Eudemian Summary.
Text 3.
To Thales of Miletus (640-546 b.c),one of the " seven wise
men," and the founder of the Ionic school, falls the honour
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of having introduced the study of geometry into Greece.

During middle life he engaged in commercial pursuits,
which took him to Egypt. He is said to have resided there,
and to have studied the physical sciences and mathematics
with the Egyptian priests.
Plutarch declares that Thales soon excelled his masters, and
amazed King Amasis by measuring the heights of the
pyramids from their shadows. According to Plutarch, this
was done by considering that the shadow cast by a vertical
staff of known length bears the same ratio to the shadow of
the pyramid as the height of the staff bears to the height of
the pyramid. This solution presupposes a knowledge of
proportion, and the Ahmes papyrus actually shows that the
rudiments of proportion were known to the Egyptians.
According to Diogenes Laertius, the pyramids were
measured by Thales in a different way; viz. by finding the
length of the shadow of the pyramid at the moment when
the shadow of a staff was equal to its own length.
Text 4.
Thales may be said to have created the geometry of lines,
essentially abstract in its character, while the Egyptians
studied only the geometry of surfaces and the rudiments of
solid geometry, empirical in their character.'
With Thales begins also the study of scientific astronomy. He
acquired great celebrity by the prediction of a solar eclipse
in 585 B.C. Whether he predicted the day of the occurrence,
or simply the year, is not known. It is told of him that while
contemplating the stars during an evening walk, he fell into
a ditch. The good old woman attending him exclaimed,
How canst thou know what is doing in the heavens, when
thou seest not what is at thy feet?"
(Excerpt from Cajori, Florian, 1909, A History of Mathematics,
downloadable from www.ForgottenBooks.org)

Text 5.
We will model derivations algebraically by using so-called
Ore polynomials. These have first been considered by
ystein Ore in [Ore33]. They are a generalisation of
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ordinary polynomials which offers a unified way of

describing linear differential and difference operators. They
share many properties with the ordinary polynomials but
since they model operators, their multiplication is not
commutative. We will introduce Ore polynomials in Section
2.1 and summarise those properties there that are
important for the rest of this report.
We will introduce matrices over Ore polynomials in Section
2.2. That section contains all the basic definitions and
notations that will be used later. As in the commutative
theory, normal forms are an important tool for the analysis
of matrices and the systems they represent.
Text 6.
This report will concentrate on two normal forms, namely
the Hermite form and the Popov form. Both are normal
forms for left equivalence, i. e., for matrix M there are
unimodular matrices U and V such that the product UM is in
Hermite form and VM is in Popov form. (This will be made
precise later).
The Hermite normal form was first introduced and proved to
exist by Charles Hermite in [Her51] for non-singular square
matrices over the integers. It was later extended to more
general matrices. Its main application is solving of
Diophantine equations. We will introduce the Hermite form
in Definition 12 in Section 2.3.
Text 7.
The Popov normal form was first described by Vasile Mihai
Popov in [Pop70, Pop72]. Together with similar concepts like
row-reduction that is sometimes also called row-properness
it is widely used in control theorysee for example [Zer07].
We will treat the Popov normal form in Definition 13.
Grbner bases have been first mentioned in [Buc65].
Devised originally for ideals of (commutative) multivariate
polynomials they have since then been extended to non7

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PART 1. Mathematics

commutative domains and also to (free) modules over

them. See for example [CS98] for a treatise and an
application of Grbner bases for Ore polynomials. An
introduction to extensions of Grbner bases to modules may
be found in the textbooks [AL94] for the commutative case
and similarly in [BGTV03] for non-commutative domains. We
will use the latter book extensively in this report.
Text 8.
Grbner bases are important in modern day computational
algebra because they provide two useful features: First,
they solve the ideal membership problem. That is, they
provide an algorithmic way to check whether a given
polynomial is contained in a given ideal. Second, Grbner
bases have an elimination property which makes them
useful for solving systems of polynomial equations. The
same properties carry over to the non-commutative and to
the module case.
In [KRT07] it was shown that Popov and Hermite normal
forms of matrices with (univariate) polynomial entries are
actually Grbner bases for their row span. This result can
easily be generalized to Ore polynomial rings. We do this in
Theorems 25 and 27.
Text 9.
The FGLM algorithm is an efficient method to convert
Grbner bases of zero-dimensional ideals from one
admissible ordering to another. It was presented in
[FGLM93] for ideals of commutative polynomials. The main
reason for its efficiency is that it manages to translate the
problem from polynomial to linear algebra. The FGLM
algorithm may lead to a speed-up of Grbner basis
computations for slow orderings like the lexicographic
ordering by first computing a Grbner basis with respect to
a faster ordering like a degree ordering and then converting
it to the desired ordering. A short introduction to the FGLM
algorithm is given in Section 3.3.1
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We will translate the original algorithm from the case of

commutative ideals to modules over non-commutative
domains in Section 3.3.4. There, we will in particular deal
with the problem that the modules we consider are not
zero-dimensional, i. e. that their quotient spaces can be of
infinite dimension. We will be able to solve this using a
degree bound on Hermite and Popov normal forms that is
similar to the results in [GK09].
(Extracted from Popov to Hermite via FLGM J. Midekke 2010.pdf)

Text 10
Artless innocents and ivory-tower sophisticates:
Some personalities on the Indian mathematical
scene*1
At the beginning of the 20 th century, science was still an
esoteric pursuit of reclusive intellectuals. The quiet
revolution in the academic worlds of Gttingen,
Copenhagen, Cambridge and Paris of the early decades
exploded into global awareness of science with Hiroshima.
[.]
Physicists dominated this celebrity parade, but there
were chemists and biologists in fair number. In this context
of hype about science and adulation for the scientist, I think
the mathematician is described best by a Tamil proverb: he
is the hapless fellow who brought home a copper vessel
after taking part in a raid on Kuberas Alakapuri! Many great
names in mathematics are entirely unfamiliar to people
outside the scientific community. This article is about some
mathematicians who have contributed significantly to
mathematics in the 20th century. [.]
His work on what is now called the Ramanujan tau
function, which evoked only a moderate response at that
time, later proved to be profound and central to what is
called the Theory of Modular Forms. Hecke, a great German
1

Based on a public lecture delivered at the Annual Meeting of the Indian

Academy of Sciences, held at Chandigarh in 2002.

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SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE EXCERPTS.
PART 1. Mathematics

mathematician who was one of the architects of the theory

was born in the same year 1887 as Ramanujan; it does
seem a great pity that the two never met. A conjecture of
Ramanujan on the tau function was settled in 1974 by Pierre
Deligne, a leading mathematician of our era. One of the
most fruitful techniques applied successfully to diverse
problems in Number Theory is known as the Circle Method.
Ramanujans notebooks are a treasure house of beautiful
formulae and identities, set down without details. Providing
proper proofs to these has been a challenge and at the
same time, a public service to the mathematical community.
Experience indicates that there is likely to be much more to
many of these results than the formal beauty which by itself
makes them attractive. It has been said that in the matter
of formal manipulations Ramanujan has no equals in the
history of mathematics, other than Euler and Jacobi.
A partition of a positive integer n is an expression of n
as a sum n = n1 + n2 + + nr, each ni a positive integer
with 0 < n1 n2 nr. The number of different ways of
writing n as a sum of other positive integers is denoted by
p(n). Clearly, p(n) is a function of n. This function on the set
of positive integers is called the partition function.
Text 11.
The partition function
Hardy is much less of an enigma even to us in India,
than Ramanujan himself. He was, of course, one of the
major mathematical figures of the twentieth century and, as
the Ramanujan story shows, he was a wonderful human
being. He was also exceptionally articulate and a gifted
writer of English prose. His little book, A Mathematicians
Apology, giving his view of his profession, makes delightful
reading. Hardy was very much the ivory-tower intellectual,
and the book is not so much an apology as an emphatic
affirmation of his belief in the irrelevance of social relevance
in the pursuit of pure science. He has also written an
account of the Bertrand Russell affair the turmoil in
Cambridge caused by Russells unorthodox views and
conduct during the war years 191418.
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Hardy was an ardent cricket fan; so ardent indeed that

he calibrated excellence in any field by cricketing greats:
the highest accolade was to be in the Bradman class!
Interesting people were people who had spin in them.
Hardy was an outstanding analyst as well as a number
theorist; his work in analysis has in some ways been more
influential than that in number theory.
It is in the thirties at Annamalai University that Pillais
talents were in full bloom and he cracked a problem that
was engaging some of the finest minds. David Hilbert had
shown that for every integer k > 0, there is a smallest
integer g(k) > 0, such that every positive integer can be
expressed as a sum of g(k) kth powers. Pillais work centred
on the exact determination of g(k). He achieved the
complete determination for k 7, a superb achievement by
any reckoning. He went on a little later to tackle the even
more difficult case k = 6. However, a controversy over
priorities involving the American mathematician L. E.
Dickson was a cause for some distress to Pillai and his
Indian colleagues. Pillai published his great papers in Indian
journals which did not have a wide circulation; nevertheless,
recognition did come eventually for these outstanding
contributions, but tragedy struck once more before he could
savour his success. On 31 August 1950, Pillai died in an aircrash over Egypt; he was on his way to the US his first trip
abroad to spend a year at the Institute for Advanced Study
in Princeton, where he had been invited. The news was
received with great shock by the many mathematicians
assembled at Harvard, where Pillai was to participate in the
International Congress of Mathematicians before going on to
Princeton. Pillais work on the Waring problem the
determination of the g(k) is a piece that has given him a
permanent place in the history of mathematics. The
determination of g(k) for all k has now been completed, the
case k = 4 was the one that defied mathematicians the
longest, till about 10 years ago when another Indian, R.
Balasubramanian in collaboration with two Frenchmen,
Deshouillers and Dress settled the matter. Pillai had
numerous other important contributions as well.
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Text 12.
There is little doubt that Pillai would have achieved a
great deal more if his life had not been cut short so abruptly.
Hilberts Theorem (1909): Given a positive integer
k, there is a positive integer r such that every positive
integer n is the sum of r kth powers of integers. In
other words, every positive integer n is equal to n1k
+n2k++ nr k for suitable non-negative integers n1, n2,
nr. The same r works for every n. There is evidently a
minimal such r for a given k; this minimal r is denoted
by g(k).
Waring Problem: Determine g(k).
g(1) = 1 (Obvious)
g(2) = 4 (Lagrange)
g(3) = 9 (Wieferich and Kempner, 1912)
Solved by Pillai for k 6 (1936)
g(5) = 37 (Chen, 1936)
g(4) = 19 (Balasubramanian, Deshouillers and
Dress, 1986)
The Waring problem

Pillai, in the words of Prof. K. Chandrasekharan was a

person of genuine modesty and remarkable simplicity. He
possessed that rare quality among intellectuals
intellectual honesty which endeared him to his friends, but
lost him many material advantages. He was, says
Chandrasekharan, unsophisticated in a peculiar sense. In
the early part of the 20th century, British mathematics held
sway over us. It did produce some beneficial results. But in
the twenties and thirties, the most exciting developments in
mathematics were taking place in Paris and Gttingen, not
Cambridge. These developments seem to have had no
serious immediate impact on the Indian scene.
Excerpt from CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 85, NO. 4, pp. 526-36, 25
AUGUST 2003

Text 13
Never more zealously and successfully has mathematics
been cultivated than in this century. Nor has progress, as in
previous periods, been confined to one or two countries.
While the French and Swiss, who alone during the preceding
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epoch carried the torch of progress, have continued to

develop mathematics with great success, from other
countries whole armies of enthusiastic workers have
wheeled into the front rank. Germany awoke from her
lethargy by bringing forward Gauss, Jacobi, and hosts of
more recent men; Great Britain produced her De Morgan,
Boole, Hamilton, besides champions who are still living;
Russia entered the arena with her Lobatchewsky ; Norway
with Abel; Italy with Cremona ; Hungary with her two
Bolyais; the United States with Benjamin Peirce. The
productiveness of modern writers has been enormous.
It is difficult," says Professor Cayley, to give an idea of the
vast extent of modern mathematics. This word 'extent' is
not the right one: I mean extent crowded with beautiful
detail," not an extent of mere uniformity such as an
objectless plain, but of a tract of beautiful country seen at
first in the distance, but which will bear to be rambled
through and studied in every detail of hillside and valley,
stream, rock, wood, and flower." It is pleasant to the
mathematician to think that in his, as in no other science,
the achievements of every age remain possessions forever;
new discoveries seldom disprove older tenets; seldom is
anything lost or wasted.
Text 14
If it be asked wherein the utility of some modern extensions
of mathematics lies, it must be acknowledged that it is at
present difficult to see how they are ever to become
applicable to questions of common life or physical science.
But our inability to do this should not be urged as an
argument against the pursuit of such studies. In the first
place, we know neither the day nor the hour when these
abstract developments will find application in the mechanic
arts, in physical science, or in other branches of
mathematics. For example, the whole subject of graphical
statics, so useful to the practical engineer, was made to rest
upon von Staudt's Geometrie der Lage; Hamilton's
"principle of varying action" has its use in astronomy;
complex quantities, general integrals, and general theorems
in integration offer advantages in the study of electricity
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and magnetism. Who, for instance, would have supposed

that the calculus of forms or the theory of substitutions
would have thrown much light upon ordinary equations; or
that Abelian functions and hyperelliptic transcendents
would have told us anything about the properties of curves;
or that the calculus of operations would have helped us in
any way towards the figure of the earth?"
A second reason in favour of the pursuit of advanced
mathematics, even when there is no promise of practical
application is that mathematics, like poetry and music,
deserves cultivation for its own sake.
Translate into English
Text 15
Grigore Gheba
Dl Gheba a fost profesor de matematic la Sc nr. 50,
pe Panduri, n timp ce eram n clasele V-VIII; eu am avut alt
profesor, tot aa de bun. Cred c ne-a inut 2 ore nlocuindul pe profesorul nostru cand a fost bolnav. Remarcabil om.
Profesorul Grigore Gheba scoate o culegere de
matematica la 91 de ani .
Cel mai cunoscut autor de culegeri de matematic din
Romnia, profesorul Grigore Gheba, ateapta n aceste zile
s-i apar o nou lucrare, Teme fundamentale n studiul
matematicii - Clasele IV-X. Culegerea, prima pe care
venerabilul profesor nu o testeaz mai nti pe elevii si, are
pe coperta figura Gheba, model geometric ce a limpezit
ani de-a rndul minile elevilor.
Intr-o diminea nehotrt de primvar din anul al
91-lea al existenei sale, Grigore Gheba a fcut roat cu
gndul peste ntmplrile ce-i umplu fiina: anii de coal,
anii de rzboi i de lagr, dou neveste, copiii, o iubire care
l-a readus din mori, altele mai mici ce doar i-au reamintit
c e n via. i culegerile de matematica, 34 la numar,
tiparite in peste sase milioane de exemplare. Rndurile de
mai jos ncearc s recompun povestea profesorului
Gheba. Omul care a scos la tabl ara intreag.
Text 16.
Anii de coal
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M-am ntlnit cu profesorul - i generalul in retragere Grigore Gheba n sufrageria casei sale i am mprit pentru
cteva ore aceeai mas acoperit cu sticl spart la unul
dintre coluri. Ne desprea un mnunchi de poze. Rzboiul,
matematica, femeile iubite. O via.
M-am nscut ntr-un sat de munte din judeul
Vrancea, se cheama Poienia - Dumitresi, ca unul dintre cei
apte copii ani unei familii srace. Mama mea, Maria, punea
gaz n lamp doar smbta i duminica, n restul sptmnii
culegeam surcele ca s in focul treaz n sob i s pot face
socoteli cu condeiul pe tblia din piatr moale. Lucram
dintr-o carte, 1001 de probleme de matematic se
numea, primit de la un unchi, inspector de matematic,
povesteste profesorul Gheba. Biatul nu mplinise nc 12
ani cnd tia pe dinafara cartea de probleme, strnind
uimirea unchiului. La imboldul acestuia, intr-o dimineata,
Maria Gheba arunc ntr-o traist patru oua fierte lng un
pumn de mmlig i, cu Grigore de mn, o lua peste
dealuri, cale de 30 de kilometri pe jos, s-i dea feciorul la
liceul din Rmnicu-Sarat.
Ajunser inainte de cderea soarelui, plini de praf i
flmnzi.
Femeia ncepu s plng fr s poat spune de ce. Ii
ag copilului traista pe umr, fcu o cruce mare cu
dreapta i-l mpinse pe poarta colii. Puiul de ran intr intrun hohot de rs. Uniformele apretate din bnci se hlizeau de
opincile lui. Se oprir doar cnd directorul Gherda i slobozi
glasul ctre nou-venit: Ce tii tu din matematici, biete !?.
tiu tot din cartea asta!, ndrazni Grigore, scond din
traist crulia de la unche. Peste clas se ls o tcere
curioas. Ia scrie-mi tu pe tabl trei milionimi!. Nou
venitul apuc creta i scrijeli cu zgomot ascutit... 0,000.003.
Gherda zmbi, aps un buton i-n cteva clipe pe u se ii
capul contabilului colii. Il iei pe rnoiul asta, l imbraci la
magazinul Mireasa i-l pui la internat, o s fie elevul colii
mele.
Lui Grigore i-au trebuit trei sptmni s nvee s
mearg n ghetele galbene cu toc de patru centimetri pe
care le primise de la coal.
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Text 17.
Prizonier la cotul Donului
Tnrul Gheba urm apoi coala de ofieri n rezerv
de la Bacu i obinu gradul de sublocotenent. Ii amintete
c a rmas concentrat permanent la Rmnicu-Sarat pentru
c
nevestei
colonelului
Anastasescu,
comandantul
regimentului, i plcea cum dansam. tia ea, coloneasa,
ceva, de vreme ce, tocmai n timpul unui bal,
sublocotenentul a cucerit inima unei frumoase nvtoare,
Lilica Popescu, care, n 1936, avea s-i devin soie.
Rzboiul l purt pe sublocotenentul de artilerie Grigore
Gheba in Transnistria, s lupte mpotriva ruilor. Pe 3
noiembrie 1942 czu prizonier la Cotul Donului. Dup ce
am trecut prin trei lagre, dintr-un brbat voinic, la 26 de
ani, ajunsesem s cntaresc 39 de kilograme. Atunci a
aparut ngerul vieii mele.
Text 18.
Marusia, ingerul cu ochi albastri
Era medicul lagrului, avea gradul de cpitan, era blond cu
ochi albatri. O chema Marusia Anka. S-a aezat lng
patul meu, plngeam, convins c mai am cteva ore de
trit. M-a ntrebat de ce plng, i-am rspuns c nu voi mai
vedea niciodat ara. M-a mutat ntr-o alt camer i s-a
ngrozit de oasele mele cnd m-a dezbracat s m consulte.
A revenit cu nite lapte i ou. Nu mai vzusem de doi ani
aa ceva. Mai trziu am aflat c erau din raia ei...
Aa ncepu ntre cei doi o poveste de dragoste care
continu tot rzboiul. La ndemnul Marusiei, Gheba s-a
nscris n Divizia Tudor Vladimirescu i a luptat mpotriva
nemilor. A fost de dou ori rnit i decorat de opt ori. In
ciuda acestei evoluii, a avut relaii tensionate cu ctiva
conductori sovietici, accentuate imediat dup rzboi, cind,
a fost acuzat de antisovietism. Am prsit toate structurile
i m-am nscris la Facultatea de Matematic din Bucureti.
Nu mi s-a permis s acced la catedre nalte pentru ca am
refuzat s m nscriu n partid. In 1955 prima lui soie a
murit, iar Gheba s-a recstorit doi ani mai trziu cu
Lucreia, care-i st i astzi alturi.
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Text 19.
Dintre culegerile care l-au facut faimos, cea dinti a
scris-o in 1958. Erau vremuri tulburi, cnd nvmntul
romnesc suferea de lipsa profesorilor calificai de
matematic. Foarte multi nvtori predau matematica
dup manuale pe care nici ei nu le prea nelegeau. ... n
coli, am constatat c profesorii necalificai fceau erori
grosolane n rezolvarea unor probleme din manualul de
matematic. La o astfel de vizit, facut chiar n comuna
mea natal, profesorii m-au rugat s le rezolv problemele
din manual i s le trimit prin pot. Am lucrat dou luni
mpreuna cu soia, le-am multiplicat n 50 de exemplare i
le-am expediat la Rimnicu-Sarat. Primind apoi cereri din
toat ara, am scos prima culegere n 350.000 de
exemplare. S-au epuizat n cteva zile. Nici una dintre
culegerile care au urmat nu ddea gre pentru c profesorul
proba toate exerciiile cu elevii pe care ii avea acas, la
meditaii. in minte c, odat, la un concurs de
matematic, din 18 ctigtori, 16 erau pregtii de mine.
Aveam dou serii pe zi, a cte 3-4 copii, nu acceptam mai
muli ntr-o serie pentru c nu era eficient. M sun i acum
din America s-mi mulumeasc fotii elevi.
Text 20.
Crile, vndute n ase milioane de exemplare
Gheba nu s-a sfiit niciodat s critice concepia manualelor
colare, fapt care i-a atras antipatia autorilor, dar i
simpatia profesorilor din ar. El a avut marea inteligen
pedagogic s mpart probleme pe genuri de soluii, lucru
care avea darul s fac i algebra i geometria mult mai
uor de neles. In 1975, cnd faima lui era la apogeu, S.
Gidea a ncercat s-i interzic s mai publice. Dar la
intervenia altor capi ai regimului, a lui Gogu Rdulescu, n
special, profesorul i-a putut continua munca. A publicat 34
de culegeri ntr-un tiraj total de peste ase milioane de
exemplare. Cot la cot cu Gheba au lucrat Lucreia Gheba,
actuala soie, i Carmina Gheba Dragomir, fiica adoptiv a
cuplului. La 15 aprilie, Editura Univers va scoate pe pia
cea mai recent dintre culegerile profesorului Gheba.
Profesorul e un pic emoionat. Nu mai are de ani buni copii
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la pregtire i nu a probat pe ei, ca n atitea alte rnduri,

metodele de rezolvare. Dar n-am cum s dau gre, e
experiena mea de-o via acolo!
La plecare l intreb dac mai tie ceva de cpitanul cu
zulufi i ochi albastri. Imi spune, uor soptit, c n 1998, cu
acordul soiei i cu 340 de ruble n buzunar, a zburat la
Moscova, s dea de urma ngerului. Cnd a ajuns n faa
blocului de pe Bulevardul Maxim Gorki, unde s-a petrecut o
noapte din dragostea lor, i s-a oprit inima n loc. N-a mai
gsit-o pe Marusia. A rmas la locul ei doar pdurea de
molizi de la marginea Moscovei.

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