World appl. programming, Vol(5), No (2), February, 2015. pp.

41-49

TI Journals

World Applied Programming

www.tijournals.com

ISSN:
2222-2510
Copyright 2015. All rights reserved for TI Journals.

Institutional factors in regional innovation systems in industrial clusters

Using Exploratory factor analysis Technique Case study: Tile and
Ceramic Industry
Reza Salami
Faculty board member, Faculty of Management, Allame Tabatabei University, Tehran, Iran

Ali Saffari darberazi

PHD student of production and operations management, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran

Morteza Khani*
M.A of Management of Technology, Allame Tabatabei University, Iran
*Corresponding author: Mortzakhani1@gmail.com

Keywords

Abstract

regional innovation system

industrial clusters
innovation national system
exploratory factor analysis

The institutional factors in innovation system in industrial clusters were identified and prioritized. To this
end, 24 performance indices were identified through literature review and based on the definition of
institutional factors. The importance of the indices was surveyed through sending questionnaire to managers
and experts in tile industrial cluster in Yazd Province. Totally, 101 questionnaires were returned by the
participants and the data was analyzed though exploratory factor analysis technique. Based on the results, 23
indices were obtained in 7 groups including culture, communication and infrastructure, interaction and
collaboration, policy making, personnel and employees, financing, learning and innovation.

1.

Introduction

The concept of national innovation system (NIS) and innovation systems drew attention after its introduction in 1987 and many have worked on
developing its conceptual concepts and tools. The concept is one of the new approaches for scientific policy making and determining
technological and innovative priorities which mirrors a wide range of debates and analysis. Moreover, the new concept determines wide range of
dynamism, innovative works and new aspects of innovation features formulations (Badaghi, 2011). Framework of NIS defines national borders
as the borders of innovation system. National culture, language, states play key role in innovation within different technologies and sectors.
However, framework of regional innovation system (RIS) encompasses a specific region and seeks to influence a non-commercial productive
culture, inter-business network, and innovative institutes of the regions or industrial cluster in the district (Cooke, Uraga and Etxebarria, 1997).
Taking into consideration that aggregation of economic activities in a region creates the best environment for development of an innovationbased economy in modern economy system; the concept of RIS is intensively related with the concept of industrial cluster (Asheim and Isaksen,
1996). An industrial cluster is at the same time a common labor market, a common market for the supplier of raw materials and transfer of
technology and information among the businesses. To meet this function, it is essential to take into account the industrial cluster within the frame
of an RIS and recognize the institutional factors of the system of the industrial clusters (Karlsson, 2001). The idea of RIS has been recently
introduced in Iran and finding its relation with industrial clusters may result in wide horizon ahead of clusters and picture how the RIS must be
implemented.
Innovation and innovation systems
Innovation is usually taken as synonym for technological innovation. By Cummings (1998) definition, innovation is defined as the technologyrelated activities in a business that results in development of new processes or products in the market. As a wider definition of innovation, it is
the changes in tasks, products, and processes that leads the businesses toward gaining more and unique technological competencies. (Doloreuxa
and Melanc-onb, 2008).
National innovation system (NIS)
The concept of NIS has been frequently discussed in science and technology policy making studies; and there are several definitions for the term
(Chung, 2002). Lundvall (1992) recognized a distinction between the delicate and general definition of NIS. The former defines NIS as the
organizations and institutes working on technological searching and discovery (e.g. R&D departments, technological institutes and
universities). The latter defines NIS as a system of innovation comprised of elements and relations effective in generation, dissemination, and
utilization of new knowledge with economic benefits (Chang and Chen, 2004). The experts in the field have emphasized on institutional bases
and interactive learning between the main actors including developers of knowledge and users of the knowledge. (Chung, 2002)

Reza Salami, Ali Saffari darberazi, Morteza Khani *

42

World Applied Programming Vol(5), No (2), February, 2015.

Field of innovation

Task:

Task:

Task:

Resource supply

Management of complicacies, collaboration,

disagreement, risk, uncertainty

Development of
innovative usages

Financing
resources

Human resources

Innovative activities
New services/product

Knowledge resources

Innovation processes

Business/inter-business innovation

Figure 1. Roles of actors and institutions in an innovative field at business level

Industrial clusters: the purpose of industrial cluster is to create networks of small industries for collaboration and achieve competitive
advantages. Flexibility is one of the main features of the industrial clusters, which makes them competitive enough to survive the competitive
market. (Doloreu, Shearmur, 2009)
Some of the definitions of industrial clusters are listed below:
Cluster refers to aggregation of business unites concentrated in a specific geographical position and produce and provide a set of products and
services through supplementary mutual relations and deal with common challenges and opportunities. (Claudio, 2008)
Kentucky Science and Technology Center (KSTC): industrial cluster is a group of businesses with mutual relations and needs such as industrial
relation, provision of required trainings, educational institutes and technical/ development collaboration organizations. (Doloreux and Shearmur,
2009)
Scottish Enterprise: cluster is a set of customers, suppliers, competitors, and supporting institutes such a universities, educational, research,
institutional, financial bodies and infrastructural facilities. (Doloreux and Shearmur, 2009)
Regional innovation system (RIS)
Studies on regional and local innovation systems surged enormous wave of researches on the fields such as industrial economies, regional
economies, and geographical economies. There are different terms employed for explaining regional innovation system in these different fields,
however the root of the idea of RIS can be found in marshal industrial regions, Peerrus economic space, Dahmens development blocks, and
Camagnis innovative milieus (Chang and Chen, 2004). In the early 1990s the concept of RIS was introduced as an acceptable analytical
framework for development of perception of innovative processes and regional economies by the policy makers and researchers and especially
regional studies, economic geologist and development zone policy makers. The general acceptance of the concept mirrors the gravity of the role
learning and social territory in social development and economic growth. RIS is an applied approach as it explains intangible aspects of
development of local economy, and the process of knowledge and learning cycle at regional scale. Another reason for popularity of the approach
with political perspective is the fact that economic policy management within a region is much easier than management at global scale. (Doloreu
and Parto, 2005)
There are three facts regarding RIS; 1- An RIS is a social system by its nature; 2- Under a systematic method, an RIS encompasses interaction
among different sets of actors (private and public sectors); and 3- A systematic model of interactions toward improvement and increase of local
learning competencies in a region. (Dolreux, 2002)
The concept of RISs is formed based on a common order, which is build on conditional regulations developed through trust, validity, mutual
interaction and transaction. Systematic collaboration elements, mutual trust, and collaborative features of an RIS make it much valuable and
useful for an innovation system. (Cooke and Uranga and Etxebarria, 1997)

43

Institutional factors in regional innovation systems in industrial clusters

World Applied Programming Vol(5), No (2), February, 2015.

Innovation system

Common innovation infrastructure

Innovation
environment

Fundamental and
institutional condition
(macro-economy)

Specific environment of
innovation system (micro-

Communication

economy)

Casual and adjusting effects

Innovative
resources

Innovation development

Innovative
output

Downstream
commercialization

Innovation process
Figure 2: Framework of RIS in task-based mode

Table 1. Summary of analytical frameworks on innovation systems approaches (Chang and Chen, 2004)
Author

Type

Field of study

Analysis unit

Analytical framework

Freeman (1987)

NIS

Japan

Economic-social system

MITI, company R&D for imported technology, educational

institutes

Landoal (1992)

NIS

Scandinavia countries

Consumer-producer interactive
learning

Role of public sector, education, R&D institutes, standard

and educational institutes, productive system, marketing
system and financial ward

Nelson (1993)

NIS

15 developing and
developed countries

Gradual evolution between

business-based organizations and
technology

R&D activities, resources and budgeting, features of

businesses, role of industries, roles of universities and public
policies

Charlson (1995)

NIS

Switzerland technology
systems

Technology knowledge-based
networks

Fundamental infrastructures, source cluster, economic

competency and development block

Berschi and
Malrba (1997)

NIS

Different sectors in OECD

countries

Knowledge interaction among

sectors

Technology regimes, technology dynamism, space and

knowledge border

Saksnian (1991)

NIS

IT sectors in the silicon

valley, 128th RD, Boston

Businesses aggregated in a region

Exchange of informal information, human resource and

inter-businesses network

Kock et al.
(1997)

NIS

Europe innovation region

Concentrated social and productive

mutual dependency

Financial system, institute learning and productive culture

Exploratory factor analysis

Factor analysis is a mathematic method for data reduction. In fact, the logic of factor analysis is to reduce a large number of variables into some
main factors. Naturally, these factors are obtained based on functions of the tests. In other worlds, factor analysis refers to a set of statistical
techniques which are aimed to develop a set of variable based on fewer hypothesized variables. (Clain, 2001)

Reza Salami, Ali Saffari darberazi, Morteza Khani *

44

World Applied Programming Vol(5), No (2), February, 2015.

Literature review
Title

Author(s)

Recognizing organizational
factors of RIS

Kcok, Oranga
and Etbaria,
1997

Operational collaboration
between business-university
and role of general research
institutes in regional
innovation systems

Frisch and
Schterine 1999

RIS in the EU

Subject

Results

Analyzing regional innovation systems concerning

organizational factor such as productive culture,
institutionalized learning in the past and financial
supply capacity
Collaborative relations with general research
institutes in Germany with production business
were analyzed

Proper utilization of capacities and competencies at the region

results in systematic learning innovation and interactive
innovative improvement.

Cock et al.
(2000)

Institutional and organizational key aspects that

supply a regional innovation system

RISs: general findings and

some new evidences of
biotechnology clusters

Cock (2002)

The study focused on interactive and operating

regional innovation based on a framework of
multilevel control and supervision. Moreover,
pictures foreign and regional innovative interaction
among the businesses and other innovative
organizations which are crucial for regional
innovation potentials.

The authors tried to find the key institutional and organizational

aspects that constitute an RIS and found results such as innovative
performance potential for strong and poor regions regarding such
potentials.
Introduces an environment for extracting technology clustering
through RISs as the only example of capacities of IRS or a
relatively strong sector.

The relation between small

and average size businesses
in Nordic countries
A survey of innovation
systems in small and average
sized regions
RISs in Canada: a
comparative study
RISs: current issues and
unsolved problems

Ashim et al.
(2002)

The study tried to find similarities and differences

among the small and average regional cluster
businesses in different regions of Nordic countries
Survey of innovation systems in small and average
sized regions for assessment

Relation between knowledge

bases and RISs

Ashim and
Choen (2005)

Relation between industries and RIS was analyzed

from industrial knowledge perspective based on
Nordic cluster comparison.

Universities as key
infrastructure of knowledge
in RISs
From RIS to local innovation
systems: evidence from
Italian industrial zones
Nature of innovative
activities in marine industries
of Quebec, Canada based on
RIS
Determinants of RISs
efficiency
RISs in Hungary

Charles 2006

Survey of the position of universities as key

knowledge infrastructures in RISs from two
different perspectives.
The theoretical concept of the industrial zone and
RIS were surveyed from different aspects of
regional economic development
Nature of innovative activities in Quebec, Canada
was identified based on RIS. Analyses were based
on 64 cases of marine businesses in Quebec costal
region.
Differences and efficiency of RIS were analyzed.

Designing a evolutionary
approach of innovation
systems (case study: medical
engineering industry)

Anderson and
Karlson (2004)
Doloura (2004)
Doloura and
Parto 2005

Massio 2006

Innovative activities of small and average-sized

businesses in different regions
Interaction among different actors throughout
innovation process and consumer-producers
interaction in particular

Collaboration with businesses is considerably dependent of

regional companies. Research institutes participate in innovation
processes in their region through attracting knowledge outside the
region and sharing it with other businesses.

Similarities and differences among small and average regional

cluster businesses were identified.
The main actors in RISs (e.g. customers, producers, contractors,
consultants, public foundations, research institutes, universities
etc.) were identified and prioritized.
The businesses must utilize regional, national, and international
knowledge resources to keep their innovation advantages.
The role of institutions in implementation of RISs in not deniable
in industrial zones.

RIS policies must seek provision of regional needs such as

knowledge infrastructure, and industry-university interaction;
moreover, nationalized learning is of great importance for
industries with combined knowledge bases.
There are several aspects for the role of universities in RISs and
there is a need to combine and mix policies at regional level.

Seifoding
(2004)

Statistical and Entropic index were used for

measuring synergies of knowledge development,
utilization and organizational control on Hungarian
innovation system
Survey of the approaches of different innovation
systems

In some special cases, technical-social features of industrial

regions make the size and institutionalize framework of the region
insufficient in explaining innovation process.
Marine products businesses have barely shown interested in
product or process innovation process. Some of them have
entered innovative measure by acquiring machineries and skillful
work force.
Universities and general research institutes have a positive effect
on efficiency of R&D of private sector.
Hungarys transaction process triggered three regimes with
different dynamics: knowledge-based innovation system
Promoting and fostering knowledge-based organizations
Responsive and reactive to public expenditure
The elements and their tasks and current systematic approaches of
each were introduced

RIS: a model for analyzing

changes in Irans
telecommunication industries

Barkhordar
2006

Survey of Irans telecommunication industries

changes using RIS and Malerbas model

The main motivating and hindering structures for realization of

this system functions were identified.

Feasibility of industrial
clustering in Zanjan Province
(case study: furniture
industries)
RIS in Irans leather
industries
Irans NIS with an emphasis
on technology institutional
layout
A model for success of Jahad
Daneshgahi in Irans
innovation system

Ahadi
Oroumieh
(2006)

The capacity for clustering in Zannjan Furniture

Industry was surveyed.

The factors in clustering furniture industries were discovered and

surveyed

Rahbari (2009)

The elements of an RIS and their role in Irans

leather industries position were determined
Survey of institutional technology layout in Iran
within the national innovation system in
current/ideal conditions
The pattern of the factors in success of Jahad
Denshgahi as a national research and technology
org. in Irans innovation system

The main supporting and hindering structures for development of

an RIS in Irans leather industry were surveyed.
Institutional arrangement of technology national system in some
countries and consultation with experts in the field were used to
determined current/ideal status of technology institutional setting.
The factors in success of Jahad Daneshgahi as one of the main
element of Irans innovation system- were identified.

Dolora and
Melanken
(2009)
Frish and
Slovch 2011
Lingel and
Lidserof (2011)

Smaeili (2010)

Ansari (2010)

45

Institutional factors in regional innovation systems in industrial clusters

World Applied Programming Vol(5), No (2), February, 2015.

Research problems
1.
2.

2.

What are the institutional factors of RIS in industrial clusters?

What is the gravity of each one of these factors for Yazd tile and ceramic industrial cluster?

Methodology

The study was conducted as analytical- descriptive study and through field works. The study was conducted in Yazd province and the study
population, considering the purpose of the study, was comprised of the experts in organizational Yazd tile and ceramic industrial cluster along
with managers and experts working in factories in the cluster. Sample size formula for limited society was used to obtain a sample size of 100.
However, to have more accurate results and to avoid using the minimum size of sample group, 140 were selected and 120 of them accepted to
take part in the study. For data gathering, a questionnaire with 24 factors was used, which was based on literature review, consulting with the
experts, and Delphi method. To ascertain validity of the questionnaire, it was handed over to the experts and researchers in the tile and ceramic
cluster and university lecturers for revision. Having ascertained the validity of the questionnaire, reliability of the questionnaire was obtained by
conducting a pilot study and using Coronbachs alpha (a = 0.875).

Findings
All the variables were identified through literature review and consulting experts. Totally 24 variables were found (Table 2). These variables
were classified and prioritized though discover factor analyses.
Table 2. Definition of variables
No.
1
2

Index
Suitable productive culture
Institutionalized learning in the past

Easy financing

4
5

Availability of local skillful work force

Access to scientific centers

Cultural similarities among the current factors and actors in the cluster

7
8
9

Popularity of informal collaborative relation among the current actors in the cluster
Transparency of information flow among the activists
Easy collaborative environment among the activists

10
11
12
13
14

Effective regulations to settle probable disputes and disagreements

Team work culture among the activists and current industrial units
Well-defined mechanisms for interaction and collaboration among the activists in the cluster
Developed finance markets (stock market) in vicinity of the cluster
Policies and programs for promoting technology and collaboration among the activists in the cluster

15
16
17
18

Flexible and specifically designed tax system for the activists in the cluster
Agents for financing and marketing
Importance of communications with customers and intl competitors
Interactive mechanisms in financial, technological and scientific mechanisms

19

Importance oo industry-university interaction (applied and science university) and role of research
centers in development of clusters knowledge infrastructure
Importance of inter/intra-business relation in cluster

20
21
22
23
24

Importance of credits and state budget in development of clusters abilities

Basic and principal infrastructures (telecommunication, roads, railroads, and airlines) in cluster and its
vicinity
Cluster independence in making policies and strategic decisions
Important of relation between active businesses in clusters and different innovation systems

Study
Cock et al. (1997)
Cock et al. (1997)
Ashim and Choen (2005)
Hamen and Dolora (2005)
Siesmen 1983
Christensen 1992
Cock et al. 1997
Ashim and Choinen 2005
Cock et al. 1997
Ashim and Choinen (2005)
Sachsenian 1991
Chung and Chen 2004
sachsenian 1991
Kobksko et al. 2006
Cock et al. 1997
Kobksko et al. 2006
Kobksko et al. 2006
Cock et al. (1997)
Cock et al. (1997)
Cock et al. (1997)
Cock et al. (1997)
Kobksko et al. (2006)
Cock et al. (1997)
Cock et al. (1997)
Doloura 2004
Cock et al. (1997)
Chong and Chen 2004
Ashim and Coenin 2005
Chong an Chen 2004
Saksnian 1991
Chong and Chen 2004
Cock et al. (1997)
Cock et al. (1997)
Cock et al. (1997)
Chomber et a. 2003
Ashim and Gertler 2004
Doloura and Parto 2005

Exploratory factor analysis was used for surveying the research questions regarding priority of indices related to the aspects. Before conducting
the analysis, fitness of the data for factor analysis must be ensured. To this end, adequacy of samples and Barthlets test were used.
1. Adequacy of sampling test: the test was conducted using Kaiser Meyer Olkin value (KMO). The value determines correlation between
pair variable. Small values show that correlation between cannot be explained by other variables. Small values of the index mean that

Reza Salami, Ali Saffari darberazi, Morteza Khani *

46

World Applied Programming Vol(5), No (2), February, 2015.

2.

that correlation between the variables is not explained by other variables. Value of KMO oscillates between 0 and 1. For values less
that 0.5, the data dose not suit for factor analysis, for 0.5-0.69 the factor analysis can be a choice, and for values 0.7, correlation of the
data perfectly suits for factor analysis. As listed in Table 3, value of KMO for the gathered data is 0.735, which implies suitability of
the data for factor analysis.
Barthlets test: to be suitable for factor analysis, correlation matrixes the basis of factor analysis- must not be zero for the population
under study. To this end, Barthlets test was utilized. Barthlets test examines the hypothesis that correlation matrixes belong to the
population with uncorrelated variables. To have significant and effective factor model, the variables must be correlated, otherwise
explaining the factor model is out of question.

Level of significant of 0.005 of the test determines of the suitability of factor model. As listed in 3, the values obtained are zero, and thus, the
data are correlated and suitable for factor analysis
Table 3. KMO and Barthlets tests in SPSS
KMO and Bartlett's Test

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy.

Bartlett's Test of Sphericity

.735

Approx. Chi-Square

680.965

Df

253

Sig.

.000

Table 4 lists the rotated matrix along with factors and factor weight of each index on the factors. For factor analysis, we need to determine which
factor weight must be taken into consideration as significant. According to the studies, factor loads above 0.3 are significant, above 0.4 are
highly significant, and above 0.5 are very highly significant. Therefore, the higher is the factor load, the more significant is the factor in factor
matrix interpretation. This measure can be used for sample number of less than 50.
The basis of significant of factor weight in this study was assumed 0.5. Therefore, indices without factor weight above 0.5 were removed.
Therefore, none of the variables, except for the effective regulations to settle probable disputes and disagreement, were removed.
Table 4. Rotated matrix in SPSS
Rotated Component Matrixa

Component
1

Suitable productive culture

.549

.040

.282

.112

.435

.126

-.114

Institutionalized learning in the past

.007

.378

.287

-.244

.622

-.158

-.091

Easy financing

.133

-.158

.206

.201

.519

.359

.408

Availability of local skillful work force

.220

.139

-.178

.043

.802

.151

.059

Access to scientific centers

.682

.358

-.155

.204

.085

-.217

.069

Cultural similarities among the current factors and actors in the cluster

.214

-.038

.697

.229

.245

-.025

-.008

Popularity of informal collaborative relation among the current actors in the

cluster

.089

.227

.812

.136

-.073

.024

-.010

Transparency of information flow among the activists

.726

.221

.162

.137

.101

-.012

.100

Easy collaborative environment among the activists

.543

-.131

.389

-.019

-.119

.120

.351

Effective regulations to settle probable disputes and disagreements

.686

.132

-.013

.073

.174

.148

-.206

Team work culture among the activists and current industrial units

.652

-.070

.109

.061

.235

.329

-.054

Well-defined mechanisms for interaction and collaboration among the activists in

the cluster

.523

-.022

.111

.530

-.101

.152

-.072

Developed finance markets (stock market) in vicinity of the cluster

.470

.256

.381

.083

-.100

.263

.144

Policies and programs for promoting technology and collaboration among the
activists in the cluster

.306

.044

.123

.217

.199

.639

.284

Flexible and specifically designed tax system for the activists in the cluster

.080

.196

-.058

.041

.033

.821

-.150

Agents for financing and marketing

.483

.555

.076

-.163

.106

.102

.252

Importance of communications with customers and intl competitors

.512

.397

.271

-.128

-.009

.341

-.090

Interactive mechanisms in financial, technological and scientific mechanisms

.322

.689

.000

.012

.161

.147

.057

Importance o industry-university interaction (applied and science university) and

role of research centers in development of clusters knowledge infrastructure

-.053

.682

.486

.265

-.014

.102

-.105

Importance of inter/intra-business relation in cluster

-.091

.060

-.058

.127

.026

-.056

.856

Importance of credits and state budget in development of clusters abilities

.107

.053

.120

.656

.032

.211

.200

Basic and principal infrastructures (telecommunication, roads, railroads, and

airlines) in cluster and its vicinity

.054

.170

.181

.808

.008

-.073

.038

Cluster independence in making policies and strategic decisions

.073

.706

.045

.464

.118

.049

-.046

a. Rotation converged in 17 iterations.

As listed in Table 5, 23 variables (indices) are assigned to 7 factors.

47

Institutional factors in regional innovation systems in industrial clusters

World Applied Programming Vol(5), No (2), February, 2015.

Table 5. classification and priority of indices

Priority of indices
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
1.
2.

Factor

Transparency of information flow among the activists(0.726)

Team work culture among the activists and current industrial units (0.686)
Access to scientific centers (0.682)
Well-defined mechanisms for interaction and collaboration among the activists in the cluster (0.652)
Suitable productive culture (0.549)
Easy collaborative environment among the activists (0.543)
Interactive mechanisms in financial, technological and scientific mechanisms (0.512)
Policies and programs for promoting technology and collaboration among the activists in the cluster (0.470)
Important of relation between the active businesses in the cluster and different innovation systems (0.706)
Importance of industry-university interaction and role of research centers in development of clusters
knowledge infrastructure (.686)
Importance of inter/intra-business relation in cluster (0.862)
Gravity or communications with customers and intl competitors (0.555)
Popularity of informal collaborative relation among the current actors in the cluster (0.812)
Cultural similarities among the current factors and actors in the cluster (0.697)

3.
1.
2.
3.

Cluster independence in making policies and strategic decisions (0.808)

Basic and principal infrastructures (telecommunication, roads, railroads, and airlines) in cluster and its
vicinity (0.656)
Developed finance markets (stock market) in vicinity of the cluster (0.530)
Availability of local skillful work force (0.802)
Institutionalized learning in the past (0.622)
Easy financing (0.519)

1.
2.

Agents for financing and marketing (0.821)

Flexible and specifically designed tax system for the activists in the cluster (0.639)

1.

Importance of credits and state budget in development of clusters abilities (0.856)

Priority

Culture (24.83)

First

Infrastructures
and
communications
(16.23)

Second

Interaction and
collaboration
(13.87)
Policy making
(13.10)

Third

Personnel and
colleague
(11.57)
Financing
(11.50)
Learning and
innovation
(8.86)

Fourth

Fifth

Sixth
Seventh

Results of time factor analysis showed that extracted elements constitute considerable portion of variance. Human social researches explain 60%
of variance of competency. Following table lists the elaborated variance of the factors. Clearly, 7 extracted factors explain more than 67% of the
variance.
Table 6. specific values of factors
% of all factors
24.83
16.23
13.87
13.10
11.57
11.50
8.86
100

Specific value (%)

16.649
10.885
9.303
8.785
7.760
7.712
5.942
67.036

Specific values
3.829
2.504
2.140
2.020
1.785
1.774
1.367
--

Factors
Factor 1
Factor 2
Factor 3
Factor 4
Factor 5
Factor 6
Factor 7
Total

Based on Table 5, relation between the seven factors and 23 primary indices is pictured in the model below.

3.

Conclusion

The institutional factors of RIS in tile and ceramic industrial cluster were determined and prioritized. The priority of the factors and indices
convey specific issues in the field. To have stronger role in tile and ceramic clusters of RIS, the factor culture most be improved to optimum
condition. To this end it is recommended to improve team work culture among the activists and industrial units located in the industrial cluster,
while put more emphasis on collaboration and participation among the internal factors of the cluster and the networks through sharing
information, resources, know to how, and technical consultation. This leads to less cost of transactions and optimization of transaction and
consequently, acceleration of learning and technical innovation. Of other noticeable factors that influence on the culture and need is serious
consideration in creation of proper productive culture and the mechanisms that facilitate collaboration among the activists and foster
collaboration. Interactive mechanism at financial, technological, and scientific fields and policies and programs to promote technology and
collaboration among the activists are also helpful. Finally, empowerment of organizational collaboration through empowerment, team formation,
development of staff capabilities, and their participation in organization convey the sense to the staff that they are part of the organization and
play a role in the decisions that influence their work.
In sum, regional innovation system constitutes a living and developing entity that none of its elements is left behind. Clearly, less parallel work,
knowledge synergy and dissemination and transfer of knowledge and technology are facilitated and accelerated in the systems. RIS ensures fast
and continuous flow of information among different institutes of the innovation system (clearly, information flow path is one of effective factor
on efficiency of NIS and RIS). Information search, resource synergy, resource finding, matching and collaboration among different institutes are
improved under innovation system. Access to limited resources through sharing them lessens the cost of innovation in the innovation system.
Simplicity of virtualization and development of virtual institutes improve NIS concerning volume and performance.

Reza Salami, Ali Saffari darberazi, Morteza Khani *

48

World Applied Programming Vol(5), No (2), February, 2015.

References
Ahadi Uromia, A., 2006. Feasibility of Establishment of Industrial Cluster Creation in Janjan Province.Case Study:Furniture industry . Unpublished M.A
dissertation, Alame Tabatabaei university.
Andersson, M., Karlsson, C., 2004. Regional Innovation Systems in Small & Medium-Sized Regions: A Critical Review & Assessment, Electronic Working Paper
Series.
Ansari, A., 2010. Designing the pattern for Jahad Daneshgahi success in the national Innovation System of Iran . Unpublished M.A dissertation, Alame
Tabatabaei university.
Asheim B, Isaksen A., 1997. Location, agglomeration and innovation: towards regional innovation systems in Norway? European Planning Studies;5(3):299330.
Asheim, B. & Isaksen, A., 1996. Location, Agglomeration and Innovation: Towards Regional Innovation Systems in Norway, STEP Report R-13, Oslo.
Asheim, B. & Isaksen, A., 2001. Regional Innovation Systems: the Integration of Local Sticky and Global Ubiquitous Knowledge, Forthcoming in Journal of
Technology Transfer.
Asheim, B., Coenen, L., 2005.Knowledge bases and regional innovation systems: Comparing Nordic clusters, Research Policy 34 (2005) 11731190.
Asheim, B.T., Gertler, S., 2005. Regional innovation systems and the geographical foundations of innovation. Research Policy( 23). 450465.
Badaghi, GH., 2011. The national Innovation System as a Framework for Innovation Analyse,4th National Conference of Technology Management, Tehran.
Barkhordar, A., 2006.Sectional Innovation System :Designing the pattern for analyzing the trend of Iran telecommunication industry reveloution . Unpublished
M.A dissertation, Alame Tabatabaei university.
Chang, Y., Chen, M., 2004. Comparing approaches to systems of innovation: the knowledge perspective, Technology in Society (26) 1737.
Charles, D., 2006. Universities as key knowledge infrastructures in regional innovation systems. The European Journal of Social Science Research, Volume 19,
Issue 1.
CHEN, K., GUAN, J ., 2011. Mapping the functionality of China's regional innovation systems:A structural approach China Economic Review (22) 1127.

49

Institutional factors in regional innovation systems in industrial clusters

World Applied Programming Vol(5), No (2), February, 2015.

CHEN, K., KENNEY, M., 2006. Universities/Research Institutes and Regional Innovation Systems: The Cases of Beijing and Shenzhen, doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.
Christensen, J., 1992. The role of finance in national systems of innovation. In: Lundvall, E. (Ed.), National Systems of Innovation: Towards a Theory of
Innovation and Interactive Learning. Pinter, London.
Chung, S., 2002. Building a national innovation system through regional innovation Systems, Technovation (22) 485491.
Clain, P., 2001.Simple Guide of Operation Analysis,(J.Sadrosadat & A.Minaei), Tehran:SAMT(The Organization of Studying and Editing of ) .
Claudio, R, Riccardo V., 2008. Foresight and innovation in the context of industrial clusters: The case of some Italian districts, Technological Forecasting & Social
Change (75) 817833.
Cooke, P. and K. Morgan., 1990. Learning Through Networking: Regional Innovation and the Lessons of Baden-Wurttemburg. Regional Industrial Research.
Cooke, P. and K. Morgan., 1991. The Network Paradigm: New Departures in Corporate and Regional Development. Environment and Planning D: Society and
Space 11(5): 543564.
Cooke, p., 2002. Regional Innovation Systems: General Findings and Some New Evidence from Biotechnology Clusters. The Journal of Technology Transfer.
Cooke, P., Uranga, M., Etxebarria, G., 1997. Regional innovation systems: Institutional and organizational dimensions, Research Policy (26) 475-491.
Cumbers A, Mackinnon D, Chapman K., 2003. Innovation, collaboration, and learning in regional clusters: a study of SMEs in the Aberdeen oil complex. Environ
Planning;35:1689706.
Dalum, B., Johnson, B., Lundvall, B., 1992. Public policy in the learning society. In: Lundvall, B. (Ed.), National Systems of Innovation: Towards a Theory of
Innovation and Interactive Learning. Pinter, London.
De Bresson, C. and Hu, X., 1999. Identifying Clusters of Innovative Activity: A New Approach and a Toolbox , in Boosting Innovation - the Cluster Approach,
OECD, Paris.
Doloreux D., 2004. Regional innovation systems in Canada: a comparative study. Reg Stud;38(5):47992.
Doloreux, D., 2004. Regional innovation systems in Canada: a comparative study. . Reg. Studies 38, 481494.
Doloreux, D., 2002. What we should know about regional systems of innovation, Technology in Society (24) 243263.
Doloreux, D., Parto, S., 2005. Regional innovation systems: Current discourse and unresolved issues, Technology in Society 27 133153.
Doloreux, D., Shearmur, R., 2009. Maritime clusters in diverse regional contexts: The case of Canada, Marine Policy (33) 520527.
Doloreuxa, D., Melanc-onb, Y., 2008. On the dynamics of innovation in Quebecs coastal maritime industry, Technovation (28) 231243.
Esmaeili, A., 2011. The national Innovation System with Emphasize on Basic view of Technology. . Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Alame Tabatabaei
university.
Florida R., 1995. Toward the learning region. Futures;27(5):52736.
Freeman C. Technology policy and economic performance: lesson from Japan. London: Frances Pinter; 1987.
Fritsch, M. Schwirten, C., 1999. Enterprise-University Co-operation and the Role of Public Research Institutions in Regional Innovation Systems. Industry &
Innovation ,. 6, Iss. 1.
Fritsch, M. Slavtchev, V., 2011. Determinants of the efficiency of regional innovation systems. Regional Studies. Volume 45, Issue 7.
Hertog, P., Bergman, E. M. and Charles, D., 2001. Creating and Sustaining Innovative Clusters: Towards a Sythensis, in Innovative Clusters, Drivers of National
Innovation Systems, OECD, Paris, 405-19.
Jean-Marc Callois, 2008. The two sides of proximity in industrial clusters: The trade-off between process and product innovation, Journal of Urban Economics
(63) 146162.
Karlsson, C., 2001. Klusters Betydelse fr Industriell & Regional Utveckling (The Role of Clusters for Industrial & Regional Economic Development),
Mimeograph, JIBS.
Kubeczko,K., Rametsteiner,E., Weiss, G., 2006. The role of sectoral and regional innovation systems in supporting innovations in forestry, Forest Policy and
Economics (8) 704 715.
Lengyel, B. Leydesdorff, L., 2011. Regional Innovation Systems in Hungary: The Failing Synergy at the National Level. Regional Studies. Volume 45, Issue 5.
Lundvall B, 1992. editor. National systems of innovation: towards a theorem of innovation and interactive learning. London: Pinter.
Lundvall BA, Johnson B., 1994. The learning economy. Journal of Industry Studies;1(2):2342.
Lundvall, B. & Lindgaard-Christensen, J., 1999. Extending and Deepening the Analysis of Innovation Systems With Empirical Illustrations from the DISKOproject , DRUID Working Papers No. 99-12.
Lundvall, B., 2007. National Innovation Systems Analytical Concept and Development Tool. Industry and Innovation 14(1): 95119.
Malerba, F., 2004. Sectoral systems of innovation: how and why innovation differs across sectors. In: Fagerberg, J., Mowery, D., Nelson, R. (Eds.), Handbook of
Innovation. Oxford University Press.
Muscioa, A., 2006. From regional innovation systems to local innovation systems: Evidence from Italian industrial districts. European Planning Studies Volume
14, Issue 6.
Nelson, R. & Rosenberg, N., 1993. Technical Innovation and National Systems, in Nelson, R. (ed) (1993), National Innovation Systems a Comparative
Analysis, Oxford University Press, New York.
OECD ,2001b. Innovative Clusters Drivers of National Innovation Systems, Paris.
Padmore, T., Gibson, H., 1998. Modelling systems of innovation: II. A framework for industrial cluster analysis in regions, Research Policy( 26). 625641.
PIERO MOROSINI, 2002. Industrial Clusters, Knowledge Integration and Performance, doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.
Porter, M.E., 1998. Clusters and the New Economic of Competition , Harvard Business Review (November / December). p 78.
Rahbari, M., 2008. Sectional Innovation System in Iran Leather Industry. Unpublished M.A dissertation, Alame Tabatabaei university.
ration of Local `Asheim, B. T. and A. Isaksen., 2002. Regional Innovations Systems: The IntegSticky and Global `Ubiquitious Knowledge. The Journal of
Technological Transfer 27: 7788.
Seifadini, A. A., 2003. Designing the evolutionary Approach for the national Innovation Systems.Case Study:Medical enginireeng industry . Unpublished
doctoral dissertation, Amir Karbir university.
Shaohong, C., Jianjun, J., Qiulan, X., 2011. Research on formation and development of circular industrial clusters and innovative networks, Energy Procedia (5)
15191524.
Soshn, D., Kenney, M., 2006. Universities, Clusters, and Innovation Systems: The Case of Seoul, Korea, doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.