1.

(a) 2Cl– – 2e– → Cl2 (allow unaltered LHS to produce ½ Cl2) 2

+ –
Na + e → Na (allow x 2 for all terms)
(credit candidates who point out that hydrogen / H2 is in fact produced)
for 1 mark each

(b) for product 1*, idea of 4

a solid / precipitate or silver bromide
gains 1 mark
but
solid / a precipitate of silver bromide
gains 2 marks
for product 2*, idea of
aqueous / a solution / dissolved (in water) / or sodium nitrate
gains 1 mark
(do not allow liquid)
but
aqueous / a solution / dissolved (in water) of sodium nitrate
(*do not credit formulae)
gains 2 marks
[6]

2. (i) hydrogen, hydroxide and sulphate 1

all three and no others
any order
do not credit any formula(e)
(ii) the anode is positive 1
(so) only the negative ions are attracted to it 1
or (so) only the hydroxide ions and the sulphate ions are
attracted (to it)
or (so) only the anions are attracted (to it)
(iii) 2H2O + O2 + 4e– 1
[4]

Keswick School 1
3. (a) (i) any one from:
• they are positive / cations
• they are H+
• opposite charges attract 1
ignore atom

(ii) potassium is more reactive (or reverse) 1

assume ‘it’ refers to hydrogen
allow potassium reacts with water
allow potassium is very reactive or most reactive metal /
element
allow hydrogen gains electrons more easily / is reduced more
easily
accept potassium is higher up the reactivity series

(b) 6 and 2 1
accept correct multiples and fractions

(c) (i) the reaction / it is reversible or a description of a reversible

reaction 1
allow ‘it is an equilibrium’
allow reversible symbol drawn correctly
allow ‘the reverse / back reaction’

Keswick School 2
 (ii) lithium nitride
assume that ‘it’ or if they do not specify means lithium nitride
assume lithium / lithium nitrate refers to lithium nitride
• hydrogen is bonded / held / absorbed / has formed a
compound / reacted with lithium nitride 1
plus one of:
• does not explode / cause a fire
• is not free / less hydrogen
• is not under pressure
• does not leak
• is only released slowly
• compound of hydrogen with lithium nitride / product is
(more) stable / less reactive / less chance of a reaction 1
accept converse for hydrogen as below
assume that gas / hydrogen means gas in the cylinder
• hydrogen (in cylinder) / gas is not bonded / held
absorbed / in a compound / reacted with lithium
nitride
plus one of:
• can explode / cause a fire
• is free
• is under pressure
• can leak
• releases quickly

(d) (i) smaller or correct indication of size or higher surface area 1

allow very / really small or tiny
accept few (100) atoms in size
allow 1 to 100 nanometres or 10–9 metres
allow absorption and / or release of hydrogen more quickly
allow have different properties
allow ‘more particles in each volume / area’
do not allow reacts more quickly

(ii) greater surface area 1

Keswick School 3
 (e) (i) loss of an electron or loses electrons 1
do not accept any ref. to oxygen

(ii) full outer shell of 8 electrons on circle 1

need not be paired
can be ×, dot or e
do not accept if extra electrons added to inner shell
[10]

4. (a) Idea that 5

the electrons do not belong to specific atoms/delocalised electrons
[credit if done on appropriate diagram]
metal atoms form positive ions
the attraction which exists between particles with opposite charges, holds the metal together
no specific bonds exist between adjacent atoms/ions
atoms/ions can slide over each other so allowing metals to bend
each for 1 mark

(b) some electrons in the structure are delocalised/free to move 4

for 1 mark
these free electrons carry the electric current
for 1 mark
from left to right across the period, atoms of elements have
more free electrons
gains 1 mark
but
from left to right across the period, atoms of elements have more free
electrons because they have more electrons in the outer shells
gains 2 marks
[9]

5. (a) X – (metal) atom / ion 1

Y – electron 1

Keswick School 4
 (b) free electrons or electrons move 1
(allow metal) atoms / ions to slide over each other 1
OR
bonding non - directional for 2 marks
[4]

6. (a) Mg S O4 2
24 + 32 + 16 (× 4) or 64 / evidence of all Ar’s
gains 1 mark
but (Mr) = 120
gains 2 marks

(b) evidence that 2

24(g) magnesium would produce 120(g) mapesiurn sulphate
gains 1 mark
or correct scaling by 1/6
but
20(g) magnesium sulphate
gains 2 marks
[credit error carried forward from (a) with full marks in (b)]
[4]

7. (a) 25.4(%) 2
correct answer with or without working
accept 25(%)
accept 25.433....(%)
allow 26(%) for 1 mark
if incorrect answer 1 mark for identification of 44 as Mr of
useful product
or 173 as total Mr of reactants / products

Keswick School 5
 (b) ignore references to energy / cheaper / profit / cost / efficient
any two sensible ideas from eg:
• no / less waste
• less materials / reactants needed / used
• fewer / no environmental problems or less / no pollution
• better for sustainable development / resources running out
• more useful use of atoms
• less purification / separation of products owtte 2

(c) increase yield 1

owtte
more (gaseous) reactant molecule than (gaseous) product molecule owtte 1
accept more molecules on left hand side or converse
accept Le Chatelier based answers for second mark
ignore rate of reaction

(d) reduce yield

allow no yield
or
less product owtte 1
ignore waste / less efficient
[7]

8. (a) (i) yield increases 1

two marks are linked
because more (gaseous) reactant
molecules / particles than (gaseous)
product molecules / particles 1
accept 7 → 4 moles or volumes
ignore more reactants
accept fewer particles on the right

Keswick School 6
 (ii) increased (rate) / faster / speeds up etc 1
two marks are linked
more collisions or increased 1
concentration or particles closer
together
greater chance of more successful collisions

(b) heat / high temperatures 1

do not accept burn it
ignore cracking / catalyst
[5]

9. (i) electrolysis 1

(ii) oxidation 1

(iii) hydroxide ions or OH– 2

accept sodium hydroxide or hydroxide or OH for one mark only

(iv) H + + e– 1
H2 1
ignore any state symbols
2H+ + 2e– → H2 1

accept H+ + e-→ H for one mark only

[7]

Keswick School 7
10. (a) any two from: 2
• outer shell electrons / electrons in
highest energy level (in metals)
• electrons are delocalised / sea of electrons
• electrons are free or electrons move around
or electrons are free to flow or electrons
attracted to positive terminal
• electrons carry charge / current or electrons
form the current / electrons transfer charge / electrons
pass charge
ignore electrons carry electricity
ignore reference to positively charged atoms / ions
if they state electrons have +ve charge = max 1 mark
if they state covalent bonding then max 1 mark

(b) ions can move / are attracted to electrode 1

accept ions are free
allow ‘they’ for ions
or
attracted to named electrode
or
ions are charged or ions form / carry
the current or ions form the charge

(c) (i) electron gain 1

ignore hydrogen reduces charge

(ii) sodium hydroxide or NaOH or caustic soda 1

do not allow hydroxide alone

(iii) 2Cl– ─ 2 e– → Cl2

or
2Cl– → Cl2 + 2 e– 1
allow fractions or multiples
allow e or e–
do not allow e+
[6]

Keswick School 8
11. (a) rate of reaction is increased 4
iron/powder
acts as catalyst
at higher temperatures
at higher pressures
any 4 answers for 1 mark each

(b) yield of ammonia is increased at higher pressure 7

since equilibrium is moved to the right (idea)
but there is high cost in manufacturing the plant to withstand very high pressures
so optimum* pressure of about 250 atmospheres is used
(* - just quoting the figures not enough)
very high pressure increases safety risk
yield of ammonia is increased at lower temperatures
since equilibrium is moved to the right
but the rate of reaction is reduced at lower temperatures
so process becomes uneconomic
optimum temperature of about 450oC is used
yield of ammonia is increased if the ammonia is removed from the reaction mixture

since equilibrium is moved to the right (idea)

so ammonia is removed as a liquid after cooling and condensing
unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen recycled
(credit nitrogen and ammonia because of misprint on the diagram)
NB Answers in (b) must clearly relate to yield not to rate
(except for the qualification w.r.t. temperature)
any 7 points for 1 mark each
[11]

12. (a) nanoparticles / they are small(er) 1

accept 1–100 nm or a few atoms in size
so can easily pass through pores / skin / cell / membranes /
arteries / veins / capillaries / into blood stream owtte 1
must be a comparative statement
can be inferred from smaller particles
allow absorbed for pass through

Keswick School 9
 (b) any one from: 1
• may be toxic (to cells / specific cells)
allow may harm / damage / kill cells / organs / tissues or may
cause cancer
• to ensure safety or reduce risk or risk of litigation
allow may cause allergies / side effects
ignore harmful / dangerous unqualified eg harmful to body /
people
• nanoparticles may have different properties
• to see if they pass into the body

(c) any two sensible ideas from eg: 2

• testing is expensive or testing costs money
allow it costs money
ignore litigation
• testing is time consuming
• don’t see any reason to test since normal sized particles
(of titanium oxide) do not cause harm
accept normal sun cream does not cause harm owtte
• don’t want to risk not producing a popular product (owtte)
eg if unsafe will have to stop production or have to remove
product if toxic
• testing process / unfavourable results might cause alarm /
reduce sales / reduce profit (less money)
• do not want to be seen doing animal testing
[5]

Keswick School 10
13. (a) C H O
0.60 0.15 0.40 1
12 1 16
= 0.05 = 0.15 = 0.025 1
2 6 1 1
C2H6O 1
1 mark for dividing the correct amount or multiples of correct
amount by Ar
1 mark for proportions
1 mark for whole number ratio – accept any multiple
1 mark for correctly written simplest formula
correct formula without working gets only 2 marks
correct formula gains full marks
provided steps 1 and 2 are correct.
ecf can be allowed from step 2 to 3 or step 3 to 4
formula can be in any order eg OH6C2

(b) intermolecular forces / bonds 1

are weak 1
(covalent) bonds are weak = 0
or
forces between molecules or bonds between molecules (1)
(attractive) forces are weak = 1
are weak (1)
if no marks awarded, allow low boiling point or small Mr for 1
mark

(c) (i) to check the safety of the perfume (owtte) 1

accept references to possible harmful / dangerous effects of
perfume or possible reactions on skin
eg to show it does not damage skin / cause cancer etc.
allow to see what it smells like on the skin
allow so the company do not have to test on animals

Keswick School 11
 (ii) any two from:
idea from text linked with an explanation
• the company claim to have tested the product:
but we cannot be certain they have or how thorough they
are or how accurately reported
• companies did not disclose how they did their tests:
so they could not be checked or so they could not be
shown to be reliable / valid or so they could not be repeated
or converse
eg companies should disclose how they did their tests so that
results can be checked etc.
• companies may not have repeated their tests:
so they may not be reliable
• companies do their own tests:
so they may be biased or so they may not be truthful
about their results or so they may not be reliable
or converse
eg independent tests should be done so as to ensure there is no
bias etc.
• the companies are using different tests:
so the results cannot be compared or so results will be
different or so results will not be fair / valid / reliable
or converse
eg companies should do the same tests so that the results will
be fair etc.
• companies would not give false information because of
damage to reputation or it might lead to litigation 2
[9]

Keswick School 12