Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
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3/2010
CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES TO
INTELIGEN
INTELLIGENCE
Teoria triarhic
Cercetrile lui Richard Sternberg (n.1949) se
concretizeaz n teoria triarhic a inteligenei.
ncurajat de rezultatele experinelor ca elev i
student i de studiile elaborate Sternberg
formuleaz o teorie componenial a
inteligenei n care asociaz diferite stadii de
procesare a informaiei cu funcii specifice
creierului uman. Rezultatele studiilor sunt
publicate n lucrarea Beyond IQ: A Triarchic
Theory of Human Intelligence (1985)(Dincolo
de coeficientul de inteligen: O teoria
triarhic a inteligenei umane). Msura
adevrat a succesului nu este dat de ct de
bine se descurc elevul la clas ci de ct de bine
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personalitate,
acestea
avnd
caracter
organizatoric, dup cum urmeaz:
- funcie(legislativ, executiv),
- form(monarhic, ierarhic, oligarhic,
anarhic),
- nivel(global, local),
- scop(intern, extern),
- orientare(conservativ, progresiv).
Stilurile pot fi utilizate pentru a explica i a
prognoza aspecte ale performanelor colare
individuale, la locul de munc, precum i n
viaa personal, i nu pot fi atribuite n mod
direct inteligenei.
Comportamentul este inteligent n limita n
care: (a) este folosit n adaptarea la, selecia,
sau modelarea mediului nconjurtor al
individului; (b) rspunde unei sarcini sau
situaii noi sau n procesul de a deveni
automatizate;
(c)
este
rezultatul
metacomponentelor, al componentelor de
performan,
sau
al
celor
de
dobndire(achiziie) de noi cunotine de tipul
specificat n subteoria componeial.(Beyound
IQ: A triarchic theory of human intelligence.
Cambridge, U.K., Cambridge University Press,
1985.).
Importana pentru educaie
Una dintre concluziile care se desprinde din
cercetrile lui Sternberg se refer la faptul c
inteligena este mai mult dect rezultatele
obinute n urma efecturii unui test
standardizat, sau dect rezultatele obinute n
coal.
Sternberg consider c inteligena
poate fi educat dar pe baza analizei factorilor
care mpiedic o mplinire a inteligenei precum
: lipsa motivaiei, lipsa controlului impulsurilor,
lipsa de perseveren, neputina de a transpune
gndurile n fapte, teama de eec, dezorientarea,
etc.
Testul multidimensional de abiliti msoar
toate cele trei aspecte ale componentelor teoriei
triarhice. Toate acestea sunt importante pentru
succesul n via i au fost folosite pentru a
dezvolta programe cu copiii precum i pentru
selecia managerilor. mpreun acestea ofer
mai multe date dect inteligena analitic
msurat prin intermediul testelor clasice IQ
crora conform lui Sternberg societatea le-a
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possibility
susceptibility
encoding
(encoding) and its coverage in a system of
symbols.
Before the research of Howard Gardner, L.L.
Thurstone (1887-1955) conducted an
extensive study on the factors of
intelligence, which included analysis of sets
of students administered test of intelligence
thus identifying seven factors.
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Comprehensiune verbal
Fluena cuvintelor
Numere
Spaiu
Memorie
Percepie
Raionament
Verbal comprehension
fluency of words
numbers
space
memory
perception
reasoning
intermediul testelor
Howard Gardner propune urmtoarele tipuri de Howard Gardner proposes the following types of
inteligen:
intelligence:
Inteligena lingvistic
Persoanele care posed acest tip de inteligen Linguistic intelligence
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Inteligena logico-matematic
Caracteristicile acestui tip de inteligen
constau n: nelegerea relaiilor dintre aciuni,
obiecte i idei; analiza cauzelor i ale efectelor
acestora. Abilitatea de a calcula, cuantifica,
evalua propoziii i de a efectua operaii logice
complexe, abilitatea de a gndi deductiv i
inductiv; gndirea critic i creativ, rezolvarea
situaiilor problematice. Persoanele cu o astfel
de inteligen i aleg profesiuni precum cea de
matematician, fizician, chimist, economist, etc.
Inteligena muzical
Cei care posed acest tip de inteligen gndesc
n ritmuri, sunete, melodii i rime. Sunt
sensibili la tonalitatea, nlimea, i timbrul
sunetului; recunosc, creeaz i reproduc muzica
folosind vocea sau un instrument anume. Se pot
implica ntr-o ascultare activ i sensibil i
stabilesc o legtur puternic ntre muzic i
emoii.
Inteligena vizual-spaial
Este capacitatea da a gndi n imagini, de a
vizualiza cu claritate i n mod abstract.
Inteligena corporal-kinestezic
Prezena i dominana acestui tip de inteligen
aduce dup sine gndirea n micri i folosirea
corpului n moduri sugestive i complexe.
Acest tip de inteligen implic simul timpului
i al coordonrii micrilor ntregului corp i al
minilor n manipularea obiectelor. Se
manifest n special la dansatori, sculptori,
sportivi, actori.
Inteligena interpersonal
nseamn recunoaterea diferenelor dintre
oameni, a avea i a da dovad de empatie, a-i
nelege pe ceilali, a aprecia modul lor de
gndire, fiind sensibili la motivele, inteniile i
strile lor. Inteligena interpersonal implic o
Logical-mathematical intelligence
The characteristics of this type of intelligence are:
understanding the relationship between actions,
objects and ideas, analyze the causes and effects.
Ability to calculate, quantify, evaluate results and
perform complex logic operations, the ability of
deductive and inductive thinking, critical thinking
and creative problem solving situations. People
with such intelligence and the professions they
choose mathematician, physicist, chemist,
economist, etc.
Musical intelligence
Those who possess this intelligence think in
rhythms, sounds, songs and rhymes. They are
sensitive to the tone, height, and timbre of sound,
recognize, create and reproduce music using the
voice or a musical instrument. It may involve an
active and sensitive listening and establish a
strong link between music and emotions.
Visual-spatial intelligence
It gives the ability to think in pictures, to see
clearly and abstractly.
Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence
The presence and dominance of this type of
thinking reflects the way of
using body
movements in ways that are meaningful and
complex. This intelligence involves a sense of
time and coordination of whole-body movements
of the hands and manipulate objects. It is
particularly evident in the activity of dancers,
sculptors,
athletes,
actors.
Interpersonal Intelligence
It means acknowledging differences between
people, to have and exercise the empathy, to
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Intrapersonal intelligence
It iss the type of intelligence that causes thinking
and self-understanding, being aware of the
strengths and weaknesses specific to a person.
Effective planning of the journey involves
regarding personal goals, monitoring and control
Inteligena naturalist
thoughts
and
emotions.
Acest tip de inteligen presupune dragostea of
pentru natur, plante i animale, nelegerea
lumii naturale, abilitatea de a recunoate Naturalist intelligence
indivizi i specii i de a stabili relaii ecologice; This intelligence involves the love for nature,
interacioneaz eficient cu creaturi vii i pot plants and animals, understanding the natural
discerne cu uurin fenomene legate de via i world, the ability to recognize individuals and
de natur. Este prezent n cazul naturalitilor, species and establish ecological relationships,
biologilor, ecologitilor precum i al interact effectively with living creatures and can
easily discern phenomena related to life and
astronomilor.
Lucrarea Frames of Mind este urmat n nature. It is present in the case of naturalists,
1999 de o reanalizare i extindere a teoriei n biologists, environmentalists as well as
Intelligence Reframed. Multiple Intelligences astronomers.
for the 21st Century(Basic Books, 1999). n
capitolele al IV-lea i al V-lea al acestei lucrri The book "Frames of Mind" is followed in 1999
sunt considerate cteva noi tipuri care ar putea by a review and extension of the theory in
dobndi statutul de inteligen: inteligena "Intelligence Reframed. Multiple Intelligences for
spiritual, inteligena moral, inteligena the 21st Century "(Basic Books, 1999). In
Chapters IV and V of this book some new types
existenial i inteligena naturalist.
are brought into discussion, types that could
Inteligena existenial
Este o modalitate de cunoatere a lumii care i achieve the status of intelligence: spiritual
caracterizeaz pe filosofi, pe cei care pun intelligence, moral intelligence, existential
ntrebri despre nceputul universului, despre intelligence and naturalist intelligence.
sensul lumii i despre fericire. Spiritualitatea
este posibil s aparin acestui tip de Existential intelligence
inteligen. Inteligena existenial se refer la It is a way of knowing the world that
nclinaia uman de a pune ntrebri privitoare characterizes the philosophers, those who ask
la existen, precum: Cine suntem? De unde questions about the universe, the meaning of the
venim? Ce este lumea? De ce murim? Se poate world and about happiness. Spirituality is likely to
afirma c inteligena existenial ne permite s belong to this type of intelligence. Existential
cunoatem lumea invizibil. Singurul motiv intelligence refers to the human inclination to ask
pentru care Howard Gardner este rezervat cu questions about existence, such as: Who we are?
privire la inteligena existenial se datoreaz Where we come from ? What is the world? Why
faptului c nu avem suficiente evidene n creier do we die? We can say that existential
i n sistemul nervos care s califice determine intelligence allows us to know the invisible
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Bibliografie:
Bibliography:
Gardner, H., Frames of Mind: The Theory of
Multiple Inteligences. New York: Basic Books,
1983.
Gardner, H., Multiple Intelligences: The Theory
in Practice. A Reader. BasicBooks, New York,
1993.
Gardner, H., Intelligence Reframed. Basic
Books, New York, 1999.
Gardner, H., The Minds New Science. A
History of the Cognitive Revolution.
BasicBooks, New York, 1985.
Gardner, H., Creating Minds. An Anatomy of
Creativity Seen Through the Lives of Freud,
Einstein, Picasso, Stravinsky, Eliot, Graham,
and Gandhi. BasicBooks, Collins, New York,
1995.
John D. Mayer, David R. Caruso, Peter
Salovey, Emotional Intelligence Meets
traditional Standards for an Intelligence. EQ
Institute Home Page, Full text, Copyright 1999,
Ablex Publishing Corporation.
Clifford Moriss, Working Smarter not Harder,
A
Multiple
Intelligence
Longitudinal
Investigation. A Discussion Paper.
http://www.skeptic.com/03.3.fm-sternberginterview.html,Skeptic Magazine Interview
with Robert Sternberg on The Bell Curve,
interview by Frank Miele, from Skeptic, vol. 3,
no.3, 1995, pp.72-80.
Steve Hein, Definition and History of
Emotional Intelligence,Steve Heins Home
Page,
EQ Institute internet Home Page.
Goleman, D., Inteligena Emoional. Editura
Curtea Veche, Bucureti, 2001.
Roco, M., Creativitate i Inteligen
Emoional, Editura Polirom, Iai, 2001.
Salvat, Henri., Inteligen, mituri i realiti.
Editura Didactic i Pedagogic, Bucureti,
1972.
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