Self Compacting Concrete - State of The Art

Self-Compacting Concrete:
State-of-the-art
Geert DE SCHUTTER
Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research Department of Structural Engineering

21 March 2012, Ghent
Self-Compacting
Concrete
Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research
Self-compacting concrete
Fills the formwork like a liquid
No external compaction energy
Substantial ecological benefits
SCC Two Decades (?)

Modern SCC Japan, 1980s
Parents Underwater concrete + Highly flowable concrete
Great great grandfather System Non Plus
First developed in 1906 in Germany, and applied in Germany, the
Netherlands and Belgium in the 1910s and 1920s
Consisted of liquid concrete poured into the formwork, without any
further compaction.
Successfully applied for house construction, in spite of the heavy
competition of the more traditional approach relying on masonry.
Due to problems related to the complex and expensive formworks, the
Non Plus system gradually faded away.
SCC Two Decades (?)

System Non Plus
SCC Two Decades (?)

System Non Plus
SCC - Two decades of research and practice
Selection of materials and mix design

State-of-the-art
Standard materials for use in concrete are suitable for SCC
A wide range of mix proportions exists to produce SCC
Common practice:
Powder-type SCC, VMA-type SCC, Mixed-type SCC
Bottleneck:
Designing ROBUST SCC mixes
Further developments:
Tailor made systems based on ternary or quaternary blends,
Including synergetic effects.

Isothermal heat production rate
Increasing
limestone
filler content
Possible
occurrence of new
hydration peak
Physical effect
Chemical effect
Effect of limestone filler on cement hydration
Portland cement
Portland cement +
limestone filler
Time
Filler effect
Porous
interface
Dilution effect
limestone
10
Selection of
materials and
mix design
State-of-the-art
Bottlenecks
Future
developments
Partly covered in
STAR Reports:
RILEM TC 174-SCC
RILEM TC 188-CSC
Robustness
Robustness
Tailor-made blends
11
Mixing process
12
2011
13
Mixing process
(Schiessl, Mazanec, Lowke,2007).

14
Mixing process
Mortar/paste level
Concrete level
New development: vacuum mixing

15
Mixing process
Ongoing fundamental research project on vacuum
mixing (Ghent University & University College):
Conventional Concrete, SCC, UHPC
Pore structure / Air void system
Rheology
Mechanical properties
Durability
16
Mixing process
Mixing process
State-of-the-art
Bottlenecks
Future
developments
Partly covered in
STAR Reports:
RILEM TC 188-CSC
Influence of mixing
process often
neglected or not
understood
More fundamental
studies of mixing
process, including
advanced mixing
techniques like
vacuum mixing
17
Pumping
18
Pumping
Precast industry automated production process
19
Pumping Belgian Concrete pipe factory

High quality concrete pipes
Diameter up to 1.6 m
Length up to 3.2 m
Experienced
problems:
Noise,
Vibration,
Energy
Shift to more environment
friendly production method?
20
Pumping Belgian Concrete pipe factory

Estimated energy saving
Current production
method
Pumping SCC
Mixing Energy
0.4 GWh
0.6 GWh
Transport Energy
0.2 GWh
0.042 GWh
Compaction Energy
1.0 GWh
0.0 GWh
Finishing Energy
Neglected
Neglected
Total Energy
1.6 GWh
0.642 GWh
Energy saving: about 60% of actual energy consumption
21
Pumping on-site
WFC Shanghai
SCC was applied for

- foundation slab
- central core
- perimeter walls
- mega-columns
SCC was
pumped
22
Pumping: fundamental study

Shear stress
(Pa)400
RHEOLOGICAL RESULTS
350
Yield stress:
300
SCC < TC
250
TC
200
Viscosity
150
SCC > TC
SCC
100
50
Shear thickening
0
0
10
15
Shear rate (1/s)

SCC is more fluid

than TC.

Pumping
pressures for
SCC are higher,
especially at the
higher
discharges.
PUMPING RESULTS
Pressure loss
(kPa/m)
45
40
35
SCC
30
25
20
This is the
opposite to the
rheological
results !!
TC
15
10
5
0
0
10
15
20
25
Discharge (l/s)
The paradox of
pumping SCC

Shear stress
(Pa)
Extrapolation of
rheometer
results, based on
the measured
shear stresses:
1200
SCC
1000
800
Viscosity (and
shear-thickening)
influences
pumping
pressures
significantly, yield
stress does not.
600
TC
400
200
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
Shear rate (1/s)


Theoretical prediction of pressure losses
Bingham:
t = t 0 + m p g&
Overestimation with
factor 2 to 5
Modified Bingham:
t = t 0 + m g& + c g&
Overestimation with
factor 4 to 10
Conditions of use for (extended) Poiseuille

formula:
No slippage
Homogeneity

Homogeneity ?
Pipe wall
Lower concentration
of aggregates
MAGNEL LABORATORY FOR CONCRETE RESEARCH

Pipe centre-line
HYDRAULICS LABORATORY

Homogeneity: geometrical wall effect
Pipe wall
Shear rate
Shear stress: FIXED !!
Lower concentration
of aggregates
Velocity
Rheological
properties
Pipe centre-line

Homogeneity: geometrical wall effect + structural breakdown
Pipe wall
Shear rate
Velocity

Pipe centre-line

Homogeneity: G.W.E. + S.B. + dynamic segregation
Pipe wall
Shear rate
Lower concentration
of aggregates
Velocity

Pipe centre-line

Slip or no slip? Thats the question!
Ongoing research
31

Slip or no slip? Thats the question!
Ongoing research
32
Pumping
Pumping
State-of-the-art
Bottlenecks
Future
developments
Partly covered in
STAR Reports:
RILEM TC 188-CSC
Surface layer?
Slip conditions?
Real velocity
measurements, in
order to understand
surface and slip
conditions
33
Filling of formwork
34
Filling of formwork
Filling of formwork
Example:
Villa Gistel
(Belgium)
Filling of formwork
Simulation tools needed, in order to avoid non-appropriate filling,

taking into account complex rheological behaviour of SCC/
37
Filling of formwork
Large scale testing at

Ghent University
38
Filling of formwork
Wall type A
Dimensions 4 m x 2 m x 0.21 m
SCC inlet: at the base on the short side
Wall type B
Dimensions 4 m x 2 m x 0.21 m
SCC inlet: at the base and central
39
Filling of formwork
CFD + VOF techniques
Governing equations Navier-Stokes equations
Conservation of mass (continuity equation):
Conservation of momentum:
Constitutive equation Herschel-Bulkley:
Free surface flows Volume of Fluid Method
40
Filling of formwork
Simulation results for wall A
Simulation results for wall B

41
Filling of formwork
Patent pending
New development: automatic connection valve
42
Filling of formwork
New development: automatic connection valve

43
Video of casting operation
Filling of wall formwork
Uncoupling of pipes
44
Filling of formwork
Filling of
formwork
State-of-the-art
Bottlenecks
Future
developments
Partly covered in
STAR Reports:
RILEM TC 188-CSC
Complex
behaviour, e.g.
thixotropy.
Advanced
modelling, including
CFD.
Formwork pressure Industrial

development, e.g.
valves.
45
Hydration process
46
Hydration process
Isothermal heat production rate
Effect of limestone filler on cement hydration

Increasing
limestone
filler content
Possible
occurrence of new
hydration peak
Portland cement
Portland cement +
limestone filler
Time
47
Hydration process
Analytical modelling
48
Hydration process
HYMOSTRUC MODEL
embedded
particles
expansion caused by
embedded particles
outer product
inner product
din;x
x/2
dx
49
Hydration process
Thermodynamic equilibrium calculations (Lothenbach et al)
50
Hydration Process
Hydration
process
State-of-the-art
Bottlenecks
Future
developments
Partly covered in
STAR Reports:
RILEM TC 205-DSC
Interaction cementfillers-plasticizer not

always fully
understood,
especially in
ternary and
quaternary blends
Advanced
hydration modelling
including
thermodynamic
modelling and
multi-scale
approach to predict
properties.
Tailor made binders
51
52
Compression
Bond
Shear
53
Compression
Peak strain limestoneSCC higher than peak
strain of CVC for same
compressive strength
90
80
70
f c,cyl [N/mm]
60
CVC1
CVC2
CVC3
SCC1
SCC2
SCC5
SCC7
50
40
30
20
10
0
1.50
0.07
1.75
2.00
2.25
2.50
Peak strain []
2.75
3.00
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
Influence filler type on peak strain

Largest strains for limestone filler
0.01
0.00
SCC LS
SCC BFS
SCC FA
SCC SF
SCC BFS+LS
SCC FA+LS
7
14
21
28
Time [days]
54
Bond
200 150
Top-bar effect:
500
1750
1700
16 mm
500
1500
250
450
200
Height [mm]
150 200
1250
1000
750
500
CVC1
SCC1
SCC2
250
Smaller top-bar effect for SCC
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
55
Shear
Shear strength
Interlock - dmax
Influence limited
2-3%
ITZ quality
Influence significant
Around 8%
Bond
Influence limited
2%
56
Take-home message
Applying existing models
=
Safe
Adjusting models
=
Taking benefit of better performance
57
Mechanical
properties
State-of-the-art
Bottlenecks
Future
developments
Partly covered in
STAR Reports:
RILEM TC 228-MPS
Some remaining
issues like fatigue
and tension
stiffening
Smarter use of
(steel) fibers, taking
profit of alignment
due to casting,
combined with
advanced CFD
modelling
TC 228-MPS: STAR report

expected by end of 2012
58
Durability
59
Durability
Transport properties
Important factors (as for TVC):
W/C
Degree of hydration
Mineral additions
20
y = 1.8394x - 2.7394
18
R = 0.8899
K [10
-12
m/s]
16
14
12
10
8
SCC
TC
4
2
0
4
More general parameter:
cap
10
12
[%]
Water permeability vs. capillary porosity in

case of SCC and traditional concrete (TC)
Capillary porosity
More general and more accurate than W/C!
60
Durability of SCC
More details:
State-of-the-art report of
RILEM TC 205-DSC
Durability of SelfCompacting Concrete,
Published by RILEM,
2007.
61
Durability in practice
EN 206 1 (2001): Concrete Specification,
performance, production and conformity
- Only applicable to vibrated concrete
SCC??
- Exposure classes:
- XC4: Cyclic wet and dry concrete surfaces exposed to water contact
- XS3: Tidal, splash and spray zones parts of marine structures
- Concrete types:
- minimum cement content
- maximum W/C ratio
- minimum compressive strength class
Concrete type e.g. T(0.45)

additional requirement
62
Durability in practice
As some general and practical conclusion it can be mentioned
that the durability of SCC is at least as good as the durability
of traditional concrete with similar W/C and cement content.
However, when the comparison is made based on strength,
SCC might show a somewhat inferior durability.
New developments concerning practical durability issues:
- Equivalent Concrete Performance Concept
- Durability indicators
63
Durability
Durability
State-of-the-art
Bottlenecks
Future
developments
Partly covered in
STAR Reports:
RILEM TC 205-DSC
Code prescription
(similar as for
TVC): deemed to
satisfy
Durability indicators
ECPC
64
Conclusion
During the last decades, concrete technology has
shown a significant evolution
Self-compacting Concrete is a further step towards a

tailor-made environment friendly concrete
65
Acknowledgement
Dr. K. Audenaert
Dr. V. Boel
Dr. X. Liu
Dr. A.-M. Poppe
Dr. G. Ye
Dr. D. Feys
Dr. B. Craeye
Dr. P. Desnerck
Ir. K. Lesage (KUL)

Ir. J. Dils
Ir. S. Tichko
Ir. H.D. Le
Ir. I. Pop
Ir. Y. Gao
Ir. Z. Tan
Ir. S. Mu
(Former) co-workers of the Magnel Laboratory for

Concrete Research
66
BBG Module SCC, avondcursus

5, 12, 19 en 26 november 2012
Session 1: General introduction to
SCC and constituent materials
Session 2: Properties of fresh selfcompacting concrete mixes
Session 3: Mix design
Session 4: Construction process
Session 5: Hydration and
microstructure
Session 6: Engineering properties
Session 7: Durability
Session 8: Standards, specifications
and practical applications
Prof. Dr. Ir. G. De Schutter (UGent)

Ir. K. Lesage (KU Leuven)
Dr. Ir.-Arch. P. Van Itterbeeck (WTCB)
Dr. Ir. P. Desnerck (UGent)
Prof. Dr. Ir. V. Boel (HoGent)
Dr. Ir.-Arch. P. Van Itterbeeck (WTCB)
67

Self Compacting Concrete - State of The Art

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Self-Compacting Concrete:

Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research Department of Structural Engineering

Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research

Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research

SCC Two Decades (?)

Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research

SCC Two Decades (?)

Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research

SCC Two Decades (?)

Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research

SCC - Two decades of research and practice

Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research

Selection of materials and mix design

Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research

Selection of materials and mix design

Selection of materials and mix design

Effect of limestone filler on cement hydration

Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research

Selection of materials and mix design

Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research

Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research

Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research

(Schiessl, Mazanec, Lowke,2007).

New development: vacuum mixing

Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research

Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research

Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research

Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research

Pumping Belgian Concrete pipe factory

Pumping Belgian Concrete pipe factory

Energy saving: about 60% of actual energy consumption

Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research

SCC was applied for

Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research

Pumping: fundamental study

Shear rate (1/s)

SCC is more fluid

Pumping: fundamental study

Pumping: fundamental study

Shear rate (1/s)

Pumping: fundamental study

Conditions of use for (extended) Poiseuille

Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research

Pumping: fundamental study

MAGNEL LABORATORY FOR CONCRETE RESEARCH

Pumping: fundamental study

Shear stress: FIXED !!

Pumping: fundamental study

Shear stress: FIXED !!

MAGNEL LABORATORY FOR CONCRETE RESEARCH

Pumping: fundamental study

Shear stress: FIXED !!

MAGNEL LABORATORY FOR CONCRETE RESEARCH

Pumping: fundamental study

Pumping: fundamental study

Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research

Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research

Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research

Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research

Simulation tools needed, in order to avoid non-appropriate filling,

Large scale testing at

Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research

Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research