!"#$%&'()*%"#$+"#+,'#+-%.

/'(0$+
!"11'#*$+"#+!(%*%!).+(').%$1
(23+/456758

989+589+:3+;2::9<=6+2<+32>8+6>::583+2?+,9<+-@AB9806+C2@<=6+2<+!8@=@;5A+(95A@6:D+%+45E9+F@E@F9F+:3+
896C2<69+@<=2+=G2+69=6H+=4269+89A5=@<I+=2+4@6+;289+;8@=@;@6:6H+@<;A>F@<I+=4269+C98=5@<@<I+=2+4@6+J;8>;@5AK+
28+J;9<=85AK+C2@<=+L=>8<@<I+2<+=49+;2<;9C=+2?+C5<C63;4@6:MH+5<F+69;2<F583+;8@=@;@6:6+C98=5@<@<I+=2+6>B6@F@583+
=42>I4+89A5=9F+C2@<=6D+%+5:+<99FA966+=2+653+E983+CA9569F+=45=+,9<+-@AB98+@6+9<I5I@<I+@<+=4@6+?8@9<FA3+5<F+;89N
5=@E9+G53+G@=4+!8@=@;5A+(95A@6:H+5<F+E983+:>;4+A227+?28G58F+=2+;2<=@<>@<I+=49+F@5A2I>9H+96C9;@5AA3+G49<+G9+
:99=+@<+C9862<+B9?289+=49+OPQR+%<=9I85A+*49283+!2<?989<;9D

WilbersCoreCriticismsofCriticalRealism
1.BeingandConsciousness
%+F2+<2=+J6>;7+;2<6;@2>6<966+2>=+2?+5AA+B9@<I+5<F+=49<+:579+B9@<I+=49+B56@6+2?+=49+895ADK+"<+=49+;2<=8583H+
%+ 6=58=+ G@=4+ ;2<6;@2>6<966S@<+ 9TC98@:9<=5A+ 5;=@E@=3S5<F+ 567+ G45=+ @=+ C896>CC2696D+ U<A@79+ 498:9<9>=@;6H+
9TC98@:9<=5A+5;=@E@=3+F296+<2=+C896>CC269+=49+;2<6;@2>6<966+2?+G45=+@=+6=>F@96D+%=+=5796+5<+58I>:9<=H+5<F+5+
A2<I+9E2A>=@2<583+C82;966H+=2+;2:9+=2+=49+E@9G+=45=+5=2:6+:53+45E9+JC8949<6@2<HK+28+%+G2>AF+653+J@:CA@;@=K+
28+J9<?2AF9F+;2<6;@2>6<966HK+5<+58I>:9<=+G4@;4+;5<<2=+C896>CC269+G45=+@=+@6+=83@<I+=2+C82E9H+5<F+5+C82;966+
=45=+F296+<2=+B9I@<+G@=4+LB>=+2<+=49+;2<=8583+;>A:@<5=96+@<M+=49+5;;2:CA@649F+><?2AF@<I+2?+;2<6;@2>6<966+L2?+
;2<6;@2>6<966MD
+
)AA+=49+=85<6;9<F9<=5A+5<F+F@5A9;=@;5A+58I>:9<=6+%+F9E9A2C+6=58=+G@=4+;2<6;@2>6<966H+62+=45=+@=+@6+<2=+
6:>IIA9F+28+ JC2>89FK+B5;7+@<D+-45=+=493+ 96=5BA@64+@6+ =45=+ 6;@9<;9+C896>CC2696+ ?28+ =49+ :26=+ C58=+ 5+ G28AF+
G@=42>=+4>:5<+;2<6;@2>6<966+28+69A?N;2<6;@2>6<966H+56+-@AB98+5;7<2GA9FI96+G49<+49+6536+=45=+G9+F2+<2=+
J;2N;895=9K+=49+2<=2A2I3+2?+5=2:6D
+
-45=+G9+:53+B9+<2G+;2<;98<9F+G@=4H+56+5+:5==98+2?+=49+6>B6=5<=@E9+6;@9<=@V;+2<=2A2I3+2?+=49+5=2:@;+28+
6>B5=2:@;H+@6+G45=+7@<F+2?+;2<6;@2>6<966+:@I4=+B9+5==8@B>=9F+=2+5=2:6H+5<F+2<+G45=+I82><F6D+-45=+@6+BA>889F+
@<+-@AB9806+ E@9G+ @6+ C89;@69A3+ =49+ ?><F5:9<=5A+ F@??989<;9+ B9=G99<+ !"#$%&' 28 enfolded consciousness 5<F+
actual28achieved28+&(#)!*!%28+selfconsciousnessD*49+@:CA@;@=+;2<6;@2>6<966+2?+=49+9A9;=82<+28+W>587+@6+<2=+
9TCA@;@=H+89X9T@E9+28+69A?N;2<6;@2>6H+5<F+<2=+L@<+=49+65:9+G53+56+4>:5<+;2<6;@2>6<966M+J69<=@9<=DK
+
*4@6+ BA>88@<I+ 2?+ =49+ F@??989<;9+ B9=G99<+ !"#$%&'+ 28+ !"#)!*!%+ 5<F+ actual+ 28+ achieved+ 28+ &(#)!*!%+ *,-
sciousness+L5<F+B9=G99<+;2<6;@2>6<966+5<F+69A?N;2<6;@2>6<966M+6;2>=6+=49+A2<I+9E2A>=@2<583H+4@6=28@;5A+C82N
;966+G4989B3+=49+@:CA@;@=H+@?+5<F+G49<+@=+F296H+><?2AF6D
+
%+89=>8<+=2+=4@6+@<+5+:2:9<=D

2.ExistenceandSubsistence
-@AB98+6536+=45=+5=2:6+exist+L6=5<F+2>=M+2<A3+5=+=49+285<I9+A9E9A+2?+;2I<@=@2<H+B>=+B9?289+=45=+:989A3+subsistD+
Y2G9E98H+B9?289+2>8+7<2GA9FI9+2?+5=2:6H+=493+;98=5@<A3+45F+;5>65A+9??9;=6H+5<F+;98=5@<A3+;2<=@<>9+=2+45E9+
;5>65A+9??9;=6+2<+=4269+G42+F2+<2=+><F986=5<F+L28+45E9+<2+5G589<966+2?M+=49:D+%=+@6+<2=+5=2:6H+B>=+5=+:26=+2>8+
7<2GA9FI9+2?+5=2:6H+=45=+:53+B9+65@F+=2+45E9+J6>B6@6=9FDK+12892E98H+49+6536+J95;4+6=8>;=>89+Z2?+;2<6;@2>6N
<966[+F@6;A2696+F@??989<=+2<=2A2I@96DK+/>=+=4@6+@6+=2+;2<?>69+C4@A262C4@;5A+5<F+6;@9<=@V;+2<=2A2I@96D+-9+<99F+5+
:9=5=49283+28+C4@A262C4@;5A+2<=2A2I3+=2+5AA2G+>6+=2+F96;8@B9+=49+C82;966+2?+6;@9<=@V;+;45<I9D
JournalofIntegralTheoryandPracticeH+OPQOH+\L]MH+CCD+R^_]O

R.BHASKAR

+
-9+;5<+<2G+699+:289+;A958A3+G43+@=+@6+E@=5A+=2+F@??989<=@5=9+=49+transitivedimension+L*&M+28+9C@6=9N
:2A2I3+5<F+=49+intransitivedimension+L%&M+28+2<=2A2I3D+`28+G@=42>=+=4@6+F@6=@<;=@2<+G9+;5<+<9@=498+F96;8@B9+
=49+4@6=28@;5A+C82;966+2?+6;@9<=@V;+;45<I9+<28+=49+9E2A>=@2<583+C82;966+2?+=49+L895A+4@6=28@;5AM+F9E9A2C:9<=+
2?+B9@<I+5<F+=49+><?2AF@<IH+@?+5<F+G49<+@=+2;;>86H+2?+;2<6;@2>6<966D+$2+G49<+-@AB98+6536+JG45=+/456758+
F96;8@B96+56+2<=2A2I3+G56<0=+5AG536+=579<+56+895AHK+49+;2<?>696+=49+*&+G@=4+=49+%&H+G45=+G9+=579+=2+B9+895A+
L*&a9C@6=9:2A2I3M+G@=4+G45=+is895A+L%&a2<=2A2I3M+G49=498+G9+7<2G+@=+28+<2=D+)<F+@<+653@<I+J=49+6>B6@6=9<;9+
A9E9AK++L-@AB9806+6>882I5=9+?28+=49+%&M+;45<I96+G@=4+95;4+<9G+F9E9A2C:9<=5A+6=8>;=>89H+49+@6+;2:@<I+B5;7+=2+
=49+E@9G+=45=+49+6536+49+<2G+89b9;=6H+<5:9A3+=45=+J4>:5<+;2<6;@2>6<966+;2N;895=96+<2<N4>:5<+2<=2A2I3DK
+
*4@6+@6H+2?+;2>869H+=49+9C@6=9:@;+?5AA5;3D+*49+2<A3+G53+<2=+=2+;2::@=+=49+9C@6=9:@;+?5AA5;3+@6+=2+5AA2G+
=45=+=49+2Bb9;=+9T@6=6+!-'&#&-'&-%).+2?+4>:5<+;2<6;@2>6<966D+*4@6+@::9F@5=9A3+6@=>5=96+=G2+895A+C266@B@A@=@96H+
<5:9A3+2?+;45<I9+@<+=49+7<2GA9FI9+2?+5+89A5=@E9A3+><;45<I@<I+2Bb9;=H+5<F+;45<I9+@<+=49+2Bb9;=H+@<;A>F@<I+=49+
><?2AF@<I+28+F9E9A2C:9<=+2?+;2<6;@2>6<966D+#2=+:57@<I+=49+F@6=@<;=@2<+B9=G99<H+2<+=49+2<9+45<FH+QM+=49+@:N
C>=9F+L28+9<?2AF9FM+;2<6;@2>6<966+2?+=49+5=2:+28+9A9;=82<H+=2I9=498+G@=4+@=6+@:CA@;@=+28+@:C>=9F+9C@6=9:2A2I3H+
5<FH+2<+=49+2=498+45<FH+OM+=49+5;=>5A+28+5;4@9E9F+;2<6;@2>6<966+L5<F+9C@6=9:2A2I3M+2?+;2<=9:C28583+6;@9<;9H+
A95F6+=2+=49+5<=482C2;9<=8@;+2BA@=985=@2<+2?+=49+9E2A>=@2<583+C82;966+2?+=49+><?2AF@<I+2?+;2<6;@2>6<966D+*4@6+
=4>6+896>A=6+@<+=49+9A@6@2<+2?+=@:9+5<F+;45<I9H+5<F+=4989?289+2<=2A2I@;5A+:2<2E5A9<;9+L@D9DH+=49+I9<985=@2<+2?+
5+C>89A3+C26@=@E9H+C8969<=H+5<F+5;=>5A+5;;2><=+2?+895A@=3MD
+
/>=+G45=+@6+C9845C6+<2=+62+2BE@2>6A3+5A62+2BA@=985=9F+@6+=49+E983+F@??989<;9+B9=G99<+2<=2A2I3+5<F+9C@6N
=9:2A2I3D+`28+2<A3+@?+=4@6+F@??989<;9+@6+89I58F9F+56+895AH+5<F+62+56+?5AA@<I+G@=4@<+2<=2A2I3H+;5<+@=+B9+6>6=5@<9FD+
L%?+@=+?5AA6+5=+=49+65:9+=@:9+G@=4@<+9C@6=9:2A2I3H+=49<+G9+589+B5;7+=2+=49+9C@6=9:@;+?5AA5;3DM+#2=9+5A62+=45=+@?+
2<9+F296+<2=+6>6=5@<+5<+%&H+=49+*&+;2AA5C696+=22D
+
$@:@A58A3H+=49+6=85=@V;5=@2<+2?+B9@<I+5<F+=49+563::9=8@96+;8>;@5A+=2+4@6=28@;5Aa9E2A>=@2<583+F@89;=@2<5AN
@=3+;5<+2<A3+B9+6>6=5@<9F+2<+=49+B56@6+2?+=49+69C585=@2<+5<F+F@??989<;9+2?+9C@6=9:2A2I3+5<F+2<=2A2I3H+*&+5<F+
%&+L5<F+=49+;2<6=9AA5=@2<5A+2E98895;4@<I+2?+=4@6+F@??989<;9+28+I5C+G@=4@<+2<=2A2I3MH+5<F+=49+6>CC26@=@2<+2?+=49+
895A@=3+2?+=@:9+5<F+;45<I9S=45=+@6H+2?+=49+C266@B@A@=3+2?+9E2A>=@2<+5<F+><?2AF@<ID+

3.TheRoleofPhilosophy
!8>;@5A+=2+=49+;24989<;9+2?+!8@=@;5A+(95A@6:+@6+=49+F@6=@<;=@2<+B9=G99<+/*!&-%!0*+5<F+#1!),/,#1!*2)+2<=2A2I@96D+
-45=+=49+=85<6;9<F9<=5A+5<F+F@5A9;=@;5A+58I>:9<=6+2?+=49+C4@A262C43+2?+!8@=@;5A+(95A@6:+96=5BA@64+589+=49+9TN
@6=9<;9+2?+;5=9I28@5A+?95=>896+2?+=49+G28AF+=45=+589+C896>CC269F+B3+?28:6+2?+6;@9<=@V;+@<W>@83D+$2+C4@A262C43+
@6+<2=+F@662AE9F+@<=2+6;@9<;9+L56+@<+C26@=@E@6:MH+<28+@6+@=+=85<6C269F+28+89A9I5=9F+=2+5<2=498+G28AF+L56+@<+cA5=2MD+
%=+;2<6@F986+85=498+=49+:26=+I9<985AH+4@I4N28F98H+28+5B6=85;=+?95=>896+2?+=4@6+G28AFD+Y2G9E98H+=49+6;2C9+5<F+
C826C9;=6+?28+6>;4+5<+9<=98C8@69+L@D9DH+2?+5+=85<6;9<F9<=5A+2<=2A2I3M+589+B3+<2+:95<6+A@:@=9F+=2+5<+9T5:@<5N
=@2<+2?+=49+C896>CC26@=@2<6+2?+=49+C82;9F>896+2?+;A566@;5A+C436@;6+5<F+;49:@6=83D+%<F99FH+=49+F9E9A2C:9<=+2?+
!8@=@;5A+(95A@6:H+5<F+:289+96C9;@5AA3+2?+@=6+2<=2A2I3H+89E95A6+5+69E9<?2AF+F99C9<@<I+2?+2<=2A2I3H+56+G9+C82N
I8966@E9A3+;2:9+=2+=4@<7+2?+B9@<I+56+C82;966H+56+@<=98<5AA3+89A5=9FH+56+@<;28C285=@<I+=85<6?28:5=@E9+C85T@6+5<F+
89X9T@E@=3H+56+9<;45<=9F+5<F+56+<2<F>5A+@<+=49+;5=9I28@5A+6=8>;=>89+2?+Q1N\d+L699H+9DIDH+/456758+e+Y58=G@IH+
OPQPH+CCD+QORNQO]MD
+
#2G+ 6>CC26@<I+ @=+ G56+ C266@BA9+ =2+ 5;=@E5=9+ 5<F+ ;2I<@f9+ =49+ @:CA@;@=+ ;2<6;@2>6<966+ 28+ C8949<6@2<+ 2?+
5=2:6+28+2?+5+6>B5=2:@;+A9E9A+2?+B9@<IH+=49<+=4@6+G2>AF+B9+5<+9T98;@69+G@=4@<+=@:9+5<F+5<+5;4@9E9:9<=+2?+
4>:5<+9C@6=9:2A2I3D+%<+C85;=@;9+@=+G2>AF+C82B5BA3+C896>CC269+<9GA3+><;2E989F+9A9:9<=6+G@=4@<+28+56C9;=6+
2?+5=2:@;+B9@<IH+5<+5;4@9E9:9<=+=45=+G2>AF+<9;966@=5=9+5+<9G+=49283+5<F+6;@9<=@V;+2<=2A2I3+?28+C436@;6H+
B>=+G4@;4+:53+G9AA+B9+;5>I4=+G@=4@<+=49+Q1N\d+;5=9I28@5A+6=8>;=>89+2?+!8@=@;5A+(95A@6:H+G4@;4+9T=9<F6+?58+
B932<F+=49+6@:CA9+G28AF+2?+;A566@;5A+C436@;6+5<F+;49:@6=83+5<F+;5<+895F@A3+5;;2::2F5=9+42A@6=@;H+@<=98@28H+
89N9<;45<=9F+5<F+<2<F>5A+895A@=@96+56+C58=+2?+=49+?5B8@;+2?+2>8+;26:26D+Y2G9E98H+6>CC26@<I+=49+9TC5<F9F+
C4@A262C4@;5A+2<=2A2I3+;2>AF+<2=+5;;2::2F5=9+@=H+=49<+=49+Q1N\d+6;49:5+G2>AF+;98=5@<A3+<99F+89E@6@2<D
40JournalofIntegralTheoryandPractice

CRITICALREALISM

4.Panpsychism
13+JC5<C63;4@6:K+@6+2<=2A2I@;5AA3+F@??989<=@5=9FD+%=+@6+<2=+;2::@==9F+=2+5<3+F2;=8@<9+2?+=49+@<69C585B@A@=3+2?+
B9@<I+5<F+7<2GA9FI9+2?+B9@<I+L2<=2A2I3+5<F+9C@6=9:2A2I3MD+`>8=498:289H+@=+896C9;=6+=49+F@6=@<;=+9E2A>=@2<583+
C82;96696+2?+B9@<I+5<F+7<2GA9FI9H+5<F+2?+B9@<I6+2?+F@??989<=+=3C96H+@<+F@6=@<;=+9E2A>=@2<583+J843=4:@;6K+5<F+
=85b9;=28@96+5<F+5=+F@??989<=+:2:9<=6+2?+=49:D+

Summary
%+;5<+6>::58@f9+:3+896C2<69+=2+-@AB9806+J;289+;8@=@;@6:6DK+-45=+-@AB98+@6+<2=+56+39=+5AA2G@<I+?28+589g
QD+ *49+ F@??989<;96+ @<+ C2G986+ B9=G99<+ F@??989<=+ 7@<F6+ 2?+ B9@<I6+ L4>:5<6H+ 5=2:6MH+ 56+
:5<@?96=9F+@<+=49+G28AF+2?+F>5A@=3H+@<+4@6=28@;5A+=@:9
OD+ *49+I82G=4H+F9E9A2C:9<=H+5<F+><?2AF@<I+2?+C2G986+@<+=49+9E2A>=@2<+?82:+2<9+?28:+
L9DIDH+5=2:6M+=2+5<2=498+L9DIDH+4>:5<6M
RD+ *49+F9E9A2C:9<=+2?+4>:5<+7<2GA9FI9+2?+=49+C2G986+LB2=4+9TCA@;@=+5<F+9<?2AF9FM+
2?+2=498+B9@<I6+

WilbersSecondaryPointsonCriticalRealism
%+F2+<2=+45E9+=@:9+5=+C8969<=+=2+F95A+5=+=49+65:9+A9<I=4+G@=4+-@AB9806+2=498+C2@<=6H+@<=9896=@<I+=42>I4+=493+589D+
$2+%+G@AA+896=8@;=+:369A?+<2G+=2+5+?9G+B8@9?+;2::9<=6g

1.Transcendence
%+C26=C2<9+5+?>AA+F@6;>66@2<+2?+=85<6;9<F9<;9+5<F+6C@8@=>5A@=3+><=@A+5+A5=98+2;;56@2<D+Y2G9E98H+@=+@6+@:C28=5<=+
=2+<2=9+89I58F@<I+=49+VI>89+2?+J=85<6;9<F+5<F+@<;A>F9K+=45=+5;=>5A+6>BA5=@2<6+2?=9<+@<E2AE9+62:9+J,>4<NA266HK+
=45=+@6+=2+653+589+<2=+=2=5AA3+C89698E5=@E9D+$9;2<FH+G4@A9+@=+@6+=8>9+=45=+=49+:9=5(95A@=3+9:C456@6+2<+=49+J962N
=98@;+62;@2A2I3+2?+9E983F53+A@?9K+<@;9A3+;2:CA9:9<=6+-@AB9806+:289+=85F@=@2<5A+5;;2><=+2?+<2<F>5A@=3H+@=+456+
<2=+62+2?=9<+B99<+89;2I<@f9F+42G+@<+799C@<I+=4@6+C82b9;=+@6+G@=4+=49+;8@=@;5A+895A@6=+6=85=9I3+2?+@::5<9<=+L5<F+
);4@AA96+Y99AM+;8@=@W>9D+%=+@6+C89;@69A3+@<+=49+:26=+:><F5<9+;2<=9T=6+5<F+W>2=@F@5<+9<E@82<:9<=6H+G4989+2<9+
G2>AF+A956=+9TC9;=+@=H+=45=+:9=5(95A@=3+><;2E986+=85<6;9<F9<;9+5<F+<2<F>5A@=3H+5<F+L5AB9@=+5=+5+89:2E9M+=49+
I82><F+6=5=9+5<F+;26:@;+9<E9A2C9+=22h+L699+:3+;2<=8@B>=@2<6+=2+Y58=G@I+e+128I5<H+OPQOMD+

2.Causality
%+=4@<7+-@AB98+@6+G82<I+=2+6>CC269+=45=+W>5<=>:+:9;45<@;6+F296+<2=+2C985=9+G@=4+5<+@F95+2?+;5>65A@=3H+5AN
=42>I4+@=+@6+<2=+2?+;2>869+2?+=49+#9G=2<@5<H+9E9<+A966+=49+Y>:95<+7@<FD+!8@=@;5A+(95A@6:+F@??989<=@5=96H+@<+A@<9+
G@=4+@=6+Q1N\d+6;49:5H+F@??989<=+7@<F6+5<F+A9E9A6+2?+;5>65A@=3i+5<F+R.+42A@6=@;+;5>65A@=3+;98=5@<A3+9:B85;96+
><;98=5@<=3+L89;2I<@f@<I+@<F99F+C89;@69A3+J@=6+G@6F2:KM+5<F+85F@;5AA3+<2<N5=2:@6=@;+=4@<7@<I+@<+G4@;4+<9@N
=498+C58=@;A96+<28+C2@<=6H+B>=+F@6=8@B>=@2<6+5<F+6>;;966@2<6+;2:9+=2+=49+?289D+

3.TheDomainoftheReal
)6+%+45E9+58I>9FH+!8@=@;5A+(95A@6:+F296+<2=+A95E9+;2<6;@2>6<966+2>=H+B>=+2<+=49+;2<=8583+6=58=6+G@=4+@=D+1289N
2E98+@=+9TCA@;@=A3+=49:5=@f96+;2<6;@2>6<966+5=+]&H+G4989+@=+><F986=5<F6+4>:5<+62;@5A+B9@<I+56+5=+2<;9+;2<N
;9C=>5A+5<F+:5=98@5AH+5<F+5=+\dH+G4989+@=+><F986=5<F6+@=+56+B2=4+<2<F>5A+5<F+F>5AD+*49+F@??989<=@5=@2<+B9=G99<+
=49+895AH+5;=>5AH+5<F+9:C@8@;5A+5CCA@96+=2+;2<6;@2>6<966+56+:>;4+56+C>89A3+:5=98@5A+B9@<Ii+5B69<;9H+<9I5=@E@=3H+
5<F+;45<I9+589+56+895A+56+=49+C8969<=H+C26@=@E9H+5;=>5A+5<F+><;45<I@<IH+=9<69+@6+56+895A+56+=49+=@:9A966i+5<F+=49+
JournalofIntegralTheoryandPractice41

R.BHASKAR

G28AF+2?+F>5A@=3H+5<F+@=6+F2:@<5<;9+B3+;5=9I28@5A+><=8>=4+5<F+@AA>6@2<+@<+G45=+%+45E9+;5AA9F+JF9:@N895A@=3HK+
89:5@<6+895A+5<F+@<+<99F+2?+=85<6?28:5=@2<H+9E9<+G49<+G9+;2:9+=2+><F986=5<F+42G+@=+@6+6>6=5@<9F+B3+=49+
G28AF+2?+<2<F>5A@=3D+
+
*49+Q1N\d+;5=9I28@5A+6=8>;=>89+2?+!(+;5<+;98=5@<A3+5;;2::2F5=9+5+E58@9=3+2?+C5<C63;4@6=+><@E98696H+
B>=+@<+5FF@=@2<+@=+;5<+5;;2::2F5=9+56C9;=6+2?+2>8+><@E9869+=45=+589+<2=+C5<C63;4@6=+28+<2=+><@?28:A3+C5<N
C63;4@6=H+G4@;4+589+F@??989<=@5AA3+28+563:9=8@;5AA3+C5<C63;4@6=+28+<2=+C5<C63;4@6=+5=+5AAD+%+?5@A+=2+699+42G+=4@6+
89<F986+@=+JA966+@<;A>6@E9K+=45<+=49+58I>5BA3H+5=+A956=+=9<F9<=@5AA3H+:2<2=2<9H+63::9=8@;5AH+><@?28:H+><;45<IN
@<IH+5<F+5<=482C2;9<=8@;+C5<C63;4@6:+2?+62:9+%<=9I85A+*49283+6;49:5=5D

!"#$%&'%()*'%(+,
%+=4@<7+-@AB9806+89:5876+589+B569F+2<+=49+?><F5:9<=5A+:@65CC8949<6@2<+=45=+G9+F2+<2=+6=58=+?82:+;2<6;@2>6N
<966D+-9+F2H+B>=+;A566@;5A+C436@;6+5<F+;49:@6=83+;98=5@<A3+F2+<2=+@::9F@5=9A3++C896>CC269+@=D+Y2G9E98H+!8@=@N
;5A+(95A@6:+F296+<2=+6=2C+=4989H+B>=+I296+2<+=2+F9E9A2C+5+69=+2?+;5=9I28@96+=45=+5AA2G+2<9+=2+B9+56+C5<C63;4@6=+
56+32>+G@AAH+B>=+6996+6>;4+C5<C63;4@6:+56H+@?+32>+A@79H+5<+5;=+2?+@<=9AA9;=>5A+F58@<IH+2<9+G4@;4+6=@AA+<99F6+=2+B9+
6>;;966?>AA3+@<=9I85=9F+@<=2+=49+6;@9<=@V;+;>A=>89+I9<985AA3D+Y2G9E98H+@=+:53+B9+89<F989F+CA5>6@BA9+B3+C26@=@<I+
5+;26:2A2I3+2?+5+F9E9A2C@<I+@<=9I85=@E9+CA>85A@6=@;+G28AF+L699+/456758H+Q^jkaOPP^H+CCD+QPkNQP\M+;2<=5@<@<I+
F@??989<=@5=9F+5<F+F9E9A2C@<I+;2<6;@2>6<96H+2?+G4@;4+4>:5<+69A?N;2<6;@2>6<966+5<F+=49+9C@6=9:2A2I3+2?+=49+
89;9@E9F+6;@9<;96+589+5+F9E9A2C@<I+5<F+F@??989<=@5=9F+C58=D
+
!8@=@;5A+(95A@6:+@6+E983+;2<;98<9F+=2+F2+b>6=@;9+=2+C82;966+LB2=4+2?+B9@<I+5<F+;2<6;@2>6<966MH+?28+G4@;4+
=49+;8@=@W>9+2?+2<=2A2I@;5A+:2<2E5A9<;9+@6+62+@:C28=5<=i+=2+=49+9T@6=9<;9+2?+F@??989<=+A9E9A6+2?+><F986=5<F@<IH+
5<5A36@6+5<F+;8@=@W>9i+=2+563::9=8@96+@<+6=85=5+5<F+=49+:966+@<+=49+:59A6=82:+2?+9T@6=9<;9H+=2+=49+A2269+9<F6+
5<F+><=@F3+X2=65:H+=45=H+5=+5+X564+5<F+@<+5+I924@6=28@;+C986C9;=@E5A+6G@=;4H+:53+89E95A+=49+699F6+2?+5+<9G+
@<=9AA9;=>5A+28+62;@5A+?28:5=@2<D+
+
!8@=@;5A+(95A@6:a:9=5(95A@=3+@6+5A62+E983+;2<;98<9F+G@=4+=49+?28;96+B94@<F+2>8+;>889<=+CA5<9=583+@:N
C5669H+5<F+@<+I9<985=@<I+><F986=5<F@<I6+=45=+;5<+49AC+=2+8962AE9+@=D+#9@=498+BA@<7989F+9:C@8@;@6:+<28+?5<;@?>AH+
><I82><F9F+6C9;>A5=@2<+;5<+896;>9+>6+?82:+=4@6+@:C5669H+B>=+?8@9<FA3+5<F+;895=@E9+F@5A2I>9+;2<F>;=9F+@<+69N
8@2>6<966+5<F+G58:+5<F+A2E@<I+62A@F58@=3+2?+=49+628=+=45=+G9+B9I5<+@<+$9C=9:B98+OPQQ+@<+$5<+`85<;@6;2H++5<F+
G4@;4+,9<+-@AB98+@6+?>8=498+=57@<I+?28G58F+4989H+;5<+I2+?58+=2+;895=@<I+=49+;A958@<I+?82:+G4@;4+8962A>=@2<6+
:53+9E9<=>5AA3+9:98I9D

REFERENCES
/456758H+(D+LQ^jkaOPP^MD+3*!&-%!0*+4&2)!/"+2-'+1$"2-+&"2-*!#2%!,-D+.2<F2<g+(2>=A9FI9D
/456758H+(DH+e+Y58=G@IH+1D+LOPQPMD+TheformationofcriticalrealismD+.2<F2<g+(2>=A9FI9D
Y58=G@IH+1DH+e+128I5<H+lD+L'F6DM+LOPQOMD+54!%!*2)+4&2)!/"+2-'+/#!4!%$2)!%.D+#9G+m287H+#mg+(2>=A9FI9D

42JournalofIntegralTheoryandPractice