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Manufactured Monster: A Content Analysis of News Media

Portrayals of Bipolar Disorder
Abstract

The most popular news sources in America often misrepresent bipolar disorder. These misrepresentations
range from a focus on violent crime to reporting false information. According to a study conducted by Corrigan,
Powell, and Michaels, stigmatizing news media increases negative attitudes against the mentally ill (181). Several
other researchers came to this conclusion, including Dietrich, et al., Kiln and Lemish, and Stuart. Fazel, et al. found
that, despite the medias focus on bipolar individuals as violent, those with bipolar disorder are no more likely to
commit a violent crime than the average person. According to Corrigan, stigma against the mentally ill has a
negative effect on the mentally ill, and can hamper relationships, employment, and even housing. I examined the
four most recent articles mentioning bipolar disorder the websites for Fox News, MSNBC, CNN, ABC, and NPR. I
compared their descriptions of bipolar disorder with the diagnostic criteria found in the fifth edition of the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. In addition, I analyzed the articles tone, angle, and whether
or not bipolar disorder was relevant to the article topic. While the factual nature of descriptions of bipolar disorder
vary between news outlets, all of the above outlets mentioned bipolar most often in articles reporting violent crime,
even if bipolar disorder had no relevance to any part of the article.

Introduction
Since the birth of modern psychiatry in the 1800s, the stigmas against and treatment of the mentally ill have
improved significantly. Even so, negative conceptions of mental illnesses still exist. These prejudices are so
pervasive in contemporary American culture that, often, images of murderous psychopaths represent all mentally ill
individuals. Mass media plays an increasingly large role in the creation, distribution, and acceptance of
misinformation. Too often, the way bipolar disorder is presented on television, in movies, and in major news outlets
is incorrect. Even when the symptoms of and treatments for bipolar disorder are given accurately, the framing can
still conform to stereotypical ideas about bipolar disorder. It does not take long for misrepresentations to solidify in
the public's consciousness, thus influencing thoughts and beliefs about bipolar disorder. Not only does this affect
mental health legislation, prejudice and stigma have a very real affect on those who suffer from bipolar disorder in
social contexts. In this paper, I will argue that contemporary American news media contributes to this damaging
status quo by playing on the human fear of the unknown. Before turning to that argument, however, it is essential to
first understand stigma, as well as the realities of bipolar disorder.
According to Corrigan, Powell, and Michaels, stigma against the mentally ill has a negative effect on the
opportunities and self-worth of those suffering from psychological disorders (179). Their study examining the effect

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of news media on stigma against the mentally ill found that articles feeding into stigmatizing attitudes increased
negative attitudes against the mentally ill (181). In another study, stigma against persons diagnosed with
schizophrenia was assessed by measuring study participants' psychophysiological responses to theoretical scenarios
in which they met a new individual. These imaginary individuals were described either as schizophrenic, or not
schizophrenic. The study found that negative physiological responses occurred when participants were presented
with biographical scripts describing an individual with schizophrenia (Graves, Cassisi, and Penn 324).
There exist many studies examining the effect news stories have on public perception of the mentally ill in
general. Public perception of schizophrenia, too, is a topic flourishing in academic discussions. For example, in 2005
Elaine Ruth Graves, Jeffrey E. Cassisi, and David L. Penn measured the physiological response people have to
schizophrenia. In addition, a search on Google Scholar using the terms public perception of schizophrenia pulls up
10,400 articles published just this year. What is less common, however, is the way news media discussions of
bipolar disorder effects public perception of individuals suffering from the condition. A search of public perception
of bipolar disorder pulls up just 6,030 articles published this year. The lack of discussion is concerning, especially
when one considers that the common perception of bipolar individuals as violent is incorrect. A study conducted by
Fazel et al. found that bipolar individuals without substance abuse problems were no more likely to commit violent
crimes than the general population (937). The existing discussion leaves space for an investigation of an important
question: How do American sources of news contribute to stigmatizing views of bipolar individuals?
To answer this question, I examined articles related to bipolar disorder on top Gallup-rated news outlets,
including Fox News, CNN, MSNBC, ABC, and NPR for accuracy and framing of information. I will compare
descriptions and representations of bipolar disorder with the information contained within the current Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.

Overview of Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder, once called manic-depression, is a condition characterized by periods of intense highs and
lows, and typically manifests during a person's late teens or early twenties. Bipolar can manifest in the early midteens, though this is less common. Typically, this condition is treated through a combination of cognitive behavioral
therapy, antidepressants, mood stabilizers/anti-convulsants, and sometimes anti-psychotics. It is also recommended

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that sufferers maintain a consistent sleep schedule and support system, eat a healthy diet, and exercise regularly.
Bipolar disorder consists of five types, and can include features of other conditions, all of which I will briefly
discuss here.

Bipolar Disorder Type I

Bipolar disorder type I can be thought of as classic bipolar. This variation consists of periods of intense
highs (mania) lasting seven or more days and periods of intense lows (major depression) lasting about two weeks.
Periods of depression can last as long as two months. Type I can also include mixed episodes, in which the sufferer
experiences symptoms of both mania and depression at the same time (APA, 123-132).

Bipolar Disorder Type II

Bipolar Disorder Type II, sometimes called bipolar depression, is characterized by periods of moderate
highs (hypomania) and periods of major depression. Periods of depression occur more often in this type of bipolar
than in type I, and can last longer. Episodes of hypomania typically do not last as long as fully manic episodes, and
are less obvious to others. It is common for bipolar type II to be misdiagnosed as major depression, or as major
depression with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (APA, 132-139).

Cyclothymic Disorder (Cyclothymia)

Cyclothymic disorder, or cyclothymia, is characterized by periods of hypomania and periods of depression,
without experiencing full mania and major depression. In order for a diagnosis to be made, the disorder must be
present for at least 2 years (APA 139-141).

Bipolar Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (NOS)

Bipolar disorder not otherwise specified (NOS) has all of the symptoms of bipolar disorder, but does not
meet criteria for type I or type II. The symptoms are, however, clearly outside of the patient's normal range (APA,
149).

Rapid-Cycling Bipolar Disorder

In Rapid-cycling bipolar disorder, the patient has four or more manic, hypomanic, mixed, or major
depressive episodes within 1 year. Each of these episodes are fairly short, lasting less than seven days each (APA,
150-151).

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With Psychotic Features

Any of the above mentioned types of bipolar disorder can include psychotic features. Psychotic episodes
include delusions and hallucinations (auditory and/or visual) at any time during episode. These symptoms can occur
during either mania or depression, and can be mood-congruent (following along the typical symptoms of the mood,
such as delusions of grandeur during mania) or mood-incongruent (not following the typical patterns of the mood,
such as paranoid delusions during mania) (APA, 152).

With Catatonia
Any of the above mentioned types of bipolar disorder can include catatonia. Catatonia is a marked
psychomotor disturbance. The disturbance can be expressed as decreased physical activity, or increased and strange
physical activity, such as unusual mannerisms or mimicking another individual's speech and/or movement s (APA,

119-120).

Brief as this overview of bipolar disorder is, it is enough to enable even a causal reader to see the
differences between the information laid out by organizations such as the American Psychiatric Association, and the
myths largely perpetuated by mass media. It also clarifies the purpose behind the methods I developed for this paper.

Methods
I analyzed the content of the articles on four news sites that a 2013 Gallup poll rated as the most popular
non-local sources of news among Americans: Fox News (8%), CNN (7%), MSNBC(1%), and ABC (1%). Because
these news sources are selected by a large number of Americans, it is likely that they significantly contribute to the
overall public perception of mental illness. I also analyzed articles found on NPR (which was not a top-listed news
source) because a preliminary review of their articles discussing Bipolar Disorder revealed that their coverage is
remarkably accurate and unprejudiced. All selected news sources include search bars on their websites. I found
relevant articles by using the search term Bipolar Disorder on each site, as well as two common euphemisms:
madness and insanity. I examined the top four relevant articles found on each site.
The rest of my research came from scholarly articles discussing clinical trials of bipolar medications, case

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studies, analyses of media portrayals of mental illness, and the influence mass media on public perception.
Within each article, I focused on answering the following questions:

How many times is bipolar disorder mentioned?

Are the symptoms listed scientifically accurate when compared to the DSM-V?

Are the treatment options listed scientifically accurate?

At what point(s) is bipolar disorder mentioned?

What is the article actually about?

What information is contained in the article?

What information juxtaposes discussion of bipolar disorder?

How is the discussion of bipolar disorder framed?

What is the angle of the article?

What tone is used throughout the article?

Analysis
NPR
Articles found on the National Public Radio (NPR) website are included as an example of fair, balanced
representation of individuals with bipolar disorder. As expected, the articles found on npr.com are factual and wellresearched. The authors of these articles cite numerous sources. All of these sources are reliable, including research
and practicing psychiatric professionals, government-backed websites, and peer-reviewed articles. Most of the
articles that mention bipolar disorder are about advances in medical science or mental health care in general. There
is one article in particular that will be discussed here.

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Though NPR's coverage of bipolar disorder was nothing short of spectacular, it was still surprising to find
that an article published earlier this year was written with the purpose of making it clear that mentally ill individuals
are not necessarily more violent than the average person, and that acts of violence cannot be blamed solely on
mental illness. The article, titled Shooting Unfairly Links Violence With Mental Illness Again , was
published by NPR news investigations correspondent Joseph Shapiro on April 3rd, 2014. Written in the
aftermath of the Fort Hood shooting, this article takes a stand against news stories claiming that the
shooter's diagnosed Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is somehow linked to his act of violence. In fact, the
information in this article reflects the research conducted for this paper:
Just raising that question, psychologists and psychiatrists say, shows how much Americans misunderstand
the link between mental illness and violence.
One national survey in 2006 found that most Americans 60 percent believed people with
schizophrenia were likely to be violent. But the vast majority of people with psychiatric disorders are not
violent. In fact, another study found they are far more likely to be the victims of violence, and that 1 in 4
experience violence every year (Shapiro).
As can be expected with an article discussing factual information in a respectful manner, multiple sources are cited
within the text, and all of those citations include links to the original content. Sources include two psychiatrists, the
National Institute on Mental Health, the FBI, the Department of Defense, a medical journal, and other articles
published by NPR. While the existence of high quality news articles such as this are heartening, there are still
significant problems in the way American news media talks about mental health.

MSNBC
Despite MSNBC's reputation as a left-leaning news network, the way they represent bipolar disorder
cannot be called progressive, or even accurate. Of the articles surveyed, just one had a topic that is relevant to
bipolar disorder. The others all seemed to include mention of the condition for no reason at all. These articles gained
nothing from the inclusion of bipolar disorder. Rather, the term's inclusion only serves to maintain or worsen the
stigma that already exists.
One particularly troubling article, titled Disturbing Details of Alleged Jonathan Dwyer Abuse Revealed,
mentioned bipolar disorder just once, and without any need. The article, published on September 18th, 2014 by
contributor Adam Howard, discusses the lack of accountability experienced by NFL players in regards to allegations

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of domestic abuse. About half way through the article, there is a one-sentence paragraph mentioning a press
conference given by Chicago Bears' player Brandon Marshall. In it, Marshall is cited as a public face for bipolar
disorder. The press conference was in response to a press conference held by attorney Gloria Allred, in which she
alleged that the NFL ignored domestic violence accusations made against him five years ago (Howard).
Mentioning bipolar disorder in this context further connects the condition with acts of violence, such as domestic
abuse. This article does, however, cite sources, with one exception. The author linked to articles discussing the
aforementioned allegations. This, alongside the lack of information about bipolar disorder, as well as the rather
damning tone of the article, leads uninformed readers to believe that, not only does bipolar disorder cause violence,
but it is at minimum a contributing factor in domestic violence. This misinformation hurts individuals with bipolar
disorder and victims of domestic violence, because it can lead to people attempting to fix domestic violence by
attacking a problem that does not exist, rather than looking at the real causes.
Another problematic article, titled Elvis impersonator freed in ricin plot - charges dropped, was published
on April 24th, 2013, with no author listed. This article discusses a plot against President Obama in which poisoned
letters were mailed to him. Paul Kevin Curtis, a man who was accused of being involved in the plot, was cleared of
all charges after the FBI said it had no evidence connecting the man...to the plot (msnbc.com). The article ends
with a statement released by Curtis' brother, Jack. In the statement, Jack discusses Curtis' bipolar disorder, saying
that because his mental problems cause Kevin to believe he does not require medical treatment, he refused to
continue to take the medication (msnbc.com). By not including any other discussion of bipolar disorder, the author
allows bipolar to become associated with acts such as this.

CNN
CNN is an interesting case. While many of their articles are plainly problematic, they also have a few
videos on their website that succinctly and accurately explain what bipolar disorder really is. Here, I will focus on
the articles, because they far outnumber the few videos discussing bipolar disorder accurately.
The first article I would like to discuss, Amanda Bynes Seems to Apologize for Latest Rants, was
published by Henry Hanks and was last updated on November 16th, 2014. In the article, Hanks reports that a
recording supposedly of Bynes saying she wanted to murder her father was posted to celebrity news site TMZ. He
continues to say that Bynes issued a statement apologizing for what she said the next day. The article ends by
mentioning a tweet sent out from Bynes' Twitter account saying that she has bipolar disorder the previous month.

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This addition is unnecessary. Possibly the most troubling thing about this article is the two sources cited: TMZ and
Access Hollywood. Neither of those groups are reputable sources. Like several other articles, the juxtaposition of
death threats and bipolar disorder does nothing to help the already massive stigma against the mentally ill.
9/11 Terrorist Zacarias Moussaoui Claims Saudi Involvement, published by Kristina Sgueglia and
Debora Feyerick on November 18th, 2014 is, overall, a well-written article. The mention of bipolar disorder,
however, did nothing to improve or clarify the lengthy story. A section titled Moussaoui Diagnosed with
Schizophrenia, which I shall include here, has several problems.
The expert who literally helped write the book on diagnosing mental illness testified during Moussaoui's
2006 trial that Moussaoui is schizophrenic.
Michael First, a psychiatrist who edited the latest edition of the profession's standard diagnostic guidebook,
told jurors that Moussaoui also suffers from paranoid and grandiose delusions and disorganized thinking.
Both Moussaoui's sisters, who lived in France at the time of the trial, were diagnosed with forms of
schizophrenia and took drugs to control their symptoms.
Moussaoui's father at the time of the trial was hospitalized in France with bipolar disorder ( Sgueglia and
Feyerick).
The first problem with this section is the vague reference to what I assume is the Diagnosing and Statistical Manual.
While this section does include a link to an article about his diagnosis, the vague reference to an unnamed text is the
same is it is in this article. There is reference made to one psychiatric professional, but again, this is vague. [T]he
latest edition (Sgueglia and Feyerick) tells the reader next to nothing about his qualifications, given the lack of
naming of this book, and lack of citation. Finally, there was no need to mention Moussaoui's family's diagnoses. Not
only does this article connect bipolar disorder with a major act of terrorism, it also connects schizophrenia with
terrorism. Thus, this article succeeds in increasing stigma against two mental illnesses at once.

ABC
Articles mentioning bipolar disorder from ABC overwhelmingly referred to celebrities who either have
bipolar disorder, or another psychological condition often associated with bipolar disorder. However, recent events
prompted an article that has nothing to do with celebrities.
On December 10th, 2014, Karen Matthews and Ula Ilnytzky of the associated press published Security
Stepped up After Jewish Center Stabbing. According to the article, Calvin Peters in New York entered the library of

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an international Jewish organization multiple times. Each time, he made rude and anti-Semitic remarks. The final
time he entered, Peters stabbed a student in the head. Fortunately, the student survived. Unfortunately for the mental
illness community, however, Peters has a history of mental illness. Although Peters' history of mental illness is
documented, the article is written in such a way as to make it seem that the attack was racially motivated, not
necessarily a result of mental illness. It was not a doctor or family member who stated that Peters is bipolar. As
stated in the article, attorney Jeffrey A. St. Clair, appearing at the Peters family's front door in Valley Stream, on
Long Island, described him as bipolar (Matthews and Ilnytzky). At no point in the article is mention made of an
official diagnosis. Yet again, it is clear that bipolar disorder is being associated with crime, especially violent crime.
It is not, however, only an association with crime that damages life satisfaction for individuals with bipolar
disorder. For a long time, people have connected mental illness with creativity, a connection that does not exist.
According to Harvard Medical School psychiatrist Albert Rothenberg, not only is there no link between mental
illness and creativity, the presence of mental illness hampers creativity. Even so, the myth of the 'mad genius' refuses
to die. In an article titled What's the Deal with Comedians and Depression? Liz Neporent writes about a supposed
link between comedy and mental illnesses like depression and bipolar disorder. On the surface, this does not seem
like a bad thing. After all, comedy is a prized skill in our society, and artists have been revered since the dawn of
time. However, claiming that serious mental illnesses increase a person's creativity trivializes and romanticizes
conditions that are extremely difficult to live with, and are often deadly.

Fox News
Of all the news sources I examined, none referenced bipolar disorder more often or more negatively than
Fox News. Information found in Fox articles ranged from outdated to incorrect beyond belief. In one video I viewed,
the discussion of bipolar disorder bordered on fear-mongering. This would not, of course, be the first accusation of
fear-mongering lodged at Fox News. Fox News is in need of a fact-checking policy, as it is easy to assume they do
not currently have one. The representations of bipolar disorder found on the Fox News website are especially
disturbing because, according to a Gallup poll conducted in 2013, Fox is America's favorite non-local news source.
The first article I will discuss aligns bipolar disorder with criminal activity, like many of the other articles I
have discussed. Published on December 8th, 2014, Guard Arrested in Death of Inmate in 101-Degree Jail Cell is
about Jerome Murdough, a homeless ex-Marine who died in a special Rikers Island unit for mentally ill inmates
(foxnews.com). According to the article, Murdough took prescriptions for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder that

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increased his sensitivity to heat. While it is relevant to state that Murdough was taking medication that likely
contributed to his death, it is not necessary to state the reason for his medication. Doing so links both schizophrenia
and bipolar disorder to criminal activity, potentially worsening the stigma against these two conditions.
Finally, I will discuss a video clip that was posted to the Fox News website on October 16th, 2014. Earlier
that week,19-year-old Alan Hruby in Oklahoma allegedly shot his family in order to inherit the estate so that he
could pay off a loan shark. In the video, the announcer speaks with a lawyer. They discuss what, if anything, Hruby
could do to avoid the death penalty. At the 2 minute, 45 second mark, the lawyer recommends that Hruby get
evaluated for mental illness. He claims that Hruby's behavior is a little bit indicative of hypomania-type behavior,
which is consistent with bipolar (foxnews.com). No part of that statement is true. According to several studies,
including a longitudinal study and meta-analysis by Fazel, et al, individuals with bipolar disorder are no more likely
to become violent or commit criminal acts than the average person. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fifth
Edition does not list any type of violence or emotional numbness/disconnect as a symptom of any form of mania.
The lawyer's assertion would be slightly more believable if he claimed that Hruby's behavoior resembled severe
mania, rather than the mild form, hypomania. The severity of false information and type of crime associated with
this mention of bipolar disorder makes this video the most damaging representation of bipolar disorder that I have
discussed in this paper.

Conclusion
There are significant problems with the way America's most popular non-local news sources talk about
bipolar disorder. Misinformation, association with violent crime, and trivialization are pervasive across many media
groups. Continuously portraying incorrect information as fact reinforces and worsens the stigma against individuals
with bipolar disorder that already exists in our society. Maintaining and worsening this status quo reduces quality of
life for millions of Americans. Though the actual rates vary between sources, a majority of articles found on Fox,
MSNBC, and CNN placed bipolar disorder in the context of violent crime, which is consistent with a meta-analysis
of studies on media representations of mental illness by Klin and Dafna, an examination of newspaper articles by
Wahl, Stuart and Richards, and a study on the source and strength of misconceptions about mental illness by Taylor,
Kujawaski and Kowalski. Though ABC avoids falling into step with their competitors on this front, they have an

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abnormally large number of articles that connect bipolar disorder to creativity. Whether it be by only using
celebrities as an image of bipolar disorder or flat-out claiming that there is a link between bipolar disorder and
heightened creativity, ABC contributes to the silent killer that is the romanticized, trivialized concept of the mad
genious.
Though there is no shortage on studies on media representations of mental illness and the effects of those
representations, most of the current studies focus either on mental illness as a whole, or on schizophrenia. A casual
glance at any part of the omnipresence that is media (whether it be the nightly news, a television program, or a major
motion picture) makes it seem that individuals with bipolar disorder are the villain of the week. It is my hope that
more researchers will turn a critical eye to the damaging ways our culture views bipolar disorder, and from where
those views come. This paper is a small part of a quiet conversation that must grow in order for the mental illness
community to gain the equal rights we are supposedly guaranteed.

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