Side 1 av ?

NORGES TEKNISK- NATURVITENSKAPELIGE UNIVERSITET

INSTITUTT FOR PETROLEUMSTEKNOLOGI
OG ANVENDT GEOFYSIKK
NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS

Faglig kontakt under eksamen/Contact during exam:

Navn/Name: Jon Steinar Gudmundsson
Tlf.: 94952

EKSAMEN I EMNE TPG4140 NATURGASS

EXAM IN TOPIC TPG4140 NATURAL GAS
Lrdag 20. desember 2008
Saturday December 20, 2008
Tid: 0900 1200
Time: 0900 1200

Dato for sensur: Uke 2, 2009

Exam results in week 2, 2009

Tillatte hjelpemidler/Permitted aids:

D: Ingen trykte eller hndskrevne hjelpemidler tillatt. Bestemt, enkel kalkulator tillatt.
No printed or handwritten materials permitted. Certain, simple calculator permitted.

TPG4140 Naturgass
09.01.2009
372/JSG/alb

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PROBLEM 1 (15 %)

(i)

In the power market in the Nordic countries, what energy forms have the
low, medium and high marginal cost of production?

(ii)

Is the natural gas consumption per capita in the EU higher than in the
USA?

(iii)

NOx emissions in Norway have been reported for the following sectors:
road traffic, shipping, stationary combustion and other. Which of these
sectors stands for the greatest emissions?

(iv)

What arguments have been put forward for that hydrogen in Europe should
be produced from natural gas. Answer in 3-6 short points.

(v)

State a couple of key elements in the argument for long-term contracts for
natural gas from three perspectives: the producers, the distributors (gas
companies) and the end users.

PROBLEM 2 (15 %)

(i)

Make a sketch that shows in principle (not necessary to have the correct
numerical values) how the cost of electric energy (re/kWh) against gas
price (re/Sm3) such that capital and operational costs are identified and
such that NOx removal and CO2 tax costs are also identified.

(ii)

What is meant by the diameter dilemma of long gas-condensate pipelines?

Illustrate the answer with a simple sketch(s).

PROBLEM 3 (15 %)

(i)

Write a few lines about the booking and tariff regime use for pipelines and
processing for natural gas from Norway to the Continent and Great
Britain.

(ii)

Natural gas hubs in Europe (for example NBP and TTF) are increasing in
volumes. How are the traded volume and physical volume in relative size?

(iii)

What companies in the oil and gas sector in Norway are wholly (100 %)
owned by the state? Gassled is a JV (Joint Venture) owned by the oil and
gas companies. What is it that Gassled owns?

TPG4140 Naturgass
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Side 3 av ?
(iv)

What does the following formula express

P = P0 + cG wG (G G0 ) + cF wF ( F F0 )

PROBLEM 4 (10 %)

(i)

Natural gas has components that when separated out are called LPG and
NGL. Which of these two fractions contains more hydrocarbon
components?

(ii)

What does the MM in MMscfd stand for?

(iii)

What is meant by gas gravity?

(iv)

What does the ratio R/P stand for?

(v)

What is meant by aging/weathering of LNG during transport?

PROBLEM 5 (15 %)

(i)

What three different dehydration methods are used on Troll onshore,

Kristin offshore and Snhvit onshore?

(ii)

What are some of the gas specifications for the sgard Transport system?

(iii)

What technologies are used to achieve the necessary compositional gas

specifications?

(iv)

What environmental aspect do In Salah and Sleipner have in common?

TPG4140 Naturgass
09.01.2009
372/JSG/alb

Side 4 av ?
PROBLEM 6 (30 %)

A natural gas reservoir similar to, but smaller, than Ormen Lange is produced at a
constant mass flow rate from four equally productive wells. The constant flow rate is
maintained by subsea compression, feeding the natural gas from near the wellhead
into a 370 mm ID pipeline to shore (average sea temperature 5 C and pipeline overall
heat transfer coefficient 2 W/m2.K). The molecular weight of the gas is 17.45
kg/kmol. For calculation purposes at near wellhead conditions, a heat capacity at
constant pressure of 3500 J/kg.K and a heat capacity ratio 1.9 can be used.

The reservoir performance and z-factor are shown in tables. Also shown in tables are
the well flowing and tubing head pressures (and wellhead temperature) at three
different reservoir pressures. The inflow performance of one of the four wells, at a
particular time, is shown in a table below. Note that not all of the data in the tables are
required to answer the questions. Also, that the use of plotting paper (mm-paper or
similar) may be required.

(i)

What was the approximate gas initially in place? Give answer in volume at
standard conditions.

(ii)

What is the constant daily production rate of the field? Give answer in
volumetric rate at standard conditions and mass rate.

(iii)

The inflow performance data (table below) indicates the production

conditions after approximately how many months?

ANSWER EITHER (iv) OR (v)

(iv)

After four years of production the compression (pressure increase from

wellhead to pipeline) required is from 188 bara to 218 bara. What is the
compression power needed assuming 80 percent adiabatic efficiency?

(v)

After four years of production, what is the pipeline temperature after 20

km from the wellhead?

TPG4140 Naturgass
09.01.2009
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Side 5 av ?

Table Reservoir performance gas reservoir.

pR
pR/z
Year
G
3
(bara)
(bara)
(GSm )
0
0
275
296
2
5.7
254
277
4
11.3
236
260
8
22.6
199
222
16
45.3
126
140
Table Compressibility factor (z-factor).
p
z-factor
(bara)
300
0.9430
290
0.9366
285
0.9334
280
0.9304
260
0.9191
220
0.9012
180
0.8916
140
0.8926
100
0.9063
Table Inflow performance of a gas well.
qg
pwf
(MSm3/d)
(bara)
1.5
266.5
3.0
266.0
4.5
265.0
7.5
262.0
9.0
260.0
12.0
255.0
13.5
252.0
Table Initial (year 0) pressures and temperatures at flow rate 2 MSm3/d.
pR
pwf
pth
Tth
(bara)
(bara)
(bara)
(C)
275
269
218
63
225
217
172
62
175
165
126
60
R=reservoir, wf=well flowing (BHP), th=tubing head (WHP&T)

TPG4140 Naturgass
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Side 6 av ?

LIGNINGER
WI =

pV = z n RT

p =

f L 2
u
2 d

GCV

qm = C

1
1

Ts.c. = 15 C

T2 p 2
=
T1 p1

ps.c. = 1 atm
gM
p = p o exp
L
z
R
T

d 2 2p 1

k 1
k

p = g L

q = C p 2R p 2wf
k 1

k p 2 k
m
1
P = RT1

M
k 1 p1

R = 8,314 kJ/kmol K
= 8314,34 J/kmol K
= 1,98717 cal/mol K

M = 28,97

Re =

pM
zRT

f=

0,316
Re 0, 25

ud

m = uA
co = c t (1 + r )

U d
T2 = T + (T1 T ) exp
L
m C p
T =

p = Aq + Bq 2
p 2 = (p1 p 3 )

0,5

TPG4140 Naturgass
09.01.2009
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K x
M (1 x )

d A2 M
d p 22
2
2
p 2 p1 ln 2
f p1
f m 2 z RT

+ L = 0

Side 7 av ?

q s .c .

kh Ts.c. p 2R p 2w
=
r 3

p s.c. T z ln e + s
rw 4

dp
= u + u2
dx k

A = r2

6,9 n k 1,11n
1,8
= log

+
n
f
Re 3,75d

n = 1 for vske n = 3 for gass

p Ts.c. 1

Vs.c. = V

p
s
.
c
.

T z

q=

k (2rh ) dp

dr

T ps.c.

z
Bg =
Ts.c. p

k=

Cp
Cv

P = P0 + cG wG (G G0 ) + cF wF ( F F0 )

TPG4140 Naturgass
09.01.2009
372/JSG/alb

Side 8 av
Conversion Table
Traditionally units
LENGTH
mile (mi)
yard (yd)
foot (ft)
inch (in)
VOLUME
US-gallon (gal)
UK-gallon (gal)
API barrel (bbl)
kubikkfot (cf)
MASS
pound (lbm)
US-ton (ton)
UK-ton (ton, tonne)
TEMPERATURE
Rankin (R)
Celciusgrader (C)
Fahrenheit (F)
ENERGY, WORK
kalori (cal)
erg
British Termal Unit (BTU)
kilowattime (kwh)
POWER
hestekraft (elektrisk) (hk, hp)
hestekraft (hydraulisk)
FORCE
dyn (dyn)
kilopond, eller kilogramkraft (kp/kgf)
poundforce (lbf)
PRESSURE
bar (bar)
pound per square inch (psi)
atmosfre (atm)
mm kvikkslv (torr)
VISCOSITY
poise (p)
centipoise (cp)
lbf/(ft2/s)
DENSITY
API-gravity (API)
g/cm3
lbm/US-gal
lbm/UK-gal
lbm/ft3
VOLUME FLOW
liter pr. sek. (l/s)
fat pr. dag (bbl/d)
kubikkfot pr. dag (cf/d)
US-gallon pr. minutt (gal/min)
#: Exact value

TPG4140 Naturgass
09.01.2009
JSG/alb

SI-equivalents
M
1609.344 m #
0.9144 m #
0.3048 m #
0.0254 m #
m3
0.00378541 m3
0.00454609 m3
0.158987 m3
0.0283167 m3
kg
0.45359 kg
907.185 kg
1016.05 kg
Kelvin: K
5/9 K #
K = C + 273
C = (F-32) 5/9
Joule: J
4.184 J #
10E-7 J
1055.06 J
3600 J
Watt: W
746 W #
746.043 W
Newton: N
10E-5 N #
9.80665 N
4.44822 N
Pascal: Pa
105 Pa
6894.76 Pa
1.01325 bar #
133.322 Pa
Pa.s
10E-1 Pas #
10E-3 Pas #
4.78803 Pas
kg/m3
kg/m3 = (141.5)(1000)/(131.5 + API)
1000 kg/m3 #
119.826 kg/m3
99.7763 kg/m3
16.0185 kg/m3
m3/s
10E-3 m3/s
1.8401E-6 m3/s
3.2774E-7 m3/s
6.30903E-5 m3/s

Useful info.

3 ft = 1 yd
12 in = 1 ft

1 bbl = 42 US gal
1 bbl ~ 5.62 cf

R = F + 460

J = Nm

W = J/s
N = kg m/s2
dyn = g cm/s2
Pa = N/m2
1 bar ~ 14.5 psi
1 atm ~ 14.7 psi
1 atm ~ 1.01 bar
Pa.s = kg/s.m
poise =
dyn/cm2 s

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TPG4140 Naturgass
09.01.2009
JSG/alb