LABORATORY MANUAL

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CENTURION INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Name:
Branch:
Semester:
Section:
Regd. No.:

PREFACE
This Laboratory book in Electrical Machines I has been
revised in order to be up to date with Curriculum changes,
laboratory equipment upgrading and the latest circuit
simulation.
Every effort has been made to correct all the known
errors, but nobody is perfect, if you find any additional errors or
anything else you think is an error, Please contact the Dept. of
EEE
The Authors thanked all the staff members from the
department for their valuable Suggestion and contribution

The Authors
Department of EEE

OVERVIEW
Scope of Electrical & Electronics Engineering:
The Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering of CIT is one among the
branches instituted in 2008. While retaining its strength in traditional areas of engineering, the
department grew with time, reflecting the needs of a changing society and established new areas
of teaching & research in electrical engineering.
The syllabus of the department has tremendously augmented with many advanced
courses with focus on the following areas: Network analysis & synthesis, machine analysis &
design; control engineering; Basics of analog & digital electronics circuits; microprocessor &
micro controllers; procedural & object-oriented languages; and in-depth coverage of power
systems. State of the art infrastructure has been established in order to promote a congenial
academic environment to impart quality education.
Sincere efforts have been made to implement the Decentralized Functioning in its letter
and spirit. Student sub-committees have been set up who work along with the Lab. In-Charge,
and staff attached to the laboratory towards up-keep and effective utilization of the assigned
laboratory. Through devolution of powers, the administration in the department has been
effectively made transparent.

Department Mission
To produce Electrical & Electronics Engineers with dynamic well rounded personalities

adaptable to ever increasing demands of emerging technologies involving analytical and

practical skills so as to serve the society.

Department

Vision:

o To develop the department as an academic center of excellence in the discipline of

electrical engineering.
o To establish value based research and development activities so as to encourage active
participation with industry by staff and students to take on real-time problems of
industry and to provide feasible solutions.

o To establish tie-ups with institutions of national and international repute and to foster
building up of a wide knowledge base to keep in tune with ever increasing demands of
technologies.

Short range Goals

To bring out skilled and disciplined graduates by imparting quality education in the
field of electrical engineering.
To recruit well-qualified and experienced faculty to enhance the quality of teaching.
Setting up of well-equipped laboratories.
Encouraging the faculty to update their knowledge through quality improvement
programmes.
To promote the use of computer based resources in teaching and training.
To organize faculty orientation programmes by arranging technical talks, conducting
workshops, seminars involving experts in the respective fields.

Words from H.O.D.

The Department of Electrical Engineering at CIT is recognized among the leading centers
of teaching and research in Electrical & Electronics Engineering in the state. In every
semester along with regular theory courses students have to take at least 8 laboratory courses
which instill confidence in the student to handle practical problems in the field of
engineering. After the fourth and sixth semesters, the students are sent for Industrial Training
to various national institutes, PSUs, industries and electric utilities all over India during the
summer vacation. This gives the students the exposure to work in the industrial environment.
The department is ready to provide the industry with another young dynamic lot of
engineers well equipped with the determination and the skill to excel in whatever they choose
to do.

Syllabus
ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I (PCEE3101)
THEORY
MODULE- I
[16 hours]
1. DC GENERATORS:
Construction, working principle, Armature Windings (Simplex Lap and Simplex Wave), Methods
of Excitation, Expression for EMF Induced, Armature Reaction, Commutation, Interlopes,
Compensating Windings.
2. DC GENERATOR CHARACTERISTICS:
Characteristics for Separately Excited DC Generator (No-Load and Load), Conditions for Self
Excitation, Critical Resistance and Critical Speed, Characteristics for Self Excited DC Shunt
Generator (No-Load and Load), Voltage Regulation, Parallel Operation of DC Shunt Generators
and DC Series Generators.
MODULE- II
[17 hours]
3. DC MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS:
Characteristic for Speed-Armature Current, Torque-Armature Current and Speed-Torque of (i)
Separately Excited DC Motor, (ii) DC Shunt Motor, (iii) DC Series Motor, and (iv) DC Compound
Motor, Comparison between Different types of DC Motors and their Application.
4. DC MOTOR STARTING and PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS:
Necessity of a Starter, Starting of DC Shunt, Series and Compound Motors, Precautions During
Starting of DC Series Motor, Speed Control of DC Shunt and Series Motors, Classification of
Losses, Efficiency Evaluation from Direct and Indirect Methods (i) Brake Test (Direct method), (ii)
Swinburnes Test (Indirect method), (iii) Regenerative/Hopkinsons Test (Indirect method).
MODULE- III
[17 hours]
5. SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER:
Constructional Features, EMF Equation, Turns Ratio, Phasor Diagrams at No-Load and Load
Conditions, Equivalent Circuit, Determination of Parameters From Tests (Open Circuit Test and
Short Circuit Test, Back to Back test), Voltage Regulation, Losses and Efficiency, Auto
Transformers and their application.
6. THREE PHASE INDUCTION MACHINES:
Constructional Features of Squirrel Cage Rotor type and Slip Ring/Wound Rotor type of Induction
Motors, Principle of Operation, Concept of Slip, Slip Speed, Equivalent Circuit and Phasor
Diagram, No-Load and Blocked Rotor tests, Determination of Parameters, Slip~Torque
Characteristics Losses and Efficiency. Starting of Squirrel Cage Rotor type and Slip Ring/Wound
Rotor type of Induction Motors, Speed Control of Induction Motors, Cogging, Crawling and
Electrical Braking of Induction Motors Induction.

 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS TO BE PERFORMED:

PCEE3108 Electrical Machines-I Lab (0-0-3)
List of Experiment: (any ten)

1. Determination of critical resistance & critical speed from no load test of a

DC Shunt generator.
2. Plotting of external and internal characteristics of a DC shunt generator.
3. Determination of efficiency of DC machine by direct loading.
4. Determination of efficiency of DC machine by Swinburnes Test.
5. Determination of Efficiency and Voltage Regulation by Open Circuit and
Short Circuit test on single phase transformer.
6. Speed control of DC Motor by Ward-Leonard Method.
7. Study of current, voltage & frequency of a 1-ph transformer & to calculate
voltage and current of the transformer using CRO.
8. Polarity test and Parallel operation of two single phase transformers.
9. Back to back test of a single phase transformer.
10.Load characteristics of DC (i) self (ii) separately excited DC generator.
11.Calculation of earth resistivity of industrial earthing.
12. Separation of core losses of a DC machine.
Text Book:
1. Electrical Machines D P Kothari and I J Nagrath Tata McGraw Hill.
Reference Book(s):
2. Electrical Machinery P S Bimbhra Khanna Publishers.
3. Electrical Machines P.K.Mukherjee & S.ChakravortiDhanpat Rai Publications
4. Electrical Machines-I. - B.L.Theraja- S.Chand Publications.

 BASICS OF EXPERIMENTATION
Doing each experimental exercise in a laboratory helps in deeper understanding of physical
concepts.vis-a-vis the theory taught. THE BASIC AIM IS TO EXPERIMENT A THEORY
AND ARRIVE AT VALUE BASED CONCLUSIONS. At the beginning of each experiment,
this manual provides guidelines to perform the experiments. Conducting experiments serve the
following purposes:
To be familiar with the basic components, measuring instruments and other
equipments.
To learn the techniques of measuring basic electrical and non electrical quantities.
To realize the limitations of accuracies of measuring instruments.
To physically verify Theorems/ Laws pertaining to a topic AND ASCERTAIN HOW
FAR THE RESULTS VARY FROM THE THEORITICAL VALUES.
To get training of technical report writing.

Before coming to the laboratory, a student should become familiar with the theoretical
background and the necessary circuit diagram for conducting the experiment. Merely making the
connections and taking a reading mechanically doesnt help in developing an understanding the
matter. The student must know the changes to be made to a parameter and observe the responses
to these changes.

 General Instructions and Precautions:

Safety rules
SAFETY is of paramount importance in the Electrical Laboratories.
Since you are going to work with equipments and machines operating at high voltages, such
as 220V DC supply, 230 V, 50 Hz, AC supply or 440 V, 50 Hz, 3-Phase AC supply, you should
take utmost care to avoid electric shock hazards. Furthermore, enough care should be taken so as
to get, meaningful results without damaging any equipment or instrument.
Therefore it is important to adhere the following general instructions and precautions.
o Never work alone in the laboratory.
o Always put on shoes with rubber soles so as to provide insulation from ground.
o Dont wear loose dress while working in the laboratory.
o Power should be switched of before changing any connection.
o Familiarize yourself with the first aid instructions for electrical shocks
o Keep away from moving parts.
o Use fuse wire or MCB (miniature circuit Breaker) of proper rating.
o Use suitable wires for different parts of the circuits.
o Take down complete specifications from the name plate of the machines and
equipments. This will enable you to decide the range of all instruments to be used.
o Switch ON the supply only after connection have been checked.
o Dont touch any live terminal, while the supply is ON.

Power Supply Systems:

Following power supply systems are available in the electrical engineering laboratories:
1. 230V, 50 Hz, Single Phase Supply: It has two wires- Phase/Line wire and Neutral wire.
(Fig-1).
2. 400 V, 50 Hz, 3-Phase () AC supply: Normally it has four wires- three for phase/line
and one for Neutral (Fig-2).

3. 220V, DC supply: This may be obtained either from a DC generator or a rectifier. It has
two wires positive (+) and Negative (-).

Variable Electricity Supply:

DC Supply: Variable DC supply can be obtained by using a suitable Rheostat (Variable
Resistance) as shown in the Fig-3.
AC supply: Variable AC supply can be obtained by using an auto-transformer with a variable
tap (also known as Variac or Dimmer stat) as shown in the Fig-4. For 3-Phase () AC supply we
use a 3-Phase () Variac. (Fig-4)

Common Instruments:
Following are the important instruments and equipments used in the laboratories for
measurement of an electrical quantity. It is important to select a proper instrument with proper
range.

1. Ammeters and Voltmeters:

The basic principle of operation of these two instruments is the same. An
ammeter is used for measuring current. It has low resistance and must be connected in
series with the circuit. A voltmeter is used for measuring voltage across two points of a
circuit. It has high resistance and must be connected across (in parallel) with the two points.

2. Wattmeter:
A wattmeter is an instrument that measures the power (both dc and ac) going to
an electrical load. It has two coils called current coil and potential (or pressure) coil. The
terminals of the current coil are marked as M and L; and those of the pressure coil as C and
V. The terminals M and C are joined together to make a common terminal. The current coil
is connected in series with the load and the pressure coil across the load as shown in Fig.-5.
Sometimes, the wattmeter can give negative reading. In such a case, the
connections of either the current coil or the pressure coil are to be reserved and the reading
is to be treated as negative.

3. Tachometer:
It is used for the measurement of rotating speed in rpm (revolutions per
minute) of a machine. The tapered shaft of the tachometer is inserted into the tapered hole
in the shaft of the machine. The reading of the tachometer is proportional to the speed of
rotation of its shaft. A tachometer can be either analog type or digital type.

10

4. Rheostat:
It is a variable resistance made up of a closely wound wire of high resistivity
(such as nickel-chromium-iron alloy) over a circular insulating tube. These are available
both in single tube and double-tube configurations. A rheostat is specified in terms of its
resistance and the maximum current it can carry. Normally it is 1000, 1.2A and 100,
5A. Rheostats are used as variable resistances and potential dividers.

5. Loading devices:
Commonly used loading devices are (i) lamp bank and (ii) loading rheostats.
A lamp bank consist of a number of 230V lamps (100W, 60W, 40W etc) suitably connected
and controlled by switches to provide different loads. A loading rheostat consists of a
number of identical resistive elements, suitably connected in series, parallel and
combinations thereof.

11

TROUBLE SHOOTING HINTS

1. Be Sure that the power is turned ON
2. Be sure the ground connections are common
3. Be sure the circuit you build is identical to your circuit diagram (Do a node by node check)
4. Be sure that the supply voltages are correct
5. Be sure that the equipment is set up correctly and you are measuring the correct parameters
6.

If steps 1 through 5 are correct then you probably have used a component with the wrong
value or one that doesnt work. It is also possible that the equipment does not work
(although this is not probable). To find your problem you must trace through the voltages in
your circuit node by node and compare the signal you expect to have. Then if they are
different use your engineering judgment to decide what is causing the different or ask your
lab assistant

STUDENTS ARE STRICTLY WARNED THAT FULL COST OF THE INSTRUMENT WILL BE
RECOVERED FROM THE INDIVIDUAL WHO HAS DAMAGED THE INSTRUMENT IN ANY
MANNER.

12

DOS IN THE LAB

1. Maintain silence in the lab.
2. Before entering the lab come prepared with the theory of the concerned
experiment.
3. Keep your other belongings in the allocated place.
4. Always come to the lab with lab manual and lab notebook.
5. Draw the items and deposit the same before leaving the room.
6. Before doing the experiment be confident about what you are doing.
7. After making the connection get it checked thoroughly by the concerned
staff (Faculty / Lab Assistant)
8. After completion of experiment return the entire instrument to the concerned
staff.

DONTS IN THE LAB

1. Dont fiddle with the control knobs / systems.
2. Dont play with electrical points.
3. Dont switch on any system without bring checked by the concerned.
4. Dont copy the reading from other.
5. Dont use pliers as hammer. i.e., Use the right tool at right place.

13

TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXPT.
NO.

DATE

NAME OF THE EXPERIMENTS

PAGE
NO.

TEACHERS
SIGNATURE

REMARKS

1.

2.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

14

10.

11.

12.

15

LABORATORY REPORT
ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

CENTURION INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BHUBANESWAR

EXPERIMENT NO. - 1

16

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: - Determination of critical resistance and critical speed from
no load test of a DC shunt generator.
MACHINE SPECIFICATION:
Motor: Volts:
Ampere:
Generator: Volts:
Ampere:

Power:

RPM:
Power:

RPM:

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl No
1
2
3

Apparatus name
Ammeter
Tachometer
Connecting Wires

Specification
MC
Digital
1.5 sq.mm

Type
(0-1)A
(0-9999) rpm
copper

Quantity
1
1
As per required

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

17

THEORY:
Conditions for Voltage Build-Up of a Shunt Generator
The necessary conditions for voltage build-up in a shunt generator are:

There must be some residual magnetism in generator poles.

The connections of the field winding should be such that the field current strengthens the
residual magnetism.

The resistance of the field circuit should be less than the critical resistance. In other
words, the speed of the generator should be higher than the critical speed.

To obtain no-load characteristics, the generator should be driven at its rated speed by a primemover and the load circuit should be open circuited. Hence the no-load characteristic is otherwise
called open circuit characteristics (OCC). It is the relation between terminal voltages (Eg) with
respect to field current (If).
To Plot OCC:
The induced emf in DC generators is given by the equation

volts. State P, Z, A are

constants the above equation are written as Eg= K N. If the speed of the generator also maintained
constant then Eg = K but the flux is directly proportional to the current. Hence Eg =K If. From the
above equation it is clear that the induced emf is directly propositional to the field current when
speed maintained constant. The plot between the induced emf and the field current is known as open
circuit characteristics of the DC generator.
The induced emf when the field current is zero is known as residual voltage. This emf is due to
the presence of a small amount of flux detained in the field poles of the generator called residual
flux. Once the OCC is obtained parameters such as critical field resistance & critical speed can be
determined.
To Determine Critical Resistance (Rc):
Critical resistance is defined as the resistance of the field circuit which will cause a selfexcited generator just to build up its EMF at a specified speed. It can be obtained from OCC by
drawing a straight line passing through the origin & tangent to the initial straight line portion of
OCC. The slope of this line gives the critical field resistance.
It should be noted that shunt generator will build up only if the field circuit resistance is less
than the critical field resistance and above that generator will fail to excite.
To Determine Critical Speed (Nc):
The critical speed of a shunt generator is the minimum speed below which it fails to excite.
Speed Critical resistance

18

To find critical speed, taking any convenient point(C) on ecitation axis and erect a
perpendicular so as to cut Rsh and Rc lines at points B and A respectively. Then,

where N is the motor running speed(rated speed)

PROCEDURE:
1. Do the connections as per the circuit diagram given in the figure.
2. Keeping the motor field rheostat in its minimum position, generator field rheostat in its
maximum position and the starter in its off position, the main supply is switched ON.
3. The motor is started using the three point starter by slowly and carefully moving the
starter handle from its OFF to ON position.
4. The motor to brought to its rated speed by adjusting its rheostat and checked with the
help of a tachometer.
5. Initially the generator is driven at its rated speed. The voltmeter reading is noted down
corresponding to zero field current which is the emf reading due to residual flux.
6. Now the generator field Rheostat is varied in step and at each step the field current (If)
and the corresponding induced EMF (Eg) are recorded in the tabular column.

OBSERVATION TABLE:
SL NO
Field Current If

Induced EMF Eg

19

GRAPHS: Plot the graphs with induced emf (Eg) in the Y axis & field current(If) in the X axis
which gives the OCC of a shunt generator.

CALCULATION:
1.Draw a straight line passing through the origin and tangent to the initial straight line portion of
OCC. Find the slope of this line. It gives the critical field resistance.

2.Draw Rsh (shunt field resistance) line on the same graph.

3.To find critical speed, taking any convenient point(C) on excitation (If) axis and erect a
perpendicular so as to cut Rsh and Rc lines at points B and A respectively. Then,

Where N is the motor running speed (rated speed)

PRECAUTION:
1. All connection should be made right and tight.
2. Any live terminal should not be touched while supply is on.
3. The voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter should be carefully chosen so that their ranges are
more than maximum value to be measured.
4. Motor should not exceed rated speed.
CONCLUSION:

20

SPACE FOR GRAPH

21

SPACE FOR ROUGH

22

LABORATORY REPORT
ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

CENTURION INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BHUBANESWAR

EXPERIMENT NO. - 2

23

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: - Plotting of external and internal characteristics of a DC

shunt generator.
MACHINE SPECIFICATION:Motor: Volts:
Ampere:
Generator: Volts:
Ampere:

Power:

RPM:
Power:

RPM:

APPARTUS REQUIRED:S.No.
1
2

Apparatus
Ammeter
Tachometer

Range
(0-1)A
(0-1500) rpm

Type
MC
Digital

Connecting Wires

1.5sq.mm.

Copper

Quantity
1
1
As
per
required

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

24

THEORY:
The speed of a DC machine operated as a generated is fixed by the prime mover. For
general purpose operation, the prime mover is equipped with a speed governor so that the speed
of the generator is practically constant. Under such condition, the generator performance deals
primarily with the relation between excitation, terminal voltage and load. These relations can be
best exhibited graphically by means of curves known as generator characteristics. These
characteristics show at a glance the behavior of the generator under differential load condition.
The following are the three most characteristics of a DC generator:
i)
No-load Saturation Curve(Eo/If):
It is also called open circuit characteristics or magnetic characteristics. It gives the
relation between the no-load generated EMF in armature (E0) and the field or exciting current
(If). This characteristic is same for separately excited and self excited generators.
ii)

Internal Characteristics(Eg/IL):
It practically gives the relation between the EMF (Eg) actually induced in the armature
conductors (after considering the demagnetizing effect of armature reaction) and the armature
current IL. It is also known as total characteristics.
When the generator is loaded, flux per pole is reduced due to armature reaction.
Therefore, e.m.f Eg generator on load is less than the emf generated at no-load. As a result, the
internal characteristic drops down slightly as shown in graph.
iii)

External Characteristics (Vt/IL):

It shows the relation between the terminal voltage VT and the load current IL. It is also
called performance characteristics or sometimes called voltage regulation curve.
It gives the relation between terminal voltage Vt and load current IL.
V = E- IaRa
= E (IL + Ish)Ra
Therefore, external characteristics curve will lie below the internal characteristics curve
by an equal amount to drop in armature circuit [i.e., (Ia+Ish)Ra] as shown in graph.

25

PROCEDURE:
There are two methods for characterizing a DC generator:
i.
With load
ii.
Without load
For open circuit:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. After checking minimum position of motor field rheostat, maximum position of generator
field rheostat, DPST switch is closed and starting resistance(starter) is gradually
removed.
3. By adjusting the field rheostat, the motor is brought to rated speed.
4. Voltmeter and ammeter readings are taken when the SPST switch is kept open.
5. After closing the SPST switch, by varying the generator field rheostat, voltmeter and
ammeter readings are taken.
6. After bringing the generator rheostat to maximum position, field rheostat of motor to
minimum position, SPST switch is opened and
7. DPST switch is opened.
For load test:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. After checking minimum position of DC shunt motor field rheostat and maximum
position of DC shunt generator field rheostat, DPST switch is closed and starting
resistance is gradually removed.
3. Under no load condition, Ammeter and Voltmeter readings are noted, after bringing the
voltage to rated voltage by adjusting the field rheostat of generator.
4. Load is varied gradually and for each load, voltmeter and ammeter readings are noted.
5. Then the generator is unloaded and the field rheostat of DC shunt generator is brought to
maximum position and the field rheostat of
6. DC shunt motor to minimum position, DPST switch is opened.
For Without load test:
The external characteristic of a shunt generator can be obtained directly from its no-load
saturation curve. The following two cases are taken into account:
i) Neglecting armature reaction
ii) With armature reaction
Neglecting the Armature Reaction:
1. From the given data plot the OCC as shown in figure 4.26.
2. A shunt field resistance line (OS) is drawn that meets at the point A.

26

3. A horizontal line intersecting the y-axis at B is drawn from the point A. OB is the
maximum no-load or open circuit voltage.
4. A point L is taken on OCC and an ordinate LMN is drawn which intersects the field
resistance line and X-axis at M and N respectively. LN, MN and LM represent the
generated emf, the terminal voltage and voltage drop in armature respectively.
5. From points L and M horizontal lines are drawn that cut the vertical axis at points D and
E respectively.
6. An armature resistance line OC is drawn.
7. A line EF parallel to line OC cutting line LD extended at F is drawn from point E. The
point F is lying on the internal characteristic.
8. Other points can be obtained and internal characteristic drawn through these points.
9. A vertical line is drawn from the point F which intersects the extended line ME at the
point G and X-axis at a point T. The point G lies on the curve representing the relation
between armature current and terminal voltage because FG=LM=CT.
10. TU is the shunt field current and it is equal to ON. OU represents yhe load current
corresponding to armature current represented by OT and terminal voltage OE.
11. A vertical line intersecting line EG at H is drawn from U. The point H lies on the
external characteristic.
12. The other points can be obtained similarly. The curve through these points gives external
characteristic.
WITH ARMATURE REACTION:
Here the voltage drop due to armature reaction, in addition to volage drop due to
armature resistance,is considered.
A right angle triangle lmn is drawn such that ln and mn represent the voltage drop in
armature and shunt field current respectively. The triangle lmn is known as the drop reaction
triangle. All the processes in section 4.31 are repeated with the following modifications to draw
the internal and external characteristic.
1. A point L is taken on the OCC and a line LM parallel to lm is drawn and the triangle
LMN is completed. The vertical lines are drawn from the points L and M which cuts
X-axis at points N and M respectively.LNMMLN and ON represent the generated
emf,terminal voltage drop in armature resistance and the shunt field current to induce
an emf represented by LN respectively. NM represents the increase in shunt field
current to counteract the damagnetising effect.
2. TU is the shunt field current which is equal to ON and OU represents the load current
corresponding to the armature current represented by OT and terminal voltage MM.

27

TABULATION:
Speed= __________ rpm
SL.NO.

Load
Terminal
Field
current(IL) Voltage(Vt) Current(If)

Average value of armature resistance (Ra)=__________

Sl. No.

Ia=IL+If

E= Vt + IaRa

28

GRAPH:
i.
ii.
iii.

Plot the OCC curve(Eg vs If) from the tabulation

Plot the external characterstics or load characterstics(VT vs IL) from the table.
Plot the internal characterstics or total characterstics(E vs IL) from the table

MODEL GRAPH:

CONCLUSION:

29

SPACE FOR GRAPH

30

SPACE FOR ROUGH

31

LABORATORY REPORT
ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

CENTURION INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BHUBANESWAR

EXPERIMENT NO. - 3

32

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:

Speed control of DC Motor by Ward-Leonard Method.

.
MACHINE SPECIFICATION:
DC shunt machine: Voltage:
Current:

Speed:

Power:

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl No
1
3
4
5
6

Apparatus name
Rheostat
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Tachometer
Connecting wires

Specification
200 ohm, 3A
(0-1) A
(0-300) V
(0-9999) rpm
2.5 sq.mm

Type
1-Tube
MC
MC
Digital
PVC

Quantity
02
01
01
01
LS

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

33

THEORY:
Adjustable voltage is obtained from the system shown in above diagram. The armature of the
shunt motor M (whose speed is to be controlled) is connected directly to a d.c. generator G driven by a
constant-speed a.c. motor A. The field of the shunt motor is supplied from a constant-voltage exciter E.
The field of the generator G is also supplied from the exciter E. The voltage of the generator G can be
varied by means of its field regulator. By reversing the field current of generator G by controller FC, the
voltage applied to the motor may be reversed. Sometimes, a field regulator is included in the field circuit
of shunt motor M for additional speed adjustment. With this method, the motor may be operated at any

speed upto its maximum speed.

PROCEDURE:
1) Do the connections as per the circuit diagram given in the figure. Keep both the rheostats at
their minimum resistance positions.
2) Start the DC shunt motor with the help of three-point starter. Increase the resistance of the
rheostat connected in the field circuit. Do not change the armature circuit rheostat at all.
Observe the increase in motor speed. Record five sets of readings in table 1.Then switch off
DC supply and bring the field circuit rheostat to minimum.
3) Start the DC shunt motor with the help of three-point starter. Increase the resistance of the
rheostat connected in the armature circuit. Do not change the field circuit rheostat at all.
Observe the decrease in motor speed. Record five sets of readings in table 2. Then switch off
DC supply and bring the armature circuit rheostat to minimum.

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Table1:1
Sl No.
Field Current(If)

Speed(rpm)

Table 2:
Sl No.

Armature Voltage

Speed(rpm)
34

GRAPHS: Plot the graphs for speed verses field current and speed verses armature voltage.

35

PRECAUTIONS:
1) Field Rheostat should be kept in the minimum resistance position at the time of starting
and stopping the motor.
2) Armature Rheostat should be kept in the maximum resistance position at the time of
starting and stopping the motor.
3) Do not start the motor keeping the field circuit open.
4) Connection should be tight.
5) Parallax error should be avoided
CONCLUSION:

36

SPACE FOR GRAPH

37

SPACE FOR ROUGH

38

LABORATORY REPORT
ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

CENTURION INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BHUBANESWAR

EXPERIMENT NO. - 4

39

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: - Determination of efficiency of DC machine by

Swinburnes Test.
MACHINE SPECIFICATION:Volts:
Ampere:

Power:

RPM:

APPARTUS REQUIRED:S.No.
1
2
3
4
5

Apparatus
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Rheostat
Tachometer
Connecting Wires

Range
(0-20)A
(0-300)V
1250, 0.8A
(0-1500) rpm
2.5sq.mm.

Type
MC
MC
Wire Wound
Digital
Copper

Quantity
1
1
1
1
Few

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

40

THEORY:
In this method, the DC machine (generator or motor) is run as a motor and losses of the
machine are determined. Once the losses of the machine are known, its efficiency at any desired
load is can be determine in advance. This method is applicable to those machines in which flux is
practically constant at all loads (e.g., shunt and compound).
Determination of Constant Loss:
For a d.c shunt motor change of speed from no load to full load is quite small. Therefore,
mechanical loss can be assumed to remain same from no load to full load. Also if field current is
held constant during loading, the core loss too can be assumed to remain same.
In this test, the motor is run at rated speed under no load condition at rated voltage (V). The
current drawn from the supply Io and the field current Ish are recorded.
No-load armature current, Ia0 = Io Ish
No-load input power to motor = VIo
No-load input power to armature = V Ia0 = V(Io Ish)
Since the output of the motor is ZERO, the no-load input to the armature supplies
a. Iron loss in the core
b. Friction loss
c. Windage loss
d. Armature copper [ I2aoRa or (Io Ish)2oRa]

Constant loss, Wc = input power to motor- armature copper loss

Wc = VIo - (Io Ish)2oRa
Since the Constant losses are known the efficiency of the machine at any other load can be
determined. Suppose it is desirable to determine the efficiency of the machine at any other load
current (I),
41

Then,

Armature current, Ia = I Ish, For motor

= I + Ish, For generator

Advantages:
1) It is convenient and economical method of testing of DC machines since power required to test a large
machine is very small.
2) The efficiency of the machine can be predetermined at any load. Since stray losses are known
Disadvantages:
1) This test cannot be performed with dc series motors.
2) This test is only applicable to those machines in which flux and speed remainconstant.
3) As the test is performed on no load it is impossible to know whether at full load commutation would be
satisfactory and the temperature raise would be within specified limits or not.
4) No account is taken for change in iron losses form no load to full load on account of distribution of flux due
to armature reaction. On full load the flux distribution is very much affected due to armature reaction and is
some case to an extent that iron losses become 1.5 times of iron losses at no load.
.

PROCEDURE
a. Make all the connections are as per the circuit diagram.
b. Keep the field rheostat in minimum resistance position.
c. Excite the motor with 220V, DC supply by closing the DPST switch and start the motor by moving the
handle of 3-point starter from OFF to ON position.
d. By adjusting the rheostats in motor armature and field bring the speed of the motor to its rated value. Note
down the readings of Ammeter and Voltmeter at no load condition
e. The necessary calculation to find efficiency of machine as motor & generator at any given value of
armature current is done.
TO FIND ARMATURE RESISTANCE(Ra):
1) Connect the circuit per the circuit diagram
2) Keep the rheostat in maximum position.
3) Now excite the motor terminals by 30V supply by closing DPST switch. By varying the rheostat & motor
down the readings of Ammeter and voltmeter

42

TABULATION:
Motor on NO-LOAD
Vo

Io

If

Ia = IO If

VOLTS

Amps

Amps

Amps

Speed (N)
RPM

To find Armature Resistance (Ra)

SL.NO

Armature Voltage(V)
Volts

Armature Current(I)
Amps

Armature Resistance(Ra)
Ohms

AVG.=

43

PREDETERMINATION OF LOSSES AND EFFICEINCY AT DIFFERENT

LOADS:
(i) As a Motor:
SL.
NO

Load
Voltage
VL
Volts

Load
Current
IL
Amps

Armature
Current
Ia
Amps

Copper
losses
I2 aRa
Watts

Total
losses
Wi + Wc
Watts

Input
Power
VL IL
Watts

Output
Power =
I/P -losses
Watts

Efficiency

Copper
losses
I2 aRa
Watts

Total
losses
Wi +
Wc
Watts

Output
Power
VL IL
Watts

Input
Power
O/p+losses
Watts

Efficiency

(ii) As a Generator:
SL.NO

Load
Voltage
VL
Volts

Load
Current
IL
Amps

Armature
Current
Ia
Amps

44

GRAPH :
Constant losses vs No load voltage
PRECAUTIONS:
Before switching ON the supply it is ensured that:
1. The field rheostat is kept in minimum resistance position.
2. The armature rheostat is be kept in maximum resistance position.
CONCLUSION:

45

SPACE FOR GRAPH

46

SPACE FOR ROUGH

47

LABORATORY REPORT
ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

CENTURION INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BHUBANESWAR

EXPERIMENT NO. - 5

48

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: Determination of efficiency of three phase induction motor by performing by load
test
MACHINE SPECIFICATION:Volts:
Ampere:

Power:

RPM:

APPARTUS REQUIRED:SL NO.

APPARATUS

SPECIFICATION

TYPE

QUANTITY

01
02
03
04

Voltmeter
Ammeter
Wattmeter
3-phase AutoTransformer
Brake Drum
Arrangement

(0-600)V
(0-10)A
(0-600)V, (0-10)A LPF
415/(0-470)V,10A

MI
MI
Dynamometer

01
01
02
01

06

Tachometer

(0-9999)RPM

Digital

01

07

Connecting wire

3/22 SWG

PVC

As required

05

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:BRAKE TEST ON THREE PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR:

49

THEORY:Induction motor is a machine which converts AC electrical energy into mechanical

energy. In this motor the rotor does not receive electric power by conduction but by induction in
exactly as the secondary of 2 winding transformer receives its power from the secondary. That
is why such motors are known as rotating transformer. When you give three phase supply to the
three phase stator winding then it is called as three phase induction motor. The effect of applying
load on the speed, slip, stator current, power factor, efficiency and torque are discussed below:
EFFECT ON SPEED:
When the induction motor is on no load the speed is slightly below the synchronous
speed. The current due to induced emf in the rotor is responsible for torque production required
at noload, as the load is increased the rotor speed is slightly reduced. The emf induced in
the rotor and hence the current increases to produce higher torque required until the torque is
equal tothe torque required by the load on the motor.
EFFECT ON SLIP:
Synchronous speed depends upon of frequency stator supply voltage and number of poles
for which that motor winding is made. Therefore if poles and frequency are constant,
synchronous speed is constant. Thus with increase in load on the motor, rotor speed decreases,
slip will increase. %slip = (Ns N /Ns) *100
EFFECT ON STATOR CURRENT:
Current drawn by the stator is determined by two factors. One component is the
magnetizing current required to maintain the rotating field. The second component produces a
field which is equal and opposites to that formed by the rotor currents. The rotor current
increases with loads, the stator current will also therefore increases with load. Power factor of an
induction motor on no load is very low because of the high value of magnetizing current. With
load the power factor increases because the power component of the current is increased.
EFFECT ON TORQUE:
The torque will increases with increase in loads, with increase in output.

50

PROCEDURE:-

1.
2.
4.
5.
6.

The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

Power supply is obtained from the control panel and he TPST switch is closed.
Rated voltage of 3-phase induction motor, is applied by adjusting the autotransformer.
The initial readings (at no-load) of ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter are noted.
By increasing the load step by step, the reading of ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter.
Also note down the reading of load on each step.
7. Step1 to 6 is repeated till the ammeter shows the rated current of 3-phase induction
motor.
8. Decrease the load, bring auto-transformer to its minimum voltage position.
9. Switch off the supply.
10. Calculate the torque and slip from formula, and draw the graph (torque in Y-axis and slip
in X-axis).
Note: If any of the wattmeter readings shows negative on no load or light loads, switch of the
supply & interchange the terminals of pressure coils/current coils (not both) of that wattmeter.
Now, again starting the motor (follow above procedure for starting), take readings.

51

OBSERVATION:-

SL.
NO

V
(volt)

I
(A)

Speed
(rpm)

Spring Balance Torque =

[(S1 S2) *
9.81 * R]
N-m
S1
S2
(Kg)
(Kg)

I/P=
(V*IL)
Or
(W1 +
W2)

O/P=
2 NT
60
(watt)

Efficiency,
%

%Slip,

watt

CALCULATION: FORMULA:
Torque, T = (S1 S2) * 9.81 *R (Nm)

Input power, Pi = (W1 + W2) Watt

Output power, Po =

Efficiency, =

Slip = (Ns N) / Ns *100

Watt

* 100

Radius =
52

PRECAUTION:
1.
2.
3.
4.

TPST switch should be at open position.

3-phase autotransformer should be at minimum voltage position.
There should be no-load at the time of starting (Loosen the belt on the brake drum).
Brake drum should be filled with water.

CONCLUSION:

53

SPACE FOR ROUGH

54

LABORATORY REPORT
ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

CENTURION INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BHUBANESWAR

EXPERIMENT NO. -6

55

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: Determination of Efficiency and Voltage Regulation by Open Circuit and Short Circuit
test on single phase transformer.
MACHINE SPECIFICATION:
Voltage Ratio:
Current:
Power:
Frequency:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:SL
NO.
01
02
03
04
05
06

APPARATUS

SPECIFICATION

TYPE

QUANTITY

Voltmeter
Ammeter
Ammeter
Wattmeter
Variac
Connecting wires

(0-150-300)V
(0-1)A
(0-10)A
(0-230)V/0-10A
0-270V,10A
2.5 sq.mm

MI
MI
MI
Dynamometer
PVC

02
01
01
01
01
As required

56

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

CIRCUIT FOR OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

CIRCUIT FOR SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

57

THEORY:
Open-circuit or No-load Test:
This test is performed to determine core or iron loss, W0 and parameters R0 and X0. This
test is helpful in determination of magnetizing component Im and iron less component Iw and so
no-load resistance R0 being given as V1/Iw and no-load reactance X0 given as V1/Im.
In this test secondary (usually high voltage) winding is left open, all metering instruments
(ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter) are connected on primary side and normal rated voltage is
applied to the primary (low voltage) winding, as illustrated above in circuit diagram.
Iron loss, Pi = Input power on no-load = W0 watts (wattmeter reading)
No-load current =I0 amperes (ammeter reading)
Applied voltage = V0 (Voltmeter reading)
No-Load P.F. cos 0 = W0/ V0 I0
Angle of lag, 0 = cos-1 Wo/V0Io
Iw = I0 cos 0 and Im = I0 sin 0
R0= V1/ Iw and X0=V1/ Im
Caution: Since no load current I0 is very small, therefore, pressure coils of wattmeter and the
voltmeter should be connected such that the current taken by them should not flow through the
current taken by them should not flow through the current coil of the watt meter.

2. Short-circuit or Impedance Test:

This test is performed to determine the full-load copper loss and equivalent resistance
and reactance referred to secondary side.
In this test, the terminals of the secondary winding(usually the low voltage) are short
circuited, all meters (ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter) are connected on primary side and a
low voltage, usually 5 to 10 % of normal rated primary voltage at normal frequency is applied to
the primary, as shown in fig above. The applied voltage to the primary, say Vs is gradually
increased till the ammeter indicates the full load current of the side in which it is connected. The
reading Ws of the wattmeter gives total copper loss (iron losses being negligible due to very low
applied voltage resulting in very small flux linking with the core) at full load. Let the ammeter
reading be Is.
Full load copper loss, Psc = I2s R1 = Wsc
Equivalent resistance referred to primary, R1 = Wsc /I2s
Equivalent impedance referred to primary = Z1 = Vs/Is
Equivalent impedance referred to primary, X1 = [(Z'1)2 (R'1)2']1/2
58

Voltage regulation is the measure of how well a power transformer can maintain constant
secondary voltage given a constant primary voltage and wide variance in load current. The lower
the percentage (closer to zero), the more stable the secondary voltage and the better
the regulation it will provide.

PROCEDURE:
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. After checking the minimum position of Autotransformer.
3. Auto transformer variac is adjusted get the rated primary voltage.
4. Voltmeter, Ammeter and Wattmeter readings on primary side are noted.
5. Auto transformer is again brought to minimum position and DPST switch is
opened.
SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. After checking the minimum position of Autotransformer.
3. Auto transformer variac is adjusted get the rated primary current.
4. Voltmeter, Ammeter and Wattmeter readings on primary side are noted.
5. Auto transformer is again brought to minimum position and DPST switch is
opened.
CALCULATION:
Open Circuit Test:
Sl.
No.

Voltage

Current

Power

(V0)

(I0)

(Po)

Power factor,
Cos =

59

Short Circuit Test:

Sl.
No.

Voltage

Current

Power

(Vsc)

(Isc)

(Psc)

Power factor,
Cos =

CALCULATION:
IW = I0 COS 0
I = I0 Sin

R0 =V1/IW
X0 = V1 /I
Z01 = VSC/ISC
RO1=PSC/I2SC
X01=
EFFICIENCIES:
1) At full load and at rated power factor

2) for half full load and rated PF

60

REGULATIONS:
%Voltage Regulation

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Auto Transformer should be in minimum voltage position at the time of closing &
opening DPST Switch.
2. Connection should be tight.
3. Parallax error should be avoided
CONCLUSION:

61

SPACE FOR GRAPH

62

Efficiency %

MODEL GRAPHS:

Output power (Watts)

% lagging

Power factor

% leading

63

SPACE FOR ROUGH

64

LABORATORY REPORT
ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

CENTURION INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BHUBANESWAR

EXPERIMENT NO. - 7

65

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: - Polarity test and Parallel operation of two single phase
transformers.
MACHINE SPECIFICATION:
Voltage Ratio:

Current:

Power:

Frequency:

APPARATUS REQUIRED:SL
NO.
01
02
03
04

APPARATUS

SPECIFICATION

TYPE

QUANTITY

Voltmeter
Ammeter
Ammeter
Connecting wires

(0-125-250)V
(0-5)A
(0-10)A
2.5 sq.mm

MI
MI
MI
PVC

02
02
01
As required

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

66

Circuit diagram for subtractive polarity

Circuit diagram for additive polarity

67

THEORY:Two transformers are said to be connected in parallel if the primary

windings are connected to supply bus bars & secondary windings are connected to the load bus
bars shown in the figure. While connecting two or more transformers in parallel, following
conditions must be satisfied:
1. The voltage ratio must be the same.
2. The per unit impedance of each machine on its own base must be the same.
3. The polarity must be the same, so that there is no circulating current between the
transformers.
4. The phase sequence must be the same and no phase dierence must exist between the
voltages of the two transformers.
By parallel operation we mean two or more transformers are connected to the same supply bus
bars on the primary side and to a common bus bar/load on the secondary side. Such requirement
is frequently encountered in practice. The reasons that necessitate parallel operation are as
follows:
1. Non-availability of a single large transformer to meet the total load requirement.
2. The power demand might have increased over a time necessitating augmentation of the
capacity. More transformers connected in parallel will then be pressed into service.
3. To ensure improved reliability. Even if one of the transformers gets into a fault or is
taken out for maintenance/repair the load can continued to be serviced.
4. To reduce the spare capacity. If many smaller size transformers are used one machine can
be used as spare. If only one large machine is feeding the load, a spare of similar rating
has to be available. The problem of spares becomes more acute with fewer machines in
service at a location.
5. When transportation problems limit installation of large transformers at site, it may be
easier to transport smaller ones to site and work them in parallel.
PROCEDURE:

a) Polarity test:
- connect the circuit as shown in the diagram.
- Switch on the single phase a.c. supply.
- Record the voltages V1, V2 and V3. In case V3<V1 polarity is subtractive.
- Repeat the step 3 after connecting terminals V1 and V2 .In case V3> V1 polarity
is additive.
- Switch off the a.c. supply
b) Turn Ratio Test:
- Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram.
- Switch on the a.c. supply.
68

- Record voltage V1 across primary and V2 across various tappings of secondary.

- If V1>V2 then transformer is step down.
- If V2> V1 then transformer is step up.
- Switch off a.c. supply.
C) Parallel Operation :
a. connect the circuit as shown in the diagram.
b. Note down the readings of all ammeters and voltmeters for given load.
c. Repeat the above test for different values of load.
OBSERVATIONS:
Subtractive-Polarity

Sl No

V1

V2

V3= V2
-V1

Sl No

V1

V2

V3= V2
+V1

Additive Polarity

Turns Ratio Test:

S.NO.

V1

V2

Turns Ratio
(V1/V2)

69

TABULATION:SL NO.

READING OF READING OF READING OF A1+A2

AMMETER A1 AMMETER
AMMETER
IN AMP
A2 IN AMP
A3 IN AMP

PERCENTAGE
OF ERROR

01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
PRECAUTION:

Polarity/turns ratio must be checked.

Connection should be right & tight.
Voltmeter & ammeter should be carefully chosen so that their ranges are more than
maximum value to be measured.
Supply should be switched on after ensuring correctness of connection.

CONCLUSION:-

70

SPACE FOR ROUGH

71

LABORATORY REPORT
ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

CENTURION INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BHUBANESWAR

EXPERIMENT NO. - 8

72

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: - Determination of parameters of 3- induction motor no load

test & Blocked Rotor Test.
MACHINE SPECIFICATION:
Volts:
Ampere:
Power:
RPM:
Frequency:

APPARTUS REQUIRED:
SL
NO.
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08

APPARATUS

SPECIFICATION

Voltmeter
(0-600)V
Voltmeter
(0-150)V
Ammeter
(0-10)A
Ammeter
(0-5)A
Wattmeter
(0-600)V, (0-10)A LPF
3-phase
Auto- 415/(0-470)V,10A
Transformer
Brake
Drum Arrangement
Connecting wire
3/22 SWG

TYPE

QUANTITY

MI
MI
MI
MI
Dynamometer
-

01
01
01
01
02
01

PVC

As required

73

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:
An induction motor is simply an electric transformer whose magnetic circuit is
separated by an air gap into two relatively movable portions, one carrying the primary and the
other the secondary winding. Alternating current supplied to the primary winding induces an
opposing current in the secondary winding, when later is short circuited or closed through an
external impedance. Relative motion between the primary and secondary i.e., stator and rotor
is produced by the electromagnetic forces corresponding to the power thus transferred across the
air gap by induction.
No load test or open circuit test:
This test is similar to the open circuit test of a transformer. In this test, the motor is
uncoupled from its load and the rated frequency is applied to the stator. The motor runs without
load. To measure the input power 2-Wattmeters method used. An ammeter and voltmeter are
connected to measure the no-load current and voltage. Since the motor runs at no-load the total
input power is equal to constant iron-loss, friction and windage losses of the motor.
During No-Load condition the power factor of the induction motor is less than 0.5. From
this test Rc and X can be determined.
Blocked rotor test or short circuit test:
It is also known as locked rotor or short circuit test. Induction motor is locked so that it
cannot move. This test is used to find the short circuit current with normal voltage applied to
stator, power factor on short circuit, total leakage reactance and resistance of the motor as
referred to stator and full load copper loss.
74

Procedure:
No-load test:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram.
2. The variac should be at zero voltage and motor should be unloaded.
3. Switch on the three phase a.c. supply.
4. Start the motor at reduced voltage and slowly increase the supply voltage using auto
transformer up to rated voltage.
5. Observe the direction of rotation and to reverse the direction of rotation change the phase
sequence.
6. Take the readings of all the meters.
7. Switch off
8. the supply.
Block Rotor test:
1. Block the rotor by mechanical load.
2. Slowly increase the voltage to allow the full rating current to flow.
3. Take the readings of all the meters and calculate the parameters using formulae.
4. Switch off the supply.

75

OBSERVATION:
No-load test:
VOLTMETER
SL READING VO
NO. (in volt)

AMMETER
READING IO
(in amp)

WATTMETER READING (in watts)

VOLTMETER
AMMETER
SL READING
VO READING IO
NO. (in volt)
(in amp)

WATTMETER READING (in watts)

W1

W2

Total Power
(W1+ W2)

Block Rotor test:

W1

W2

Total Power
(W1+ W2)

CALCULATION:
For No-Load:
VL= input line voltage
P = Total Power
I0 = input line current
VP= input phase voltage
=

VL I0

I0
Rc =

Amps and

and X=

I0

Amps

76

Blocked Rotor Test / Short Circuit Test:

Psc = total power input during this test (P)
Isc = Line Current on short circuit (I)
Vsc = line voltage on short circuit (V)
Psc =

[where

= circuit power factor]

Equivalent Resistance of the rotor refer to stator (R01) =

Equivalent impedance of the rotor refer to stator (Z01) =
Equivalent reactance of the rotor refer to stator (X01) =
Precaution:

1. All connection should be made right and tight.

2. Any live terminal should not be touched while supply is on.
3. The voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter should be carefully chosen so that their ranges are
more than maximum value to be measured.
4. Motor should exceed rated speed.
Conclusion:

77

SPACE FOR ROUGH

78

LABORATORY REPORT
ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

CENTURION INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BHUBANESWAR

EXPERIMENT NO. 9

79

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: Determination of Efficiency, Plotting of Torque-Slip characteristics of Three Phase
Induction motor by Brake Test.

MACHINE SPECIFICATION:Volts:
Ampere:

Power:

RPM:

APPARTUS REQUIRED:SL NO.

APPARATUS

SPECIFICATION

TYPE

QUANTITY

01
02
03
04

(0-600)V
(0-10)A
(0-600)V, (0-10)A LPF
415/(0-470)V,10A

MI
MI
Dynamometer

01
01
02
01

06

Voltmeter
Ammeter
Wattmeter
3-phase AutoTransformer
Brake Drum
Arrangement
Tachometer

(0-9999)RPM

Digital

01

07

Connecting wire

3/22 SWG

PVC

As required

05

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

BRAKE TEST ON THREE PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR:

80

THEORY:Induction motor is a machine which converts AC electrical energy into mechanical

energy. In this motor the rotor does not receive electric power by conduction but by induction in
exactly as the secondary of 2 winding transformer receives its power from the secondary. That
is why such motors are known as rotating transformer. When you give three phase supply to the
three phase stator winding then it is called as three phase induction motor. The effect of applying
load on the speed, slip, stator current, power factor, efficiency and torque are discussed below:
EFFECT ON SPEED:
When the induction motor is on no load the speed is slightly below the synchronous
speed. The current due to induced emf in the rotor is responsible for torque production required
at no-load, as the load is increased the rotor speed is slightly reduced. The emf induced in
the rotor and hence the current increases to produce higher torque required until the torque is
equal to the torque required by the load on the motor.
EFFECT ON SLIP:
Synchronous speed depends upon of frequency stator supply voltage and number of poles
for which that motor winding is made. Therefore if poles and frequency are constant,
synchronous speed is constant. Thus with increase in load on the motor, rotor speed decreases,
slip will increase. %slip = (Ns N /Ns) *100
EFFECT ON STATOR CURRENT:
Current drawn by the stator is determined by two factors. One component is the
magnetizing current required to maintain the rotating field. The second component produces a
field which is equal and opposites to that formed by the rotor currents. The rotor current
increases with loads, the stator current will also therefore increases with load. Power factor of an
induction motor on no load is very low because of the high value of magnetizing current. With
load the power factor increases because the power component of the current is increased.
EFFECT ON TORQUE:
The torque will increases with increase in loads, with increase in output.

81

PROCEDURE:-

1.
2.
4.
5.
6.

The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

Power supply is obtained from the control panel and he TPST switch is closed.
Rated voltage of 3-phase induction motor, is applied by adjusting the autotransformer.
The initial readings (at no-load) of ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter are noted.
By increasing the load step by step, the reading of ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter.
Also note down the reading of load on each step.
7. Step1 to 6 is repeated till the ammeter shows the rated current of 3-phase induction
motor.
8. Decrease the load, bring auto-transformer to its minimum voltage position.
9. Switch off the supply.
10. Calculate the torque and slip from formula, and draw the graph (torque in Y-axis and slip
in X-axis).
Note: If any of the wattmeter readings shows negative on no load or light loads, switch of the
supply & interchange the terminals of pressure coils/current coils (not both) of that wattmeter.
Now, again starting the motor (follow above procedure for starting), take readings.

82

OBSERVATION:-

SL.NO

V
(volt)

I
(A)

Speed
(rpm)

Spring Balance

S1
(Kg)

S2
(Kg)

Torque =
[(S1 S2) *
9.81 * R]
N-m

I/P=
(V*IL)
Or
(W1 + W2)

O/P=
2 NT
60
(watt)

Efficiency,
%

%Slip,

watt

CALCULATION: FORMULA:
Torque, T = (S1 S2) * 9.81 *R (Nm)

Input power, Pi = (W1 + W2) Watt

Output power, Po =

Efficiency, =

Slip = (Ns N) / Ns *100

Watt

* 100

Radius =

83

PRECAUTION:
1.
2.
3.
4.

TPST switch should be at open position.

3-phase autotransformer should be at minimum voltage position.
There should be no-load at the time of starting (Loosen the belt on the brake drum).
Brake drum should be filled with water.

CONCLUSION:

84

SPACE FOR GRAPH

85

SPACE FOR ROUGH

86

LABORATORY REPORT
ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

CENTURION INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BHUBANESWAR

EXPERIMENT NO. 10

87

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: - Determination of Torque-Speed Characteristics of D.C.

Shunt motor.
MACHINE SPECIFICATION:Volts:

Ampere:

Power:

RPM:

APPARTUS REQUIRED:S.No.
1
2
3
4
5

Apparatus
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Rheostat
Tachometer
Connecting Wires

Range
(0-20)A
(0-300)V
(0-1500) rpm
2.5sq.mm.

Type
MC
MC
Wire Wound
Digital
Copper

Quantity
1
1
1
1
Few

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:

88

The shunt motor has a definite no load speed hence it does not run away when load is
suddenly thrown off provided the field circuit remains closed. The drop in speed from no-load to
full-load is small hence this motor is usual referred to a constant speed motor. The efficiency
curve is usually of the same shape for all electric motors and generators. The shape of efficiency
curve and the point of maximum efficiency can be very considerable by the designer, though it is
advantageous to have an efficiency curve which is fairly flat. So that there is little change in
efficiency between load and 25% overload and to have the maximum efficiency as near to the
full load as possible. From the curves it is observed that is certain value of current is required
even when output is zero. The motor input under no-load conditions goes to meet the various
losses, occurring within the machine. As compared to other motors a shunt motor is said to have
a lowest starting torque. But this should not be taken off mean that is shunt motor is incapable of
starting heavy load. Actually it means that series and compound motor as capable of starting
heavy load with les excess of current inputs over normal values then the shunt motor and the
consequently the depreciation on the motor will be relatively less.
Speed (N) of a DC shunt motor can be expressed as

The motor when connected across constant voltage supply draws constant field current. The flux
which is proportional to the field current is thus constant. When the motor is loaded, armature
current (Ia) increases with the increase in load causing an increase in armature drop (IaRa).
Generally, the armature resistance Ra is very small and hence the drop IaRa is quite small
compared to the applied voltage (V). This causes quite small drop in the speed on loading.
If the speed of the shunt motor is plotted against armature current, the characteristic will be
obtained as shown in figure.
The torque developed is proportional to the product of flux
T
As

is constant, T

and armature current Ia

Ia
Ia

89

TABULATION:

SL.N
O.

V
(volt)

I
(A)

Speed
(rpm)

Spring Balance

S1
(Kg)

S2
(Kg)

Torque =
[(S1 S2) *
9.81 * R]
N-m

I/P=
(V*IL)
watts

O/P=
2 NT
60
(watts)

Efficiency,
%
=

FORMULAE:
Torque T = (S1 - S2) x R x 9.81 Nm Radius of the Brake drum, R =
Input Power Pi = VI Watts
Efficiency, =

Output power, Po =

cm.
Watt

* 100

90

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. After checking the no load condition, and minimum field rheostat position, DPST
switch is closed and starter resistance is gradually removed.
3. The motor is brought to its rated speed by adjusting the field rheostat.
4. Ammeter, Voltmeter readings, speed and spring balance readings are noted under no
load condition.
5. The load is then added to the motor gradually and for each load, voltmeter, ammeter,
spring balance readings and speed of the motor are noted.
6. The motor is then brought to no load condition and field rheostat to minimum position,
then DPST switch is opened.
GRAPH:
1. Output power Vs efficiency
2. Torque Vs current
3. Output power Vs torque
4. Output power Vs speed
5. Speed Vs torque
6. Speed Vs armature current

PRECAUTIONS:
1. DC shunt motor should be started and stopped under no load condition.
2. Field rheostat should be kept in the minimum position.
3. Brake drum should be cooled with water when it is under load.
CONCLUSION:
91

SPACE FOR GRAPH

92

SPACE FOR ROUGH

93

LABORATORY REPORT
ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

CENTURION INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BHUBANESWAR

EXPERIMENT NO. - 11

94

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: Back to Back test on two single phase transformers.

MACHINE SPECIFICATIONS:
Voltage Ratio:

Current:

Power:

Frequency:

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6

Name
Voltmeter
Ammeter
Ammeter
Wattmeter
Variac
Connecting Wires

Specificatons
(0-150-230)
(0-1)
(0-5)
(0-230)V, (0-5)A
(0-270)V, 5A
2.5 sq.mm

Type
MI
MI
MI
MI
PVC

Quantity
2
1
1
2
2
As Reqd.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

95

THEORY:
Though the efficiency and regulation of the transformer can be
determined from open-circuit and short-circuit tests accurately but for determination of
temperature rise it is necessary that the transformer be put on full load for a number of
hours. Transformers of smaller output can be loaded artificially by means of water
loads or lamp loads but it may be very difficult to arrange suitable loads for loading
transformers of large rating. Further there is tremendous wastage of electrical energy. In
Sumpners test the power required from the supply is that necessary for supplying
the iron and copper losses of both transformers. For this test two similar transformers
are required. The circuit diagram for performing Sumpners test is shown in the above figure.
The primary windings (usually low voltage windings) of the two
t r a n s f o r m e r s a r e connected in parallel across a single phase supply with a
Voltmeter V 1, Ammeter A 1 and Wattmeter W1 in the circuit, as shown in the above figure.
The supply voltage V1 must be e q u a l t o t h e r a t e d v o l t a g e o f t h e p r i m a r y
windings. The secondary windings of the transformers are connected
together so that their potentials are in opposition to each other. Therefore
there will be no-circulating current in the loop formed by the secondaries
because their induced EMFs are equal and in opposition. There is an
auxiliary low voltage transformer (1-phase variac) which can be adjusted
to give a variable voltage and hence current in the secondary loop circuit.
A Voltmeter V 2, Ammeter A 2 and Wattmeter W2 are connected in secondary circuit.

OPERATION:

The secondary of the transformers are in phase opposition. With switch S1 closed and
Switch S2 open. There will be no circulating current (I2=0) in the secondary loop circuit. It is
because the induced EMFs in the secondary are equal and in opposition. This situation is just like
an open circuit test. Therefore, the current drawn from the supply is 2Io where Io is the no load
current of each transformer. The reading of wattmeter W1 will be equal to the core losses of the
two transformers.
W1= core losses of the two transformers

Now Switch S2 is also closed and output voltage of the variac is adjusted till full load
current I2 flows in the secondary loop circuit. The full load secondary current will cause full-load
current I1(= KI2) in the primary circuit. The primary current I1 circulates in the primary winding
only and will not pass through W1. Note that full load currents are flowing through the primary
and secondary windings. Therefore reading of wattmeter W2 will be equal to the full load copper
losses of the two transformers.
W2= full load copper losses of the two transformers

96

Advantages:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

The power required to carry out the test is small.

The transformers are tested under full-load conditions.
The iron losses and full load copper losses are measured simultaneously.
The secondary current I2 can be adjusted to any current value. Therefore we can find
the copper loss at full load or at any other load.
The temperature rise of the transformers can be noted.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect as per the circuit diagram.
2 . C l o s e t h e D P S T s w i t c h ( S 1 ) . Adjust the variac of the auto transformer
connected to transformer 1 to get the rated voltage.
3. Note down the reading of ammeter, voltmeter & wattmeter of transformer1.
4. Close the SPST switch if the voltmeter connected across the SPST switch
reads zero. If not the interchange the terminals of second transformer secondary to get
zero reading at SPST switch.
5. Adjust the variac of the auto transformer connected to transformer 2 to get the
rated current. Note down the reading of ammeter, voltmeter & wattmeter of
transformer2. While doing so, the values shown by V1, I1 and W1 should not deviate
from their earlier readings.
6. Bring the auto transformer variac to zero position & switch off the supply.
TABULATION:
Primary side:
SL.No.

Voltmeter(V1) Ammeter(A1) Wattmeter(W1)

SL.No.

Voltmeter(V2) Ammeter(A2) Wattmeter(W2)

Secondary side:

97

CALCULATION:
Core losses Wi=W1/2 Watts
Copper losses, Wc =W2/2*X2(Watts)
Where, X=percentage of Load
Total losses=Wc+Wi Watts
Output power=KVA*100*X*p.f Watts
Input power=Output power + losses Watts
Efficiency=Output/Input*100

98

PRECAUTIONS:
1. The variac of the auto transformer should be kept at minimum voltage position.
2. Before switching off the supply the variac of the auto transformer should be
brought back to minimum voltage position.

CONCLUSION:

99

SPACE FOR GRAPH

100

SPACE FOR ROUGH

101

LABORATORY REPORT
ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

CENTURION INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BHUBANESWAR

EXPERIMENT NO. - 12

102

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:

Separation of losses of dc motor.
MACHINE SPECIFICATION:
Voltage:

Current:

Power:

RPM:

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Apparatus name
Rheostat
Rheostat
Ammeter
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Voltmeter
Tachometer
Connecting wires

Specification
200 ohm, 3A
750 ohm, 5A
(0-1/2) A
(0-5/10) A
(0-300) V
(0-5) V
(0-9999) rpm
2.5 sq.mm

Type
1-Tube
1-Tube
MC
MC
MC
MC
Digital
PVC

Quantity
02
02
01
01
01
01
01
As required

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

103

THEORY:
In a DC motor, the no load input power supplies for the following losses:
1. Constant loss consisting of the iron losses or core loss and the mechanical loss due to
friction and wind age.
2. Armature copper loss and field copper loss (usually negligible).
In this experiment, the no load test is conducted on a DC motor in order to obtain the constant
losses. The mechanical loss is separated from the constant losses and hence the iron losses are
determined. The constant losses are calculated as follows:Constant losses = No load input Armature Cu loss (I2aRa)
i.e. Wc = V0I0 Ia2 Ra
The mechanical loss Wm is found from the graph.
Hence the core losses or iron losses Wi = Wc Wm
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram as shown in FIG.
2. Start the motor slowly using starter keeping the field and armature rheostats in Minimum
and maximum position respectively.
3. Adjust the field current to the rated value at no- load
4. Reduce the armature circuit resistance in steps, increasing the speed.
5. Take the readings of voltmeter, ammeter and speed at constant field current.
6. Continue the experiment till maximum speed is obtained by cutting out the complete
resistance in armature circuit (Do not exceed rated speed)
7. Bring the armature rheostat back to full resistance (initial) position.
8. Repeat the experiment with a reduced field current. (75% rated excitation).
9. Stop the motor
10. Measure the armature resistance by voltmeter-ammeter method using the circuit diagram
as shown in Fig.
11. Tabulate the readings.

104

TABULATION:
Sl.
No.

No Load
Voltage
(Vo)
Volts

No
load
current
(Io)
Amps

No load
Input
Power
Wo =
VoIo
Watts

Field
Current
If
Amps

Armature
Current
Ia= Io - If
Amps

Armature
Cu Loss
I2aRa
Watts

Constant
loss
Wc =
Wo I2aRa
Watts

Iron
loss
Wi =
Wc
Wm
Watts

CALCULATION:
No load input power Wo = VoIo Watts
Armature current Ia = Io If Amps
Armature Copper loss = I2aRa Watts
Constant losses Wc = VoIo Ia2Ra Watts
Mechanical loss = Wm (from graph) Watts
(friction and windage)
Core losses or Iron losses Wi = Wc Wm Watts
PRECAUTIONS:
1) Field Rheostat should be kept in the minimum resistance position at the time of starting
and stopping the motor.
2) Armature Rheostat should be kept in the maximum resistance position at the time of
starting and stopping the motor.
3) Do not start the motor keeping the field circuit open.

105

CONCLUSION:

106

SPACE FOR GRAPH

107

SPACE FOR ROUGH

108

Centurion University of Technology and Management

CUTM/EXAM/EX-008

Application for Compensatory Lab Classes

Name of the student:
Regd. No.:
Section:
College_ID:

Branch:

Date and laboratory for which remained absent

SL
NO

LABRORORY

DATE

EXP NO

SIGNATURE OF
CONCERNED
TEACHER WITH
REMARKS

Reason of absence
(I)Medical certificate submitted __________

(II) Not submitted _____________

(III)Permitted by HOD
Signature:
HOD
DATE:

Signature of the student

109