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Commercial surrogacy attempts to transform what is specifically women's labor-the work of bringing
forth children into the world-into a commodity. It does so by replacing the parental norms which
usually govern the practice of gestating children with the economic norms which govern ordinary
production processes. The application of commercial norms to women's labor reduces the surrogate
mothers from persons worthy of respect and consideration to objects of mere use.
The application of economic norms to the sphere of women's labor violates women's claims to
respect and consideration in three ways. First, by requiring the surrogate mother to repress
whatever parental love she feels for the child, these norms convert women's labor into a form of
alienated labor. Second, by manipulating and denying legitimacy to the surrogate mother's evolving
perspective on her own pregnancy, the norms of the market degrade her. Third, by taking advantage
of the surrogate mother's noncommercial motivations without offering anything but what the norms
of commerce demand in return, these norms leave her open to exploitation. The fact that these
problems arise in the attempt to commercialize the labor of bearing children shows that women's
labor is not properly regarded as a commodity.
Swales rebuttal
Andersons counter rebuttal
Arnesons rebuttal
Counter for Arneson merc
Satzs rebuttal
Counter for Satz:
Cohen against Anderson:
Proposal for alternative justification to ban surrogacy