TRAINING MANUAL- PIPING

INDUCED STRESSES IN PIPE

Uhde India Limited

DOC No. : 29040-PI-UFR-0004

Rev.

: R0

Page

: 1

CONTENTS
Page
0.0

Cover Sheet

1.0

Introduction

2.0

Circumferential (Hoop) Stresses

3.0

Longitudinal Stresses

4.0

Radial Stress

5.0

Stress Diagram

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TRAINING MANUAL- PIPING

INDUCED STRESSES IN PIPE
Uhde India Limited

1.0

DOC No. : 29040-PI-UFR-0004

Rev.

: R0

Page

: 2

INTRODUCTION:
When the ends of the pipe ends are closed and pipe is subjected to an internal pressure P
following stresses would act on each element of the pipe.
Circumferential (hoop) stress H
Longitudinal Stress L
Redial Stress R

2.0

CIRCUMFERENTIAL (HOOP) STRESS: H:

The effect of this may split the pipe into two halves as shown in fig.2. The failure of the pipe in two
halves in fact is possible across any plane, which contain diameter and axis of the pipe. Elements
resisting this type of failure would be subjected to stress and direction of this stress is along the
circumference. Hence the above stress is called Circumferential or Hoop Stress.
If D
L
t

=
=
=

Diameter of the pipe

Length of the pipe
thickness of the pipe.

Then
Bursting force, FB

Resisting force, FR

Pressure Area

PDL

Resisting metal area Stress, H

Equating FB & FR
P D L = 2t L H
t

or H

P*D
2 * H

P*D
2*t

(1)

This equation is used for calculating the thickness of pipe so as to withstand pressure P
where H is allowable circumferential stress.

TRAINING MANUAL- PIPING

INDUCED STRESSES IN PIPE
Uhde India Limited

3.0

DOC No. : 29040-PI-UFR-0004

Rev.

: R0

Page

: 3

LONGITUDINAL STRESS: R
Considering that the pipe ends are chlsed and pipe is subjected to an internal pressure P the
pipe may fail as shown in Fig.3. Elements resisting this type of failure would be subjected to stress
and direction of this stress is parrallel to the longitudinal direction of the pipe. Hence this stress is
called longitudinal stress.
Then

Bursting force, FB

Resisting force, FR

Pressure Area

P * D
4

Resisting metal area Stress, L

D t * L (when t is significantly small as compared to D)

D t * L

Equating FB & FR
P * D
4

PD
4 * L

or

PD
4*t

(2)

NOTES:
1) On comparing equations 1 & 2, it is clear that when a pipe having diameter D and thickness t
is subjected to an internal pressure P, the induced circumferential tress is double the induced
longitudinal stress.
2) Normally, the pipe is considered as a thin wall cylinder i.e. t D/6
3) Usually D is substituted by Do (outside diameter) in order to have higher safely margin.

4.0

RADIAL STRESS: R
Each element of the pipe is subjected to radial stress which acts in radial direction.
R

TRAINING MANUAL- PIPING

INDUCED STRESSES IN PIPE
Uhde India Limited

DOC No. : 29040-PI-UFR-0004

Rev.

: R0

Page

: 4