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Sociology2014:AnswerWritingChallenge21
INSIGHTS
Wednesday,December32014,1:08PM

SOCIOLOGY

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Sociology2014:AnswerWriting
Challenge21
BYINSIGHTSSEPTEMBER25,2014

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1)Explainwhyitisnoturbanizationalone,but
urbanizationcombinedwith industrialization ,whichis

responsibleforfarreachingchangesinsociety.(250Words)
2)Writeshortnotesonthefollowing:(200Words)
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(a) Varna andJati.

(b)Growingeconomic disparities despitedevelopmentplanning.
(c)SlowprogressofScheduled caste despiteProtectiveDiscrimination.
(d)Whetherthestatusof women inIndiaisduetotheirinherentqualitiesor
tosocialarrangements.

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Jointhediscussion
sachin 2monthsago

Whetherthestatusof women inIndiaisduetotheirinherentqualitiesorto

socialarrangements.
Indian Women areanintegralpartofadiversesociety.Today,theyhave
reachedgreaterheightsinEntreprenuership, space travel,sportsandmany
otherarenasfromwhichtheywereexcludedearlier.However,ontheflipside,
theyhavealsobeensubjugatedtovariousformsofdiscriminationcoupledwith
violence.HistoryofIndiapaintsagrimpictureofpatriarchalsocitydominatedby
men.
SomethinkerslikeTalcott parsons justifythestatusof women ashomemakers
becauseoftheiremotionalroleinbringingupachild.Further,Lionneltigerand
Robinfoxarguethatitisthebiogrammarof women (DuetoHormonal
variations)whichensuresaparticularkindofstatusandanattachedrole
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toit.
However,suchviewsarerejectedbyAnnOakleywhenshegivesexamplesof
Societieswherethesocalledroleof women isperformedbyotherinstitutions
Eg:Kibbutzin Israel .Herviewsarestrengthenedbyfeministscholarswhoopine
thatstatusof women isonlybecauseofsocialandculturalarrangements.
Socialarrangementsofroleallocation,genderstereotypinghasindeedplayeda
majorroleindecidingthestatusof women inIndia.Asthedayswentby,with
bettereducationandencouragementtheyhavebrokenmanymythsofageold
cultures.Now,itisforIndiansocietytodignifytheirstatus.Anewinitiativeof
HEforSHEby UN toincreasegenderequalitywouldwellbeawayforwardin
thisdirection.
Friends,Pls review .IgnoreTypo
Sahil Garg> sachin 2monthsago

IthinkushouldmentiononlyaboutIndianthinkers.Secondly,identityof
women asasocialconstructcomingoutofculture,extendingpinkpollar
jobs,restrictedaccesstooccupation,sociallifeetccanbeadded
sachin > Sahil Garg 2monthsago

@ Sahil .Thanksforyour review andadditionalpoints.Justone

clarification.WeneedtomentiononlyIndianthinkersasthe
questionisIndiaspecific.Isit?Orifsome'foreignsociologists'
havestudiedaphenomenaparticulartoIndia,canwequotetheir
views??
Sahil Garg> sachin 2monthsago

Both
sachin 2monthsago

Varna andjati
Varna system isdeeprootedintheannalsofIndiantradition.Itisabroader
andmacrocategorytostudyIndiansociety.Itsawitsemergenceinpostvedic
periodwhenthedivisionof labour wasgivenareligiousconnotationtoprotect
onesoccupationaldominanceduetoriseinpopulation.Andthusitwas
transformedfromanopen class system torigidhierarchical system .
OntheotherhandJatiisalocalisedphenomena.Asdivisionof labour increased
andsothenumberofoccupations,thereexistedanidentitycrisisamongpeople
astowhichcategoryof varna dotheybelong.Later,Jatiemergedbyabsorption
ofnewoccupational group intovarnas,byfissionandfusionofdifferent
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categoriesandtribalabsorption.
Each varna categoryisfurthersubdividedintoJatiandsubJatis.Andhence
MNSrinivasaptlysaidthatJatiistherealityofIndia.Hefutheraddsthat varna
system hasproducedadistortedimangeofIndiansociety.Forinstance,hesays
, varna and caste coincidesatthetopandthebottomofhierarchybutisquite
fluidinbetween.
Further,headdsthattherearemanycommunitieswhosepositionin
chaturvarna system isnotclear.Eg:KayasthasofNorthIndiaandLingayatsof
southIndia.
Nevertheless,theinterplayof varna andjatistillexiststodayinoneformorthe
otheralbeitwithlesserintensitythanearlierperiods.Andmoreoftenthennot,
suchidentitiesarerecalledduringpoliticalmobilisation
Friends,Pls review .IgnoreTypo
Sahil Garg> sachin 2monthsago

Itisnotreligiousbutculturalconnotation.Restisperfect
NAWIN> sachin 2monthsago

Definejatiand varna howitismisconceivedanddon'tdragtheanswer

andm.nsrinivaspointisgood
sachin >NAWIN 2monthsago

ThanksNAWIN.Yes,feltthatIcouldhavedoneawaywithfew
moresentences.
Rawone 2monthsago

Explainwhyitisnoturbanizationalone,buturbanizationcombinedwith
industrialization ,whichisresponsibleforfarreachingchangesinsociety.
Urbanizationisthetransformationoflargepercentageofpopulationfromthe
occupationofprimarytosecondarysector,fromlowtohighpopulationdensity,
whereas industrialization isconcernedwiththeincreasingproductioncapacity
bytechnologicalmeans.Basicallytheurbanisation&industrialisationmarkedthe
changingofsocietyfromfeudaltocapitalistasarguedby Marx .Urbanisation
providedthemoderninstitutionconsistofhealth,education, law &orderto
copewiththeincreasingdensity.Industrialisationprovidesthemeanstoproduce
more&tosustainthelargepopulation.Ifthereisnomeanstosustainthe
populationthenthesocietyisnotabletoprovidetheneedforincreasing
institutionintheurbanizedsociety.
Asper Durkheim thecapitalist system resultofthe industrialization iswill
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increasethesolidarityamongthemassesduetoincreaseininterdependence.
Duetointerdependencethe class system willevolvedependingofthesimilar
circumstancesofpeople,alsoitwilldilutethe caste system whichisbasedon
ascribedcriteria.
Asperacasestudy,Inthenortheastwhichisearliermostlyforestareaand
occupiedbythetribalswhicharehavingmechanicalsolidarityandbasedonlow
density&subsistenceneeds.Butaspeopleofdifferentstatesmovetheirtoexploit
forestwithmodern technology formaximizingprofit,someofitsareasare
gettingurbanised&forsustainingincreasingpopulationthereisneedformore
productionwhichultimatelycanbeincreasedby technology .Thisresultinboth
positivechangessuchasformalsectoremploymentincreases,educationbeing
modernized,healthinstitutiondeveloped,connectivityincreasesbutalsohave
negativeconsequencesofincreasinginequality,increasingdemandforstate
separationsuchasBodolandetc,increasingethnic conflicts etc
Thusurbanizationofanareadependsuponthemodernmeansof technology to
increasetheproductive&institutionalcapacitytosustainthepopulation.
Pls review
NAWIN>Rawone 2monthsago

Rawone.Seriouslyuransdeviatedfromthewhatanswerexpected....
Somepoints...stillharrapancivilizationbeingurbanizedsociety,itisnot
profressedwellinmaterialistically!?Andhowurbanizationeffectfamily
system ,marriagetottallysociety....stillmoremany....expectedbro...keep
writing
Animesh 2monthsago

1)Explainwhyitisnoturbanizationalone,buturbanizationcombinedwith
industrialization ,whichisresponsibleforfarreachingchangesinsociety.(250
Words)
Insociologicaldomain,urbanizationisawayoflifewhichleadstosocial
transformation.Urbanizationisseeninthecontrastofruraland agrarian
society.Urbanizationbringsmoderntechnologicalbase,scientificdevelopment,
westerninfluenceincaseofAsiaticsociety,andofcourseiscausedby
industrialization .
EminentsociologistM.N.Srinivaspropoundedideasofwesternizationwhichmeans
westernlifestyleeducation,employment,scientifictemperamentbroughtthe
socialchangesinIndia.Itscertainlythegrowthofurbanization.Yogendra
SinghinhisconceptofModernization,alsoemphasizestheinfusionof
technologicalandscientificdevelopmentand industrialization asfactsof
socialchanges.
Definitely,ifurbanizationisthenon agrarian anddevelopedwayoflivingthen
industrialization isthebaseofsuchchanges. Industrialization providesthe
economicprosperityinsocietybymakingthepeopleearnfromtheindustries,
providesurbandresssense, food behavior,urbanculture,moderntechnicaland
vocationaleducationwhichareinterrelatetoindustrialdevelopment.
Westernsocietyanditsmodernizationcanbeunderstoodclearlybythe
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industrial revolution of18thcentury.Mostoftheinitialurbancenterswere

establishedinindustrializedcitieslikeLondon,Manchester,Washington,
Minneapolis,Newyork,Parisetc.
Durkheim findsthaturbanizationbackedby industrialization isthe
manifestationofthesocialfactoforganicsolidarityanddifferentiationand
specializationofworkunlikemechanicalsolidarityofruralorancientsociety.
Max Weber seestheemergenceofurbansocialchangessupportedby
industrialization asthesetupoflegalrationalauthorityunderthe
bureaucraticorganizationofthesociety.
But, Industrialization notonlybroughtthesocialchangesalongwith
urbanizationbutitsaftereffectalso.TheGhetto,theslumsandmanysuch
agglomeratesestablishedduetohighpopulationandpatheticconditionsoflower
workingclassesthatOgburn,afamoussociologists,hadtoannouncethisculture
ascultureofpoverty.
Marx wentaheadandpropoundedtheideasofBourgeoisiesasowneroftheforces
ofproductionandproletariatsastheexploitedworking class .Hethen
establishedthethesisthattheurbanindustrialsocial change willbetaken
intothedirectionofautopiansocietywhentheexploitedclasseswillrevolt
againsttheBourgeoisiesandsetupadictatorship.
Henceitsnotonlyurbanization,butitscombinedwith Industrialization is
responsibleforfarreachingsocial change .

Rawone>Animesh 2monthsago

Ideasaregoodbutareseemstobefragmentedi.ewhatithinkwehaveto
connecteachideatobringabouttheconnectionbetweenurbanization&
industrialization
Madforias >Animesh 2monthsago

page1
Madforias > Madforias 2monthsago

page2
Rawone 2monthsago

SlowprogressofScheduled caste despiteProtectiveDiscrimination.

InIndiaSchedule caste peoplearethosewhichfromtheancient times doing
menial&filthyjobs.AsperChaturvarna system theshudras&thechandalasi.e.
outcastepeopleinpresenttimearetheschedulecasteprovidedwithreservation
invariousemploymentasperArticle16(4)ofconstitutionandhenceprotective
discrimination.
Theprotectivediscriminationtriedtoinduce class consciousnessamongthem
withtheinequalities&subjugationtheysufferedfromthetimeimmemorial.As
duetolongperiodofsubjugationtheyarenotabletodevelopthemselves
economically,educationally,mentally&onmodernlines.Despitebyhaving
reservationonlyafewwillabletogetopportunitytoenhancetheir class status,
asif15%isreservationstill85%willhavetomanagethestructuralinequalitieson
theirown.Furtheritwillprovideonlytoimprovetheeconomicstatus,culturally
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theyhavetobearthestigmaofsocietyofbeinglowerin caste societyofIndiain

whichstillthereisnotinterdiningwiththesecastes,nointermarriagewiththese
castesetc.
Recentlyacaseinnewsfromharyanainwhichahigher caste personchopped
offthehandoflower caste whenheistryingtogetthewaterfromtheearthen
potbelongthehighercasterperson.
Alsoforgettingbenefitofthat15%theyhavetocompeteamongthemselves
whichmeansonceafamilygotwelloffhismemberswillbecapablesothatother
85%willalwaysfinditdifficulttogetthebenefitofreservation.
Theslowprogressisalsoduetoaspirationofpoliticalclassesi.e.thepoverty&
inequalitywillbeeliminatedfromschedule caste thenpoliticsbyelitesbased
uponthemwillbeeliminated.
Thusdespitesixdecadesofindependence&constitutional&other laws
schedule caste positioninstructureofinequalityisthefact.
Pls review
Sahil Garg 2monthsago

Varna andJAti
Sahil Garg 2monthsago

Ans1
sachin > Sahil Garg 2monthsago

Ifeltyourlastfewlinescouldhavebeenyourfirstfew(Theyaresidesof
samecoin).Sothatitwouldhaveabetterimpact.Inconclusion,afew
examplesofhowtheinterplayofbothurbanisationandIndustrialisation
hascontributedtosocial change (bothpositiveandnegative).Otherwise
,niceanswer.
Madforias > Sahil Garg 2monthsago

verywellwritten Sahil
Sahil Garg 2monthsago

Ans2b
Kiran> Sahil Garg 2monthsago

@ Sahil .Ihavebeenobservingyouranswers.Mostofthe times it

includesopinionsofdifferentthinkers(Ifeltmorenumber,forexin2b
above,thoughafewwouldsuffice).Doesitnottakeawaytheoriginality
ofouranswers?Imean,weneedtogiveouranalysis/understanding
andthensupportedbytheviewsof1/2thinkers.Imightbewrong,but
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doletmeknowyouropinion.Thanks
Kiran>Kiran 2monthsago

@All.Pleasedoreplywithyouropinionformycommentabove.
Thanks
Sahil Garg>Kiran 2monthsago

Yes,urright.23wouldsuffice.butonceMahapatrasirtoldme
thaturnotasociologist.Soavoidyourperceptionexceptin
conclusion
NRN>Kiran 2monthsago

@ Sahil andKiran
ItoofeelKiranisright..sometimesitseemstobeanoverdoseof
quotesthatyouseemedtobecompromisingonstructureand
originality..IwashesitanttotellthisbeforebecauseIama
newbee...
butireallyenvyyourquotationsbecauseifinditverydifficultto
findrelevantquotesandalsoremeberthem..
Sahil Garg>NRN 2monthsago

OkSir,iwilltakecareofthisinfuture:)
Thankyou
sachin > Sahil Garg 2monthsago

someAdditions:YoucouldhaveaddedGiniindex,inequaldistribution
ofresourcesdespitebeingaDirectiveprincipleandlackofbalanced
regionaldevelopment(Duetoregionalisttendenciesandregionalparties
??).
Animesh 2monthsago

2.(a) Varna isthehierarchicalorganizationofsocialstructureofIndianSociety.

FatherofIndiansociologyG.S.Ghuryestudiesthe Varna systemsfromVedas
andPuranas.AccordingtoGhurye, Varna isstratifiedintheformofemergence
ofhumanfromGodBrahmasdifferentorgans.Brahminsfrommouth,Kshatriya
fromshoulders,Vaishyasfromthiesandshudrasfromfeetofthelord.Brahmins
areatthetopofthe varna system andShudrasinthebottom.
Caste orJatiisdefinedastheclosedendogamic system ofIndiansociety,in
whichsocial mobility isalmostimpossible.Jatisarederivedfromtherigid
system ofVarnasandalsoDalitsareconsideredastheoutcastes.Castesarealso
dividedamongseveralsubcastes.EvenhighestVarnaofBrahminsareofseveral
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typesKankubja,Saraswat,MaithilBrahmins.Aninterestingfactfoundedby
eminentsociologistM.N.Srinivasisthatthereisculturalupward mobility in
Indiancastesintheformofimitationoflifestyleofuppercastesbylowercastes,
whichiscalledSanskritization.
2(b)DevelopmentalplanninginIndiaisderivedfromtheconstitutionandis
manifestedbyDPSPandfundamentalrightsofcitizensofIndia.5yearplanning
andincorporationofseveralschemeslikeMGNREGS, Food securityto50%
urbanand75%ruralpoors,RashtriyakrishivikasYojana,IAY,RAY,Skill
developmentlikemanyeconomicandsocialchangingprogrammes.Thesehave
certainlybroughttheeconomicandsocialchangesinIndiansbutatthesame
timetheeconomicpolarizationinsocietyisobserved.
Green revolution broughtregionaldisparityineconomy.lackofliteracy,
unemploymentandpovertyspreadinsocietycouldnotinfusethesocial
awarenessandconfidenceinlargesectionofsocietyandtheycouldnotget
inclusivepathofeconomicdevelopmentandremainedmarginalized.Recently
launchedJandhanyojanaisanotherinitiativeoffinancialinclusion.Butuntil
thesocialissuesasmentionedaboveisnotresolved,anyfurthergoodschemes
canbringonlypartialchangesinsociety.
2(c)theprotectivediscriminationofschedulecastesisprovidedbyconstitutionin
theformofspecialprovisionsinfundamentalrightsintheformsofequality,
abolitionofuntouchability,reservationinemploymentandrightoflife,
expressionandsettlementanywhereinIndia.
National commission ofschedule caste isalsoestablishedin1993forspecial
oversightontheprogressofthecommunity.Butinspiteofsomanyprogressive
measuresandbudgetsubplans,theprogessinSCcommunityisseenminimal.
Theimportantreasonsbehindthefactispredominantlythesocialcauseslike
untouchabilityisstillprevalent,benefitofreservationisnotfullyexploitedonly
thetopcreamofeconomicallydevelopedSCsonlyareexploitingsuch
opportunitieslettingthelowerstrataremaininthesamepatheticlife.
Merely,bringinglegislationand laws donotseemcanbringeffectiveprogressin
thecommunity,butalsothesocial change inthewholeshouldbebroughtup
thenonlytheywillgetinclusiveshareofdevelopment.
2(d)Vedas,Puranasandmanysuchreligioustextshaveaccepted women and
Goddessesandprovidedultimatereverencesandregards.Butthisremainedthe
factsofbooksonly.ItsironyoftheIndiansocietythatafterallsuchgreat
thoughts,Indian women arenotfindingstatusduetotheirqualitiesbutdueto
oursocialarrangements.
Indiansociety,whichisboundinVarnas,alsoisboundbypatriarchyandmale
dominancyandhencethestatusof women issubjugatedbytheircounterpart.
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Dueto industrialization andurbanization, women mighthavegothighstatus

inofficesorinworkorganizationbutinsidefamily,theystillaredominatedby
malesandhenceitshowsthesocialreality.Herqualityasalifepartner,asa
caringmother,asadisciplinedhousewifecumdaughterin law issubjugated
underthedominantandhighlystratifiedmaledominantsociety.
NAWIN>Animesh 2monthsago

@animesh
varna andjatinoneedofmentioningGhureyspointhereasquestion
askedinshortformandyoumissedinterlinkingcastand varna .Inshort
formans.youneedtowritelessandexplainmore.
sachin 2monthsago

@ sahil ,@ madforias ,@animesh.Cansomeone review myanswers.Thanks

Kiran 2monthsago

Onemore food forthought.Whichoneistherightwaytogoabout?Pleasedo

shareyouropinion.
a)EconomistAmartyaSencalleddevelopmentasfreedomwheredevelopmentis
thewaytoprovidecapabilitiesto women tobringoutherfullestself(Thinker
view).Thisistobedonethroughprovidingliteracy,healthandotherbasic
facilitiesthatempowershertotakeindependentdecisions(Supportedbyour
analysis)
or
b) Women empowerment,throughhealth,educationandotherbasicfacilities
istheneedofthehour.Thiswouldensureabetterstatusandindependent
decisionmakingpowerto women .(Ourunderstanding).Suchaviewpointcan
alsobeseeninthewritingsofAmartyasenwhenhesaysthatdevelopmentis
freedomwheredevelopmentisthewaytoprovidecapabilitiesto women tobring
outherfullestself(Backedbythinkersview)
Thanks
NAWIN>Kiran 2monthsago

Betteryoucombineboth,......
NRN 2monthsago

1)Explainwhyitisnoturbanizationalone,buturbanizationcombinedwith
industrialization ,whichisresponsibleforfarreachingchangesinsociety.(250
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Words)
Urbanisationintodaysworldiscloselyassociatedwith industrialization the
latterprovidesmomentumtotheformer.Whileintheancientandmedieval
times ,itwasthemarketplacesthatgrewintourbancentres,todayitisplacesof
manufactureakeyfeatureof industrialization thatresultinurbanisation.
Urbanizationcoupledwithindustriaisationaisresponsibleforfarraching
changesinthesocialstructure,institutions, values andnormsofthesociety.
Industrialization hasresultedinlargenumberofurbanpopulationtobe
involvedinsecondaryandtertiaryactivities.Thishasresultedinnewclassesof
peoplenamelyworkingclassandmiddleclasswhicharecharacteristicof
industrialsociety.Withthem,newphenomenaliketradeunionism,workingclass
unrest,conspicuousconsumptionetc.havetakenshape.Rationallegal
institutionofbureacucracyisalsoanewfeatureofurbancentresandisaresult
ofinustrialisationandriseofjointstock companies .
AccordingtoYogendraSingh,manynewrolesoftenrationalandmodernwere
addedtotraditionalinstitutions.Industrialcentressawthedisassociationof
caste andoccupation.Publiclifebegantobedominatedbysecularnormswhile
caste ritualsareconfinedtoprivatesphere.Familiesalsounderwent change
women inindustrialurbancentressreincreasinglyinvolvedinutside
occupationsriingherstatuswithinfamilybutalsoresultinginrole conflicts and
increasedmaritalbreakdown.
Industrialisationsawgreatermigrationofruralfolksintourbancentresinsearch
ofjobs.Thishascreateassociatedproblemsofslums,increaseddeviantbehavior,
pollutionetc.
Thus,urbanizationcoupledwith industrialization hasbroughtfarreaching
changesineveryaspectofsociety.
Please review
NAWIN>NRN 2monthsago

@NRN.
Youmissedspecificityofthequestioninthemiddle.How
industrialization differentfromurbanizationasHarrapancivilizationis
urbanonebutnotindustrialone.So,thatisthereasonwhyHarrapanwas
notmateriallywellversed.
Nuclear families,lessReligious,Ghostvillagesandpurchasing power ,
howmoviesandmallsovertakingthejobsofparentsstillsomanythings.
Keepwritingbro.suggestionsarewelcome
NRN>NAWIN 2monthsago

thanksnawinforthe review :)
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NRN 2monthsago

2)Writeshortnotesonthefollowing:(200Words)
(a) Varna andJati.
Varna isabroadframeworkthatdividesHindusocietyinto4hierarchicalstrata
namelyBrahmins,Kshatriyas,VaishyasandShudras.Itismoreorlesssamein
theentirecountry.Therelativepositionsinthehierarchyisbasedonnotionsof
purityandpollution.Each varna isassociatedwithnormsonoccupation,have
rulesofrestrictionandprivilegeandfollowendogamy.Divineorigintheory
Jatireferstoconcretegroups/castesandsubcastesthatfallundereach varna .
Theyarenumerousandtheirrelativepositionwithrespecttoeachotherina
particularregionisoftenambiguousespeciallyinthemidrungcastes.Their
statusisderivedfromthestatusof varna withwhichitassociates.Ajatiisan
endogamous group .Jatisarerelativelysmallerandhavespecifichereditary
occupations.Withrepresentativegovernmentestablishedafterindependence,
severalendogamusjatisformjaticlusteror caste federationtosafeguardtheir
interest.
Though varna andjatiarecloselyrelated,thesocialrealityisbasedonjatiand
not varna .
(b)Growingeconomic disparities despitedevelopmentplanning.
Thenationalleadersatthetimeofindependencedecidedonaplannedeconomy
toremovethevariousinequalitiesthatpervadedoursociety.Theyaimedto
achieveitbyensuringtheallocationofoptimumresourcestothevariousregions
toensurebalancedgrowthofdifferentregionsandcommunities.Thefiveyear
plansinitiallyfcussedonommunitydvlopmentprogrammesthattargeted
communitiesasawhole.However,thesemeasureswerelargelyunsuccessfulasit
wasorneredbythealreadyrichandpowerful.Sameisthecasewith land
reformsthatalsobroughtmarginalimprovementamongthedalitsthoughit
helpedintermediatecastestobecome land owners.Fromthe70s,thefiveyear
plansadoptedthestrategyoftargetingweakersectionslikeSCSTand women .
Manyschemesforselfemployment,ruralemployment, food securityetcwere
launchedsuchasSJGSY,NREP,FWPetc.howeverinstitutionalbackwardnessin
heformof corruption ,bureaucraticredtapism,poorplanningandexecution
etc.resultedinfewbenefits.With Green revolution ,anew class ofcapitalist
farmersemergedithcorrespondingproletarianisationofsmallpeasants.Italso
resultedininterregionalinequalityaswell.Economicdisparityreachedapeak
aftertheliberalizationandprivatizationpoliciesfollowingthe1991economic
crisis.Varioussocialwelfaremeasures,governmentspendingwerecutbackand
laborrulesweremademoreindustryfriendlyleadingtolayoffs.Crony
capitalism , corruption , power politics,neoliberalpoliciesallhaveledtothe
sustainingeconomicdisparityinoursociety.
(c)SlowprogressofScheduled caste despiteProtectiveDiscrimination.
Thescheduled caste stillremainsoneofthemostmarginalizedsectioninour
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country.ItisindicatedbythefactthatthereareveryfewSCsinthetop
managerialpositionswhiletheyareoverrepresentedinthe group IIIandIV
jobs.Furthermorethan90%ofmanual scavengers arefromSC.Differentforms
ofatrocitiesarestillcommittedagainstthem.Theconstitutionhasprovided
varioussafeguardstotheSCsuchaseservationinParliament,statelegislatures,
jobsandeducation,Constitutionalprovisionbanninguntouchability,settingup
ofNational commission forSCs,variousscholarshipandwelfareschemesetc.
However,thesehavenotbeenveryeffectiveduetofollowingreasons:
Illiteracyandlackofawarenessoftheseschemes
Failureof land reformmeasureswhichledtoevictionofmostly dalit
agriculturalabourers.Beinglandlessanduneducatedascomparedtoupperand
intermediate caste ,Dalitshavebeenunabletomakeuseofconstitutional
safeguardslikeprotectivediscrimination
Lacking land preventsthemfromgettingbankloanstostartnewventures
Beingpooranddiscriminated,theyaremalnourishedandhenceinpoor
conditiontocopetewithotherwellofsectionsinjobandeducation
Dominationbydominantcastesinruralareas.Systematicexploitationand
atrocitiesareperpetratedagainstthem.AccordingtoAndreBeteilluntouchability
isnowreplacedbyatrocitiesbydominantcasteforexampletheYadav
landlordsofBiharagainstlandless Dalit agriculturallabourer
Howeer,asmallsecionofdalitshavemadegooduseofprotectivediscriminatn
buthaveevolvedintodaliteliteswhooftenignoretheplightoftheirotherlowly
brethren.CenturiesofsystematicexploitationofDalitswilltakealongtimeto
unwindandtherearesignsof change .
(d)Whetherthestatusof women inIndiaisduetotheirinherentqualitiesorto
socialarrangements.
Women inIndiahavenotalwaysbeenasubjugatedsectiontheyenjoyed
considerableautonomyduringearlyvedicperiod.Inmodernindustrialsocietyas
well, women areenjoyingmorestatusowingtohereconomicindependenceby
takingemploymentoutsidehome.Theseareevidencesforthefactthat women s
biologicalnaturehavenothingtodowithherlowstatusinthesociety.
ThepatriarchaljointfamilyoftraditionalIndiaconfined women tohousehold
matters.Shehadnosayintheoutsideworld,thehigherthe caste stricterwas
thisrule.BRAmbedkarattributesthelowstatuesof women ,herconfinementto
household,thebanonwidowremarriageetc.totherulesofendogamy.The
upper caste menneededcontrolovertheir women toensurethepurityof
theirprogeny.Asthepatriarchaljointfamilywasdesiredandvaluedbylower
castes,theystartedimitatingtheuppercastesandpreventedtheir women s
employmentoutsidehome,widowremarriage,startedtheevilpracticeofdowry
etc.
Thusthestatusof women inIndiawasaconsequenceofsocialfactorsrather

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