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UNIT III

PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

PART A

Problem 1

z x a
2

Form the partial differential equation by eliminating a and b from

b2 .

Solution:

z x 2 a 2 y 2 b 2

- (1)

Differentiating (1) partially w.r. t x and y we get

z
- (2)
p
y 2 b2 2 x
x
z
- (3)
q
x2 a2 2 y
y
Multiplying Eqn. (2) and Eqn (3)
pq x 2 a 2 y 2 b 2 4 xy

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pq 4 xyz [using (1)]

Problem 2 Obtain the partial differential equation by eliminating arbitrary constants a

and b from x a y b z 1.
2

Solution:
2
2
x a y b z 2 1 - (1)
Differentiating (1) partially w.r. t x and y we get
2 x a 2 zp 0
x a zp
2 y b 2 zq 0

- (2)

- (3)
y b zq
Substituting (2) & (3) in (1) we get
z 2 p2 z 2q2 z 2 1
i.e., z 2 p 2 q 2 1 1

Problem 3 From the partial differential equation by eliminating

f x2 y2 z 2 , x y z 0 .

f from

Solution:
We know that if f (u, v) = 0
then u = f (v)
2
x y2 z2 f x y z
- (1)
Differentiating (1) partially w.r. t x and y
We get

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2 x 2 zp f ' x y z 1 p

- (2)

2 y 2 zq f ' x y z 1 q
Divide (2) & (3)
x zp 1 p

y zq 1 q
x qx zp zpq y py zq zpq
z y p x zq y x
Problem 4
Form the partial differential equation by eliminating

f from

z x 2 2 f log x .
y

Solution:
1

Let z x 2 2 f log x
y

- (1)

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Differentiate (1) w.r. t x and y
1
1
z
p 2 x 2 f ' log x
x
y
x

- (2)

1
1
z
q 2 f ' log x 2
y
y
y

- (3)

Eliminating f ' from (2) & (3)

p 2 x 1 2

y
q
x
2
px 2 x qy 2
px qy 2 2 x 2

Problem 5 Obtain the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary constants
a & b from z xy y x a b .
Solution:
2

z xy y x 2 a 2 b

- (1)
Differentiating (1) partially w.r. t x and y

z
1
y y
2x
2
2
x
2 x a
yx
p y
x2 a2
p
x
1
y
x2 a2
p

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p
x
1
2
y
x a2
z
q
x x2 a2
y

q x x2 a2
Multiplying (2) & (3)
p
x
1 q x
2
x a2
y

- (2)

- (3)

x2 a2

p
1 q x x
y
p y q x xy
pq xp yq xy xy
px qy pq

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Problem 6 Find the complete integral of p q pq where p
Solution:
p q pq

z
z
and q .
x
y

- (1)

This is of the form f p, q 0

Let z ax by c
- (2) be the complete solution of the partial differential
equation.
z
p
a
x
z
q
b
y
(1) reduces to a+b=ab
a b a 1

a
a 1

a
z ax
yc
a 1

Problem 7 Obtain the complete integral of z px qy p q .

Solution:
- (1)
z px qy p 2 q 2
2

This equation is of the form z px qy f p, q (clairauts type)

the complete integral is z ax by a 2 b 2 .

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Problem 8 Solve p 1 q qz .
Solution:
p 1 q qz

- (1)

This equation is of the form f z , p, q 0

z f x ay be the solution

x ay u

z f u

dz
adz
q
du
du
(1) reduces to
dz
dz
dz
z
1 a a
du
du
du
dz
1 a
az
du
dz
a
az 1
du
dz
1
z
du
a
dz
du
1
z
a
1

Integrating log z u b
a

i.e., log z x ay b is the complete solution.

a

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Problem 9 Solve the equation p tan x q tan y tan z .
Solution:
Given p tan x q tan y tan z
This equation is of the form Pp Qq R
When P = tan x
Q = tan y
R = tan z
The subsidiary equations are
dx dy dz

P Q R
dx
dy
dz
i.e.,

tan x tan y tan z

Considering the first two,
dx
dy

tan x tan y
Sign,

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cot xdx cot ydy
log sin x log sin y log a
sin x
log
log a
sin y
sin x
a
sin y
sin x
i.e., a
sin y
Take,
dy
dz

tan y tan z
dy
dz
tan y tan z

cot ydy cot zdz

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log sin y log sin z log b

sin y
log
log b
sin z
sin y
b
sin z

sin x sin y
Hence the general solution is
,
0
sin y sin z

Problem 10 Solve D 3DD 2 D Z 0 .

3

Solution:
Substituting D = m, & D1 = 1
The Auxiliary equation is m3 - 3m + 2 = 0
m = 1, 1, -2
Complimentary function is 1 y x x2 y x 3 y 2 x
i.e., Z 1 y 1 x2 y x 3 y 2 x

2 z
2 z
2 z
Problem 11 Find the general solution of 4 2 12
9 2 0.
x
xy
y
Solution:
4D 2 12 DD1 9D12 Z 0
The auxiliary equation is 4m 2 12m 9 0
4m2 6m 6m +9 = 0
2m (2m 3) 3 (2m 3) = 0

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(2m 3)2 = 0
3
m=
(twice)
2
3
3

C.F. = 1 y x x2 y x
2
2

the General solution is Z = C.F. + P.I

3
3

z 1 y x x2 y x
2
2

Problem 12 Solve D DD D D D
3

z 0.

Solution:
The Auxiliary equation is
m3 m 2 m 1 0

m2 m 1 m 1 0

1 m 1 0

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i.e. m 1, i, i
The general solution is Z 1 y x 2 y ix 3 y ix

Problem 13 Find the particular integral of D D D DD D

3

z e

cos 2 y .

Solution:

P.I.

e x cos 2 y

D D D DD D
cos 2 y
ex
3
2
D 1 D 1 D D 1 D2 D3
3

e x R.P. of

e 2iy
3
2
D 1 D 1 D D 1 D2 D3

e2iy
1 2i 4 8i
x
e
1 2i

R.P. of
cos 2 y i sin 2 y
5
1 2i 1 2i
e x R.P. of

P.I.

1 1
e x . cos 2 y 2sin 2 y
5 5
ex
cos 2 y 2sin 2 y
25

Problem 14 Solve D DD D 1 z 0 .
2

Solution:
6

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D

DD D 1 0

D 1 D D ' 1 0
This is of the form

D m D

1 D m2 D1 2 0

m1 0,1 1, m2 1, 2 1

C.F. is Z e1 x f1 y m1 x e 2 x f 2 y m2 x
Z e x f1 y e x f 2 y x

Problem 15 Solve D D 1 D D 2 z e

2 x y

Solution:
This is of the form
D m1D C1 D m2 D C2 .... D mn D Cn Z 0
Hence m1 1 c1 1 m2 1 c2 1 c2 2

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Hence the C.F. is z e x1 y x e 2 x2 y x
P.I.

e2 x y
D D 1 D D 2

e2 x y

2 1 1 2 1 2
1
e2 x y
2

1
Hence, the complete solution is Z e x1 y x e 2 x2 y x e 2 x y
2

PART B

Problem 16
a. From

the

partial

differential

from z f y x y z .

Solution:

equation

by

eliminating

f and

z f y x y z

- (1)
Differentiating partially with respect to x and y, we get
- (2)
P x y z 1 p
q f ' y ' x y z 1 q
r ' x y z .r " x y z 1 p

- (3)
2

- (4)

s ' x y z .s " x y z 1 p 1 q
t f " y ' x y z t '' x y z 1 q

- (5)
2

- (6)

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From (4) r 1 ' x y z 1 p " x y z
2

From (5) s 1 ' x y z 1 p 1 q " x y z

Dividing (7) & (8) we get
r 1 p

s 1 q

- (7)
- (8)

1 q r 1 p s

b. Solve D 2 DD z e
2

2x

x3 y .

Solution:
Auxiliary Equation is given by m 2 2m 0
i.e., m (m 2) =0
m = 0, m = 2
C.F. = f1 y f 2 y 2 x

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PI1

1
e2 x
D 2 DD
2

e2 x
(Replace D by 2 and D by 0)
4
1
2
x3 y

D 2DD

PI 2

1 2 D 3
1
x y
D2
D
1 2 D

2 1
...... x3 y
D
D

1 3
2 x3
x
y

D2
D

x5
x6
y 2.
20
4.5.6
5
6
x
x

y
20
60
The complete solution is
Z C.F . PI1 PI 2

Z f1 y f 2 y 2 x

e2 x x5 y x 6

4
20 20

Problem 17
a. Find the complete integral of p q x y .
Solution:

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The given equation does not contain z explicitly and is variable separable.
That is the equation can be rewritten as p x = y q =a, say
- (!)
p a x and q y a
Now
dz = pdx + qdy
dz a x dx y a dy (2)
Integrating both sides with respect to he concerned variables, we get

a x
z

y a

- (3)
b
2
2
when a and b are arbitrary constants.

b. Solve y p xyq x z 2 y .
2

Solution:
This is a Lagranges linear equation of the form Pp Qq R
The subsidiary equations are
dx dy dz

P Q R
dx dy
dz

2
y
xy x z 2 y
Taking I & II ratios
dx dy

y 2 xy
xdx ydy
Integrating,
x2 y2

C
2
2
x 2 y 2 2c c1
dy
dz
Taking II & III ratios

xy x z 2 y

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Z 2 y dy ydz
ydz zdy 2 ydy

d yz 2 ydy
Integrating,

yz y 2 c2
yz y 2 c2

the solution is x 2 y 2 , yz y 2 0
Problem 18
a. Find

the

singular

integral

of

the

partial

differential

equation

z px qy p q .
2

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Solution:
The given equation z px qy p 2 q 2 is a clairauts type equation.
Hence the complete solution is z ax by a 2 b 2
To get singular Solution :
Differentiate (1) w.r.t. a and b
0 = x + 2a
- (2)
0 = y 2b
- (3)
x
y
a
and b
2
2
Substituting in (1),
x2 y 2 x2 y 2
z

2
2
4
2
2
2 x 2 y x 2 y 2
z
4
2
2
4 z y x is the singular solution.

-(1)

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b. Solve D 4 DD 5 D
2

z 3e

2 x y

sin x 2 y .

Solution:
The Auxiliary equation,
m 2 4m 5 0

m 2 5m m 5 0

m m 5 m 5 0

m 1 m 5 0

m 1, 5
C.F. = f y x g y 5 x

PI1

1
3e 2 x y
D 4 DD 5 D2
3e 2 x y

4 85
3 2 x y

e
9
1
e2 x y
3

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1
sin x 2 y
D 4 DD 5 D2
1

sin x 2 y
1 4 2 5 4

PI 2

1
sin x 2 y
1 8 20
1
sin x 2 y
27
the complete solution is Z CF PI1 PI 2
1
1
i.e. Z f y x g y 5 x e 2 x y sin x 2 y
3
27

Problem 19

a. Find the general solution of 3 z 4 y p 4 x 2 z q 2 y 3 x .

Solution:
This is a Lagranges linear equation of the form Pp Qq R .
dx dy dz
The subsidiary equations are

P Q R
dx
dy
dz
- (1)

3z 4 y 4 x 2 z 2 y 3x
Use Lagrangian multipliers x, y, z we get each ratio is
1
d x2 y2 z 2
xdx ydy zdz
2
3 xz 4 xy 4 xy 2 yz 2 yz 3 xz
0

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Hence d x 2 y 2 z 2 0

Integrating both the sides,

x 2 y 2 z 2 C1 - (2)
using multipliers 2, 3, 4 each of equation (1) is
2dx 3dy 4dz

6 z 8 y 12 x 6 z 8 y 12 x
2dx 3dy 4dz

0
2dx 3dy 4dz 0
Hence 2 x 3 y 4 z C2
- (3)

the General solution is x 2 y 2 z 2 , 2 x 3 y 4 z 0

b. Solve D 2 DD D 3D 3D 2 z e
2

3x

2e 2 y .
2

Solution:

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D

2 DD D2 3D 3D 2 z D D ' 2 D D ' 1 z

D D ' 2 D D ' 1 z e 6 x 4e3 x 2 y 4e 4 y

m1 1,1 2, m2 1, 2 1
C.F. e2 x f y x e x f y x
PI1

PI 2

D D 2 D D 1
1

6 0 2 6 0 1

e6 x

e6 x

1 6x
e
20
1

D D 2 D D 1

4e3 x 2 y

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3 2 2 3 2 1

e3 x 2 y

4 3 x2 y

e
3 4
1
e3 x 2 y
3

PI 3

D D 2 D D 1

4e 4 y

4 e 4 y
0 4 2 0 4 1
4

2 3

e 4 y

2 4 y
e
3
the general solution

Z e2 x f y x ex f y x

1 6 x 1 3 x 2 y 2 4 y
e e
e
20
3
3

Problem 20
a. Form the differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary function f and

g in z f x y g x y
Solution:

z f x y g x y

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Let u x y
v x y
Z f u .g v
- (1)
Differentiating partially with respect to x and y, we get
p f u .g ' v f ' u .g v
- (2)

q f u g ' v 1 f ' u g v

- (3)

r f u g " v 2 f ' u g ' v f " u .g v

- (4)

s f u g " v 1 f " u .g v

- (5)

t f u g " v 2 f ' u g ' v f " u g v

Subtracting (4) from (6) , we get
r t 4 f u .g v
From (2) & (3), we get
p 2 q 2 4 f u . g v . f ' u .g ' v
= Z (r t) from (1) & (7)

- (6)
- (7)

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2 z 2 z z z
i.e., z 2 2
x y x y
2

b. Solve the equation pq p q z px qy pq .

Solution:

pq
- (1)
pq p q
we identify it as a clairauts type equation. Hence its complete solution is
ab
- (2)
Z ax by
ab a b
The general solution of (1) is found out as usual from (2).
Let us now find the singular solution of (1).
Differentiating (2) partially with respect to a and then b, we get
ab a b b ab b 1
0 x
2
ab a b

Rewriting the given equation as Z px qy

i.e., 0 x

b2

ab a b

and similarly
a2
0 y
2
ab a b
From (3) & (4), we get

- (3)

- (4)

a2 y
a
b

k , say
or
2
b
x
y
x

a k y and b k x
Using there values in (3) we get

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x0
k x k xy k y k x x
i.e., k xy x y 1
k 2 x k 2 xy k y k x
2

1 x y
xy

Hence a

1 x y

and b

1 x y
y

Also
ab
1
1

ab a b 1 1 1
y
x
1

b a
1 x y 1 x y
1 x y
Using these values in (2), the singular solution of (1) is

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z x 1 x y y 1 x y 1 x y

z 1 x y

Problem 21
a. Form

the

partial

differential

equation

by

eliminating

f from f x y z , z 2 xy 0 .

Solution:

f x 2 y 2 z 2 , z 2 2 xy 0

Let u x 2 y 2 z 2 and v z 2 2 xy then

the given equation is f u , v 0 - (1)

Differentiating (1) partially w.r.t. x and y respectively
f u f v
f u f v
we get
.
0 and
. . 0
u x v x
u y v y
f
f
- (4)
2 x 2 zp 2 zp 2 y 0
u
v
f
f
2 y 2 zq + 2zq-2x 0 -(5)
u
v
from (4) and (5)
x zp zp y
we get
0
y zq zq x

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x zp zq x y zq zp y
zqx x 2 z 2 pq xzp zpy y 2 z 2 pq zqy
zp x y zq x y x 2 y 2
zp x y zq x y x y x y
zp zq x y
zp zq y x
z p q y x

b. Solve the equation p 1 q

q 1 z .

Solution:
The given equation is of the from f z , p, q 0
P 1 q 2 q p z

- (1)

Let z f x ay be the solution of (1)

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If x ay u

If

dz
du
(1) reduces as
p

then

z f u

and

z
2 dz
1 a
u
du

adz
du

adz
1 z

du
2

dz
2 dz
i.e.,
1

a az 0
du
du

dz
As z is not a constant,
0
du
2

dz
1 a a az 0
du
2

dz
i.e., a az 1 a
du
dz
- (3)
a
az 1 a
du
solving (3), we get
dz
a
du
az 1 a
2

2 az 1 a u b
2 az 1 a x ay b
4 az 1 a x ay b

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which is the complete solution of (1)
Problem 22
a. Solve the equation p q z
2

y2 .

Solution:
The given equation dues not belong to any of the standard types.
It can be rewritten as z 1 p z 1q x 2 y 2
2

- (1)

As the Equation (1) contains z 1 p and z 1q we make the substitution Z = log z

z -1p=P and z -1q Q
Using there values in (1), it becomes
P2 Q2 x2 y 2
(2)
As Eq. (2) dues not contain Z explicitly, we rewrite it as
P 2 x 2 y 2 Q 2 a 2 , say (3)
From (3)
P 2 a 2 x 2 and Q 2 y 2 a 2

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P a 2 x 2 and Q y 2 a 2

dz Pdx Qdy

dz a 2 x 2 dx y 2 a 2 dy
Integrating, we get
x 2
a2
a2
x y
y
Z
x a 2 sin h 1
y 2 a 2 cos h 1 b
2
2
2
a 2
a
the complete solution of (1) is
x 2
a2
y
a2
y
2
1 x
2
2
log z
x a sin h
y a cos h 1 b
2
2
2
a a
a
where a and b are arbitrary constants.
Singular solution does not exist and the General solution is found out as usual.

b. Solve the equation D D

2

z sin 2 x sin 3 y 2sin x y .

2

Solution:
The auxiliary equation is m2 + 1 = 0
i.e., m i
C.F. = f y ix g y ix

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1
sin 2 x sin 3 y
D D '2
1
1
2
. cos 2 x 3 y cos 2 x 3 y
2
D D' 2
1 1
1

cos 2 x 3 y
cos 2 x 3 y
2 4 9
4 9

1 1
. cos 2 x 3 y cos 2 x 3 y
13 2
1
sin 2 x sin 3 y
13
1
PI 2
2
2sin 2 x y
D D '2
1
2
1 cos 2 x 2 y
D D '2
1
1
2
1 2
cos 2 x 2 y
2
D D'
D D '2
1
1
2
e0 x
cos 2 x 2 y
2
D D'
4 4
x2 1
cos 2 x 2 y
2 8
The complete solution is Z C.F . PI1 PI 2

PI1

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i.e., Z f y i x g y i x

1
x2 1
sin 2 x sin 3 y cos 2 x 2 y
13
2 8

Problem 23

a. Solve

p q 1.

Solution:
This is of the form f p, q 0 .

The complete integral is given by z ax by c where

a b 1

b 1 a

b 1 a

The complete solution is z ax 1 a

yc

- (1)

Differentiating partially w.r.t. c we get 0 = 1 (absurd)

There is no singular integral
Taking c f a where f is arbitrary,

z ax 1 a

y f a

- (2)

Differentiating partially w.r.t a, we get

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1
0 x 2 1 a
y f ' a - (3)
2 a
Eliminating a between (2) & (3) we get the general solution.

b. Solve x yz p y zx q z xy .
2

Solution:
This is a Lagranges linear equation of the form Pp Qq R
dx
dy
dz
The subsidiary equations are 2
- (1)
2
2
x yz y zx z xy
dx dy
dy dz
dx dz
2
2
2
2
2
x yz y zx y zx z xy x yz z 2 xy
i.e.,

d x y

z x y

d y z
d x z
2 2
2
y z x y z x z y 1 z
2

i.e.,

d x y
d y z
d x z

x y x y z y z x y z x z x y z

i.e.,

d x y d y z d x z

yz
xz
x y

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- (2)

- (3)

Taking the first two ratios, and integrating log x y log y z log a

x y
- (4)
a
yz
Similarly taking the last two ratios of (3) we get,
yz
- (5)

b
xz
x y
yz
x y
xz
But
and
are not independent solutions for
1 gives
yz
xz
yz
yz
which is the reciprocal of the second solution.
Therefore solution given by (4) and (5) are not independent. Hence we have to
search for another independent solution.
xdx ydy zdz
Using multipliers x, y, z in equation (1) each ratio is 3
x y 3 z 3 3 xyz
dx dy dz
Using multipliers 1, 1, 1 each ratio is 2
2
x y z 2 xy yz zx
xdx ydy zdz
dx dy dz
2
3
3
3
2
x y z 3xyz x y z 2 xy yz zx
1
d x2 y 2 z 2
d x y z
2

2
2
x y z x 2 y 2 z 2 xy yz zx x y z 2 xy yz zx

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Hence

1
d x2 y2 z 2 x y z d x y z
2

x y z k
1 2
x y2 z2

2
2
2
2
2
2
x y z x y z 2k
2

Integrating

x 2 y 2 z 2 x 2 y 2 z 2 2 xy 2 yz 2 zx 2k
i.e., xy yz zx b

x y
the general solution is xy yz zx,
0
yz

Problem 24
a. Solve yp 2 xy log q .
Solution:
yp 2 xy log q

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yp 2 xy log q

p 2 x y log q

log q
a ( say )
y
1
p 2 x a and log q a
y
p 2 x a,
log q ay
p 2x

- (1)

q eay
Now dz pdx qdy

dz 2 x a dx e ay dy
- (2)
Integrating (2), we get
1
- (3)
z x 2 ax e ay b
a
Where a and b are arbitrary constant.
Equation (3) is the complete solution of the given equation.
Differentiating (3) partially w.r.t b we get 0 = 1 (absurd)
There is no singular integral.
Put b a in (3)
e ay
- (4)
a
a
Differentiating partially w.r.t a we get
z x 2 ax

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1 ay
1
e y e ay 2 ' a

a
a
y
1
0 x eay 2 eay ' a
-(5)
a
a
Eliminating a between (4) & (5) we obtain the general solution.
0 0 x

b. Solve 2 x p yzq 3 z 0 .
Solution:
4

x 2 p yq
Rewriting this equation, we get 2
3 0

z
z
This is an equation of the form f x m z k p, y n z k q 0 may be transformed into

the

standard

type

f P, Q 0

by

putting

X x1 m , Y y1 n

and

Z z k 1 , whereK 1
(or) X log x
Y log y
Z log z if m 1, n 1 and k 1
Here m 2 n 1
Hence X x 1
Y log y and Z log z

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Z Z z x 1
px 2
P

p x2
X z x X z
z
Z Z z y 1
y
Q

q. y q
Y z y Y Z
Z

the equation becomes, 2 P 2 Q 3 0

This is of the form f P, Q 0

Hence the complete integral is Z aX bY c

Where
2a 2 b 3 0

b 2a 2 3
the complete solution is Z aX bY c
a
i.e., log z 2a 2 3 log y c - (1)
x
Differentiating equation (1) partially w.r.t to c
We get 0 = 1 (absurd)
Singular integral does not exist.
Taking C = f (a) where f is arbitrary
a
log z 2a 2 3 log y f a - (2)
x
Differentiating partially w.r.t a we get
1
- (3)
0 4a log y f ' a
x
Eliminating a between (2) & (3) we get the general solution.

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Problem 25

a. Find the complete solution of x pz y qz 1 .

2

Solution:

x pz y qz
2

- (1)

This equation is of the form f z p, z k q 0

k

If k 1 and Z z k 1
Hence put Z = z2
Z Z z
P

. 2 zp
x z x
p
Pz
2
Z Z z
Q

. 2 zq
y z y
Q
qz
2
Substituting there results in (1)

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2

P
Q

x y 1
2
2

This is a separable equation

2

P
Q

2
x 1 y a
2
2

dZ Pdx Qdy

dZ 2 a x dx 2 1 a 2 y dy

Integrating,

y2
2
Z a x 2 1 a 2 y dy
2

Z 2 a x 2 1 a2 y y2 b
is the complete solution.
2

b. Solve z 2 yz y
Solution:

p xy zx q xy zx .

This is a Lagranges linear equation of the form Pp Qq R

dx
dy
dz
The subsidiary equations are 2

2
z 2 yz y
xy zx xy zx
xdx ydy zdz
Taking x, y, z as multipliers, we have each fraction
0
xdx ydy zdz 0
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x2 y2 z 2

c
2
2
2
2
2
2
i.e., x y z C1
- (1)

Integrating

Again, taking the last two members, we have

dy
dz

x y z x y z

dy
dz

yz yz
y z dy y z dz

i.e.,

ydy zdy ydz zdz

ydy zdy ydz zdz 0
ydy d yz zdz 0 z
Integrating we get y 2 2 yz z 2 C2
From (1) & (2) the general solution is
x 2 y 2 z 2 , y 2 2 yz z 2 0

- (2)

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Problem 26

a. Solve the equation 9 pqz 4 1 z

4

Solution:

9 pqz 4 4 1 z 3

- (1)

The given equation is of the form f z , p, q 0

Let z f x ay be the solution of (1)
If x ay u then z f u

dz
dz
and q a
du
du
Substituting the values of p & q in (1), we get
P

dz
9a z 4 4 1 z 3
du
dz
3 az 2
2 1 z3
du
a 3z 2 dz
du
2 1 z3
Integrating we get
a 3z 2
2 1 z 3 dz du
Put 1 + z3 = t2
3z 2 dz 2tdt

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a 2tdt
du
2 t
a dt du

a t u b
i.e,

a 1 z 3 x ay b

a 1 z 3 x ay b

- (2)

The singular solution is found as usual

Put
b a

a 1 z 3 x ay a

- (3)

Differential w.r.t. a
1 z 3 2 x ay a y a

- (4)

The elimination of a between (3) & (4) gives the General solution.

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b. Solve D 3DD 2 D
2

z 2 4xe

x2 y

Solution:

The Auxiliary equation is

m2 3m 2 0

m 1 m 2 0

m 1, 2
C.F. 1 y x 2 y 2 x

P.I .

e x2 y 2 4 x
2
D 3DD ' 2 D '2
ex2 y 2 4 x

D 2 D ' D D '

Re placeD D 1, D ' D ' 2

ie., D D a, D ' D ' b

2 4x
D 1 2 D ' 2 D 1 D ' 2
2 4x
ex2 y
D 2 D ' 3 D D ' 1
2 4x
ex2 y
ex2 y

D 2D '
3 1
1 D D '
3

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1

1
1
D 2D '
e x 2 y 1
1

D
'

2 4x

3
3

1
D 2D '

e x 2 y 1
... 1 D D ' ... 2 4 x
3
3

1
4 D 5D ' ...
e x 2 y 1
2 4 x
3
3

1
1

e x 2 y 2 4 x 16
3
3

1
2
22

e x 2 y 4 x e x 2 y 11 6 x
3
9
3

Hence the general solution is

Z C.F . P.I .
2
Z 1 y x 2 y 2 x e x 2 y 11 6 x
9

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Problem 27
2 4
2
2
a. Solve p x y zq 2 z .
Solution:

This can be written as Px 2 qy 2 z 2 z 2

2

- (1)

Which is of the form f x m p, y n q, z 0

Where m = 2, n= 2
1
1
put X x1 m ; y y1n
x
y
Z Z x
P

.
p x 2 px 2
X x X
Z Z y
Q

.
q y 2 qy 2
Y y X

Substituting in (1) the given equation reduces to P 2 Qz 2 z 2

This is of the form f p, q, z 0
Let Z f X aY where u = X + aY

dz
adz
,Q
du
du
Equation becomes,
P

dz
dz
2
az 2 z 0
du
du


dz
Solving for
,we get
du
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dz az a 2 z 2 8 z 2

du
2
dz a a 2 8

du
z
2
a a2 8
u b
2
a a2 8
log z
X ay b

log z

a a2 8 1 a
log z
b

x y
2

is the complete solution.

The singular and general integrals are found out as usual.

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b. Find the general solution of y z p z x q x y .

Solution:

This is a Lagranges linear equation of the form Pp Qq R .

dx
dy
dz
The auxiliary equations are

yz zx x y
dx dy dz dx dy dy dz
each is equal to

- (1)
2 x y z
yx
zy
Taking the first two ratios,
d x y z d x y

2 x y z
x y
Integrating,
1
log x y z log x y log c
2

log x y z log x y log k

2

x y z k x y

i.e., x y z x y k
- (2)
Taking the last two ratios of equation (1),
d x y d y z

x y
yz
Integrating, log x y log y z log b
2

x y
b
yz

- (3)

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2 x y
Hence the general solution is f x y z x y ,
0
yz

Problem 28
a. Find the equation of the cone satisfying px qy z and passing through the
circle x y z 4, x y z 2 .
Solution:
dx dy dz
The auxiliary equations are

x
y
z
Taking the first two ratios,
log x = log y + log a
x
a
- (1)
y
Taking the second and third ratios,
log y = log z + log b
y
- (2)
b
z
x y
the general solution is , 0 - (3)
y z
We have to find that function satisfying (3) and
also x2+ y2 + z2 = 4
- (4)
and x + y + z = 2
- (5)
Hence, we will eliminate x, y, z from (1),(2),(4),(5)
From (2) y = bz
From (1) x = ay
x =abz
using the value of x & y in (4) & (5)
a 2b 2 z 2 b 2 z 2 z 2 4
- (6)
z 2 a 2b 2 b 2 1 4
2

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Also abz + bz + z = 2
- (7)
1 b ab z 2
Eliminating z between (6) & (7)
Squaring (7)

1 b ab

z2 4

- (8)

From (6) & (8),

1 b 2 a 2b 2 1 b ab 1 b 2 a 2b 2 2b 2ab 2ab 2
Simplifying b + ab2 + ab = 0
1 ab a 0
2

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Using a

x
y
, b in (9)
y
z

xy x
0
yz y
x x
1 0
z y
i.e., yz xy xz 0 is the required surface.
1

b. Solve D 2 DD 6 D2 z y cos y .
Solution:

The Auxiliary equation is m2 + m 6 = 0

m = 2, 3
C.F. = 1 y 2 x 2 y 3 x

P.I .

y cos x
D DD ' 6 D2
1
y cos x

D 2 D ' D 3D '

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2

1
a 3 x cos xdx where a 3 x y

D 2 D '

1
a 3 x sin x 3 sin xdx where a 3 x y

D 2 D '

1
y sin x 3cos x
D 2 D '

a 2 x sin x 3cos x dx where a 2 x y

a 2 x cos x 2 sin x 3sin x where a 2 x y

P.I . y cos x sin x

Z 1 y 2 x 2 y 3 x sin x y cos x

Problem 29
2
2
2
2
a. Solve the equation pz sin x qz cos y 1 .
Solution:
The given equation contains (z2p) and (z2q).
Therefore we make the substitution Z = z3
Z
P
3 z 2 p and Q=3z 2 q
x
Using there values in the given equation, it becomes
P 2
Q
sin x cos 2 y 1
3
3

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Equation 1 does not contain Z explicitly.
P
Q
Rewriting (1), we have sin 2 x 1 cos 2 y a , say - (2)
3
3
2
From (2), P 3a cos ec x and Q 3 1 a sec 2 y
Now dZ = Pdx + Qdy
= 3a cosec2xdx + 3 (1 a) sec2y dy
- (3)
Integrating (3),
Z 3a cot x 3 1 a tan y b
z 3 3a cot x 3 1 a tan y b (4)
is the complete solution.
Singular solution does not exist.
put b a in (4)
z 3 3a cot x 3 1 a tan y a
- (5)
Differentiating (5) w.r.t. to a we get
0 3cot x 3 tan y ' a
- (6)
Eliminating a between (5) & (6) we get the required solution.

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b. Solve the equation D 2 DD D

Solution:

z x y e
2

2 x y

The Auxiliary equation is m2 - 2m + 1 = 0

(m 1)2 = 0
m = 1 twice
C.F . 1 y x x2 y x
P.I .

1
e x y x 2 y 2
2
D 2DD D
2

D D

ex y
ex y
e

x y

ex y

e x y x2 y 2
1

D 1 D 1
1
x2 y2
2
D D
1 D
1
D2
D

x2 y2

x y
2

1 2 D 3D '2 2 2
2 x y
1
D2
D
D

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3
2 2 2
2
2
x y D 2 x y D 2 2 x
1
1
1

e x y y 2 2 x 2 4 y 3 x 2 6 4 x 2
D
D
D

1
1
1

P.I .
x 4 y 2 x5 y x 6 e x y
15
60
12
Z
C.F P.I
e x y

1
D2

1
1
1
1 y x x2 y x x 4 y 2 x 5 y x 6 e x y
15
60
12
Problem 30
a. Solve the equation mz ny p nx lz q ly mx .

Hence write down the

solution of the equation 2 z y p x z q 2 x y 0 .

Solution:
The equation

mz ny p nx lz q ly mx

is a Lagranges linear equation of the

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form Pp Qq R .

dx
dy
dz

- (1)
mz ny nx lz ly mx
ldx mdy ndz
Using l, m, n as a set of multipliers, the ratio in (1)
0
i.e., ldx mdy ndz 0
Integrating we get lx my nz a
xdx ydy zdz
Choosing x, y, z as another set of multipliers, the ratio in (1)
0
2
2
2
Integrating we get x y z b
The Subsidiary equations are

the general solution of the given equation is f lx my nz , x 2 y 2 z 2 0

comparing the equation 2 z y p x z q 2 x y......... 2

With the pervious equation 1, we get l 1, m 2,
Therefore the solution of equation (2) is
f x 2 y z, x 2 y 2 z 2 0

Solution: D

n 1

3D 3D z xy 7

b. Solve D D 3D 3D z xy 7 .
2

D 2

D D D D 3 z xy 7

Here m1 1

c1 0
m2 1
C.F y x e3x y x

c2 3

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P.I

xy 7
D D D D 3

1
xy 7
D D
D D
1 3 1

D
3

1 D D D
1 1

3D
D
3

1 D D 2

1 2 ...

3D D D

xy 7

2
D D 1

1 3 9 D D ... xy 7

D D D 2 2 DD DD 1

... xy 7
9
9
3D
3 3

1 1 1 2 D D D D 4 DD

xy 7
3 D 3 3D 2 3 D 2
27

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1 x 2
xy 67 x 2 x x3 y
y

7
x

3 2
3 27 3 3 6 9
1 x 2 y xy
x 2 x y x3 67

7x
3 2
3
3 3 9 6 27
Hence the general solution is
1 x 2 y xy
x 2 x y x 3 67
z y x e3 x f y x
7x .
3 2
3
3 3 9 6 27

30