Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Relations
8 December
2009
⋆International cooperation
League of Nations
Principles: Self-determination
Open diplomacy
New machinery: Permanent body
Mandates
United States, Soviet Union and Germany did not join in 1919
US: isolationism
SU: communism
Germany: lost WWI
International “invention”:
Manchuria conflict – Japanese invasion of China (1931)
Italy invasion of Ethiopia (1935)
League of Nations condemned the invasions, but took no
effective action
Resignation of members:
Japan left the organization in 1933, Italy in 1937
Germany (who became a member in 1926) withdrawed in 1933
Soviet Union (member since 1934) was expelled in 1939
United Nations
1945: Atlantic Charter signed in San Francisco by 51 member states
New machinery: Security Council with veto power for the 5
General Assembly
Issues in AC: Access to raw materials for all members
Abandonment of use of force
Disarmament of powerful nations
International cooperation
International intervention:
Mediation by Secretary-General
Peacekeeping missions (began with Suez Crisis)
✔ Korean War (1950-1953) (condemded attack by North Korea, but only
because the SU was temporarily expelled)
✔ Gulf War (1990-1991)
Encouraged by US to take measures
Show the world how the UN could
function, how it was successfully
structured
Dissolution of Yugoslavia:
1989: Yugoslavia
1991: Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia separated
1992: Bosnia-Herzegovina separated
1995: War in Bosnia ends
1999: Kosovo crisis
2006: Montenegro separated
2008: Kosovo declared independence
War in Bosnia
• Mediation and sanctions
• Peacekeeping missions in Croatia and Bosnia
➢ Lightly armed, not allowed to intervene on
their own, unless they were shot at
• American pressure ( Dayton agreement in
1996, supervision by UN, NATO and EU missions)
Kosovo crisis
• Separatism of Albanians
• ‘Ethnic cleansing’ by Serbia ( NATO
intervention in 1999, causing the resignation of
Milosovic)
• Kosovo became a UN protectorate, with NATO
and EU peacekeeping missions
• Proclaimed itself independent in 2008
A new role for the EU?
Pressure to develop a common foreign and defense policy in the 1990s
European integration
Earlier attempts: Benelux customs union (only 3 members)
Office for European Economic Cooperation
✔ planning Marshall aid
Council of Europe
✔ Humanitarian issues
✔ Cultural issues
✔ Social issues