CS341: Introduction to LAN & WAN

Introduction
Different Networks
LAN
MAN
WAN
Internetwork
Networking Devices
WAN technologies

Dedicated
circuit switched
packet switched
narrowband - Analog modem, ISDN
broadband - DSL, Cable modem, SONET

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CS341: Introduction to LAN & WAN

Networks Categories

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CS341: Introduction to LAN & WAN

Local Area Networks

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CS341: Introduction to LAN & WAN

Local Area Networks (II)

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CS341: Introduction to LAN & WAN

Metropolitan Area Network

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CS341: Introduction to LAN & WAN

Wide Area Networks

Connect devices separated by
wide geographical areas
Use Carriers.
They use serial connections of
various types to access
bandwidth over large
geographic
Operate at the Physical and
Data Link layers (Layers 1 &
2).

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CS341: Introduction to LAN & WAN

Internetwork

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CS341: Introduction to LAN & WAN

WAN Technologies
WAN Technologies Overview
Dedicated
T1, E1, T3, E3
xDSL
SONET

Switched

Circuit
Switched
POTS
ISDN
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Analog
Dial-up modems
Cable modems
Wireless

Packet
Switched
X.25
Frame
Relay
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CS341: Introduction to LAN & WAN

Networking Devices

Routers
offer many services, including internetworking and WAN interface ports

Switches
provide connectivity for voice, data, and video communication

Modems
Interface with voice-grade connection to convert analog signal to digital.
Also called CSU/DSUs (channel service units/digital service units) in data
service networks

Represents the DCE side of the DTE/DCE connection

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CS341: Introduction to LAN & WAN

Circuit Switched: POTS

Plain Old Telephone System (POTS)
also known as Public Switch Telephone Network (PSTN)
an important component of our communication infrastructure

It is still the standard for designing reliable networks

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CS341: Introduction to LAN & WAN

Circuit Switched: POTS

Fixed Time Division Multiplex is used in POT network for users to
share transmission line in a rigid manner.

Each user may access the transmission line one by one, in different
time period. Each user is assigned a channel (sometime referred
as time slot) for him to transmit his data.
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) is used to convert analogue voice
signal into digital form. PCM takes place at the telephone exchange
centers (or CO) where subscriber lines terminate.

Designed to carry analog information: voice

Can be used to carry digital data: require analog modem for
conversions

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CS341: Introduction to LAN & WAN

Analog data Services

Dial-up Modems (switched analog)
Standard that can provides 56 kbps download speed and 33.6 kbps
upload speed.

With the download path, there is a

digital-to-analogue conversion at
the client side.

With the upload path, there is a

analogue-to-digital conversion at
the client side.A-to-D conversion
introduces quantization error
making the overall s/n ratio lower.

Hence, the upload path can not

support a data rate as high as the
download path
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CS341: Introduction to LAN & WAN

Circuit Switched Services

B
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
D
Historically important--first dial-up digital serviceB
Max. bandwidth = 128 kbps for BRI (Basic Rate Interface)
2 B channels @ 64kps and 1 D channel @ 16kps
B channels are voice/data channels; D for signaling

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CS341: Introduction to LAN & WAN

Packet Switched Services

X.25 (Connection-oriented)
Reliable--X.25 has been extensively debugged and is now very
stable--literally no errors in modern X.25 networks
Store & Forward--Since X.25 stores the whole frame to error check
it before forwarding it on to the destination, it has an inherent delay
(unlike Frame Relay) and requires large, expensive memory
buffering capabilities.
Frame Relay (Connectionless and/or Connection-oriented)
More efficient and much faster than X.25
Used mostly to forward LAN IP packets

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CS341: Introduction to LAN & WAN

WAN Data-Link
WAN data link protocols describe how frames are carried between
systems on a single data link.

They include protocols designed to operate over dedicated point-to-point,

multipoint, and multi-access switched services.

WAN standards are defined and managed by a number of recognized

authorities, including the following agencies: ITU-T, ISO, IETF, & EIA

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CS341: Introduction to LAN & WAN

WAN Data-Link Encapsulations

High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC)
Cisco default encapsulation; typically used between routers running
Cisco IOS
Streamlined: no windowing or flow control
may not be compatible with different vendors because of the way each
vendor has chosen to implement it.
HDLC supports both point-to-point and multipoint configurations
Frame Relay frame format
uses simplified framing with no error correction mechanisms
send Layer 2 information much more rapidly than other WAN protocols
PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol)
Developed by IETF; replacing SLIP
Contains a field to identify the network layer protocol
PPP can check for link quality during connection establishment
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CS341: Introduction to LAN & WAN

Digital Subscriber Lines

Digital Subscriber Lines (xDSL); the x stands for a family of technologies
The Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)
uses most of the bandwidth (up to 8 Mbps) for the downstream and
only a small bandwidth (up to 640 kbps) for the upstream
many Telcos have already installed high-speed digital wide-area
network.
The link between subscribers and network is still analog line from
plain old telephone service lines (POT).

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CS341: Introduction to LAN & WAN

Cable Modems (Shared Analog)

Cable TV provides residential premises with a coaxial cable that has a bandwidth

of 750MHz
The bandwidth is divided into 6 MHz band using FDM for each TV channel
A "Cable Modem" is a device that allows high-speed data access (Internet) via
cable TV network.
A cable modem will typically have two connections because a splitter delivers the
TV bands to TV set and the internet access bands to PC via a cable box
The splitter delivers the TV bands to TV set and the internet access bands to PC
via a cable box

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CS341: Introduction to LAN & WAN

Summary
LAN Basics
WAN Basics
Circuit Switch Network
POTS, PSTN, ISDN, leased line, majority of voice circuits, GSM
Packet Switch Network
X.25, FR, ATM, Ethernet, FastEthernet, ATM (cell switch)
WAN data link
Analog data service, ISDN, ADSL, Cable Model

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