Surface Water Treatment System

For downstream water treatment or distribution system for municipal applications, pre treatment is
necessary. While pretreatment it is must to ensure that water so treated becomes free from all sorts of
suspended solid, organics,colloidal matter, iron manganese etc. The common pretreatment process and
equipments that are generally used for surface water are:

• Micro-filtration
• Clarifiers (both solid contact clarifiers and inclined plate clarifiers)
• Filters
• Chlorination system
• Filters- Pressure and Gravity types
• Chemical feed system

For the better quality of water, various types of advanced membrane technologies like RO, NF
(nanofiltration) are used for surface water pretreatment in order to provide potable drinking water to the
locality. Similar techniques and equipments are used for pre treating municipal wastewater. Micro-
filtration system is considered as the most advanced technology for treating municipal water. The
municipal wastewater treatment follow the following sequence:

The conventional plants as compared to micro filtration occupies a small area thereby reducing required
space and also cost of installation. This type of process is easy to operate and their maintenance is
.easy and cost effective

Wastewater Treatment Plant

Wastewater is defined as water which carries wastes from homes, industries, businesses or any other
sources. It is usually a mixture of water and dissolved or suspended solids. Since water is becoming a
scarce commodity, hence it is imperative to evolve technologies which treat them efficiently so that they
can be reused. Treatment is also necessary because it helps in the reduction of physical, physiological,
radioactive,biological and chemical pollutants.

Types of Wastewater Treatment Plants

Depending on the nature of the wastewater to be treated, wastewater can be classified as:

• Sewage Treatment Plants

• Sludge Treatment Plant
• Industrial Wastewater Treatment
• Agricultural Wastewater Treatment Plant
• Radioactive Wastewater Treatment Plant

Effluent Treatment Method

Effluent treatment method consists of following process-Coagulation, Flocculation, Sedimentation,
Filtration, Chlorination, Softening. For the best results these process should be followed in sequence.
The water so treated can be used again for any industrial or other process. In some effluent plants
however, sedimentation/settling units are used for primary as well as for the secondary treatment of
solid liquid separation. These solids are present in colloidal forms which are are removed primary
sedimentation/ setting tanks of clarifier

Wastewater Treatment Methods

:Wasterwater is treated in following stages

Pre-Treatment
Pre-Treatment is a process which involves the passing of the effluent through the screen chambers to
remove large floating solid particles which are settled in the primary sedimentation tanks. In this process
apart from pre-chlorination, heavy suspended impurities are also removed

Water Treatment Plant

Primary Treatment
Primary treatment includes chlorination, sedimentation and sludge digestion. Sludge digestion takes
place in a sludge digester in which the organic or inorganic wastes and solids removed from
sedimentation are are subjected to anaerobic fermentation. Since inorganic suspended solids hinders
the performance of the biological oxidation of organic matter hence their removal is necessary. Removal
of organic suspended solids present in the effluents reduce the aeration tank volume requirement which
provides a primary clarification system prior to aerobic biological treatment process.

Secondary Treatment
In a secondary treatment process bio solids are separated from the water. Here soluble organic matter
is biologically oxidized in the presence or the absence of oxygen. The process mainly removes
dissolved organic matter and reduces biological oxygen demand. Whole process takes place in a
secondary treatment system. A good secondary system has surface overflow rate of 16-80 metre cube/
meter square of the clarification area per day.

Tertiary Treatment
Tertiary treatment is primarily used to recycle water for industrial reuse. It may be also use if the effluent
from a secondary treatment plant is not satisfactory. The process used in tertiary treatment system are
filtration, demineralization and the reverse osmosis process.
 Integrated Wastewater Treatment Plant in a Beach Area

Wastewater Treatment Equipments

Water go waste due to many reasons and thy must be treated before they are used. There are various
processes using which water treatment is carried out. Water,m using these processes are purified and
cleared of from harmful microorganism, minerals (both organic and inorganic) and suspended solids. Te
water is treated in such a way that the taste and the odor remained unaltered. Some of the equipments
that are used for treating water are:

• Water Filters
• Water Filtration System
• U.V. Water Treatment System
• Multiple Effect Evaporators
• Sequencing Batch Reactors (SBR)
• Disinfection Systems
• Water Generator
• Ozone Generator
• Oil Water Separators
• Water Conditioners
• Ion Exchange Resin
• Screening Equipment
• Grit Separators
• Water Clarifier/ Clarification
• Equipment for Biological treatment of Water
• Sludge Treatment Equipment
• Bio Gas Handling
• Ion Exchange Equipment

Water Treatment Process

Nearly 70% of the earth is covered with water but water available for human consumption is very less! In
fact some parts of the world are facing huge water crisis. In developing world especially, even the
available water is not safe for consumption. As per study millions of people across the world dies every
year due to water borne diseases. Consumption of water no doubt is necessary for sustaining life but
apart from this water is also used in various industries for manufacturing. For example in electronic and
pharmaceutical industry ultra pure water is required. In cooling towers and boiler feed too they are
required in large quantities. But as water is scarce commodity industries are trying to adopt new
technologies to recycle the water for reuse.

There are different types of processes that are adopted by the industries and governments across the
world to treat and produce water that is safe for consumption. The processes that are adopted are as
follows:

• Membrane Separation Process

• Distillation
• Membrane Distillation
• Carbon Adsorption
• Solar Desalination System
• Electrodialysis(Ion Exchange)
• Vacuum Freezing

Water Transportation System

Transportation or transfer of water from one destination to another is an important aspect of any
industry. Water in various forms like, raw water, treated water, sea water, wastewater, etc. need to be
handled for achieving the ultimate aim of processing and transporting water in the available form to the
desired form one destination to another. With the increasing water cost and the rising energy costs,
have caused industry to look at improving the efficiency of the entire water transfer system. Efficiency in
water transportation can be ensured by controlling the leakage in the pipes and also by controlling the
energy consumed by pumps.

In an industry water is used for various purposes. Water is treated and used in boilers for generating
steam or they are used in huge quantity in cooling towers. All plants also need water back up for fire
fighting. Machine washing and plant cleaning also requires lot of water. Hence for the above mentioned
and many other purposes it is must that water transportation and distribution system is designed on the
sound scientific principles.
Constituents of Water Transportation System
The major constituents of water transportation system are:

• Water Pumps
• Pipes
• Valves

Criteria for Selecting Water Distribution System

Proper water distribution system should be selected keeping in mind the following factors:

• Types of water to be transferred

• Temperature of water or fluid
• Rate of flow
• Extent of variation in flow and pressure
• Location of Plant
• Type of control that is whether it is fine or approximate

Water Pumps
Water pumps are fabricated for transferring water from one destination to another. Water pumps are
used for various applications. They are used not only to supply water for domestic purposes but also for
use in irrigation, land and mine drainage, sea water desalination, and condensate transport. There are
some of the pumps that are specifically designed foe wastewater treatment. Wastewater pumps for
example are specifically designed for treating wastewater like sewage, slurries etc.
Water pumps are categorized on the basis of their functions and the types of water they are dealing
with. On these basis water can be classified as:

Wastewater pumps
Wastewater like sewage, effluent, drainage and seepage is collected by using wastewater pumps.
Pumps use various techniques to transfer water. For example some of the pumps make the use of
centrifugal force to impart velocity to the water. Some of the pumps like positive displacement pumps
utilize gears, impellers or rollers helps in creating vacuum for drawing water. Some of the wastewater
:pumps that are commonly used are

Types Of Wastewater Pump Features

Agitator pumps resuspend the slurry in a fluid form by delivering
Agitator Pumps
them the kinetic energy that surrounds the pump intake.
Cantilever pumps are used for protecting the motor and seals from
the pumped media whereas the circulation pumps help in the
Cantilever and Circulation Pumps
circulation of the media throughout the distribution or process
system.
Dosing pumps are fabricated for injecting various chemical
Dosing Pumps additives into mixing or pumping systems. They are pumps that are
meant for the low-volume fluid with controllable discharge rates.
Grinder pumps Grinder pumps are meant for shredding the solids

Macerator pumps Sewage holding tank is emptied by using macerator pump.

Fluid or media with suspended solid is transfer through pipelines or
Progressive cavity pumps storage tank from the suction side of the pump to the discharge
side of the pump.

Hydraulic pumps
Hydraulic pumps impart high-pressure to the fluids. Mechanical energy is used for creating such a high
pressure. A hydraulic pump, when powered by pressurized fluid, can act as motor by rotating in a
reverse direction. On the basis of configuration, hydraulic pumps can be categorized as:

Pump Features
Axial Piston Pump Here fluid is pressurize by an axially-mounted piston to pressurize
fluid. The piston when comes in contact with the fluid pressurize it.
Piston is set to motion through the mechanical motion from the
pump's power source.
Radial piston pump In radial pump piston is installed radially about a central axis to
pressurize fluid. When the piston is powered it enter the the
chambers and pressurize fluid.
Internal and External gear pump Internal gears are used for pressurizing fluid in internal gear pump.
Internal gears when powered moves fluid through the pump outlet.
In external gear pump external gears pressurizes the fluid.
Vane Pump In a vane pump when the vane rotates, blades blades on the vane
push fluid out the pump's outlet. There can be one, two or more
pump stages.

Condensate Pumps
Condensate are transferred for the purpose of reheating by condensate pumps. These pumps are also
used for removing condensate from an HVAC or collection pan. Tanks, valves and other controls are
important components of the condensate pumps. The components are made of aluminum, brass,
bronze, cast iron, plastic, or stainless steel. There are two types of condensate pumps:

Types Features
Boiler feed pumps condensate back into the system for reuse by
Boiler feed pumps
closing the boiler, steam and condensate.
For removing unwanted build up of water, sump pumps are
Sump pumps
installed in compartments.

Screw pumps
Screw pumps are meant for transferring high or low viscosity fluids along an axis. They are rotary
displacement pumps that uses screws for transferring fluids. These pumps when used for treating
wastewater, will require, lower power drive as compared to untreated sewage or sludge or slurries.

Progressing cavity pumps

Progressing cavity pumps are engineered for transferring fluid consisting of suspended solids from the
suction side of the pump to the discharge side of the pump. This transfer takes place either from the
storage tanks or through the pipelines. This pump is suitable for higher flow applications. These pumps
are either single stage or multistage and use singular screw for handling fluids in a continuous flow.

Vertical Pumps
Vertical process pumps are those pumps that contains vertical shafts. These pumps can be used both
as a wet-pit pumps or dry pumps. The benefit these pumps is that the liquid level is above the impeller
and the pump is self priming. The shaft seal is above the level of the liquid thereby protecting it by
getting wet from the pumped liquid. This also simplifies the sealing task.

Multistage Centrifugal Pump

In multistage centrifugal pump all impeller are placed in a series. Here liquid passes from one impeller
stage to another and finally to the discharge unit. Some of the examples of these pumps are: Boiler feed
pump, deep well pumps, high pressure water supply pumps, etc.