Relations

1.
A relation connects elements in set A (domain) to elements in set B (codomain) according
to the definition of the relation.
2.
Relation can be represented in 3 forms:
a.
Ordered pair
b.
Arrow diagram
c.
Graph

Relation - Domain and Codomain

Domain and Codomain
1.
In the relation between one set and another, the first set is known as the domain and the
second set is known as the codomain.
2.
Elements in the domain is called objects, whereas elements in the codomain mapped to
the objects is called the image.
3.
Elements in the codomain not mapped to the objects are not the image.
4.
All images in codomain can be written as a set known as range.

Example:

Domain = {3, 4, 5}
Codomain = {7, 9, 12, 15}
Range = {9, 12, 15} [Note: 7 is not an image because it is not mapped to any object.
3 is the object of 9, 12 and 15.
4 is the object of 12.
5 is the object of 15.
9, 12 and 15 are the images of 3.
12 is the image of 4.
15 is the image of 5.

Types of Relation
a.
b.
c.
d.

One-to-one relation
Many-to-one relation
One-to-many relation
Many-to-many relation

Function - An Introduction

1.
A function is a relation in which every element in the domain has a unique image
(exactly one) in the codomain.
2.
One-to-one relation and many-to-one relation are examples of a special kind of relation
which we call function.

Notation of Function

As shown in figure above, for a function f:XY, each element x in the domain X has a unique
image y in the codomain Y.
The function can be written as:
y=f(x) or f:xf(x)
1.
2.

For y=f(x), we say y is a function of x.

f(x) is also called the value of the function f at x.

3.

f(x) is read as "f of x".

Example:
Given the function f:x5x+1 , find the value of
a. f(2)
b. f(3)
c. f(25)
Answer:
(a)
f(x)=5x+1f(2)=5(2)+1=11
(b)
f(x)=5x+1f(3)=5(3)+1=14
(c)
f(x)=5x+1f(25)=5(25)+1=3

Composite Function
Composite Function

If function f:XY,
and function g:YZ,
hence, composite function gf:XZ

Example:
If, f:x2x+5 and g:xx21, find gf(2)
Answer:

f(x)=2x+5f(2)=2(2)+5=9
gf(2)=g[f(2)]=g(9)
g(x)=x21gf(2)=g(9)=921=80

Finding new function given a composite function

(Case A : First function is given)
Example 1
A function f is defined by f:x2x+5 .
Find the function g if fg:x3x8 .
[Note : First function f is given]

Example 2
A function f is defined by f:x2x .
Find the function g if fg:xx2+1 .
[Note : the first function f s given]

Example 3
A function f is defined by f:x2x+1 .
Find the function g if fg:x5x2x+5,x5 .
[Note : First function is given]

Finding a new function given a composite function

(Case B : Second function is given)

Example 1
Example 1 (substitution Method)
A function f is defined by f:xx+2 .
Find the function g if gf:xx2+3x+5 .
[Note : Second function is given, use substitution y=x+2]

Finding a new function given a composite function (Case B :

Second function is given) Example 2
Example 2 (Substitution Method)

A function f is defined by f:xx1 .

Find the function g if gf:x4x+2,x2 .
[Note : Second function is given , use substitution y=x-1

Finding a new function given a composite function (Case B :

Second function is given) Example 3
Example 3 (Substitution Method)
A function f is defined by f:x7x .
Find the function g if gf:x102x+3,x32 .
[Note : Second function is given, use substitution method]

Inverse Function
To Find the inverse function,f1(x) of f(x)
Put the function equal to y.
Rearrange to give x in term of y.
Rewrite as f1(x) replacing y by x.
Example : Given f(x)=5x4 , find the inverse function.