Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Objective:
The objective of the principal component analysis is to
Reduce the number of variables from 31 to fewer composite components with minimum loss of information.
Reduce the multi-collinearity which is the pre-requisite for cluster analysis.
Design:
The sample size of 106 provides an adequate basis for the calculation of the correlations between the variables. Also the
sample size ratio of 3.5:1 of observations to variables falls within acceptable limits.
Assumptions:
Limitations:
SPSS v21 doesnt generate the KMO statistics. Hence it is assumed that it meets the minimum MSA requirement
of 0.6 and above to proceed with PCA analysis.
Factor analysis will always derive factors.
Variables that arent included and may have possible effects in their absence has on the resulting factors.
Communalities
Initial
Lowincarbs
Tastesgreat
Dietplan
Energybooster
Antioxidant
Digestionaid
Vitaminsupplement
Package
Sweetness
Thickness
Calories
Vitamins
Carbonated
Nopreservatives
Price
BrandImage
Advertisements
Availability
Usage_everyday
Usage_Monthly
Usage_weekly
Usage_Never
PS_2L
PS_1L
PS_05L
PS_2L
PS_01L
PL_LT20
PL_2025
PL_2630
PLGT30
Extraction
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
.253
.763
.383
.313
.359
.284
.417
.533
.657
.497
.565
.657
.534
.415
.537
.566
.513
.600
.457
.807
.519
.603
.339
.666
.455
.692
.220
.717
.780
.633
.407
Communality (h) is the sum of the squared component loadings and represents the amount of variance in that variable
accounted for by all the components. This is the proportion of each variable's variance that can be explained by the
principal components.
All seven extracted components account for 25.3% of the variance in variable y1 (h = .253).
The values in this column indicate the proportion of each variable's variance that can be explained by the principal
components. Variables with high values are well represented in the common factor space, while variables with low
values are not well represented. Here, there are no particularly low values.
Initial Eigenvalues
Total
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
% of
Variance
Cumulative
%
4.886
2.522
2.115
1.813
1.737
1.567
1.503
1.419
15.760
8.135
6.823
5.849
5.602
5.054
4.850
4.578
15.760
23.894
30.717
36.566
42.168
47.222
52.072
56.650
1.308
4.219
60.869
10
1.278
4.124
64.993
11
1.137
3.667
68.659
12
1.069
3.449
72.108
13
1.047
3.377
75.486
14
.930
3.002
78.487
15
.874
2.820
81.307
16
.802
2.588
83.895
17
.791
2.553
86.448
18
.695
2.242
88.690
19
.608
1.962
90.651
20
.579
1.869
92.520
21
.513
1.656
94.177
22
.409
1.320
95.497
23
.353
1.138
96.634
24
.334
1.076
97.710
25
.263
.850
98.560
26
.241
.778
99.338
27
.205
.662
100.000
1.017E- 1.053E-013
013
1.002E- 1.007E-013
013
-1.004E-1.014E013
013
-1.007E-1.022E013
013
100.000
28
29
30
31
Total
4.886
2.522
2.115
1.813
1.737
1.567
1.503
% of
Variance
15.760
8.135
6.823
5.849
5.602
5.054
4.850
Cumulative
%
15.760
23.894
30.717
36.566
42.168
47.222
52.072
% of
Variance
15.602
7.165
6.423
5.900
5.805
5.767
5.410
Cumulative
%
15.602
22.767
29.190
35.090
40.895
46.662
52.072
100.000
100.000
100.000
There are as many components extracted during a principal components analysis as there are variables that are put into
it. There are 31 variables and hence 31 components. Eigenvalues are the variances of the principal components.
Because the principal components analysis on the correlation matrix, the variables are standardized, which means that
the each variable has a variance of 1, and the total variance is equal to the number of variables used in the analysis, in
this case, 31.
The column total contains the eigenvalues. The first component will always account for the most variance (and hence
have the highest eigenvalue), and the next component will account for as much of the left over variance as it can, and so
on. Hence, each successive component will account for less and less variance.
The cumulative % contains the cumulative percentage of variance accounted for by the current and all preceding
principal components. The seventh row shows a value of 52.072. This means that the first seven components together
account for 52.072% of the total variance. All variance is considered to be true and common variance and the variables
are assumed to be measured without error, so there is no error variance.
Total 13 number of principal components whose eigenvalues are 1.0 or greater are extracted. But the difference in
variance decreases from the seventh component onwards. Due to non-linear decrease, we stop with the seventh
component.
The scree plot graphs the eigenvalue against the component number. From the seventh component on, the line is
almost flat with marginal increase, meaning the each successive component is accounting for smaller and smaller
amounts of the total variance. Components with an eigenvalue of less than 1.3 account for less variance than the
original variable and so are of little use. The point of principal components analysis is to redistribute the variance in the
correlation matrix using the method of eigenvalue decomposition to redistribute the variance to first components
extracted.
Component
1
Availability
.741
Sweetness
.717
Thickness
.697
Package
.681
Price
.658
Vitamins
.653
BrandImage
.651
Calories
.577
Advertisements
.564
Nopreservatives
.511
Sweetness
& Thickness
PLGT30
PL_2025
-.807
PL_LT20
.794
Price
Usage_weekly
PS_01L
Usage_Monthly
-.819
PS_2L
-.520
Usage
Usage_Never
Carbonated
Tastesgreat
Energybooster
-.846
.536
-.729
PS_2L
PS_1L
Taste
Package size
.519
Lowincarbs
.706
PL_2630
Usage_everyday
Antioxidant
.510
Antioxidant
Vitaminsupplement
Dietplan
PS_05L
Digestionaid
Diet &
Digestion aid
-.577
.548
.515
Rotation maximizies the loading of each variable on one of the extracted variables while minimizing the loading on all
other factors. Varimax is the orthogonal rotation technique employed in the analysis.
.992
.016
-.021
-.045
.063
-.056
-.076
.013
-.810
.337
.407
.176
-.010
-.183
.026
-.181
-.757
.308
.296
.283
.362
-.047
.140
.155
-.272
.646
.582
-.353
.096
.162
.219
.403
-.511
.700
.059
-.022
.515
.136
.701
.354
-.295
-.112
.053
.019
.471
-.098
.274
.028
.830
Component Transformation Matrix displays the correlations among the components prior to and after rotation. The
diagonal elements have fairly large correlation. Because we used an orthogonal rotation, this should be a diagonal
matrix, meaning that the same number should appear in all places along the diagonal. In actuality the factors are
uncorrelated; however, because factor scores are estimated there may be slight correlations among the factor scores.
The other elements have fairly low correlation.
Correlations
Correlations
significant at 0.05 level
Lowincarbs
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
Tastesgreat
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
Dietplan
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
Carbonated
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
Vitamins
10
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
Calories
11
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
Thickness
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
Sweetness
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
Package
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
Vitaminsupplement
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
Digestionaid
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
Antioxidant
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
Energybooster
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
Nopreservatives
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
Price
Sig. (2-tailed)
BrandImage
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
PLGT30
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
PL_2630
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
PL_2025
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
PL_LT20
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
PS_01L
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
PS_2L
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
PS_05L
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
PS_1L
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
PS_2L
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
Usage_Never
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
Usage_weekly
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
Usage_Monthly
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
Usage_everyday
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
Availability
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
Advertisements
Pearson Correlation
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
0
91
20%