GATE Transducers Book

Transducers
for
Instrumentation Engineering
By
www.thegateacademy.com
Content
Transducers
Syllabus for Transducers

Resistive, Capacitive, Inductive and piezoelectric transducers and their signal conditioning. Measurement of
displacement, velocity and acceleration (translational and rotational), force, torque, vibration and shock.
Measurement of pressure, flow, temperature and liquid level. Measurement of pH, conductivity, viscosity and
humidity.
Analysis of GATE Papers

(Transducers)
Year
Percentage of marks
2011
10.00
2010
8.00
2009
15
2008
15
2007
24
2006
15
2005
38
2004
27
2003
32
Overall Percentage
20.44%
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Content
Transducers
CONTENTS
Chapter
#1.
Classification of Transducers
1-23
1-2
2-3
3-6
6
6-7
7
7-10
11-14
14-17
18
18-23
#2.
24-63
24-27
27-30
30-31
31-34
35
35-36
36-37
37
38
38-39
39-41
42-46
46-54
55
55-63
#4.
Generalized measurement system

Classification
Types of Electrical Transucers
Charatcteristics and choice of transducers
Input Characteristics
Transfer Characteristics
Output Characteristics
Assigment Questions
GATE Questions IN
Answer Keys
Explanations
Resistive Transducers
#3.
Page No.
Potentiometer
Power Rating, Linearity & Sensivity of POT
Strain Gauges
Types of Strain gauges
Resistance Thermometers
Linear Approximation
Thermistor
Resistance- Temperature Characteristics
Voltage-Current Characteristics
Current time Characteristics
Thermocouples
Assignment Questions
GATE Questions IN
Answer Keys
Explanations
Inductive Transducers
64-80
64-65
65
65-66
66-68
68
68-71
71-73
74-75
76
76-80
Principle of changes of self inductance

Principle of change of mutual induction
Principle of production of eddy currents
Linear variable differential Transformer (LVDT)
Rotary Variable differantail transfomer (RVDT)
Synchros and Resolvers
GATE Questions IN
Answer Keys
Explanations
Capacitive Transducers
81-104
81-83
83-84
85
Changes in area between the plates

Changes in between the plates distance
Differential Arrangement
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Page | i
Content
#5.
Variation of dielectric constant for measurement of displacement

GATE Questions IN
Answer Keys
Explanations
86-91
92-94
94-98
99
99-104
Piezo Electric Transducers
105-121
105-108
108
108-111
112-114
114-115
116
116-121
Mathematical Analysis
Equivalent Circuit of piezoelectric transducer
Loading effect and frequency response
GATE Questions IN
Answer Keys
Explanations
#6. Mechanical Transducers in Instrumentation
#7.
Transducers
122-146
Type and operation

Spring and its types
Bourdan Tube
Bellows
Diaphragms
GATE Questions IN
Answer Keys
Explanations
122-123
123-124
125-126
126
126-128
129-130
131-137
138
138-146
Measurement of Non Electrical Quantities
147-192
147
147-153
154
154
155
155
156
156-160
160-162
162
162-164
164-165
165
165
165
166
166-167
167
167
168
169
169-179
179-182
183-185
Measurement of Strain
Ballast Circuit
Measurement of low Pressure (Vacuum Gauges)
Thermocouple vacuum gauge
Pirani Gauge
Ionization gauge
Measurement of linear velocity
Measurement of Angular velocity
Measurement of Vibration
Measurement of Flow
Electro magnetic flow meters
Ultrasonic flow meters
Measurement of Humidity
Resistive Hygrometer
Aluminium Oxide Hygrometer
Crystal Hygrometer
Measurement of pH Value
Nuclear Instrumentation
Geiger Muller Tube
Ionization Chamber
Scintillation Counters
Measurements
GATE Questions IN
Page | ii
Content
Answer Keys
Explanations
Transducers
186
186-192
Module Test
193-203
Test Questions
193-197
Answer Keys
198
Explanations
198-203
Reference Books
204
Page | iii
Chapter 1
Transducers
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
The measuring process is one in which the property of an object or system under consideration
is compared to an accepted standard unit, a standard defined for that particular property.
It is important to have a systematic organization and analysis of measurement systems. An
instrument may be defined as a device or a system which is designed to maintain a functional
relationship between prescribed properties of physical variables and must include ways and
means of communication to a human observer.
Generalized Measurement system

Quantity
to be
measured
Primary
sensing
element
Variable
conversion
element
Variable
manipulation
element
Data
transmission
element
Variable
presentation
element
Primary sensing element the quantity under measurement makes its first contact with the
primary sensing element of a measurement system
Variable conversion element - The output of the primary sensing element is converted to some
other suitable form for the instrument to perform desired function
Variable manipulation element - The function of this element is to manipulate the signal
presented to it preserving the original nature of the signal.
Data preserving element-This element conveys the information about the quantity under
measurement to the personnel handling the instrument or the system for monitoring, control &
analysis purposes.
The measurand in an instrumentation system makes contact with a primary detection
element or input device.
The measurand or the input signal is called an information for measurement system.
The information may be in the form of physical phenomenon or it may be an electrical
signal.
The process of detection and conversion of the information into an acceptable form requires
energy.
The ideal situation is, the energy required for above purpose is supplied from outside, not
from measurand
So that the measurand is not distorted and the analogous output of the detection is a
faithful representation of measurand.
Page 1
Chapter 1
Transducers
Example 1
A ___________ element is that Part of a Transducer which responds to a physical phenomenon or
change in a physical phenomenon.
(A) Sensing
(C) Resistive
(B) Transduction
(D) Inductive
Solution
[Ans. A]
Primary sensing element
The quantity under measurement (any physical phenomenon)
makes its first contact with the sensing element of a measurement system, thus it responds to a
physical phenomenon.
Example 2
Some of the Functional Building Blocks of the measurement System are: PSE (Primary Sensing
Element), VCE (Variable Conversion Element), DTE (Data Transmission Element), VME
(Variable Manipulation Element), DPE (Data Presentation Element).
The Correct Sequential Connection of the functional Building Blocks for an electronic Pressure
gauge will be:
(A) PSE, VME, VCE, DPE, DTE.
(C) DTE, DPE, VCE, PSE, VME
(B) PSE, VCE, VME, DTE, DPE
(D) PSE, VCE, DTE, DPE, VME
Solution
[Ans. B]
A generalized measurement system should have a systematic organization for the measurement
of given physical phenomenon and building blocks should have a correct sequential connections
for an electronic pressure gauge.
Transducers
1. The input quantity for the most instrumentation system is a non electrical quantity. In order
to use electrical methods and techniques for measurements, manipulation, or control, non
electrical quantity is generally converted into an electrical form by a device called
Transducer.
2. We can define Transducer as a device which, accurately transforms energy from one form to
another.
3. Another name for Transducer is PICK UP.
4. The reason for Transforming a physical phenomenon into an electrical form is that the
electrical output can be easily used, transmitted and processed for the purpose of
measurement.
5. The relationship between the physical parameter and its resulting electrical signal must be a
Linear one.
6. Transducers mainly consists of two parts :a) Sensing Element.
b) Transduction Element
Page 2
Chapter 1
Transducers
a) Sensing Element
It is that part of a transducer which responds to a physical
phenomenon or a change in a physical phenomenon.
b) Transduction Element
It Transforms the output of a sensing element to an electrical
output.
The transducers can be classified as:

(i) Based upon transduction principle
(ii) As primary and secondary transducers
(iii) As passive and active transducers
(iv) As analog and digital transducers
(v) As transducers and inverse transducers
(i)
Based Upon Transduction Principle

The transducers can be classified on the basis of principle of transduction as resistive,
inductive, capacitive etc., depending upon how they convert the input quantity into
resistance, inductance or capacitance respectively.
(ii)
Primary and Secondary Transducers

The first transducer which converts physical phenomenon into displacement,
pressure, velocity etc. which is to be accepted by next stage is known as Primary
Transducer.
The output of the primary transducer is converted subsequently into a usable output
by a device called Secondary Transducer
(iii)
Passive and Active Transducers

Passive Transducers: They derive the power required for transduction from an auxillary
power source.
Eg: Resistive, inductive and capacitive transducers.
Active Transducers: They do not require an auxillary power source to produce their
output. They are also known as self generating type since they develop their own
voltage or current output.
Eg: piezoelectric, photovoltaic etc.
(iv) Analog and Digital Transducers

Analog Transducers: These Transducers convert the input quantity into an analog output
which is a continuous function of time.
Eg: LVDT, thermocouple etc.
Digital Transducers: These transducers convert the input quantity into an electrical output
which is in the form of pulses.
(v)
Transducers & Inverse Transducers

Transducer: A transducer can be broadly defined as a device which converts a non
electrical quantity into an electrical quantity.
Page 3
Chapter 1
Transducers
Example: L.V.D.T, Resistive and Capacitive Transducers as well.

Inverse Transducer: An inverse transducer is defined as a device which converts an
electrical quantity into a non electrical quantity.
Note: Generally a inverse transducer is a output transducer.
Example: Indicating Instruments, Pen Recorders, Oscilloscope.
Mechanical Devices as Primary Detectors

Type
A. Contacting spindle, pin or finger
B. Elastic member
1. Prooving ring
2. Bourdon tube
3. Bellows
4. Diaphragm
5. Spring
C. Mass
1. Seismic mass
2. Pendulum scale
3. Manometer
D. Thermal
1. Thermocouple
2. Bimetallic
3. Temp slik
E. Hydropneumatic
1. Static
(a) Float
(b) Hydrometer
2. Dynamic
(a) Orifice
(b) Venturi
(c) Pitot tube
(d) Vanes
(e) Turbines
Operation
Displacement to displacement
Force to displacement
Pressure to displacement
Forcing function to displacement
Temperature to electric current
Temperature to displacement
Temperature to phase
Fluid level to displacement
Specific gravity to displacement
Velocity to pressure
Velocity to force
Linear to angular velocity
Page 4
Chapter 1
Transducers
Types of Electrical Transducers

Electrical Parameter
and Class of Transducer
A. Resistance
Principle of Operation
Potentiometer device
Positioning of the slider by an

external force varies the
resistance in a potentiometer
or a bridge circuit.
Pressure, displacement
Resistance strain gauge
Resistance of a wire or
semiconductor is changed by
elongation or compression
due to externally applied
stress.
Force, torque, displacement
Pirani gauge or hot wire

meter
Resistance of a heating
element is varied by
convection cooling of a stream
of gas.
Resistance of pure metal wire
with a large positive
temperature co-efficient of
resistance varies with
temperature
Gas flow, gas pressure
Thermistor
Resistance of certain metal

oxides with negative
temperature coefficient of
resistance varies with
temperature
Temperature, flow
Resistance Hydrometer
Resistance of a conductive
strip changes with moisture
content.
Resistance of the cell as a
circuit element varies with
incident light
Relative humidity
Distance between two parallel

plates is varied by an
externally applied force.
Displacement, pressure
Resistance thermometer
Photoconductive cell
B. Capacitance
Variable capacitance pressure
gauge
Typical
Application
Temperature, radiant heat
Photo-sensitive relay.
Page 5

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GATE Transducers Book

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Transducers

Syllabus for Transducers

Analysis of GATE Papers

Generalized measurement system

Principle of changes of self inductance

Changes in area between the plates

Variation of dielectric constant for measurement of displacement

Piezo Electric Transducers

#6. Mechanical Transducers in Instrumentation

Type and operation

Measurement of Non Electrical Quantities

Generalized Measurement system

The transducers can be classified as:

Based Upon Transduction Principle

Primary and Secondary Transducers

Passive and Active Transducers

(iv) Analog and Digital Transducers

Transducers & Inverse Transducers

Example: L.V.D.T, Resistive and Capacitive Transducers as well.

Mechanical Devices as Primary Detectors

Types of Electrical Transducers

Positioning of the slider by an

Resistance strain gauge

Force, torque, displacement

Pirani gauge or hot wire

Gas flow, gas pressure

Resistance of certain metal

Distance between two parallel

Temperature, radiant heat

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