Formed in the 4 ventricles of brain

Lateral (#1 and 2) 3rd 4th ventricle

Formed in choroid plexuses
By filtration and secretion of blood plasma
In specialized capillary networks (covered by
ependymal cells) in walls of ventricles

Pathway

Through 4 ventricles central canal of spinal cord

and within subarachnoid space

Reabsorbed through arachnoid villi into blood in
superior sagittal sinus

Cushions brain and provides nutrients

Requires 20% of the bodys O2 supply

4 min lack permanent damage

Requires continuous glucose supply

Protected by blood-brain barrier
Allows passage of lipid soluble materials: O2, CO2,

alcohol, anesthetic agents

But controls entry of most harmful materials

Largest part of
the brain

SULCUS
- shallow grooves

GYRUS
- elevated ridges
- surface folds of
the cerebral
cortex

FISSURES
- deep groves
- divides cerebrum
into lobes
- ex. Longitudinal
fissure ( divides the
left and right hemisphere)

LOBES OF THE
CEREBRUM

FRONTAL LOBE
PARIETAL LOBE
TEMPORAL LOBE
OCCIPITAL LOBE

FRONTAL LOBE
- Planning, problem
solving, decision
making
- controls behavior and
emotions

PARIETAL LOBE
- controls sensation
(touch, smell and
taste)

OCCIPITAL LOBE
- receives and processes
visual information
- perceives shapes and
colors

TEMPORAL LOBE
- recognizes and
processes sounds

LAYERS OF THE
CEREBRUM
GRAY MATTER
WHITE MATTER
BASAL NUCLEI

GRAY MATTER
- outer layer
- composed mostly of
neuron cell bodies

WHITE MATTER
- fiber tracts inside the
gray matter
- Ex. Corpus callosum
-

(connects the 2 cerebral

hemispheres)

BASAL NUCLEI
- collection of masses of
gray matter located deep
to the cerebral
hemispheres
- Movement coordination
- voluntary movement

 Specialized areas in specific regions of cerebral

cortex
Sensory areas receive input perception

Motor areas initiate movements

Associative areas complex integration:
memory, emotion, reasoning, judgment

SENSORY AREAS
Primary somatosensory
area
Input includes: touch,
proprioception, pain,
itching, tickle, temperature

SENSORY AREAS
Primary visual area
occipital lobe

Primary auditory area

temporal lobe

Primary gustatory area

base of postcentral
gyrus

Primary olfactory area

medial aspect of
temporal lobe

MOTOR AREAS
- Located anterior to
central sulcus
- Primary motor area
- Brocas speech area
Interacts with premotor area and
primary motor area to regulate
breathing and speech muscles

ASSOCIATION
AREAS
- Adjacent to sensory
and motor areas and
connected via
association tracts
- Integrate and interpret
information

ASSOCIATION
AREAS

Somatosensory
Association Area

Integrates sensation:
exact shape and texture
of object compared
with stored memories

ASSOCIATION
AREAS

Wernickes Area

Interprets meaning of
speech: words
thoughts

Sits on top of the

brainstem

Made of:
THALAMUS
HYPOTHALAMUS
EPITHALAMUS

THALAMUS
Surrounds the third ventricle
Relay station for sensory
impulses
Transfers impulses to the
correct part of the cortex for
localization and interpretation
Interthalamic adhesion
- serves as connection
between right and left
thalamus

HYPOTHALAMUS
Inferior to the thalamus
Maintains homeostasis
Controls body temp.,
hunger and thirst

HYPOTHALAMUS
INFUNDIBULUM
- funnel shaped stalk
- extends from the floor
of the hypothalamus
to the pituitary gland
PITUITARY GLAND OR
HYPOPHYSIS
- hangs from the
anterior floor of the
hypothalamus
- produces hormones

INFUNDIBULUM
HYPOPHYSIS

HYPOTHALAMUS
MAMMILLARY BODY
- posterior to pituitary
gland
- reflex center involved
in olfaction (sense of
smell)
- processing of
recognition memory

MAMILLARY
BODY

EPITHALAMUS
Small area superior and
posterior to the thalamus
Forms the roof of the 3rd
ventricle
Houses the pineal gland and
choroid plexus of 3rd ventricle
Involved in emotional and
visceral response to odors

EPITHALAMUS
PINEAL BODY
- part of endocrine system
that may influence the onset of
puberty
CHOROID PLEXUS
- knots of capillaries within
each ventricle
- forms the cerebrospinal fluid

CHOROID PLEXUS

PINEAL BODY

About the size of a

thumb in diameter 3
inches long
connects the spinal
cord to the brain
Parts of the brain stem
MIDBRAIN
PONS
MEDULLA
OBLONGATA

MIDBRAIN
Superior to the pons
Extends from the
mammillary bodies to
the pons inferiorly

MIDBRAIN
CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT
- tiny canal that connects 3rd
ventricle to the 4th ventricle

PONS
The bulging center part of the
brain stem
Inferior to the midbrain
Superior to the medulla
oblongata
controls breathing swallowing
and balance

MEDULLA
OBLONGATA
lowest part of the brain stem
Merges into the spinal cord
important control centers
Heart rate control
Blood pressure regulation
Breathing
Swallowing
Vomiting

Inferior to the occipital

lobe
2 hemispheres
Outer cortex (gray
matter)
Inner region of white
matter (arbor vitae)
Provides precise timing
for skeletal muscle activity
Controls balance/
equilibrium

DURA MATER
Double-layered external
covering
Connective tissue layer that
continues down spinal cord

ARACHNOID
MATER
Middle meninx
Web-like

PIA MATER
Internal layer
Clings to the surface of
the brain

Brain controls opposite side of the body: all

sensory and motor pathways cross in CNS
Left side of the brain controls right side of body
Right side of brain controls left side of body

Left hemisphere important for spoken and

written language, numerical and scientific
skills, and reasoning
Right side more involved with spatial and
pattern recognition and emotional content