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DR.

SITI PAULIENA MOHD


BOHARI

Ethics is about what we ought and ought not to do.


It is also about setting priorities to human behaviour.
Ethics is not always about what is absolutely right or
wrong, acceptable or unacceptable, ideal or less than
ideal.
It is also about what is the best decision in particular
circumstances, what is the lesser of two evils, what is the
balance between doing good and causing harm.
Ethics is therefore about working out the principles on
which we make these sorts of decisions.

It is important to understand the relationship between law and


ethics.
The law also intervenes where there is a conflict between
individuals about the best interests of other people.
e.g. the courts often have to decide which parent should have
the custody of children when a couple divorce. Quite properly,
the courts are asked to analyze the ethical principles in each
case, set out what the law says and decide what is best
interest of the child.

The

study of the ethical and moral


implications of new biological discoveries
and biomedical advances, as in the fields of
genetic engineering and drug research.

the study of typically


controversial ethics brought about by
advances in biology and medicine
The field of bioethics has addressed a broad
swathe of human inquiry, ranging from
debates over the boundaries of life
(e.g. abortion,euthanasia), surrogacy, the
allocation of scarce health care resources
(e.g. organ donation, health care rationing)
to the right to refuse medical care for
religious or cultural reasons

The

scope of bioethics can expand with


biotechnology, including cloning, gene
therapy, life extension, human genetic
engineering, astroethics and life in
space,[5] and manipulation of basic biology
through altered DNA, XNA and proteins

Evolution To Bioethics

MEDICAL
ETHICS

BIOTECHNOLOGY
ETHICAL ISSUES

ENVIRONMENTAL
ETHICS

BIOETHICS

There has been an evolution of the terminology over the years, from genetic
engineering to genetic manipulation to genetic modification, in attempts to
lessen any negative connotations. It has been suggested that the scientists
should have stuck with recombinant DNA technology, which is the general
technical term for this range of techniques.

MALAYSIAN BIOETHICS

The Malaysian Bioethics Council was launched on 22


May 2012 by the Minister of Science, Technology and
Innovation YB Datuk Seri Panglima Dr. Maximus
Johnity Ongkili
The Council is made up of representatives from
noted academic experts, and representatives from
government and non-government offices and aims
to provide advice, as well as resolve and manage
bioethical issues in the country.
The Bioethics Council will be focusing on the
impact of science and technology on the
environment, society, public health, culture, laws
and religion. : Dr. Ongkili

Medical

bioethics is under the purview of the


Malaysian Medical Council
Islamic matters are under the National Fatwa
Council.
The Council's inaugural chairman is Prof. Datuk Dr.
Mahani Clyde from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.

During 25 years after the Second World War (1939-1945), several factors came
together to give rise to the birth of the discipline of bioethics.
A frog has been cloned in Cambridge in the early 1950s.
In 1953, Watson and Crick made their ground-breaking discovery of the structure of
DNA.
The structure of DNA was being thought in the senior years of secondary school but
much was still based on classical genetics. It was not until the early 1970s that
modern molecular biology really took off, opening our later ability to manipulate
genes, study them in great detail, to diagnose and select against genetic disease in
the early embryo.
Massive advances were also taking place in many other branches of biomedicine:
Human organs were being transplanted
Life could be prolonged by drugs and surgery
The functions of organs such as the kidneys and the lungs could be taken over
by machines.
Studies of mammalian fertilization led to the creation of test-tube babies
Genetic tests could be applied to embryos created in vitro.
Mammals were eventually cloned.

So enormous the possibilities raised by these advances that


there was increasingly concern in society that the
traditional framework of ethical thinking could not bear
their weight.
It was more difficult to weight the balance between
benefit and harm.
Traditional ethical principles conflicted at times.
As 20th century moved on, the public demanded to have
more say in how biomedical discoveries were used. So,
bioethics developed as a discipline.
In bioethics, philosophers, lawyers, theologians,
sociologists and lay people join with biomedical scientists
in assessing what is the appropriate use of new
developments and technologies. In many areas, there are
now formally constituted groups, which have major input
into public policy and the regulation of science.

There

are some serious issues related to genetic


modification of animals using animal genetic
engineering techniques
One is not sure of the consequences of these
genetic modifications and the further interaction
with the environment.
Proper clinical trials are also necessary before one
can use it for commercial purposes.

Some

religious groups have expressed their


concern about the transfer of genes from
animals whose flesh is forbidden for use as
food into the animals that they normally eat
Transfer of animal genes into food plants
that may be objectionable to the
vegetarians.

a) What will be the consequences, if a modified animal will


breed with other domestic or wild animals thereby transferring
the introduced genes to these populations?
b) What are the health risks to human on consumption of
genetically modified animals and their products?
c) With the production of disease resistant animals, what will
be the effect on ecology?
d) There is also wide spread concern about the risks of human
recipients getting infected with animal viral diseases after a
xenotransplantation., which might infect the population at
large.
e) There are also concerns about the risk that drug resistance
gene markers used in genetic engineering procedures might
inadvertently be transferred and expressed.

Bioethics in biotechnology includes the general subject of what


should and should not be done in using recombinant techniques
in the medical practice or in preparing pharmaceutical, food and
agricultural products.
In view of the many ethical issues raised due to the extensive
development of genetic science a more refined field of bioethics,
namely genethics (gene+ethics) has been proposed (Majeed,
2000).
Briefly, genethics must include personal conduct issues as well
as the public controversy over medical, pharmaceutical, food and
agricultural biotechnology involving genetics.
A guideline on genethics should be formulated in order to
improve scientists, students, and citizens ability to make
judgments and articulate their own beliefs about what is right
and what is wrong with respect to these new challenging
technologies. At the same time, this should enable them to
understand and appreciate the beliefs and concern others.

Regulations

Apply to higher animals ( sufficient brain brain capacity


and organization-feel pain and distress)
Sentient anytime after halfway through embryonic
development and restrictions will apply to method by
which the animal is killed, operated upon if it is remain
to be living
Restriction: how the animal is housed, maintained
Not apply to lower vertebrates-fish, or invertebrates
Legislation vary from country to country

Different

from animal and more complex


Collected under clinical conditions by an
experienced medical practitioner
Issue: where the tissue taken? the use?
Local control-local hospital ethics committee

The

patients and/or relatives informed consent


is required before taking tissue for research
purposes, over and above any clinical
requirement.
A suitable form (see Table 6.8) should be
drafted in a style readily understood by the
patient or donor, requesting permission and
drawing attention to the use that might be
made of the tissue.
Permission may be required from a relative if
the donor is too unwell to be considered
capable of a reasoned judgment.

short summary of your project should be


prepared,in lay terms, explaining what you are
doing, why, and what the possible outcome will be,
particularly if it is seen to be of medical benefit.
Confidentiality of the origin of the tissue must be
ensured.
Ownership of cell lines and their derivatives must
be established.
Authority may be needed for subsequent genetic
modification of the cell lines.
Patent rights from any commercial collaboration
will need to be established.

The

donor will need to determine whether any


genetic information derived from the tissue should
be fed back to the patient directly or via an
attending clinician.
The donor will also be required to consent to
screening of the tissue for adventitious pathogens
and to say whether he or she wishes to be made
aware of the outcome of the tests.

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