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Advanced Mathematics 1
Periods: 30
Chapter 1. Functions and Limits
Chapter 2. Derivatives
Chapter 3. Integrals
Chapter 4. Series and Power Series
Editor: Nguyen Doan Vuong
References
1. James Stewart, Calculus Early Transcendentals,
Sixth Edition Copyright 2008, 2003 Thomson Brooks
2. Robert Wrede, Murray. R. Spiegel, Theory and Problems of Advanced Calculus,
Second Edition Copyright 2002, 1963 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
{(x, f (x )) x D } .
Advanced Mathematics 1
Page 1
g )(x ) = f (g(x ))
Advanced Mathematics 1
Page 2
1
Example. Find arcsin and cot arcsin .
2
4
Solution.
1
1
We have arcsin = , because sin = and ; .
2
6
6
2
6 2 2
1
1
Let arcsin = , so sin = and ; .
2 2
4
4
1
15
1
cos
= 15 .
Then, we have cos = 1
=
, and cot arcsin = cot =
16
4
4
sin
b) y = arccos x
arccos x = y cos y = x , y 0;
Example. arccos 0 =
;
2
arccos(1) = ; arccos
= ;
2
6
c) y = arctan x
arctan x = y tan y = x , y ;
2 2
Advanced Mathematics 1
Page 3
1 2
arccos =
.
3
2
Notation
arctan(+) =
, arctan() =
2
2
d) y = arccot x
( )
arccot x = y cot y = x , y 0;
Notation
Example. arccot(1) =
arccot(+) = 0, arccot() =
3
; arccot 3 = .
4
6
and say the limit of f (x ) , as x approaches a , equals L if we can make the values of
f (x ) arbitrarily close to L by taking x to be sufficiently close to a (on either side of a )
but not equal to a .
Advanced Mathematics 1
Page 4
Definition
Let f be a function defined on some open interval that contains the number a , except
possibly at a itself. Then we say that the limit of f (x ) as x approaches a is L , and we
write
lim f (x ) = L
x a
Note
The symbol x a means that we consider only x < a , and x a + means x > a .
Advanced Mathematics 1
Page 5
Definition
lim f (x ) = L if for every number > 0 there is a number > 0 such that
x a
x a
x a
x a
means that the values of f (x ) can be made arbitrarily large by taking x sufficiently close
to a , but not equal to a . There are four form
Definition
Let f be a function defined on some open interval that contains the number a , except
possibly at a itself. Then lim f (x ) = + means that for every positive number M
x a
Page 6
x a
1) lim[k .f (x )] = k .lim f (x )
4) lim
x a
x a
x a
x a
x a
x a
x a
x a
x a
f (x )
f (x ) lim
= x a
if lim g(x ) 0
g(x ) lim g(x ) x a
x a
Theorem
If f (x ) g(x ) when x is near a (except possibly at a ) and the limits of f and g both
exist as x approaches a , then lim f (x ) lim g(x ) .
x a
x a
x a
x a
1
1
1
=
+
,
=
,
=0
0+
0
Note
x
2) lim 1 + = lim (1 + x ) = e
x
x 0
x
lim g (x )
x a
g (x )
= lim f (x )
if lim f (x ) > 0
4) lim [ f (x )]
x a
x a
x a
x a
x a
x a
ln x
x
=
lim
= 0 if 1, > 1 .
x + x
x + x
6) lim
2.2.5. Examples
4 2x if x < 2
Example 1. If f (x ) =
, determine whether lim f (x ) exists.
x 2
x 2 if x > 2
2x + 12
does not exist.
x 6 | x + 6 |
Page 7
1
= 0.
x
x 4x + 1 + 1
.
x 2
x 2
(
Example 7. Find L = lim (
Example 6. Find L = lim
x +
2x 2 x x 2 .
3x 2 2 + x .
5x 1 3 8x
Example 8. Evaluate L = lim
.
x 1
x 1
2x
3x 1
4x 2 + 3
3 3
x
x 2
cot x
sin x
x 0
3) lim f (x ) = f (a ) .
x a
x
is discontinuous at 1 .
x 1
Page 8
f (x ) = 1
sin x
f
g
x a
x a
x 1
.
Example 5. Evaluate lim arcsin
x 1
x 1
Advanced Mathematics 1
Page 9
x a
3x + 1
3x + 1
= , and lim+
= + , so
x 2 x 2
x 2 x 2
3x + 1
x = 2 is a vertical asymptote of the curve y =
.
x 2
4 x2
Example 6. Show all the vertical asymptotes of the curve f (x ) = 2
.
x + 2x 3
lim f (x ) = L
or
x +
Note. The curve y = f (x ) have the domain blocked, so it has no horizontal asymptote.
ln(1 x 2 )
For instance, the curve y =
.
x +2
x2 + 1
Example 7. Find the horizontal asymptotes of the graph of the function f (x ) =
x 1
lim
f (x ) ax = b .
3x 2 2x + 4
x 1
3x 2 2x + 4
5
5
x
Remark. We write f (x ) =
= 3x + 1 +
, and
0.
x 1
x 1
x 1
Therefor, the oblique asymptote is y = 3x + 1 .
Advanced Mathematics 1
Page 10
Lesson 3. Infinitesimal
3.1. Definitions
3.1.1. Definition 1
A expression (x ) is called an infinitesimal (shorthand is inf) as x approaches a if
lim (x ) = 0 .
x a
Example
1
is infinitesimal as x + .
ln2 x
3.1.2. Definition 2
Suppose that (x ) , (x ) are infinitesimals as x approaches a . We have:
(x ) is an inf higher order than (x ) , notation is (x ) = O((x )) , if lim
x a
(x )
= 0.
(x )
(x )
.
(x )
(x )
= 1.
(x )
Example
1 cos x
1
= .
2
x 0
2
x
Page 11
If (x ) and (x ) are the sum of many infinitesimals differ order as x a then lim
equal limit of rational of 2 infinitesimals lowest order of (x ) and (x ) .
x 3 cos x + 1
Exmaple 1. Find L = lim
.
x 0
x4 + x2
x2
2
2) tan x x
3) arcsin x x
4) arctan x x
6) e x 1 x
7) ln(1 + x ) x
8) n 1 + x 1
x
n
Note
1) If u(x ) is an infinitesimal as x 0 then we can replace x by u(x ) in 8 formulas over.
2) We can not apply 8 formulas over if they make numerator or denominator equal by zero.
e x + e x 2
(e x 1) + (e x 1)
x + (x )
Example. lim
=
lim
=
lim
= 0 (false!).
x 0
x 0
x 0
x2
x2
x2
e x + e x 2
The correct answer is lim
= 1 (See the LHospitals rule in chapter 2).
x 0
x2
ln(1 2x sin2 x )
Example 2. Find L = lim
.
x 0
sin x 2 . tan x
3
x + 1 + arctan2 x 1
Example 3. Find L = lim
.
x 0
cos3 x cos x + 2x
if x > 0
f (x ) =
2
x
if x 0
if x 0
2
2
f (x ) = arctan x + 2x
if x = 0
2 3
.
Advanced Mathematics 1
Page 12