Gramatika Anglu

Gramatika - Pradedantiesiems
Daiktavardiai
vardiai ir bdvardiai
Veiksmaodiai
Danio prieveiksmis
klausimai ir trumpi atsakymai
odi tvarka
Daiktavardiai
Skirsniai
Neapibrtinis artikelis
Angl kalboje yra dvi neapibrtini artikeli formos: - a ir an. odi einani po artikelio tarimas, nurodo kok
neapibrtin artikel reikia naudoti.
a naudojamas prie priebalsius
a waiter, a user*
an naudojamas prie bals
an engineer, an umbrella**
*odio user pradioje yra tariamas priebalsis [j] . Todl yra naudojamas neymimasis artikelis a .
**odio umbrella , pradioje yra tariamas su balsis [] , todl yra naudojamas neymimasis artikelis an.
Pareig pavadinimai naudojami su artikeliu:
Fiona is a teacher.
Richard is an artist.
Nulinis straipsnis
Transporto priemons, savaits dienos ir dienos patiekalai naudojami be artikelio:
by car
on Monday
for breakfast
Daugiskaita
Daugiskaita sudaroma prie odio galns pridedant -s pavyzdiui:
friend
friends
kai kurie odiai turi kitoki gramatik, pavyzdiui:
party
city
parties
cities
bookshelf
bookshelves
Taip pat yra netaisykling form, pavyzdiui:
child
children
woman
women
man
men
Savybinis linksnis
Anglik daiktavardi turjimas ir minjimas yra nurodomas savybiniame linksnyje.
Jis sudaromas pridedant s pabaigoje.
Pavyzdiai:
Lindas party is at 4 oclock.

My boyfriends name is Alex.
Personal Pronouns Asmeniniai vardiai Possessive Adjectives Savybiniai bdvardiai
my
mano
you
tu
your
tavo (js)
he
jis
his
jo
she
ji
her
jos
it
tai
its
to
we
mes
our
ms
you
Js
your
tavo
they
jie
their
Veiksmaodiai
Form "bti" ir "turti" paprastas esamasis laikas

to be
Teigiama forma
Neigiama forma
I am (Im)
I am not (Im not)
you are (youre)
you are not (youre not)
he is (hes)
he is not (he isnt)
she is (shes)
she is not (she isnt)
it is (its)
it is not (it isnt)
we are (were)
we are not (we arent)
you are (youre)
you are not (you arent)
they are (theyre) they are not (they arent)
to have angl kalboje Didiojoje Britanijoje*

Teigiama forma
Neigiama forma
I have got (Ive got)
I have not got (I havent got)
you have got (youve got)
you have not got (you havent got)
he has got (hes got)
he has not got (he hasnt got)
she has got (shes got)
she has not got (she hasnt got)
it has got (its got)
it has not got (it hasnt got)
we have got (weve got)
we have not got (we havent got)
you have got (youve got)
you have not got (you havent got)
they have got (theyve got) they have not got (they havent got)
* Amerikoje vartojamoje angl kalboje veiksmaodis to have neigiamoje formoje bei klausimuose asmenuojamas taip pat, kaip ir visi kiti
savarankiki veiksmaodiai (I don't have)
Veiksmaodio "bti" paprastojo btojo laiko formos

Teigiama forma
Neigiama forma
I/he/she/it was
I/he/she/it was not (wasnt)
we/you/they were we/you/they were not (werent)
trumpos formos naudojamos neiginiams.
Paprasto esamojo laiko veiksmaodiai

Pilni veiksmaodiai yra apibdinantys veiksm arba bsen, pavyzdiui: to swim, to go. Trumpos formos
naudojamos neiginiuose.
Teigiama forma
Neigiama forma
I work
I do not work (dont work)
you work
you do not work (dont work)
he works
he does not work (doesnt work)
she works
she does not work (doesnt work)
it works
it does not work (doesnt work)
we work
we do not work (dont work)
you work
you do not work (dont work)
they work
they do not work (dont work)
Btojo laiko veiksmaodiai

Btasis laikas taisyklingiems veiksmaodiams sudaromas pabaigoje pridedant -ed . Dl ios prieastis
veiksmaodiai vadinami taisyklingais. Ta pati veiksmaodio forma naudojama visuose paprastojo btojo laiko
asmenyse.
Teigiama forma
Neigiama forma
I played
I did not play (didnt play)
you played
you did not play (didnt play)
he played
he did not play (didnt play)
she played
she did not play (didnt play)
it played
it did not play (didnt play)
we played
we did not play (didnt play)
you played
you did not play (didnt play)
they played
they did not play (didnt play)
Neigimas sudaromas su veiksmaodiu did not arba trumpa jo forma didnt + veiksmaodio bendratis.
Neiginiuose naudojamos trumpos formos.
Netaisyklingi veiksmaodiai
Nra bendros netaisykling veiksmaodi sudarymo taisykls. Todl jie ir vadinami netaisyklingais. Btina
imokti visus. Ta pati veiksmaodio forma naudojama visuose btojo laiko asmenyse.
Esamasis laikas Btasis laikas
be
was/were
buy
bought
come
came
do
did
have
had
get
got
go
went
leave
left
lie
lay
meet
met
see
saw
spend
spent
Esamasis progresyvus kaip bsimasis laikas

Esamasis eigos laikas kartu su laiko nurodym gali reikti ateities ketinimus arba planus, kurie jau vykdyti.
What are you doing next weekend? - Im staying at home.

Thomas is looking after my daughter tonight.
I am seeing my best friend on Thursday.
Next week we are having guests from Italy at our place.
Danio prieveiksmis
always
often
I
usually
go shopping in the morning.
sometimes
never
Danio prieveiksmiai vartojami sakinyje prie veiksmaod (daniausiai paprastajame esamajame laike). Jie
nurodo veiksmaodiu ireikto veiksmo danum.
Kuriant klausimus
to be* ir visi veiksmaodiai**
Kuriant klausimus
Esamasis laikas
tvirtinimas
klausimas
He is from ...
Where is he from?
My name is ...
Is your name?
I live in Hamburg.
Where do you live?
She lives in Kln.
Where does your sister live?
I go shopping every day.
What do you do every day?
to be*
pilnos formos veiksmaodiai
Btasis laikas
tvirtinimas
klausimas
I was born in ...
Where were you born?
The meeting was at 10 oclock.
When was the meeting?
to be*
pilnos formos veiksmaodiai I went to the cinema yesterday.
What did you do yesterday?
I left school in ...
When did you leave school?
He worked in Germany.
Where did he work?
*Klausimai sakiniuose su veiksmaodiu to be formuojami atvirktine tvarka sakinio struktroje keiiant veiksnio bei pirmo veiksmaodio viet.
**Klausimai i savarankik veiksmaodi formuojami pridedant pagalbin veiksmaod do esamajame laike. Treiojo asmens vienaskaitoje ( he,
she, it) pridedant does. Btajame laike visuose asmenyse pridedant did .
to have esamajame laike
Klausimai sakiniuose turintys veiksmaod to have , paprastjame esamjame laike sudaromi abiem bdais
pamintais aukiau. Pirmasis, apvertimas keiiama temos ir veiksmaodio tvarka daniausiai naudojama
Didiosios Britanijos angl kalboje. Kita, pridedant do arba does prie treiojo asmens (he, she, it) naudojama
Amerikos angl kalboje. Reikm yra tokia pati.
Kuriant klausimus
Esamasis laikas
tvirtinimas
klausimas
You have got a car. (Youve got a car.)
Have you got a car?
My brother has got a PC. ( My brothers got a PC.)
Has your brother got a PC?
You have got a car. (Youve got a car.)
Do you have a car?
My brother has got a PC. ( My brothers got a PC.)
Does your brother have a PC?
Brit angl kalba
Amerikiei angl kalba
Klausimai su veiksmaodiu to have paprastjame btjame laike Didiosios Britanijos ir Amerikos angl kalboje
sudaromi taip pat, pridedant pagalbin veiksmaod did.
trumpi atsakymai
Esamasis laikas
Btasis laikas
Yes, I am.*
Are you...?
Yes, I was.
Were you...?
No, I was not. / No, I
No, I am not. / Im not.
wasnt.
to be
Yes, he is.
Is he...?
Yes, he was.
Was he...?
No, he is not. / No, he
No, he was not. / No, he
isnt.
wasnt.
Yes, I do.
Yes, I did.
Do you
Did you play
like...?
...?
No, I do not. / No, I dont.
No, I did not. / No, I

didnt.
pilnos veiksmaodi
formos
Yes, he does.
Does he
like...?
Did he play
No, he does not. / No, he
doesnt.
*Trumpa forma Im nenaudojama.
Yes, he did.
...?
No, he did not. / No, he

didnt.
Trumpi atsakymai su to have
To have Britanijos angl kalba
Brit angl kalboje klausimui sudaryti vartojame have got form, kuri yra tinkama ir trumpam atsakymui
sudaryti.
Have you got (a car)?
Yes, I have.
No, I havent.
To have Amerikos angl kalba
Amerikiei angl kalboje klausimui sudaryti vartojame do form, kuri yra tinkama ir trumpam atsakymui
sudaryti.
Do you have (a car)?
Yes, I do.
No, I dont.
odi tvarka
Angl kalboje yra mums neprastas odi eilikumas.:
Dalykas
Veiksmaodis
My sister
sang
Papildinys
Bdo
Vietos
Laiko
(objektas)
prieveiksmis
prieveiksmis
prieveiksmis
the song
beautifully
in the hall
yesterday.
My
mother
makes
very good cakes
every week.
Jeigu sakinys yra ilgas ir turi daug sakinio element, laiko prieveiksm perkl sakinio pradi, jo prasm
suprasime lengviau.
Laiko
prieveiksmis
Dalykas Veiksmaodis
my
Yesterday
sister
sang
Papildinys
Bdo
Vietos
(objektas)
prieveiksmis
prieveiksmis
the song
beautifully
in the hall.
Gramatika - Netikriems pradedantiesiems
Daiktavardiai
Skaitvardiai
Veiksmaodiai
Danio prieveiksmis
Prielinksnis
-s forma
Tautybs ir valstybs
Daiktavardiai
Neapibrtiniai artikeliai
car
a
chair
hotel
user
American car
an
armchair
hour
umbrella
Naudojame neapibrtin artikel, kai kalbame apie daikt pirm kart.
Prie priebalses, kurias tariame, mes renkams artikel a #
Pavyzdis: Mes naudojame a user, nes odis user yra tariamas su priebalse [j] pradioje.
Prie balses, kurias tariame, mes renkams artikel an
Pavyzdis: Mes naudojame an umbrella, nes odis umbrella tariamas su balse [A] pradioje.
Kai kalbame apie darbus, visada naudojame neapibrtin artikel:
John is a teacher.
Jack is an engineer.
tas/tie
hat
that
shoes
those
hotel
friends
iuos odius naudojame kalbdami apie daiktus esanius toli. Vienaskaitai naudojame that , o daugiskaitai
those .
Bdvardiai
Asmeniniai vardiai
Savybiniai bdvardiai
Copyright LANGMaster 2007-2012
Bdvardiai
Bdvardiai yra odiai, su kuri pagalba daikt apibdinimai skamba domiau.
Thats a lovely dress.

Theres a comfortable armchair in the small hotel room.
Ive got a big, white car.
Bdvardi palyginimas
Kai norime palyginti du dalykus, prie vienskiemenio bdvardio pridedame -er (pvz.: fast).
I think an e-mail is faster than a fax.
more ... than naudojame kai norime palyginti du dalykus ir kai bdvardis turi du arba daugiau skiemen (pvz.:
important).
I think a daily newspaper is more important than a TV.
Asmeniniai vardiai
Vienaskaita
Daugiskaita
Asmeniniai vardiai -
veiksnys
papildinys
veiksnys
papildinys
me
we
us
you
you
you
you
he
him
she
her
they
them
it
it
Priklausantys vardiai sakiniuose yra naudojami kaip veiksniai ir papidliniai orientuoti sakinio objekt.
She sees him every week.

They sent us a present.
My names ...
Your names ...
Her names Anja.
His names Bernd.
Its names Asta.
Our class.
Your class.
Their class.
Skaitvardiai
Kiekiniai skaitvardiai
1
one
11
eleven
two
12
twelve
20
twenty
21
twenty-one
3 three
13
thirteen
30
thirty
32
thirty-two
four
14
fourteen
40
forty
43
forty-three
five
15
fifteen
50
fifty
54
fifty-four
six
16
sixteen
60
sixty
65
sixty-five
7 seven
17 seventeen
70
seventy
76
seventy-six
8 eight
18
80
eighty
87
eighty-seven
eighteen
nine
10
ten
19
nineteen
90
ninety
100 a hundred
four - fourteen - forty

five - fifteen - fifty
Kelintinis skaitvardis
the first
1st
the eleventh
11th
the second
2nd
the twelfth
12th
the third
3rd
the thirteenth
13th
the fourth
4th
the fourteenth
14th
the fifth
5th
the fifteenth
15th
the sixth
6th
the sixteenth
16th
the seventh
7th
the seventeenth
17th
the eighth
8th
the eighteenth
18th
the ninth
9th
the nineteenth
19th
98
ninety-eight
109 a hundred and nine
the tenth
10th
the twenty-first
the twentieth
20th
21st
the twenty-second 22nd
the twenty-third
23rd
the thirtieth
30th
the fortieth
40th
the fiftieth
50th
the hundredth
100th
Kelintiniai skaitvardiai angl kalboje sudaromi pridedant th prie paprast skaii galns (pvz. seven+th sukuria
seventh. the first, the second ir the third iimtys, kur pagrindin forma skiriasi nuo kiekinio skaitvardio.
Pastovi kiekini skaitvardi dalis yra su apibrtiniu artikeliu the
Kelintiniai skaitvardiai gali bti sutrumpinti naudojant skaii su galne (pvz. fourth - 4th
Veiksmaodiai
Ten yra
Paprastas esamasis
Turi (a, tu, jie, jos)/turi (jis, ji, tai)
Paprastas btasis
Esamasis atliktinis
Tikriausiai kaip bsimajame laike
Ten yra
there is/ there are struktr naudojame nordami pasakyti, kad kakur kakas egzistuoja. Norime pabrti
asmen arba daikt. (Kai norime pabrti viet, pavyzdiui sakome .: The cat is on the chair.
There is a cat on the chair.

Theres a nice park next to the hotel.
There are 14 people in my English class.
Therere some new houses in our street.
Paprastas esamasis
Kai kalbame apie dalykus, kurios prastai darome, naudojame paprastj esamj laik.
I/you/we/they usually take the bus.
He/She/It usually takes the bus.
I/you/we/they dont take the underground. He/She/It doesnt take the car to go shopping.
klausimai ir atsakymai
Yes, I do.
Do you like to watch TV?
Yes, sometimes.
No, not really.
get to work?
How do you
go shopping?
come to the English class?
take the car.
take my / our bike(s).

We
walk.
dont go out to work.
Yes, I am.
Are you German?
No, Im not.
Is it a big car or a small car?
(Its) a small car.
What nationality are they?
Hes German and shes Irish.
Darant pareikimus
arrives at the hotel.
He/She
has a meeting at three oclock.

decides to walk.
doesnt take the lift.
trumpa ir ilga forma

trumpos formos
Ilgos formos
Im
I am
Youre
You are
Hes
He is
Shes
She is
Its
It is
Were
We are
Youre
You are
Theyre
They are
Turi (a, tu, jie, jos)/turi (jis, ji, tai)

Brit angl kalba
Teigiamos formos
I
You
We
Neiginys
I
have got / ve got
You
We
They
They
He
He
She
has got / s got
It
have not got / havent got
She
has not got / hasnt got
It
Have you got ...?
Yes, I have. (tik ilgoji forma)
No, I havent.

Teigiamos formos
I
You
We
Neiginys
I
have / ve
You
We
They
They
He
He
She
has / s
It
have not / havent
She
has not / hasnt
It
Do you have ...?
Yes, I do.
No, I dont.
Paprastas btasis
Btji laik naudojame kai nekame apie praeityje pasibaigusius vykius. Sakiniai danai turi tokius ymimuosius
odius kaip yesterday.
I wrote a letter yesterday.

He went to America in 1847.
Paprasto btojo laiko ymimieji odiai
yesterday, last week, last month, last year, in 1987
Veiksmaodis to be btajame laike
I was
You were
He/She/It was
We were
They were
Klausimai su was arba were.
Raykite was arba were klausimo pradioje, o po jo eis tema, jeigu norite taip arba ne atsakymo.
Was it very expensive? - Yes, it was. / No, it wasnt.

Were they very expensive? - Yes, they were. / No, they werent.
Jeigu norite daugiau informacijos, klausimo pradioje naudokite "klausiamj od".
How was the flight?

Who was at the party?
Where was it?
What was there on?
Which floor was it at?
When was the end?
Why were they unhappy?
Klausimai su did.
Sudaryti btojo laiko klausimams, kartu su dauguma veiksmaodi Jums reiks ymimojo odio did.
Raykite did klausimo pradioje, jei norite gauti atsakym taip arba ne.
Did you buy the hat in London? - Yes, I did. / No, I didnt.
Did you get it in Paris? - Yes, I did. / No, I didnt.
Jeigu norite daugiau informacijos, klausimo pradioje naudokite "klausiamj od".
What did you do last night?

Where did you buy those shoes?
Who did you go to the cinema with?
Why did they tell them?
Which countries did you visit last year?
When did we come back?
How did you enjoy the party?

Did you watch TV last night?
- Yes, I did.
- No, I didnt.
taisyklingos ir netaisyklingos veiksmaodio formos
Sudaryti taisykling veiksmaodi btj laik prie vis asmen bendraties pridedame -d arba -ed .
Taisyklingi veiksmaodiai
bendratis
paprastasis btasis laikas
btojo laiko dalyvis
to ask
asked
asked
to change
changed
changed
to clean
cleaned
cleaned
to happen
happened
happened
to invent
invented
invented
to like
liked
liked
to marry
married
married
to move
moved
moved
to name
named
named
ot order
ordered
ordered
to press
pressed
pressed
to scan
scanned
scanned
to start
started
started
to stop
stopped
stopped
to study
studied
studied
to surf
surfed
surfed
to talk
talked
talked
to try
tried
tried
to watch
watched
watched
Taisyklinguose veiksmaodiuose pasibaigianiuose y, , po priebalss keiiame y i, ir pridedame ed
Pavyzdys: study
studied
Taisyklingi veiksmaodiai besibaigiantys balse ir y nepakeiia y

Pavyzdys: play
played
Taisyklingiems veiksmaodiams, kurie baigiasi e pridedame tik -d
Pavyzdys: like
liked
Taisyklinguose veiksmaodiuose, kurie baigiasi balse ir po jos raoma priebals, sudvigubiname priebals.
Pavyzdys: stop
stopped
Netaisyklingi veiksmaodiai
bendratis
btojo laiko dalyvis
to buy
bought
bought
to come
came
come
to do
did
done
to get
got
got
to give
gave
given
to go
went
gone
to have
had
had
to leave
left
left
to make
made
made
to put
put
put
to read
read
read
to say
said
said
to see
saw
seen
to sell
sold
sold
to send
sent
sent
to take
took
taken
to win
won
won
to write
wrote
written
Netaisyklingi veiksmaodiai turi speciali form btajame laike. Nra jokios taisykls, kaip btasis laikas yra
sudaromas ir js turite imokti visas formas, taip kaip ir kitus odius. Visiems asmenis yra taikoma vienoda
forma.
Esamasis atliktinis
Esamj atliktin laik naudojame kalbdami apie veiksmus, kurie prasidjo praeityje ir vyksta dabar. Veiksmas
dar nepasibaig. Esamojo atliktinio laiko sakiniai danai turi tokius ymimuosius odius kaip for.
How long have you lived in this town? - I have lived here for 2 years.
He has lived in Graz for 2 years.
She has lived in Switzerland for 2 years.
Bettina has worked in this hotel for years.
Taip pat galite naudoti esamaj atliktin laik nordami kalbti apie tai, k visada norjote padaryti, bet dar
nepadarte. Js vis dar norite tai padaryti.
Ive always wanted to live in Canada. (A vis dar noriu ia gyventi.)

Shes always wanted to visit Dublin. (Ji vis dar nori aplankyti Dublin.)
Formavimas.
Sudaryti esamj atliktin laik naudosime have arba has + btojo laiko dalyvis(irti taisyklingos ir
netaisyklingos veiksmaodio formos).
I
You
We
have + btojo laiko dalyvis
They
He
She
has + btojo laiko dalyvis
It
paprastasis btasis laikas ar paprastasis esamasis atliktinis

laikas?
Jeigu nra apibrtini btojo laiko enkl, naudojame esamj atliktin laik.
Has your life changed recently?

Nothing new has happened recently.
Life has changed for Jock.
I have not been here before.
Have you ever learnt Chinese?
This summer I have been twice to Prague.
I have not finished the homework yet.
He has written to me already.
Kai yra apibrtini btojo laiko enkl, naudojame paprastj btj laik.
I went to Italy last summer.

I stopped work in June.
I went to Tokyo in 1988.
I saw him yesterday.
We travelled to Rome three years ago.
When did you get married to Peter?

Kai kalbame apie nustatyt veiksm ateiiai, galime naudoti esamj tstin laik. Tai reikia, kad jau
padarte btinus planus, jau nusprendte.
Im doing a French course in the summer holidays. (A jau usisakiau kurs.)

Hes doing a presentation at the weekend. (Jis jau susitar su mone.)
Were going to Italy in the holidays. (Mes jau nusipirkome traukinio bilietus.)
Ilga ir trumpa forma
Sudaryti esamj tstini laik naudosime veiksmaod to be + -ing veiksmaodio forma.
Ilga forma
trumpa forma
I am going
Im going
You are going
Youre going
He is going
Hes going
She is going
Shes going
We are going
Were going
They are going
Theyre going

will kaip bsimj laik naudojame, kai spontanikai nusprendiame kaka daryti arba kai neesame tikri.
Ill do that.
Ill phone you again later.
Kai neesame tikri, sakinio pradioje naudojame maybe .
Maybe Ill do that.
Taip pat tai naudojame pranaaudami.
You will meet a rich man.
Danio prieveiksmis
Always, sometimes, usually, often, never yra prieveiksmiai apibdinantys dan. Jie apibdina kaip danai
js kak darote. Jie naudojami prie pagrindin veiksmaod. Jie yra susieti esamuoju laiku.
I always surf the internet before I have breakfast.
I sometimes have an afternoon nap at the weekend.

I usually go shopping after work.
I often go jogging in the morning.
I never go to bed before midnight.
Prielinksnis
I work at an airport / at home.
The meetings at three oclock.
I've lived here for five years.
I work in a shop.
I'm interested in ...
The bus station is on the left.
Can you tell me the way to the next post office?
Walk to the end of the stre
-s forma
i forma gali turti tris skirtingas reikmes:
Whats your name?
Shes moved to Dublin.
My sisters son is a pilot. s
is trumpa forma
What is your name?
has trumpa forma She has moved to Dublin.
savybiniai odiai
Savybinis s visada raomas po pilnos formos daiktavardio:
Marys letter
my sisters son
to your fathers house
Tautybs ir valstybs
Austrian
Austria
British
Britain
Czech
Czech Republic
English
England
French
France
German
Germany
Hungarian
Hungary
Irish
Ireland
Italian
Italy
Japanese
Japan
Polish
Poland
Russian
Russia
Scottish
Scotland
Slovak
Slovakia
Spanish
Spain
Swedish
Sweden
Swiss
Switzerland
Turkish
Turkey
American
USA/America
Gramatika - Prie-vidutinis lygis
Daiktavardiai
Bdvardiai
vardiai
Veiksmaodiai
prieveiksmiai
Prielinksnis
Daiktavardiai
Daugiskaita
Savybins formos
Skaiiuotini ir neskaiiuotini daiktavardiai
kai kurie ir kiek nors
Daug ir daugelis
Daugiskaita
taisyklingos daugiskaitos formos
Prie daugumos daiktavardi pridedame -s.
guest guests
table tables
book books
Prie daiktavardi, kurie baigiasi -s, -sh, -ss, -ch, -x, pridedame -es. To prieastis yra tarimas.
bus
buses
dish
dishes
glass
glasses
church churches
box
boxes
Prie kai kuri daiktavardi, kurie baigiasi -o, pridedame -es.
potato potatoes
tomato tomatoes
Daiktavariuose, kurie baigiasi -y , turtumte -y pakeisti -ies.
lady
ladies
country countries
Prie daiktavardi, kurie baigiasi -y, turtumte pridti -s.
day days
boy boys
Netaisyklingos daugiskaitos formos

child
children
wife
wives
man
men
shelf
shelves
foot
feet
woman women
goose
geese
penny
pence
person people
Savybins formos
Yra dvi savybins formos: savybinis s (the presidents secretary) ir # of (the name of the book). Naudojame
savybin s arba fraz su of kai norime pasakyti, kad asmuo arba daiktas priklauso vienas kitam.
Prie vienaskaitos daiktavardi, rodani mog, pridedame s .
Where is Mr Smiths office?
Prie taisykling daugiskaitos daiktavardi pridedame apostrof .
My friends names are Vikki and Benny.
Bet s reikia naudoti daugiskaitiniams daiktavardiams, kurie nesibaigia s. Pvz. people, men, women ir
children .
I like childrens books.
Su daiktais labai danai naudojame of.
The name of the book is Night Way.
Skaiiuotini ir neskaiiuotini daiktavardiai

Skaiiuotiniai daiktavardiai yra tie, kuriuos galima suskaiiuoti.
Jie gali bti vienaskaitos arba daugiskaitos.
an apple, some apples, two apples
Neskaiiuojami daiktavariai yra daiktai, kuri negalima suskaiiuoti.

prastai, jie neturi daugiskaitos.
milk, some milk, niekada two milks!!!
kai kurie ir kiek nors

Naudojame some ir any su skaiiuojamais ir nesukaiiuojamais daiktavardiais.
Naudojame some teigiamuose sakiniuose, kai nepasakome tikslaus kiekio.
Theres some orange juice in the fridge.

There are some glasses on the table.
Naudojame some klausimuose, kai tikims atsakymo taip.
Would you like some tea?

Could you get me some potatoes from the supermarket?
Neigiamuosiuose sakiniuose ir klausimuose kai neinome ar atsakymas bus 'taip' ar 'ne' daniausiai
naudojame any .
Are there any eggs in the fridge?

We havent got any mineral water.
Daug ir daugelis
Naudojame many su suskaiiuojamais daugiskaitos daiktavardiais.
How many cigarettes do you smoke a day?

There are many reasons why we cannot travel to Sydney.
Naudojame much su neskaiiuojamais daiktavardiais, ypa klausiamuose ir neigiamuosiuose sakiniuose.
How much water do you drink a day?

I dont eat much fruit.
Bdvardiai
Bdvardi palyginimas
Much naudojimas
Bdvardi palyginimas
Auktesnysis laipsnis
Daugumos vienaskemeni bdvardi paligynamoji forma yra -er + than.
Hes older than my brother.
Kai kuriuose bdvardiuose reikia sudvigubinti paskutin raid pries pridedant -er
Max is bigger than Paul.
Dviskiemeniams odiams, besibaigiantiems -y , palyginamoji forma yra tokia pati, kaip ir nurodyta aukiau,
taiau -y js keiiate -ier.
I think learning English is easier than operating a computer.
Prie kit dviskiemeni ir daugiau skiemen turini odi pridedame more.
Tennis is more boring than playing football.

Switzerland is more expensive than Germany.
aukiausieji laipsniai
Vienskiemeni ir dviskiemeni odi, besibaigiani -y , aukiausioji forma yra apibrtinis artikelis the ir
galn -est.
Today was the hottest day in August.

She is the laziest person in the World.
Kitiems dviskiemeniams bei ilgesniems odiams naudokite the ir most.
Tokyo is the most expensive city in the world.

Angelas Ashes is one of the most fascinating books Ive ever read.
bdvardi lentel
pagrindin forma palyginamoji forma aukiausiojo laipsnio forma
dauguma vienskiemeni odi
old
older (than)
the oldest
cheap
cheaper (than)
the cheapest
kai kurie vienskiemeniai odiai
big
bigger (than)
the biggest
hot
hotter (than)
the hottest
dviskiemeniai odiai, pasibaigiantys priebalse + y
easy
easier (than)
the easiest
kiti dviskiemeniai odiai ir ilgesni odiai
careful
more careful (than)
the most careful
boring
more boring (than)
the most boring
expensive
more expensive (than)
the most expensive
netaisyklingi laipsniavimai
good
better
the best
bad
worse
the worst
Much naudojimas
Galite naudoti od much , kad sustiprintumte palyginim.
I think Janes old job was much better.

Taking a taxi is much more expensive than going by bus.
my
English book
your
son
his
car
her
school
its
head
our
teacher
their
names
vardiai
Asmeniniai vardiai
Asmeniniai vardiai
Asmeniniai vardiai - veiksnys
I
Im Maltese.
You
Youre German.
He
He works 8 hours a day.
She
She plays the piano.
It
Its cold.
We
We sing in a choir.
You
Youre Mr and Mrs Peters.
They
Theyve got a big house.
Asmeniniai vardiai - papildinys

me
He loves me.
you
She gave you the money.
him
I see him every morning.
her
They like her very much.
it
The car hit it.
us
Mary showed us the new car.
you
We phoned you.
them
I see them every day.
Veiksmaodiai
Paprastas esamasis
Liepiamoji nuosaka
klausimosios frazs
Esamasis tstinis
Modaliniai veiksmaodiai
Paprastas btasis
Naudojamas
Btasis tstinis
Esamasis atliktinis
Netaisykling veiksmaodi sraas
Bsimasis laikas
Jei-Ilygos 1-asis tipas
Neveikiamoji ris
susij sakiniai
laik schema
Paprastas esamasis
Paprastas esamasis
Be veiksmaodio paprastasis esamasis laikas
Veiksmaodi Have ir Have Got paprastasis esamasis laikas
paprastojo esamojo laiko klausiamosios formos ir trumpieji atsakymai
Paprastas esamasis
1. Esamj laik naudojame kalbdami apie faktus:
I come from Austria.

She likes Mozart.
2. Kai kalbame apie prastus proius, taip pat naudojame

paprastj esamj laik.
I always have breakfast before I leave the house.

She usually takes the bus to work.
I go swimming twice a week.
Veiksmaodio formos yra vienodos, iskyrus he / she / it . Atsiminkite, prie treiojo vienaskaitos asmens
pridedame s .
he
listens
she
likes
it
runs
Prie veiksmaodi, kurie baigiasi -sh, -ss, -ch, -x , dl paprastesnio tarimo reikia pridti -es.
watch
watches
[wtz]
Atsiminkite ias netaisyklingas veiksmaodio formas:
go goes [gz]
do
does [dz]
Neigiama forma
Kai naudojame neigiam form, reikia ymimojo odio do not - trumpa forma dont / does not - trumpa forma
doesnt.
I do not understand.
I dont have breakfast before I leave the house.
She doesnt take the bus to work.
Klausiamoji forma su do ir does

Teigiami klausimai
Do you like to play the piano?
Does he/she like to sing?
Neigiami klausimai
Ilgos formos
Do they not live in Prague?

Does he not play the piano?
trumpos formos
Dont you have the book?

Doesnt it belong to your brother?
Neigiama forma
Teigiama forma
I/You/We/They speak Italian.
Ilga forma
trumpa forma
I/You/We/They do not
I/You/We/They dont
speak Italian
speak Italian.
Darant
pareikimus
He/She/It plays the piano.
Do I/you/we/they speak Italian?
He/She/It does not

play the piano.
Do I/you/we/they not
speak Italian?
He/She/It doesnt play the piano.
Dont I/you/we/they speak Italian?
Klausimai
Does he/she/it play the piano?
Does he/she/it not

play the piano?
Doesnt he/she/it play the piano?
Be veiksmaodio paprastasis esamasis laikas

trumpa ir ilga forma
Im Myriam (I am)
Youre English (you are)
Hes rich (he is)
Its a dog. (it is)
Shes a teacher (she is)
Were friends (we are)
Youre from Poland. (you are)
Theyre cousins (they are)
klausimas
Am I ...?
Are you ...?
Is he ...?
Is she ...?
Is it ...?
Are we ...?
Are you ...?
Are they ...?
Neigiama forma - trumpa ir ilga
Im not ... (I am not)

You arent ... (you are not)
He isnt ... (he is not)
She isnt ... (she is not)
It isnt ... (it is not)
We arent ... (we are not)
You arent ... (you are not)
They arent ... (they are not)
Neigiamos klausim formos trumpos ir ilgos
Arent I? (Am I not?) *

Arent you? (Are you not?)
Isnt he? (Is he not?)
Isnt she? (Is she not?)
Isnt it? (Is it not?)
Arent we? (Are we not?)
Arent you? (Are you not?)
Arent they? (Are they not?)
Teigiama forma
Darant
Ilga forma
trumpa forma
I am a student.
Im cooking dinner.
Neigiama forma
Ilga forma
trumpa forma
I am not
Im not
pareikimus
Klausimai
cooking dinner.
cooking dinner.
You/We/They are in
You/We/Theyre in
You/We/They are not in
You/We/They arent in
the garden.
the garden.
the garden.
the garden.
He/She/It is forty.
Hes forty.
He is not forty.
He isnt forty.
Am I a student?
neegzistuoja
Am I not a student?
Arent I a student?*
Are you/we/they not in
Arent you/we/they in
the garden?
the garden?
Is he/she/it not forty?
Isnt he/she/it forty?
Are you/we/they in
the garden?
Is he/she/it forty?
neegzistuoja
neegzistuoja
*netaisyklinga trumpoji forma
Veiksmaodi Have ir Have Got paprastasis esamasis laikas

Britai naudoja: to have got
Teigiama forma
Ilga forma
I/You/We/They have
got a large garden.
Darant
Neigiama forma
trumpa forma
I/You/We/Theyv
e got a large
garden.
Ilga forma
trumpa forma
I/You/We/They have
I/You/We/They havent
not got two sons.
got two sons.
He/She/It has not
He/She/It hasnt got a large
got a large garden.
garden.
pareikimus
He/She/It has got a new
address.
He/She/Its
got a new
address.
Have I/you/we/they got
neegzistuoja
Have I/you/we/they n
Havent I/you/we/they got
ot got?
Klausimai
neegzistuoja
Has he / she / it got...?
Has he/she/it not
Hasnt he/she/it got...?
got...?
Amerikieiai naudoja: to have

Teigiama forma
Neigiama forma
Ilga forma
Ilga forma
trumpa forma
I/You/We/They have a large
I/You/We/They dont have a
garden.
have a large garden.*
large garden.
He/She/It does not have a
He/She/It doesnt have a new
new address.*
address.
Darant
pareikimus
He/She/It has a new address.
Do I/you/we/they have?
have?*
Dont I/you/we/they have?
Klausimai
Does he/she/it have...?
Does he/she/it not

have...?*
Doesnt he/she/it have...?
*oficiali angl kalba
paprastojo esamojo laiko klausiamosios formos ir trumpieji

atsakymai
Teigiamas trumpas
atsakymas*
Neigiamas trumpas
Neigiamas trumpas
atsakymas
atsakymas
Ilga forma**
trumpa forma
to be
Are you Mr Perry?
Yes, I am.
No, I am not.
No, Im not.
Is she / he from Austria?
Yes, she / he is.
No, she / he is not.
No, she / he isnt.
to have got: Brit angl kalba
Have you got a computer?
Yes, I have. (tik ilgoji

forma)
Has she / he got a brother in
Yes, she / he has. (tik
the States?
ilgoji forma)
No, I have not.
No, I havent.
No, she / he has not.
No, she / he hasnt.
to have: Amerikiei angl kalba
Do you have a Porsche?
Yes, I do.
No, I do not.
No, I dont.
Does she / he have a pet?
Yes, she / he does.
No, she / he does not.
No, she / he doesnt.
pilnos veiksmaodi formos
Do you speak English?
Does she / he play the

piano?
Yes, I do.
No, I do not.
No, I dont.
Yes, she / he does.
No, she / he does not.
No, she / he doesnt.
*tik ilga forma

**oficiali angl kalba
Liepiamoji nuosaka
Liepiamoji nuosaka naudojama duoti instrukcijas ir patarimus.
Sit down!
Grate the apple.
Try to get up 10 minutes earlier each day.
Jis neturi subjekto ir turi toki pat form, kaip ir bendratis be to.
Neigiama forma
Neigiamam imperatyvui ireikti naudojamas signalinis odis dont.
Dont do too much too soon.
klausimosios frazs
klausiamosios frazs yra mini klausimai, kuriuos nekamojoje angl kalboje naudojame sakinio pradioje
1. Galite naudoti klausiamsias frazes, kad patikrintumte informacij.

Kai sakinys yra teigiamas, klausiamoji fraz yra negiama.
This is the next train to Dover, isnt it?
Kai sakinys yra neigiamas, klausiamoji fraz yra teigiama.
He doesnt like jazz, does he?
2. klausiamosios frazs yra sudedamoji pokalbio dalis. Js pakvieiate

klausytoj sutikti arba nesutikti su jumis
Shes very nice, isnt she?
3. klausiamosios frazs gali bti tikri klausimai, jeigu pabrite frazs

pabaig.
Vikki works for a company in Manchester, doesnt she?
Esamasis tstinis
1. Esamj eigos laik naudojame kalbant apie dalykus, kurie yra
apibrt laik yra tiesa.
Im learning English.
2. Taip pat esamj eigos laik naudojame nekdami apie

dalykus, kurie vyksta kalbjimo metu.
Teigiama forma
Ilga forma
Darant
pareikimu
s
Neigiama forma
trumpa forma
Im
I am cooking dinner.
cooking dinne
r.
Ilga forma
I am not
cooking dinner.
trumpa forma
Im not cooking dinner.
You/We/They are
watching TV.
You/We/They
re
watching TV.
He/She/It is working.
Am I cooking ...?
Klausimai
Are you/we/they watching

TV?
Is he/she/it working?
Gali
Gali, Galjo, Galbt, Turtum ir Galtum
Turi
working.
working.
neegzistuoja
neegzistuoja
neegzistuoja
Can ireikti galimyb.

veiksmaodio forma yra vienoda visiems asmenims.
I can speak English.

He can sing well.
watching TV.
He/She/It is not
Gali
Teigiama forma
You/We/They arent
He/She/It's
You/We/They are
not watching TV.
Am I not cooking .
..?
He/She/It isnt working.
Arent I cooking ...?
Are you/we/they no
Arent you/we/they watching
t watching TV?
TV?
Is he/she/it not
working?
Isnt he/she/it working?
Neigiama forma
I cant speak English. (cannot)

He cant sing well. (cannot)
Neigiama forma
Teigiama forma
Ilga forma
trumpa forma
I/You/
I/You/
I/You/
He/She/It/We/They can
He/She/It/We/They cannot
He/She/It/We/They cant
swim.
swim.
swim.
Can I/you/
Can I/you/
Cant I/you/
he/she/it/we/they swim?
he/she/it/we/they not swim?
he/she/it/we/they swim?
Darant
pareikimus
Klausimai

Neigiamas trumpas
Neigiamas trumpas
atsakymas
atsakymas
Ilga forma
trumpa forma
Yes, I can.
No, I cannot.*
No, I cant.
Yes, he can.
No, he cannot.*
No, he cant.
Teigiamas trumpas
atsakymas
Can you speak

English?
Can he sing well?
Gali, Galjo, Galbt, Turtum ir Galtum

Jei norite kako pasiteirauti ar paprayti leidimo kak padaryti, turtumte sakyti:
Can I use your phone?

Could you give me a lift?
May I smoke here?
Could ir may mandagesnis nei can
Jei norite duoti patarim, turtumte sakyti:
You should try to get more exercise.

You shouldnt eat so much chocolate.
Jei norite kakam kak pasilyti ar tiesiog nesate dl kako tikri, turtumte sakyti:
Would you like a cup of tea?

Would the children like some ice-cream?
Formavimas.
Modaliniai veiksmaodiai turi toki pat form visuose asmenyse.
I
You
She
can
He
could
It
should
may
We
would
You
They
Teigiamas trumpas
atsakymas
Neigiamas trumpas
Neigiamas trumpas
atsakymas
atsakymas
Ilga forma*
trumpa forma
Can you swim?
Can he sing
well?
Yes, I can.
No, I cannot.
No, I cant.
Yes, he can.
No, he cannot.
No, he cant.
Copyright LANGMaster 2007-2012
Turi
Have to / has to ireikti pareigos arba btinybs idj.
Sorry, I cannot come. I have to finish the Wilkinson report.

My boss still has to sign these letters.
Teigiama forma
Neigiama forma
Ilga forma
Ilga forma
trumpa forma
I/You/We/They have to
I/You/We/They do not have
I/You/We/They dont have to
pay for the tickets.
to pay for the tickets.
pay for the tickets.
He/She/It has to
He/She/It does not have to
He/She/It doesnt have to
work today.
work today.
work today.
Do I/you/we/they have to
Do I/you/we/they not have
Dont I/you/we/they have to
pay for the tickets?
to pay for the tickets?
pay for the tickets?
Does he/she/it have to
Does he/she/it not have to
Doesnt he/she/it have to
Darant
pareikimus
Klausimai
work today?
work today?
work today?
Paprastas btasis
1. Btj laik naudojame nekdami apie kak, kas vyko
praeityje. Taip pat reikia pasakyti kada tai vyko (yesterday,in
1999., last week).
I went to Vienna last week.
2. Taip pat naudojame btj laik kalbdami apie vykius, kurie

reguliariai vyko praeityje.
We always spent our summers in Italy.
paprastojo btojo laiko taisyklingi veiksmaodiai

Btojo laiko taisyklingi veiksmaodiai baigiasi -ed
start started
Veiksmaodiuose su -e, tereikia pridti -d .
move moved
Veiksmaodiuose, besibaigianiuose -y po priebalss -y keiiasi -ied.
marry married
Veiksmaodiams, kurie baigiasi -y , po balss pridedame -ed .
stay stayed
Padvigubinate paskutin priebals vieno skiemens veiksmaodiuose, kuriuose bals yra prie paskutin
priebals.
stop stopped
Naudojama ta pati forma visuose asmenyse.
Neigiama forma
Neigiamuose sakiniuose reikia singnalinio odio did not , sutrumpintai didnt.
They didnt live in Salzburg in 1999.

We didnt have a wonderful holiday.
Teigiama forma
Darant
pareikimus
Klausimai
Neigiama forma
Ilga forma
Ilga forma
trumpa forma
I/You/He/She/It/We/They
I/You/He/She/It/We/They did
I/You/He/She/It/We/They didnt pho
phoned home.
not phone home.
ne home.
Did I/you/he/she/it/we/th
Did I/you/he/she/it/we/they not t
Didnt I/you/he/she/it/we/they talk
ey talk to her?
alk to her?
to her?
Netaisyklingi veiksmaodiai btajame laike

Netaisyklingi veiksmaodiai turi speciali form btajame laike. Visiems asmenis yra taikoma vienoda forma.
buy bought
give
gave
have
had
Netaisykling veiksmaodi sraas irkite G26.
Paprasto btojo laiko ymimieji odiai

yesterday, last week, last month, last year, in 1999, two years ago

Teigiamas trumpas
atsakymas
Neigiamas trumpas
atsakymas
Ilga forma
Neigiamas trumpas
atsakymas
trumpa forma
Did they visit Salzburg in 1999?
Yes, they did.
No, they did not.*
No, they didnt.
Did you have breakfast late last

Sunday?
Yes, I did.
No, I did not.*
No, I didnt.
When did you last see Martha?
(I saw her) last week.
When did the Browns get their new car? (They got it) two or three months ago.
Be paprastatis btasis laikas - trumpos ir ilgos formos

Teigiama forma
Neigiama forma
Ilga forma
I/He/She/It was very

happy.
I/He/She/It was not very happy.
trumpa forma
I/He/She/It wasnt very

happy.
Darant
pareikimus
You/We/They were at home
You/We/They were not at home
You/We/They werent at home
yesterday.
yesterday.
yesterday.
Was I/he/she/it right?
Was I/he/she/it not right?
Wasnt I/he/she/it right?
Were you/we/they at home
Were you/we/they not at home
Werent you/we/they at home
yesterday?
yesterday?
yesterday?
Klausimai
klausimai ir btojo laiko atsakymai

Neigiamas trumpas
Neigiamas trumpas
atsakymas
atsakymas
Ilga forma
trumpa forma
Yes, I was.
No, I was not.
No, I wasnt.
Yes, it was.
No, they were not.
No, it wasnt.
Teigiamas trumpas
atsakymas
Were you on holiday last

week?
Was it expensive?
Naudojamas
Galite naudoti used to nordami pasakyti, kad kakas reguliariai vyko praeityje, bet daugiau nebevyksta. Used
to forma yra vienoda visuose asmenyse.
She used to speak Japanese quite well but now she understands only a little.
Taip pat naudojame used to kaip apibdinim.
There used to be many small shops in the village but now there is only one.
Btasis tstinis
Naudojame btj eigos laik parodyti, kad vyko veiksmas kai vyko kitas vykis. Jis taip pat naudojamas
pasakyti, kad kakas vyko tam tikru laiku praeityje.
We were watching TV when all the lights went out.

She was climbing up the mountain when she suddenly fell.
What were you doing yesterday morning at 7?
Neigiama forma
Teigiama forma
Ilga forma
I/He/She/It was cooking dinner.
I/He/She/It was not

cooking dinner.
trumpa forma
I/He/She/It wasnt cooking dinner.
Darant
pareikimus
You/We/They were
You/We/They were not
You/We/They weren't
watching TV.
watching TV.
watching TV.
Was I/he/she/it cooking dinner?
Was I/he/she/it not

cooking dinner?
Wasnt I/he/she/it cooking dinner?
Klausimai
Were you/we/they watching TV?
Were you/we/they not

watching TV?
Werent you/we/they watching TV?
Esamasis atliktinis
Sakiniuose su neapibrtais laiko enkklais praeiiai nusakyti naudojamas esamasis atliktinis laikas
Have you ever been to China? No, we havent, but Tanja has been there.
Weve been to the US three times.
esamojo atliktinio laiko ymimieji odiai
ever, never, yet, already, before, this year, this morning, today, three times
Formavimas.
Esamasis atliktinis laikas turi dvi dalis:

have/has + btojo laiko dalyvis teigiamuose teiginiuose ir klausimuose
havent/hasnt + btojo laiko dalyvis neigiamuose teiginiuose ir klausimuose
Teigiama forma
Ilga forma
Neigiama forma
trumpa forma
Ilga forma
trumpa forma
I/
I/ You/We/They have
You/We/They
I/ You/We/They have not
I/ You/We/They havent
been very happy.
ve been very
been very happy.
been very happy.
happy.
Darant
pareikimu
s
He/She/It has been to
Italy this summer.
Have I/you/we/they seen

that film?
He/She/Its
He/She/It has not
been to Italy
been to Italy this
this summer.
summer.
neegzistuoja
He/She/It hasnt been to

Italy this summer.
Have I/you/we/they not
Havent I/you/we/they seen
seen that film?
that film?
Klausimai
Has he/she/it been right?
neegzistuoja
Has he/she/it not been ri

ght?
Hasnt he/she/it been right?
Esamasis atliktinis laikas su nuo

Taip pat galite naudoti esamaj atliktin laik nordami kalbti apie veiksm, prasidjus praeityje ir besitsiant iki
iol. Taip suformuojate ry tarp praeities ir dabarties, todl yra naudojamas esamasis atliktinis laikas.
For yra sakoma kaip ilgai kakas trko.
How long have you lived here? Ive lived here for five years. (A vis dar ia gyvenu.)
Since yra naudojama kai kakas prasidjo.
How long have you been in the English class? Ive been in the English class since last year. (A vis dar esu
angl kalbos pamokoje.)
Since ir for
Yesterday, last Saturday, last week, last year ireikia tikslius laiko momentus , todl reikia vartoti since.
yesterday.
I havent seen him since
last Saturday.
last week.
last year.
A week, a month, a year, 10 years visi odiai apibria laikotarpius , todl vartojamas for.
a week.
I've had my car for
a month.
a year.
10 years.

bendratis
paprastasis btasis laikas btojo laiko dalyvis
to be
was / were
been
to begin
began
begun
to break
broke
broken
to bring
brought
brought
to build
built
built
to buy
bought
bought
to choose
chose
chosen
to come
came
come
to do
did
done
to eat
ate
eaten
to find
find
found
to fly
flew
flown
to forget
forgot
forgotten
to get
got
got
to give
gave
given
to go
went
gone
to have (got)
had (got)
had (got)
to hear
heard
heard
to know
knew
known
to learn
learned, learnt
learned, learnt
to leave
left
left
to make
made
made
to meet
met
met
to put
put
put
to read
read
read
to say
said
said
to see
saw
seen
to sell
sold
sold
to send
sent
sent
to shine
shone
shone
to sleep
slept
slept
to speak
spoke
spoken
to spend
spent
spent
to take
took
taken
to teach
taught
taught
to tell
told
told
to think
thought
thought
to understand
understood
understood
to wake up
woke up
woken up
to win
won
won
to write
wrote
written
Bsimasis laikas
paprastasis esamasis laikas kaip bsimojo laiko sakinys

Esamj laik naudojame, kai kalbame apie ateityje pagal oficial grafik suplanuot vyk.
What time does the bus leave?

The next train arrives at 10.30.
jimas ' kaip bsimajame laike

going to naudojame kai kalbame apie kak, k nusprendme daryti prie kalbjimo moment, bet neprimme
galutini sprendim.
Were going to have a party.
Taip pat naudojame going to kai kalbame apie dabarties situacij faktus, sudarydami ateities prognoz.
Look at that black sky! Its going to rain.
Teigiama forma
Ilga forma
Darant
pareikimus
Neigiama forma
trumpa forma
Ilga forma
I am going to
Im going to
I am not going to
cook dinner.
cook dinner.
cook dinner.
You/We/They r
You/We/They are
e going to
not going to
watchTV.
watch TV.
You/We/They are
going to watchTV.
He/She/It is going to
work.
He/She/Its
going to
He/She/It is not
going to work.
trumpa forma
Im not going to cook dinner.
You/We/They arent going to

watch TV.
He/She/It isnt going to work.
work.
Klausimai
Am I going to
Am I not going to
cook dinner?
cook dinner?
Are you/we/they no
Are you/we/they goin
t going to
g to watch TV?
Arent I going to cook dinner?
Arent you/we/they watching TV?
watchingTV?
Is he/she/it going to
Is he/she/it not
work?
going to working?
Isnt he/she/it going to work?

Naudojame will kalbdami apie ateities dalykus, kuri negalime pakeisti.
I will be 40 in December.
Taip pat tai naudojame spontanikiems sprendimams / pasilymams / paadams.
He will (ll) phone you on Saturday.

I will (ll) give you a lift to work tomorrow.
Teigiama ir neigiama formos
veiksmaodio forma yra vienoda visiems asmenims.
Teigiama forma
Ilga forma
trumpa forma
Neigiama forma
Ilga forma
trumpa forma
Darant
pareikimus
Klausimai
I/You/He/She/It/
I/You/He/She/It/
I/You/He/She/It/
I/You/He/She/It/
We/They will speak to
We/Theyll
We/They will not
We/They wont speak to
him.
speak to him.
speak to him.
him.
Will I/you/he/she/it/
we/they be in Prague?
we/they not be in
Prague?
Wont I/you/he/she/it/
Kai naudojame isireikimus I hope, I think, Im sure kalbdami apie ateit, po j prastai eina will.
Im sure youll enjoy the party.

I think it will be the wedding of the year.
I hope the train wont be late.

Naudojame io tipo IF sakin kalbdami apie realias slygas. Jie apibdina dalykus, kurie gali vykti ateityje.
If it snows tomorrow, Ill leave the car at home and take the train.
If we have time, well do some work in the garden at the weekend.
"If" sakiniai yra sudaryti i dviej daliu: if skirsnio ir pagrindinio sakinio.

ia js naudojate sekani laik kombinacij:
ifsakinys
pagrindinis sakinys
paprastasis esamasis laikas
'will'- ateitis
Sudarant sudtin sakin pim galima naudoti pagrindin sakin. Tokiu atveju jums nereikia naudoti kableli.
I'll leave the car at home and take the train if it snows tomorrow.
Neveikiamoji ris
Neveikiamosios ries veiksmaodis naudojamas kai nra svarbu paskayti kas tai padar arba kai mes neinome,
kas tai padar.
The children were taught French when they were only three years old.
The order was dispatched two days ago.
Formavimas.
Sudaryti btojo laiko neveikiamj r, naudosime was arba were + btojo laiko dalyvis.
Neigiama forma
Teigiama forma
Ilga forma
I/He/She/It was
I/He/She/It was introduced.
not introduced.
Darant
trumpa forma
I/He/She/It wasnt introduced.
pareikimus
You/We/They were called.
You/We/They were not called.
You/We/They werent called.
Was I/he/she/it introduced?
Was I/he/she/it not introduced?
Wasnt I/he/she/it introduced?
Were you/we/they called?
Were you/we/they not called?
Werent you/we/they called?
Klausimai
Netaisykling veiksmaodi sraas irkite G29.
susij sakiniai
Susij sakniai naudojami pateikti daugiau informacijos apie mones ir daiktus. Kai ie susij sakiniai pasako kas i
ties yra tas asmuo arba kas tai per daiktas, jie vadinami apibriamaisiais susijusiais sakiniais
Santykinis vardis who visada ymi mones, ne daiktus, ir jis yra realiatyvi sakini veiksnys.
A journalist is a person who writes articles for a newspaper or magazine.

George Mallory was the person who tried to climb Mount Everest three times.
laik schema
Laikas
situacijos
Faktai
Paprastas esamasis
pasikartojimas
Pavyzdis
ymimieji odiai
/kartais sakinyje/
She usually takes the
Always, usually,
bus.
sometimes, often, never
I wear red colour.
kakas vyksta
Phil is working in
kalbjimo metu.
Japan.
Esamasis tstinis
vykis praeityje.
kodas
G13
Now, just around now,

just at this moment, at
metu
skyriaus
It is a dog.
proiai
ARBA kalbjimo
Gramatikos
G19
the moment
Why are you crying?
I cooked dinner last

night.
Apibrti btojo laiko

odiai ., yesterday, in
Paprastas btasis
1999, last week, last

pasikartojimas
We sometimes went to
praeityje
the beach.
night, last year
G23
Praeities proiai,
neteisingi dabartyje
She used to
speak Japanese quite
well.
Used to
G25
Praeities apraymas,
negaliojantis
dabartyje.
Btasis tstinis
There used to be many

small shops in the village.
kakas vyksta tam
This time yesterday I was
While, as, this time
tikru laiku praeityje
speaking to my mother.
yesterday
aplinkybs
I have worked in the
vykstanios iki dabar
bank all my life.
Aplinkybs
vykstanios iki dabar.
Naudojame for
Esamasis atliktinis
pasakyti kiek laiko tai
G26
Joki tiksli laiko enkl,

I have known him for 5
ever, never, yet, already,
years.
before, this year, this

morning, today, three
trunka.
G27
times, all my life, for

years, for five years, since
yesterday
Aplinkybs
Naudojame since
pasakyti kada tai

last Saturday.
prasidejo.
Nurodymai
Liepiamoji nuosaka
Sit down.
Try to get up
Patarimas
earlier. Dont do too

much too soon.
Do not, dont
G18
paprastasis
Aplinkybs ateityje,
esamasis laikas kaip
paremtos oficialiu
bsimojo laiko
tvarkaraiu
sakinys
Going to
What time does the next

train leave?
Praeityje sukurti
We are going to have a
planai, sprendimai
party.
Dalykai, kuri negali
I will be forty in
pakeisti
December.
naudojamas
bsimajame laike
Willnaudojamas
G30
G31
G32
bsimajame laike
spontaniki
sprendimai
veiksnys nra
Btojo laiko
svarbus arba nra
neveikiamoji ris
inoma kas tai

padar.
I will bring it tomorrow.
The children were

taughtFrench when they
G33
were young.
prieveiksmiai
Su danio prieveiksmiais, galime pasakyti kaip danai kakas vyksta. prastai, prie pagrindin veiksmaod
naudojami ie prieveiksmiai: always, often, usually, sometimes, never , bet po veiksmaodio to be.
He always has lunch at 12 oclock.

Shes never angry.
Prielinksnis
Laiko prielinksniai
Naudojame laiko prielinksnius nordami pasakyti kada kakas

atsitiks.
at naudojame laikui.
at one oclock
at 2 p.m.
at five fifteen
in naudojame ilgesniems periodamas (mnesiams, sezonams, metams).
in August
in 1999
in summer
on naudojame dienoms ir datoms.
on Monday
on 1st January
on Easter Sunday
Laiko ireikimai
in the morning(s)/afternoon(s)/evening(s)
in the Christmas holidays
on Saturday morning
on my birthday
at night
at the weekend
at breakfast
Vietos prielinksniai
Naudojame vietos prielinksnius apibdinti kur kakas yra.
Its
in Chester Road.
in a building.
in Graz.
on the left.
on the fifth floor.
near the bank.
behind the bank.
next to the bank.
in front of the bank.
between the bank and the cinema.
Where were you yesterday?
At home.
At the office.
At the doctors.
At the cinema.
At a party.
In bed.
Gramatika - Vidutinis lygis

Keletas ir Bet kiek ir j junginiai
Formavimas.
Galite naudoti some nordami paaikinti kiek, bet nenurodyti tiksli detali arba skaii. Some naudojamas
teigiamuose sakiniuose ir klausimuose, kai tikimasi atsakymo taip.
Pavyzdiai: He has some days of holiday next week.
Would you like some coffee?
Any naudojamas prie abu daugiskaitos daiktavardius ir kitus nesuskaiiuojamus daiktavardius. Galite naudoti
any klausiamuosiuose ir neigiamuosiuose sakiniuose.
Pavyzdiai:
Have you got any questions?
Im sorry, I havent got any milk.
Kai norime nekti apie mones arba daiktus, bet neinome kas jie tokie arba neinome tiksli detali, naudojame
something / anything, somebody / anybody arba somewhere / anywhere.
Teigiamuose sakiniuose naudojame something, somebody, somewhere .
Pavyzdiai:
Ive got something to tell you.
There is somebody at the door.
Lets go somewhere warm this year.
anything, anybody, anywhere naudojame neigiamuose sakiniuose ir prastuose klausimuose.
Pavyzdiai:
I didnt bring anything with me.
Do you know anybody who could help us?
I dont know anywhere in that town where we could stay.
Maai/Daug ir Keletas/Daugelis
1. Little ir much yra vartojami su nesuskaiiuojamais
daiktavardiais.
little (not much) naudojame sakydami, kad yra tik maas kiekis.
Pavyzdiai:
He has little time.
As a result of little industry, many people are farmers.
much naudojame pabrdami didel kiek.
Pavyzdiai:
She has too much work to do.
The Indonesian farmer doesnt earn much money.

odis money angl kalboje yra neskaiiuojamas.
2. Few ir many naudojamas kartu su suskaiiuojamais

daiktavardiais.
Many nurodo didel daikt skaii, taiau nesuteikia didelio tikslumo.
Pavyzdys: There are many tourists each year.
Teigiamuose sakiniuose galite naudoti many , taiau nekamojoje angl kalboje prastesnis yra lots of .
Pavyzdys: There are lots of islands to visit.
Negiamuose sakiniuose ir klausimuose taip pat naudojame many .
Pavyzdiai: There arent many people who can speak English.
How many days of holiday do you have?
few (not many) prastai naudojame su daugiskaitiniais suskaiiuojamais daiktavariais, kai norime kalbti apie
ma tam tikros ries daikt kiek.
Pavyzdiai:
She has few days holiday.
There are few large sizes of clothes.
Bdvardiai
Per daug ir Utektinai
too naudojame kai norime paymti, kad kokyb/kiekis yra daugiau nei norima ar reikiama. too raomas prie
bdvard.
Pavyzdys: He is too young.
Taip pat galite paymti, jog kiekis yra pakankamas, po bdvardio naudodami enough .
Pavyzdys: The coffee is not hot enough.
Pastaba: Too many, too much ir enough eina prie veiksmaod.
Pavyzdiai:
I dont have enough money.
He has too many problems.
They spend too much time in the disco.
Lyginamieji bdvardiai
Daugumos trump bdvardi auktesnysis laipsnis yra -er
Pavyzdys: Joe has become richer.
Trumpiems bdvardiams, kurie baigiasi priebalse ir -y imetame -y ir pridedame -ier
Pavyzdys: This week was busier than last week.
Bdvardiai, pasibaigiantys balse bei galnje turintys -y , pasilieka -y ir prie jos prideda -er.
Pavyzdys: This coat is greyer than the other one.
Beveik visi du ir daugiau skiemen turintys bdvardai sudaromi i more + bdvardis.
Pavyzdys: Driving has become more dangerous.
aukiausiojo laipsnio bdvardiai

daugelio trump bdvardi aukiausiasis laipsnis yra -est
Pavyzdys: This is the slowest train Ive ever taken.
Trumpiems bdvardiams, kurie baigiasi -y imetame -y ir pridedame -iest
Pavyzdys: It was the funniest show hed ever seen.
Ilgi bdvardiai daniausiai naudoja most +bdvardis.
Pavyzdys: What is the most interesting job youve ever had?
Netaisyklingi auktesniojo ir aukiausiojo lygio formos odiai

pagrindin forma
auktesnysis laipsnis
aukiausiasis laipsnis
good
better
the best
bad
worse
the worst
old
older/elder
the oldest/the eldest
far
farther/further
the farthest/the furthest
Sangriniai vardiai
Naudojimas
Naudojame sngrainius vardius, kai papildinys ir veiksnys reikia t pat.
Pavyzdys: She bought herself a diamond ring.
Po prielinksnio taip pat naudojame sangrinius vardius.
Pavyzdys: They can look after themselves.
Formavimas.
sngrainiai vardiai yra:
vienaskaita
myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself
daugiskaita
ourselves, yourselves, themselves
Veiksmaodiai
Paprastas esamasis
1. Esamj laik naudojame kai kalbame apie faktus ir proius.
Veiksmaodio formos yra vienodos, iskyrus he/she/it , kai reikia pridti -s.
Pavyzdiai:
I live in Bristol.
He works for an international company.
2. Do/does vartojama suformuluoti klausiamuosius ir dont/doesnt ir neigiamuosius sakinius.
Pavyzdiai:
Do you drive to work?
Does she like detective novels?
He doesnt play a musical instrument.
They dont have a garage.
3. Danio prieveiksmiai apibdina kaip danai kakas vyksta. Jie yra always, usually, often, sometimes,
never, normally ir vartojami prie pagrindin veiksmaod.
Pavyzdiai: They often go to the cinema.
She usually cycles to work.
4. Tokios laiko frazs kaip every day, once a week, twice a month, three times a year ir t.t. gali eiti sakinio
pradioje arba paioje pabaigoje.
Pavyzdiai
Every Monday she plays

squash.
They visit their parents twice

a month.
teigiama forma
ilgoji forma
I/You/We/They speak Italian.
neigiama forma
ilgoji forma
trumpoji forma
I/You/We/They dont
speak Italian.
speak Italian.
tvirtinimai
He/She/It plays the piano.
Do I/you/we/they speak Italian?
He/She/It does not

play the piano.
speak Italian?
He/She/It doesnt play the piano.
Dont I/you/we/they speak Italian?
klausimai
Does he/she/it play the piano?
Does he/she/it not play the

piano?
Doesnt he/she/it play the piano?
Liepiamoji nuosaka
Liepiamoji nuosaka naudojama duoti patarimus ir perspjimus.
Pavyzdiai:
Keep Malta clean!
Dont drink and drive!
Do not do too much too soon.
Liepiamoji nuosaka neturi veiksnio ir turi t pai form, kaip ir bendratis be to
klausimosios frazs
klausiamosios frazs yra mini klausimai, kuriuos nekamojoje angl kalboje naudojame sakinio pradioje. Jie
sudaromi naudojant neigiamos arba teigiamos formos pagalbinius veiksmaodius
Kai veiksmaodis skainyje yra teigiamas, pagalbinio veiksmaodio fraz yra negiama, o jeigu sakinys yra
neigiamas,fraz bus teigiama. Fraz bus tokiama paiame laike kaip ir sakinys.
Pavyzdiai:
Your name is Senay,

isnt it?
paprastasis esamasis laikas pagalbinis veiksmaodis paprastuoju esamuoju laiku
You havent seen that film,

esamasis atliktinis laikas
have you?
pagalbinis veiksmaodis esamuoju atliktuoju laiku
You lived in France,

didnt you?
pagalbinis veiksmaodis paprastuoju btuoju laiku
1. Kai naudojame juos sudaryti realiems klausimams, balso tonas frazs pabaigoje pakyla.
Pavyzdiai:
You are vegetarian, arent you? - Yes, I am. / No, Im not.
He hasnt been here before, has he? - Yes, he has. / No, he hasnt.
2. Kai tikits, jog klausytojas su jumis sutiks, frazs pabaigoje balso tonas paemja.
Pavyzdiai:
Its a beautiful day, isnt it? - Yes, it is.
He didnt go to the concert, did he? - No, he didnt.
The film wasnt very good, was it? - No, it wasnt.
Modaliniai veiksmaodiai I
Kai kalbame apie gebjimus, galime naudoti can arba to be able to. can naudojame kasdieniniuose
pokalbiuose ir abu naudojame raomojoje angl kalboje.
Pavyzdiai:
Can you play the piano?
He cant drive.
They are able to speak three different languages.
Modaliniai veiksmaodiai II
1.To have to, must ir need to yra vartojami, kai js kalbate apie tai kas btina.
have to naudojame faktams, prievol, bet ne asmeniniams jausmams reikti.
Pavyzdiai: He has to work at the weekend.
I have to attend lots of meetings.
must ir need to naudojame kai nekame apie asmeninius jausmus.
Pavyzdiai:
I must be on time.
I need to do more exercise.
2. neednt ir dont have to naudojame kalbdami apie kak, kas nra btina.
J reikm yra labai panai.
Pavyzdiai
You neednt stay till the end if you are tired.
You dont have to come, but it would be nice if you did.
3. mustnt naudojame kai veiksmas yra grietai udraustas.
Pavyzdys: You mustnt smoke in here.
Gerundijus (-ing forma) ir bendratis

Po i veiksmaodi daniausiai vartojama -ing forma: continue, finish, keep, imagine, postpone.
Pavyzdiai: She finished cleaning.
Imagine living in Italy.
Po i veiksmaodi daniausiai naudojama bendratis: decide, hope, offer, plan.
Pavyzdiai:
She offered to help.
They planned to arrive on Saturday.
Esamasis tstinis
Naudojimas:
Galite naudoti esamj eigos laik kalbdami apie dalykus, kurie yra teisa tam tikr laik.
Pavyzdiai:
Hes learning French.
They are looking for a new flat.
Taip pat galite naudoti esamj eigos laik nordami kalbti apie dalykus, kurie vyksta kalbjimo momentu.
Pavyzdiai:
Im waiting for the results at the moment.
Im sitting in a caf now and Im waiting for my friends.

(situacija: kakas kalba telefonu)
Formavimas.
esamj eigos laik sudaro dvi dalys: am/is/are +-ing forma
am + - ing forma
He
She
is + - ing forma
It
We
You
are + - ing forma
They
teigiama forma
neigiama forma
ilgoji forma
trumpoji forma
cooking dinner
Im
.
ilgoji forma
I am not
cooking dinner.
trumpoji forma
tvirtinima
i
You/We/They are
watching TV.
You/We/They r
e
watching TV.
You/We/They are
You/We/They arent
not watching TV.
watching TV.
He/She/Its
He/She/It is not
working.
working.
Am I cooking ...?
klausimai
Am I not
cooking ...?
Are you/we/they watching T
Are you/we/they n
Arent you/we/they watching T
V?
ot watching TV?
V?
Is he/she/it not
working?
Eamasis atliktinis laikas

Naudojimas
1. Esamj baigtin laik naudojame kalbdami apie praeit neapibrdami
konkretaus laiko.
Pavyzdiai: Ive done a computer course.
Hes been to Canada.
2. Danai naudojame esamj atliktin laik kartu su ever ir never .

Pavyzdiai: Have you ever run in a race?
Theyve never played squash.
3. Taip pat galite naudoti esamj atliktin laik nordami pasakyti, kiek ilgai
truko veiksmas, kaip ry tarp praeities ir dabarties.
Pavyzdiai: How long have you lived here?
Ive lived here for five years.

(A vis dar gyvenu ia.)
since naudojame nordami nurodyti periodo pradi.
2000.
last week.
Pavyzdiai: Ive lived here since
May.
1st July.
for naudojame nusakant laiko period.
ten years.
three months.
Pavyzdiai: Hes had a dog for
a year.
a long time.
Formavimas.
esamj atliktin laik sudaro dvi dalys: have /has + btojo laiko dalyvis
I
You
We
have / havent + btojo laiko dalyvis
They
He
She
It
has / hasnt + btojo laiko dalyvis
teigiama forma
ilgoji forma
neigiama forma
trumpoji
forma
ilgoji forma
trumpoji forma
I/
I/ You/We/They have
You/We/They
been very happy.
ve been very
been very happy.
been very happy.
He/She/It has not been in
He/She/It hasnt been in
Italy this summer.
Italy this summer.
Have I/you/we/they seen
Have I/you/we/they not see
Havent I/you/we/they see
that film?
n that film?
n that film?
Has he/she/it been right?
Has he/she/it not been right
Hasnt he/she/it been right
happy.
tvirtinim
ai
He/She/It has been in
Italy this summer.
He/She/Its
been in Italy
this summer.
klausima
i
Paprastas btasis
Btasis laikas naudojamas kalbant apie kak, kas atsitiko praeityje ir jau yra pasibaig. Naudojame tokius laiko
odelius kaip yesterday, last week, last month, one year ago ir in 1999
1. Taisyklingus btojo laiko veiksmaodius sudarome prie veiksmaodio

pridedami -ed . Tai galioja visiems asmenims.
Pavyzdiai: Last year I visited my cousin in Australia.
Yesterday they worked very hard.
2. Netaisyklingi veiksmaodiai turi speciali form btajame laike, bet tai

vienoda forma visiems asmenims.
Pavyzdiai: Last summer he went to Greece on holiday.
Two days ago I bought a new TV.
3. klausimai ir neigiami atsakymai

Teigiamas klausimas formuojamas su did , neigiamas - su didnt(iskyrus veiksmaodiui to be ). Visiems
asmenims taikoma ta pati forma.
Pavyzdiai:
Did you swim in the new pool last night?
They didnt (did not) work in Scotland in 1999.
teigiama forma
neigiama forma
ilgoji forma
ilgoji forma
trumpoji forma
tvirtinimai
I/You/ He/She/It/
We/They phoned home.
I/you/ He/She/It/
We/They did not
phone home.
I/You/ He/She/It/
We/They didnt phone home.
klausimai
Did I/you/ he/she/it/

we/they talk to her?
Did I/you/ he/she/it/

we/they not talk to
her?
Didnt I/you/ he/she/it/

we/they talk to her?
4. Veiksmaodis to be
was naudojame btajame laike vietoj esamojo laiko odeli am , is , were ir are.
teigiama forma
neigiama forma
ilgoji forma
ilgoji forma
trumpoji forma
I/He/She/It was very

happy.
I/He/She/It was not very

happy.
I/He/She/It wasnt very

happy.
You/We/They were at
home yesterday.
You/We/They were not at

home yesterday.
You/We/They werent at
home yesterday.
Was I/he/she/it right?
Was I/he/she/it not right?
Wasnt I/he/she/it right?
Were you/we/they at
home yesterday?
Were you/we/they not at

home yesterday?
Werent you/we/they at
home yesterday?
tvirtinimai
klausimai
Noras + paprastas btasis laikas

Wish kartu su veiksmaodiu btajame laike ireikia nor, kad viskas bt kitaip dabartyje .
Pavyzdys:
I wish I had more money.
bdai I dont have a lot of money.
Btasis tstinis
Naudojimas
1. Btj eigos laik naudojame apibdinti praeities veiksmams. Tai gali bti
du veiksmai, kurie vyko tuo paiu metu ir yra sujungti while.
Pavyzdys: They were having a party while we were trying to sleep.
2. Btj eigos laik naudojame ireikti ilgiau trukus veiksm, kuris vyko kai
antras, trumpesnis veiksmas prasidejo ir ie veiksmai yra sujungti when.
Pavyzdys: She was having a bath when the phone rang.
3. Taip pat galite naudoti btj eigos laik, kad apibdintumte prieistor.
Pavyzdys: It was midday and Dora was lying on the beach dreaming ...
Formavimas.
Btasis eigos laikas sudaromas su was were + -ing veiksmaodio forma.
You
We
were / werent singing.
They
I
He
She
was / wasnt watching TV.
It
teigiama forma
ilgoji forma
tvirtinimai
I/He/She/It was cooking dinner.
neigiama forma
ilgoji forma
I/He/She/It was not

cooking dinner.
trumpoji forma
I/He/She/It wasnt cooking dinner.
You/We/They were
You/We/They werent
watching TV.
watching TV.
watching TV.
Was I/he/she/it cooking dinner?
Was I/he/she/it not

cooking dinner?
Wasnt I/he/she/it cooking dinner?
klausimai
Were you/we/they watching TV?

watching TV?
Werent you/we/they watching TV?
Daugiaodiniai veiksmaodiai (fraziniai veiksmaodiai)

Jungtinis keli odi veiksmaodis yra veiksmaodio ir prieveiksmio arba prielinksnio kombinacija, vadinama
dalelyte. Pvz. down, in, after, off, up.
Kai kurie daugiaodiniai veiksmaodiai yra lengvai suprantami, nes jie prapleia prast veiksmaodio reikm.
Pavyzdiai:
Please, come in!
I went back to school.
kai kurie daugiaodiniai veiksmaodiai pakeiia veiksmaodio reikm
Pavyzdys: He put off the meeting.
Daugiaodi veiksmaodi rys

1. kai kurie daugiaodiniai veiksmaodiai neturi objekto
Pavyzdiai:
I got up early.
Slow down, please!
2. Kai kurie daugiaodiniai veiksmaodiai turi tiesiogin papildin, kuris

negali bti raomas tarp veikskmaodio ir dalelyts
Pavyzdys: I looked after my grandmother.
iuo atveju negalima atskirti look nuo after.
3. kai kurie daugiaodiniai veiksmaodiai turi tiesiogin papildin , kuris gali

bti tarp veiksmaodio ir dalelyts, arba gali eiti po dalelyts
Pavyzdiai: I threw the letter away.
I threw away the letter.
Taiau jeigu objektas yra vardis, js turite j terpti tarp veiksmaodio ir dalelyts.
Pavyzdys:
I threw it away.
NE: I threw away it.

bendratis paprastasis btasis laikas btojo laiko dalyvis
to be
was / were
been
to become
became
become
to break
broke
broken
to buy
bought
bought
to catch
caught
caught
to choose
chose
chosen
to do
did
done
to draw
drew
drawn
to drive
drove
driven
to fly
flew
flown
to get
got
got
to give
gave
given
to go
went
gone
to grow
grew
grown
to have
had
had
to keep
kept
kept
to know
knew
known
to leave
left
left
to lie
lay
lain
to make
made
made
to meet
met
met
to ride
rode
ridden
to run
run
run
to sell
sold
sold
to speak
spoke
spoken
to spend
spent
spent
to swim
swam
swum
to take
took
taken
to tell
told
told
to think
thought
thought
to wear
wore
worn
to write
wrote
written
Bsimasis laikas
going to naudojame kalbdami apie ateities planus, kai dar neprimme galutinio sprendimo.
Pavyzdiai
:
Im going to relax at the weekend.
Hes going to learn Spanish.
teigiama forma
tvirtinimai
klausimai
neigiama forma
ilgoji forma
trumpoji forma
ilgoji forma
I am going to
Im going to
I am not going to
cook dinner.
cook dinner.
cook dinner.
You/We/They r
You/We/They are
e going to
not going to
watch TV.
watch TV.
Hes going to
He is not going to
work.
work.
work.
You/We/They are
going to watch TV.
Am I going to
neegzistuoja
Am I not going to
trumpoji forma

watch TV.
He isnt going to work.
cook dinner?

g to watch TV?
work?
cook dinner?
Are you/we/they no
neegzistuoja
t going to
watching TV?
neegzistuoja
Is he/she/it not
Isnt he/she/it going to work?
going to working?

Naudojame will kalbdami apie ateities dalykus, kuri negalime pakeisti.
Pavyzdys: I will be 40 in December.
Taip pat tai naudojame spontanikiems sprendimams / pasilymams / paadams.
Pavyzdys: He will (ll) phone you on Saturday.
Galite naudoti will, kad papasakotumte, apie tai kas Js nuomone, atsitiks ateityje.
Pavyzdiai:
Everyone will have a mobile phone in ten

years' time.
The letter won't arrive tomorrow.
teigiama forma
ilgoji forma
trumpoji forma
neigiama forma
ilgoji forma
trumpoji forma
I/You/
tvirtinimai
I/You/
speak to him.
speak to him.
Will I/you/
klausimai
I/You/
I/You/
He/She/It/We/They will He/She/It/We/Theyll He/She/It/We/They will He/She/It/We/They wont
he/she/it/we/they be in
neegzistuoja
Prague?
not speak to him.
speak to him.
Will I/you/
Wont I/you/
he/she/it/we/they not
he/she/it/we/they be in
be in Prague?
Pra

Esamj laik naudojame, kai kalbame apie ateityje pagal grafik suplanuot vyk.
Pavyzdiai:
The flight leaves at 13.15.
At 9.30 you have a meeting with Mr. Mars.

Esamj eigos laik ir laiko isireikimus naudojame kai kalbame apie apibrtus ateities planus.
Pavyzdiai:
Im flying to Corsica on Saturday. (A jau nusipirkau bilietus.)
Hes having a party on Friday night. (Jis jau pakviet draugus.)
Were going on holiday next week. (Mes jau usisakme nakvyn.)
Slygos sakiniai
Jei-Ilygos 0-inis tipas
Naudojame io tipo slygin sakin kalbdami apie situacijas, kurios yra tiesa.
Pavyzdys: If I dont go to bed early, Im tired in the morning.
Nulis slygini sakini yra sudaryti i dviej dali:
ifsakinys
pagrindinis sakinys
If + esamasis laikas
If you forget your passport,
you cant fly on holiday.
if sakinys gali bti raomas prie arba po pagrindinio sakinio.
Pavyzdiai: If sales increase, the profit grows.
The profit grows if sales increase.

Naudojame io tipo slygin sakin kalbdami apie ateities situacijas, kurios gali vykt. Naudojame j kalbdami
apie galimas situacijas ir j rezultatus.
Pavyzdys: If you work too long at the computer, youll get a headache.
Pirmieji slyginiai sakiniai yra sudaryti i dviej dali:
ifsakinys
pagrindinis sakinys
If + esamasis laikas
will-ateitis
If I get up early tomorrow, Ill be on time for work.
if sakinys gali bti raomas prie arba po pagrindinio sakinio.
Pavyzdys: If it rains tomorrow, I wont cycle to work.
Jeigu jis gale, skirti sudtinio sakinio dmenio kableliu nereikia.
Pavyzdys: I wont cycle to work if it rains tomorrow.
Jei-Ilygos 2 tipo
Naudojame io tipo slygin sakin kalbdami apie sivaizduojam arba netikr situacij esamajame laike.
Naudojame tai kalbdami arba spdami kak, kas neatrodo manoma.
Pavyzdys: If I had more time, I would help you.
Antrojo tipo slyginiai skainiai sudaromi i dviej dali:
ifsakinys
pagrindinis sakinys
If + paprastasis btasis laikas
would
If you went to bed earlier,
you wouldnt be so tired.
if sakiniai gali bti raomi prie ir po pagrindinio sakinio. Jei jis yra pabaigoje, sakini atskirti kableliu nereikial
Pavyzdiai: If I had the money, Id buy a new car.
Id buy a new car if I had the money.
I dont have the money.
Taip pat galite naudoti slyginio tipo sakin duodami patarimus.
Pavyzdys: If I were you, Id go to see the doctor.
IF sakiniuose galite naudoti were vietoj was .
Neveikiamoji ris
Naudojimas
Neveikiamosios ries veiksmaodis naudojamas kai mes neinome arba nra svarbu kas atlieka veiksm.
Pavyzdys: English is spoken by politicians from all over the world.
by vartojamas, kai norima pasakyti, kas atliko veiksm.
Pavyzdys: English is spoken by politicians from all over the world.
Formavimas.
Neveikiamosios ries veiksmaodis yra veiksmaodio to be (is, are, was, were, have been) forma plius btojo
laiko dalyvis (pvz., spoken, written).
veikiamoji
neveikiamoji
paprastasis esamasis laikas:
Marie teaches French in Germany.
French is taught in Germany.
esamasis atliktinis:
The writer has sold a million books.
A million books have been sold.
paprastojo btojo laiko

sakinys
The landlady will serve breakfast at
will-ateitis:
The text was
They translated the text yesterday.
7.00.
translated yesterday.
Breakfast will be served at 7.00.
Naudojimas
Neveikiamj r naudojame nekamojoje ir raomojoje kalboje, bet ji daniau naudojama raomojoje kalboje,
ypa naujien praneimuose, knygose, apibdinant pramons procesus, spjimuose ir enkluose.
Pavyzdiai:
The bank robbers were caught.
Water is heated to the boiling point.
English is spoken here.
esamojo laiko neveikiamoji ris

teigiama forma
Ilga forma
Darant
pareikimus
I am subscribed there.
neigiama forma
trumpa forma
Ilga forma
Im
I am not
subscribed there.
subscribed there.
trumpa forma
Im not subscribed there.
You/We/They are told to
You/We/Theyre
You/We/They are
You/We/They arent told to
come.
told to come.
not told to come.
come.
He/She/Its
He/She/It is not
called with a
called with a French
French name.
name.
He/She/It is called with

a French name.
neegzistuoja
Am I subscribed there?
Are you/we/they told to

Klausimai
neegzistuoja
come?
Is he/she/it called with a

French name?
Am I not
subscribed there?
a French name.
Arent I subscribed there?
Are you/we/they not
Arent you/we/they told to
told to come?
come?
Is he/she/it not
neegzistuoja
He/She/It isnt called with
called with a French
Isnt he/she/it called with a

French name?
name?
esamojo atliktinio laiko neveikiamoji ris

teigiama forma
Ilga forma
I/ You/We/They have
Darant
been introduced.
neigiama forma
trumpa
forma
I/You/We/The
yve been
introduced.
Ilga forma
trumpa forma
been introduced.
been introduced.
pareikim
us
He/She/It has been
He/She/Its
He/She/It has not been
He/She/It hasnt been
sent the letter.
been
sent the letter.
sent the letter.
sent the
letter.
Have I/you/we/they intro

duced?
neegzistuoja
Have I/you/we/they notintr
Havent I/you/we/they intr
oduced?
oduced?
Has he/she/it not been
Hasnt he/she/it been
sent the letter?
sent the letter?
Klausimai
Has he/she/it been
sent the letter?
neegzistuoja
btojo laiko neveikiamoji ris

teigiama forma
neigiama forma
Ilga forma
Ilga forma
trumpa forma
I/He/She/It was
I/He/She/It was not
I/He/She/It wasnt
introduced.
introduced.
introduced.
Darant
pareikimus
You/We/They were called.
Was I/he/she/it introduced?

called.
Was I/he/she/it not

introduced?
You/We/They werent called.
Wasnt I/he/she/it introduced?
Klausimai
Were you/we/they called?

called?
Werent you/we/they called?
will bsimojo laiko neveikiamoji ris

teigiama forma
neigiama forma
Darant
pareikimus
Ilga forma
trumpa forma
Ilga forma
trumpa forma
I/You/He/She/It/
I/You/He/She/It/
I/You/He/She/It/
I/You/He/She/It/
We/They will be
We/Theyll be
We/They will not be
We/They wont be
introduced.
introduced.
introduced.
introduced.
Klausimai
we/they be
neegzistuoja
introduced?
we/they not be
introduced?
we/they be introduced?
susij sakiniai
Susij sakniai naudojami pateikti daugiau informacijos apie mones arba daiktus. Galime naudoti siejant vard
who apibdinti mones ir which apibdinti daiktus.
Pavyzdiai: He is the type of person who works very hard.
Yoga is a sport which helps you to relax.
laik schema
Laikas
situacijos
Faktai
Pavyzdis
ymimieji odiai
/kartais sakinyje/
skyriaus
kodas
It is a dog.
Paprastas
Always, usually,
esamasis

pasikartojimas
Gramatikos
She usually takes the bus.
G7
proiai
kakas vyksta
kalbjimo metu.
I wear red colour.
Phil is working in Japan.

Esamasis
just at this moment, at the
tstinis
ARBA kalbjimo
metu.
Paprastas
G13
moment
Why are you crying?
vykis praeityje.
I cooked dinner last night.
pasikartojimas
We sometimes went to the
Apibrti btojo laiko
praeityje
beach.
odiai ., yesterday, in
btasis
1999, last week, last night,
G15
last year
Praeities apraymas,
negaliojantis
dabartyje.
Btasis tstinis

kakas vyksta tam
speakingto my mother.
yesterday
aplinkybs
I have worked in the bank
all my life.
G17

Aplinkybs
Eamasis atliktinis
laikas

Naudojame for

years.
trunka.

yesterday
Aplinkybs
last Saturday.
Naudojame since
G14
pasakyti kada tai

prasidejo.
Nurodymai
Sit down.
Liepiamoji
Do not, dont
nuosaka
Patarimas
paprastasis
esamasis laikas
kaip bsimojo
laiko sakinys
Aplinkybs ateityje,
paremtos oficialiu
tvarkaraiu.
Try to get up earlier. Dont

do too much too soon.

trainleave?
Going to kaip
Praeityje sukurti
bsimasis laikas.
planai, sprendimai
party.
I will be forty in
pakeisti.
December.
Will kaip
spontaniki
sprendimai.
laikas kaip
ateities laikas
Neveikiamoji
ris
G22
G20
G21
bsimasis laikas.
Esamasis testinis
G8
Planai ateiiai, tam
I am seeing my
tikram laikui.
grandmother tomorrow.
veiksnys nra svarbus

arba nra inoma kas
prieveiksmiai
tai padar.
G23
The children are/have

been/were/will be
taught French at the age of
5.
G27
Formavimas.
Galite sudaryti prieveiksm, prie bdvardio pridedami -ly .
Pavyzdiai: nice
nicely
quick quickly
kartais keiiasi rayba
po -y: easy easily

po -le: terrible terribly
po -ic: automatic automatically
Ne visi odiai pasibaigiantys -ly yra prieveiksmiai.

Kai kurie yra bdvardiai (pvz.: friendly, lively, lovely, lonely).
Pavyzdys: She has a lovely voice.
Hard, fast, early, late
ie odiai gali bti naudojami kaip bdvardiai ir prieveiksmiai.
Pavyzdys:
I love fast cars.
The driver drove fast.
Good ir well
Good yra bdvardis Well yra prieveiksmis
Pavyzdiai: My mother is a good cook.
She cooks well.
Bdo prieveiksmiai
Bdo prieveiksmis jums nupasakoja kaip kakas vyksta.

Jis daniausiai raomas sakinio gale.
Pavyzdys: He listened carefully.
Laipsnio prieveiksmiai
Laipsnio prieveiksmis sustiprina arba susilpnina odio reikm.
Pavyzdiai:
He is completely mad.
It is slightly colder today.
Laipsnio prieveiksmis gali bti naudojamas su bdvardiu ar su kitu prieveiksmiu.
Pavyzdiai: The film was absolutely fantastic. (prieveiksmis ir bdvardis)
He drove very carefully. (prieveiksmis ir prieveiksmis)
Gramatika - Auktesnis nei vidutinis lygis
Bdvardiai
vardiai
Skaitvardiai
Veiksmaodiai
Prieveiksmi palyginimas
Prielinksnis
Bdvardiai
Bdvardiai, sekami prielinksni
Po konkrei bdvardi eina konkrets prielinksniai. Tai turi bti imokta.
Pavyzdiai:
Hes interested in politics.
Shes afraid of the dark.
I wasnt very good at maths at school.
She is angry with me.
Bdvardi prie veiksmaod tvarka

Akivaizdu, kad danai itiek bdvardi prie daiktavard netursite, taiau tvarka bus tokia:
determiner, value, opinion, size, age, quality, length, height, shape, colour, origin, material, purpose
Pavyzdiai:
beautiful
long
wooden
dining
determiner
opinion
length
material
purpose
tall
red
brick
building
table
determiner
my
determiner
height
colour
expensive square
quality
shape
material
green
silk
colour
origin
scarf
vardiai
Savybiniai vardiai (vienaskaita)
Forma
mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs
Naudojimas
vardiai raomi prie daiktavardi. Savybiniai vardiai aprodo kas kam priklauso. Po i vardi sakinyje daugiau
niekas neraoma.
Pavyzdiai:
This book is his.
Shes a friend of mine.
They are friends of ours.
Bet kas (bet kuris, bet kur, bet kas)

Naudojimas
Any ir jo junginiai, anyone, anywhere, anything, yra naudojami:
su daugiskaitos, suskaiiuojamais ir neskaiiuojamais daiktavardiais neigiamuose sakiniuose ir klausimuose
Pavyzdiai: Im sorry, I havent got any plasters.
Have you got any TV dinners?
There isnt any soap in my room.
Do we need any insect repellent?
I cant find him anywhere.
ireikti idj, kad tai nerpi who, what arba where
Pavyzdiai:
Anyone can learn to sing.
What would you like to drink? Anything, as long as its cold.
Dont make a fuss. Ill sleep anywhere.
Skaitvardiai
Kiekinius odius both of ir neither of naudojame apibrti kiek moni i dviej asmen grups bus
paminti.
Pavyzdiai:
Both of us like watching TV.
Neither of us enjoys crime series from the USA.
Kiekinius odius all of ir none of naudojame apibrti kiek moni i daugiau nei dviej asmen grups bus
paminti.
Pavyzdiai:
All of us like watching TV.
None of us enjoys crime series from the USA.
Veiksmaodiai
klausimosios frazs
Galite naudoti klausiamsias frazes:
- patikrinkite informacij.
- parodyti susidomjim arba uuojauta
Jeigu isakote teigiam pareikim, naudokits negiama yma; jeigu isakote neigiam pareikim, naudokits
teigiama yma.
Pavyzdiai:
Youre not going, are you?
This is the train to the airport, isnt it?
Su to have, to be ir pagalbiniais veiksmaodiais pakartojame teising to have arba to be arba pagalbinio

veiksmaodio form.
Pavyzdiai:
Youre not married, are you?
Youre single, arent you?
You can speak Japanese, cant you?
You wont be here next week, will you?
You werent born here, were you?
Su pilnais esamojo laiko veiksmaodiais naudojame pagalbin veiksmaod esamajame laike do + asmuo.
Pavyzdiai: You enjoy photography, dont you?
You dont like skiing, do you?
Su pilnais btojo laiko veiksmaodiais naudojame pagalbin veiksmaod btajame laike do + asmuo.
Pavyzdiai:
You didnt live here when you were a child, did you?
You flew to Canada last year, didnt you?
Pastaba:
Kai naudojamos ios kalusiamosios frazs, balso tonas emja.
Kai neesame tikri ir naudojame klausiamj fraz kaip real klausim, balso tonas pakyla.
Esamasis tstinis
Naudojimas
Esamj eigos laik naudojame:
sakyti, kas vyksta kalbjimo metu.
Pavyzdiai: Shes having a bath.
ireikti, kad veiksmas yra laikinas, bet kalbjimo metu nevyksta.
Pavyzdiai: Shes having driving lessons.
ireikti krypt
Pavyzdiai: Families are spending less and less time together.
Galite naudoti esamj eigos laik su tam tikrais danio bdvardiais (always, forever, continually) nordami
ireikti erzinant prot.
Pavyzdiai: The children are always fighting at mealtimes.
Galite naudoti tai, nordami ireikti ateities planus, kuriuos jau vykdte. Laiko isireikimas / pvz.: tomorrow/
turi bti esamajame laike.
Pavyzdiai: Hes flying to Rome tomorrow. (taip pat irti G28)
Formavimas.
Teigiama forma
Ilga forma
Neigiama forma
trumpa forma
Ilga forma
trumpa forma
Im
cooking dinne
r.
Darant
pareikimu
You/We/They are
watching TV.
Am I cooking ...?
Klausimai
Are you/we/they watching T

V?
I am not
You/We/They
You/We/They are
re
not
watching TV.
watching TV.
He/She/Its
He/She/It is not
working.
working.
neegzistuoja
neegzistuoja
neegzistuoja
cooking dinner.
You/We/They aren't
watching TV.
Am I not
cooking ...?
Are you/we/they n
Arent you/we/they watching
ot watching TV?
TV?
Is he/she/it not
working?
Gerundijus (-ing formos)

Veiksmaodiniai daiktavardiai danai vadinami -ing formomis. Js galite juos naudoti:
kaip daiktavardius
Pavyzdiai: Shopping for groceries online is very easy.
po tam tikr veiksmaodi, toki kaip enjoy, finish, dislike, (cant) stand, dont mind, look forward to.
Pavyzdiai:
She enjoys watching soaps.
She doesnt mind getting up early in the morning.
I cant stand listening to opera.
po worth
Pavyzdiai: Its not worth watching.
po veiksmaodi remember ir stop galite naudoti tiek gerundij, tiek ir bendrat. Bkite atsargs, reikms gali
labai skirtis.
Pavyzdiai:
I remember watching black and white TV. (Remember + -ing nurodo tai, k nuveikte.)
I must remember to post the letter. (Remember+ to + bendratis nurodo tai, k dar turite
padaryti.)
I stopped watching TV two years ago. (A to nebeiriu.)
I stopped to watch the news on TV. (A lioviausi dars tai, k dariau, tam, kad galiau
pairti televizori.)
Slygos sakiniai
Jei-Ilygos 0-inis tipas
Naudojimas
Naudojame io tipo IF sakin:
- Kai pateikiame instrukcijas.
Pavyzdiai: If you have a problem, call our helpline.
If you have a complaint, press 3.
- kalbti apie situacijas, kurios yra tiesa.
Pavyzdys: If you have a problem, you can come to me.
Formavimas.
nulinis slygos sakinys sudaromas i dviej dali:
ifsakinys
pagrindinis sakinys
If + paprastasis esamasis laikas
paprastasis esamasis laikas (arba liepiamoji nuosaka)
If sales increase,
the profit grows.
If you need help urgently,
call our emergency services number.

Naudojimas
io tipo IF sakiniai naudojami kalbant apie situacijas arba ateities vykius, kurie yra gali vykti.
Pavyzdiai: If it rains, well cancel the cricket match.
Formavimas.
Jei - ilygos tipas 1 taip pat yra sudarytas i dviej dali:
ifsakinys
pagrindinis sakinys
If + paprastasis esamasis laikas
will-ateitis
If you forget your passport,
you wont fly on holiday.
Js galite pradti sakin if alutiniu sakiniu,
Pavyzdiai: If I get the job, Ill call you right away.
arba su pagrindiniu sakiniu.
Pavyzdiai: Ill call you right away if I get the job.
Pastaba: Kai sakinys prasideda pagrindine sakinius, nededamas joks kablelis tarp pagrindinio ir alutinio sakinio.
Jei-Ilygos 2 tipo
Naudojimas
Naudojame io tipo IF sakin kalbdami apie sivaizduojam arba netikra situacij ir dabarties vykius. J
naudojame nordami ireikti kaip vyks vykis ateityje arba kalbdami apie sivaizduojamus rezultatus.
Pavyzdys: If you voted for the Bicycle Riders Party, you would have cleaner air to breathe.
Formavimas.
Antrojo tipo slyginiai skainiai sudaromi i dviej dali:
ifsakinys
pagrindinis sakinys
If + paprastasis btasis laikas
would + bendratis
If it rained,
the farmers would be very happy.
pagrindinis sakinys taip pat gali bti pirmas.
Pavyzdys: The farmers would be happy if it rained.
Pastaba: Kai sakinys prasideda pagrindiniu sakiniu, nra jokio kablelio tarp slygos ir pagrindinio sakinio.
Jei-Ilygos tipas 3
Naudojimas
Naudojame io tipo IF sakin kalbdami apie sivaizduojam arba netikra situacij ir praeities vykius.
Pavyzdys: If he had left on time, he wouldnt have been late.
Formavimas.
3 tipo"If" sakiniai taip pat yra sudaryti i dviej dali:
ifsakinys
pagrindinis sakinys
If + had + btojo laiko dalyvis would(nt) have + btojo laiko dalyvis
If she had used sunscreen,
she wouldnt have got sunburn.
pagrindinis sakinys taip pat gali bti pirmas.
Pavyzdys: She wouldnt have got sunburn if she had used sunscreen.
Pastaba: Kai sakinys prasideda pagrindiniu sakiniu, pagrindinis sakinys ir alutinis sakinys neatskiriami kableliais.
Formavimas.
vesti
Pavyzdis
Naudojimas
sakinys su
pagrindinis
"jei"
sakinys
sakinys su "jei"
pagrindinis
sakinys
If +
duoti nurodymus
paprastasis
###TRANS
esamasis
TODO###
If you are cold,
put the hat on.
laikas
0
If +
aplinkybs, kurios yra tiesa
paprastasis
esamasis
laikas
aplinkybs arba vykiai ateityje,
If +
kurie yra realistiki ir gali vykti
paprastasis
esamasis
paprastasis
esamasis
laikas
will-ateitis
If the
the
sales increase,
profit grows.
If I get up early
I will be on
tomorrow,
time for work.
laikas
If +
2
sivaizduojamos arba
paprastasis
nerealios situacijos dabartyje
btasis
If I had the money

would
(but I do not have

it now),
laikas
I would buy a
new car.
If + btasis
sivaizduojamos arba
3
nerealios situacijos ir
uduotyspraeityje
atliktinis
laikas
If + had +
btojo laiko
would +
If she had gone to
she would
btojo laiko
the cinema (but she
have met her
dalyvis
did not),
friend there.
dalyvis
netiesiogin kalba / netesioginiai klausimai

netiesiogin kalba - naudojimas
Netiesiogin kalb naudojame pasakytus odius ar mintis. Asmens tiesiogin kalb pakeiiate nauja struktra,
pakeisdami veiksmaodio form ir odi tvark.
Pavyzdiai:
I am going on holiday next week. (tiesiogin kalba)
He said he was going on holiday next week. (netiesiogin kalba)
Formavimas.
Netiesiogin kalba prasideda netiesioginiu pagrindiniu klausimu, kuriame yra tema ir praneamasis veiksmaodis.
Daniausiai naudojami veiksmaodiai: say (said), tell (told) ir ask (asked)
Pavyzdiai:
He said he would call back this afternoon.
She told me she wanted to come at 3 oclock.
Kiti pasakojimo veiksmaodiai yra: admit, complain, confess, demand, explained, insist, promise, remind, warn ir
wonder.
Jeigu netiesioginis veiksmaodis yra btojo laiko (said, told, asked), tuomet js keiiate veiksmaodio, paimto
i tiesiogins kalbos, laik.
Pavyzdiai: He said he was going on holiday next week.
arba
tai ia yra veiksmaodio laik pasikeitimo i tiesiogins netiesiogin kalb sraas.
tiesiogin kalba
netiesiogin kalba
/I say/ I am in Prague.
He said he was in Prague.
Esamasis testinis laikas
btasis eigos laikas
/I say/ I am staying at the hotel.
She said she was staying at the hotel.
going to
was/were going to
/I say/ I am going to learn Spanish.
He said he was going to learn Spanish.
btasis atliktinis laikas
/I say/ I went to Paris.
He said he had gone to Paris.
esamasis atliktinis laikas
/I say/ I have seen the movie.
She said she had seen the movie.
Esamasis testinis atliktinis laikas
btasis atliktinis eigos laikas
/I say/ I have been having driving lessons.
She said she had been having driving lessons.
/I say/ I had spoken to him.
He said he had spoken to him.
will, can, may
would, could, might
/I say/ I will do it.
She said she would do it.
/I say/ I can do it.
She said she could do it.
/I say/ I may do it.
She said she might do it.
Modaliniai veiksmaodiai would, could, might, must ir should nekeiia savo formos netiesioginje kalboje.
/I say/ I would do it.
She said she would do it.
/I say/ I could do it.
She said she could do it.
/I say/ I might do it.
She said she might do it.
/I say/ I must do it.
She said she must do it.
/I say/ I should do it.
She said she should do it.
vardiai taip pat keiiasi priklausomai nuo poirio
Pavyzdiai:
I saw you yesterday. (tiesiogin kalba)
He said he had seen me the day before. (netiesiogin kalba)
You must be careful. (tiesiogin kalba)
She warned us to be careful. (netiesiogin kalba)
Pastaba: Jeigu tai, k js praneate vis dar tebra tiesa kalbamuoju momentu, tuomet sakinyje nra pokyi.
Pavyzdiai:
I love you.
She said she loves me.
Danai mes naudojame tokius veiksmaodius: admit, complain, confess, demand, explain, insist, promise,
remind, warn ir wonderkad papasakotume apie vis vyk.
Pavyzdiai:
Ill phone you tomorrow. (tiesiogin kalba)
He promised to phone her the following day. (netiesiogin kalba)
I want to see the manager and I want to see him now. (tiesiogin kalba)
He insisted on seeing the manager immediately. (netiesiogin kalba)
netiesioginiai klausimai - naudojimas
Netiesiogine kalba galite perduoti klausimus, kuri js klausia mones.
Pavyzdiai:
When were you born? (tiesioginis klausimas)
He asked when I was born. (netiesioginis klausimas)
Formavimas.
Kai praneinjame tiesiogin klausim, jis tampa alutiniu sakiniu, todl veiksnys raomas prie veiksmaod ir
pagalbinis veiksmaodis do sakinyje nekartojamas.
Tiesioginiai klausimai turi du tipus.
Taip/ne klausimai (atsakymai juos 'taip' arba 'ne')

iuo atveju, prie netiesiogin klausim pridedame if
tiesioginis klausimas
netiesioginiai klausimai
Pavyzdiai:
Do you often go to the cinema?
He asked me if I often went to the cinema.
Have you got any brothers or

sisters?
He asked me if I had any brothers or sisters.

(got su veiksmaodiu have vartojamas tik
esamajame laike)
Were they there yesterday?
He asked me if they had been there the day before.
Will you come?
He asked me if I would come.
Wh- klausimai (atsakymams naudojami pilni sakiniai)

Klausiamasis odis lieka netiesioginiame klausime.
Pavyzdiai:
tiesioginis klausimas
netiesioginiai klausimai
How often do you get an

attack?
The doctor asked me how often I got an attack.

(Ne,, The doctor asked me how often did you get an
attack.)
Where do you work?
He asked me where I worked.
Why did you go there?
He asked me why I had gone there.
What are you going to do?
He asked me what I was going to do.
Naudojamas / Naudojamas + -mo / Naudoti + -mo

Naudojame used to ireikti rutin arba praeities bsen, kuri nebra teisinga.
Formavimas.
used to + bendratis visiems asmenims
Pavyzdiai:
She used to go to work by

bus.
This building used to be a

cinema.
Teigiama forma
Darant
pareikimus
Klausimai
Neigiama forma
Ilga forma
Ilga forma
I/You/
I/You/ He/She/It/We/They did
He/She/It/We/They used to
not use to call home very
call home very often.
often.
trumpa forma
I/You/ He/She/It/We/They didnt

use to call home very often.
Did I/you/
Did I/you/
Didnt I/you/
he/she/it/we/they use to
he/she/it/we/they not use to
he/she/it/we/they use to
call home very often?
Naudojame to be used to + -ing ireikdami, kad veiksm priimame kaip prast dalyk.
Formavimas.
to be + used to + ing
Pavyzdiai: People in Britain are used to drinking their beer warm.
He is a commuter and is used to getting up early.
Naudojame get used to + -ing , kai inome, kad veiksm reiks priimti kaip prat dalyk, arba jau imokome j
taip priimti.
Formavimas.
to get + used to + ing
Pavyzdiai: We got used to driving on the left when we were in England.
I dont think I will ever get used to eating raw fish.
paprastasis esamasis altiktinis laikas

Formavimas.
had + btojo laiko dalyvis
Naudojimas
Btj atliktin laik naudojame "grti atgal", kai kalbame apie praeit, kad tapt aiku, kuris i veiksm vyko
anksiau u t, apie kur kalbate. Jis danai naudojamas pasibaigusiems vykiams.
Pavyzdiai: He had lived in the house for three years before deciding to move.
She had failed her driving test four times before she passed it.
Danai naudojame struktr after, because, until ir when pirmam i dviej veiksm.
Pavyzdiai: Because I hadnt passed the medical examination I didnt get the job in Singapore.
After she had finished university she got a job with a bank in London.
Pastaba: Galite naudoti du praeities laikus, jei yra aiku, kuris vykis buvo pirmesnis.
Pavyzdia After I left the office I met some friends for

i:
dinner.
Teigiama forma
Ilga forma
Darant
pareikimu
s
I/You/
He/She/It/We/They had
stayedthere for 2 weeks
before they moved in.
Neigiama forma
trumpa forma
Ilga forma
I/You/
I/You/
He/She/It/We/They He/She/It/We/They h
d stayedthere for
ad not stayedthere
2 weeks before
for 2 weeks before
they moved in.
they moved in.
Had I/you/
Had I/you/
Klausimai
he/she/it/we/they stayedth
ere for 2 weeks before they
neegzistuoja
moved it?
Btasis atliktinis eigos laikas

Formavimas.
had been + eigos veiksmaodis
stayedthere for 2
weeks before they
moved it?
trumpa forma
I/You/
He/She/It/We/They hadnt
stayedthere for 2 weeks
before they moved in.
Hadnt I/you/
he/she/it/we/they stayedth
ere for 2 weeks before they
moved it?
Naudojimas
Btj atliktin eigos laik naudojame kalbdami apie veiksm, kuris vyko praeityje ir tessi iki to laiko momento
apie kur js kalbate. Jis danai naudojamas kalbant apie laikinas situacijas. J danai naudojame su for ir since.
Pavyzdiai:
We had been coming to Paris for years

before we decided to move here.
She had been studying at Oxford for two

years before transferring to Cambridge in
1995.
Teigiama forma
Ilga forma
I/You/
Darant
He/She/It/We/They ha
pareikimus
d been studying for

two years before going
to Cambridge.
Klausimai
Neigiama forma
trumpa forma
Ilga forma
I/You/
I/You/
He/She/It/We/They
He/She/It/We/They ha
d been
d not been
studying for two
studying for two years
years before going to
before going to
Cambridge.
Cambridge.
trumpa forma
I/You/
He/She/It/We/They hadn
t been studying for two
Cambridge.
Had I/you/
Had I/you/
Hadnt I/you/
he/she/it/we/they been
he/she/it/we/they been
been studying for two
before going to
before going to
Cambridge?
Cambridge?
Cambridge?
Norai
1. Forma
neegzistuoja
wish + paprastasis btasis laikas
Naudojimas
i struktr naudojame ireikdami tai, kas nortumte, kad bt tiesa, bet iuo metu taip nra.
Pavyzdiai: I wish I was seventeen again.*
I wish she would call.

* ia galite naudoti tariamj nuosak, I wish I were seventeen again.
2. Forma
wish + had(nt) + btojo laiko dalyvis
Naudojimas
Struktr naudojame nordami ireikti apgailestavimus dl to, kas buvo ar nebuvo padaryta.
Pavyzdiai:
I wish I hadnt gone snorkelling. (A nardiau ir dabar peralau.)
I wish I had taken the sea sickness tablets. (A to nepadariau ir dabar blogai jauiuosi.)
Pastaba: Neigini naudojimas hadnt ,reikia, kad js apgailestaujate kak padar. Teisigini naudojimas had
reikia, kad js apgailestaujate kako nepadar.
Prieasi nurodymas
Kai pateikiate prieastis, galite naudoti to + bendratis nordami konstatuoti veiklos arba vykio tiksl.
Pavyzdiai: She went to the bank to cash a cheque.
I need a few days to think it over.
Taip pat prieast galimte ireikti naudodami because.
Pavyzdiai: Im not going to take a tie because its not a formal event.
Privalai ir Turi
Naudojimas
Brit angl kalboje must yra naudojamas ireikiant kalbaniojo jausmus ar norus. To have to naudojamas
norint ireikti iorinius sipareigojimus.
Pavyzdiai: I suffer from hay fever, so I have to take tablets in the summer.
I must get some more tablets. I have run out.
I have to wear glasses when Im driving.
I must have my eyes tested. I can't read that road sign.
Formavimas.
must naudojamas visuose esamojo laiko asmenyse.
Naudojame To have to kaip veiksmaod to have. Jis turi btj laik: had to.
Pavyzdys: I had to go to school when I was a child.
"Negalima" ir "draudiama"
Naudojame cant ir mustnt kalbdami apie kak, ko negalima daryti. Mustnt yra labai stiprus draudimas.
Pavyzdiai:
You cant park your car there.
The doctor said I mustnt eat sweets.
"Neprivalai" ir "Nebtina"
dont have to ir neednt naudojame kalbdami apie kak, kas nra btina. Jie turi panaias reikmes.
Pavyzdiai:
You dont have to go to the store. I went yesterday.
They neednt take an umbrella. The weather forecast is good.
Formavimas.
neednt naudojame visuose esamojo laiko asmenyse.
Dont have to tampa doesnt have to vienaskaitos treiajame asmenyje. Btojo laiko forma didnt have to
ilieka tokia pati visuose asmenyse.
Pavyzdiai: He doesnt have to wear glasses.
She didnt have to do that.
Galimyb / Tikimyb
Galite naudotis sekaniais modaliniais veiksmaodiais su bendratimi be to, kad ireiktumte tiktinus arba
galimus vykius, kalbdami apie teigiamas ir neigiamas ivadas.
modalinio veiksmaodio galimyb / tikimyb
may, might, could: manoma

cant: nemanoma
must: tik viena galimybe, tam tikras
Pavyzdiai:
I may be late. (Penktadienio vakarais bna didelis eismas.)
He might win. (Bet jis nra itin geros formos.)
You cant be hungry. (Mes valgme piets prie 2 valandas.)
You must be tired. (Tai buvo ilga kelion, o tu turjau tik 30 minui pertrauk.)
susij sakiniai
Susij sakniai naudojami pateikti daugiau informacijos apie mones arba daiktus. Galime naudoti siejant vard
who apibdinti mones ir which apibdinti daiktus.
Pavyzdiai: He is the type of person who works very hard.
Yoga is a sport which helps you to relax.
bti kak padarius
Naudojimas
Naudojame i struktur nordami ireikti idj, kad js nedarote arba nedarte darbo pats, bet paprate arba
sumokjote kakam kitam, kad padaryt u jus.
Pavyzdiai: She had her nose pierced. (Ji nujo profesional parduotuv.)
Formavimas.
Naudojame atitinkam veiksmaodio to have form (priklausomai nuo veiksnio ir laiko), padalyv ir btojo laiko
dalyv.
Present progressive: We are having our house painted.

Esamasis atliktinis laikas: I have just had my hair cut.
paprastas btasis laikas: I had the windows cleaned last week.
Pastaba: odi tvarka yra svarbi vartojant i struktra. Papildinys patenka tarp formos to have ir btojo laiko
dalyvio
Palyginkite: He has had his car serviced. (Jis nune tai gara.)
He has serviced the car. (Jis pats padar darb.)
Bsimasis laikas
Formavimas.
Teigiamas will +bendratis (be to. Yra vartojamas su visais asmenimis. Kalboje will daniausiai yra
sutrumpinamas iki ll, pvz. hell, well, ir t.t. .Trumpuose atsakymuose ir oficialiuose laikuose sutrumpinta forma
nevartojama.
Pavyzdiai:
Ill be 50 in August.
Cars will be made of composites.
Can you recycle these bottles? Yes Ill take them to the bottle bank later.
Neigiamas will not + bendratis (be to). Kalbant will not yra trumpinamas wont ir yra naudojamas
trumpuose ataskymuose. Pilna forma will not yra vartojama oficialiuose laikuose.
Naudojimas
Naudojame will kalbdami apie:
- neutralus bsimasis laikas, kai kas, ko negalima pakeisti

- spjimai.
- Ateities ketinimas, ireikas kalbamuoju metu.
Pavyzdiai:
Cars wont use as much fuel as they do today.
Will you be 50 in August? No, I wont*. Ill be 51.
Ill call back this afternoon.

* Pastaba: pilnos formos naudojimas ia ireikt susierzinim. Will you be 50 in August? No I will not. I'll be
49!
Klausimus su will-future sudarome perstatydami veiksn ir pagalbin veiksmaod will.
Pavyzdiai:
Will cars be more fuel-efficient?
Teigiama forma
Neigiama forma
Darant
pareikimus
Klausimai
Ilga forma
trumpa forma
Ilga forma
trumpa forma
I/You/He/She/It/
I/You/He/She/It/
I/You/He/She/It/
I/You/He/She/It/
We/They will speak to
We/Theyll
We/They will not
We/They wont speak to
him.
speak to him.
speak to him.
him.
neegzistuoja

Formavimas.
Teigiama forma
to be + going to + bendratis
Theyre going to pick up all the rubbish in the area.
Neigiama forma
Pridkite not po veiksmaodio to be .
Theyre not going to waste energy.
klausimas
Sukeiskite vietomis veiksn ir veiksmaod to be
Is she going to spend another month in the tree?
Naudojimas
Bsimajame laike naudojame going to ireikti:
we/they not be in
Prague?
- Ateities planas ar ketinimas, apgalvotas dar prie kalbjimo moment.

- Ateities vykis, dl kurio jau dabar yra tam tikr rodym.
Pavyzdiai
:
Its no problem. Im going to see her

tonight anyway.
Hes driving way too fast. Hes going

to have an accident.
Teigiama forma
Darant
pareikimus
Ilga forma
trumpa forma
Ilga forma
I am going to
Im going to
I am not going to
cook dinner.
cook dinner.
cook dinner.
You/We/They r
You/We/They are
e going to
not going to
watchTV.
watch TV.
Hes going to
He is not going to
work.
work.
work.
You/We/They are
going to watchTV.
Am I going to
cook dinner?
Klausimai
Neigiama forma

g to watchTV?
work?
neegzistuoja
Am I not going to
cook dinner?
Are you/we/they no
neegzistuoja
t going to
trumpa forma

watchTV.
He isnt going to work.
watchingTV?
neegzistuoja
Is he/she/it not
going to working?
Isnt he/she/it going towork?
Bsimasis progresyvus laikas

Formavimas.
will / shall + to be + -ing
At ten oclock tomorrow Ill be lying on the beach in the sun.

Will / shall you be checking out tomorrow, madam?
Naudojimas
Bsimj eigos laik naudojame:
- ireikkite, kas vyks tam tikru laiko momentu ateityje.

- kalbti apie vyk, kuris yra pastovus (panaus esamj tstin laik naudojam ireikti ateities vykiams).
- apie planus ir ketinimus teiraukits maloniai.
Pavyzdiai:
Ill be speaking at a conference when

she arrives.
Ill be traveling to Los Angeles next

week.
Will you be seeing her today?
Teigiama forma
Darant
pareikimus
Neigiama forma
Ilga forma
trumpa forma
Ilga forma
trumpa forma
I/You/He/She/It/
I/You/He/She/It/
I/You/He/She/It/
I/You/He/She/It/
We/They will be
We/Theyll be
We/They will be not
We/They wont be
seeing her today.
seeing her today.
Klausimai
we/they be seeing her
seeing her today.
seeing her today.
we/they not be
we/they be seeing her
seeing her today?
today?
neegzistuoja
today?

Esamj eigos laik naudojame to be + -ing kalbant apie apibrtus ateities planus.
Pavyzdiai: The managing director is flying to Brussels tomorrow.
Im visiting my mother over the holidays.

Esamj laik naudojame:
ireikti kas vyks pagal sudaryt grafik
Pavyzdiai: My plane leaves at 12.30.
po laiko jungtuk before, until, when ir as soon as.
Pavyzdiai:
We cant leave until the babysitter arrives. (Ne, until the baby sitter will arrive)
As soon as it stops raining well go out with the dog. (Ne, As soon as it will stop raining.)
Daugiaodiniai veiksmaodiai (fraziniai veiksmaodiai)
Formavimas.
Daugiaodiniai veiksmaodiai sudaryti i dviej dali: i veiksmaodio ir i prielinksnio arba prieveiksmio dalies.
Nebtina inoti skirtumo, taiau odelis po veiksmaodio gali pakeisti odi tvark, jeigu tai prieveiksmio dalis
arba prielinksnis.
Taisyklingi veiksmaodiai have, put, let, come, get ir doyra dalis formuojant daugiaodinius veiksmaodius.
Pavyzdiai:
I couldnt do without the TV.
Dont let up until youre finished.
Jeigu daugiaodinio veiksmaodio objektas yra vardis, jis turi eiti tarp veiksmaodio ir prieveiksmio arba
prielinksnio. Palyginkite:
Pavyzdiai: Dont wake the baby up. Dont wake up the baby.
Dont wake him / her up!
Kai kurie daugiaodiniai veiksmaodiai sudaromi su prieveiksmiu ir prielinksniu
Pavyzdiai:
I cant put up with this noise.
Can you let us in on the secret?
Reikm
Nevisada galite atspti daugiaodini veiksmaodi reikmes i veiksmaodio ir dalelyts pagrindo.
He took up diving. (Jis pradjo usiimti nardymu.)

He looked up the word in his dictionary / He looked the word up in his dictionary. (Jis rado odio prasm.)
Neveikiamoji ris
Naudojimas
Neveikiamj r naudojame:
kai neinome arba nenorime sakyti kas tai padar, arba kai tai nra svarbu.
apibdinti i ko pagaminti daiktai.
norint pabrti veiksm, bet ne asmen ar daikt, kuris atliko veiksm.
Pavyzdiai:
The criminal was arrested last night.
This mobile phone is made of plastic.
The first mass production car plant was opened by Ford.
Formavimas.
Neveikiamj r sudarome naudodami veiksmaodio to be reikiam laik ir btojo laiko dalyv.
paprastasis esamasis laikas: Telephone calls are charged at the rate of 35p per unit.
paprastas btasis laikas:
The hotel was completely refurbished in 2000.
Esamasis atliktinis laikas:
Your taxi has been ordered, sir.
Neveikiamoji ris sudaroma prie modalini veiksmaodi + be bendratis + btojo laiko dalyvis.
Pavyzdiai: Rooms must be vacated by 12.00 noon.
laik schema
Laikas
Paprastas
esamasis
situacijos
Pavyzdis
Faktai
It is a dog.
pasikartojimas
She usually takes the bus.
proiai
I wear red colour.
kakas vyksta
kalbjimo metu.
metu.
moment
Why are you crying?
vykis praeityje.
I cooked dinner last night.
pasikartojimas
We sometimes went to the
praeityje.
beach.
Apibrti laiko signalai

praeityje: yesterday, in
1999, last week, last night,
last year
Btasis tstinis
kodas
Always, usually,
just at this moment, at the

ARBA kalbjimo
skyriaus
tstinis
btasis
(kartais sakinyje)
Gramatikos
Phil is working in Japan.
Esamasis
Paprastas
ymimieji odiai
Apraymas praeityje
nra tiesa dabartyje.
kakas vyksta tam
G7
speakingto my mother.
aplinkybs
I have worked in the bank
all my life.
Aplinkybs
Naudojame for
Eamasis atliktinis
laikas
trunka.
yesterday

years.

yesterday
Aplinkybs
Naudojame since
pasakyti kada tai

last Saturday.
prasidejo.
Btasis atliktinis
Ankstesn situacija
He had lived in the house
kitai situacijai
for 3 years before he
praeityje.
decided to move.
Situacija, kuri vyko

Btasis atliktinis
praeityje ir tssi iki
eigos laikas
to momento, apie kur

mes nekame.
Nurodymai
We had been coming to

Paris for years before we
Sit down.
Do not, dont
nuosaka
Patarimas
esamasis laikas
kaip bsimojo
G16
decided to move there.
Liepiamoji
paprastasis
G15
Aplinkybs ateityje,
paremtos oficialiu
Try to get up earlier. Dont

do too much too soon.

trainleave?
G29
laiko sakinys
tvarkaraiu.
Going to kaip
Praeityje sukurti
bsimasis laikas.
planai, sprendimai.
party.
I will be forty in
pakeisti.
December.
Will kaip
G25
bsimasis laikas.
spontaniki
sprendimai.
Esamasis testinis
laikas kaip
ateities laikas
Neveikiamoji
ris
G26
Planai ateiiai, tam
I am seeing my
tikram laikui.
grandmother tomorrow.
The children are/have
veiksnys nra svarbus

arba nra inoma kas
tai padar.
G28
been/were/will be
taught French at the age of
5.
Prieveiksmi palyginimas
Naudojimas
Bdo prieveiksmiai naudojami atsakant klausim how?.
Formavimas.
Dauguma prieveiksmi pasibaigia -ly, ,nes jie yra formuojami pridedant -ly prie bdvardio aknies.
She has a beautiful voice. (Koks jo/jos balso tembras? Bdvardis.)

She sings beautifully. (Kaip ji dainuoja? Prieveiksmis.)
G31
He is a careful driver. (Koks jis vairuotojas? Bdvardis.)

He drives carefully. (kaip jis vairuoja? Prieveiksmis.)
rayba
Bdvardiuose, pasibaigianiuose -le keiiame -le -ly , kad sudarytume prieveiksm.
Pavyzdiai: The rain was gentle. It was raining gently.
Bdvardiuose, pasibaigianiuose -y pakeiiame -y -ily.
Pavyzdiai: It was an easy mathematical problem. He solved it easily.
Auktesnysis ir aukiausiasis
Sudaryti prieveiksmio auktesnyj ir aukiausij laipsnius prie prastos formos pridedame more .
Pavyzdiai:
Lovins wants us to use resources more wisely than we do now.
If he had driven more carefully, he wouldn't have had an accident.
Kai kurie prieveiksmiai, pvz.: alone, fast, hard, high, late, long ir low turi tas paias galnes kaip
aukiausiojo ir auktesniojo laipsnio prieveiksmiai. Nordami sudaryto aukiausiojo ir auktesniojo laipsnio
odius, prie odio pabaigos pridedame -er ##????## -est
Pavyzdiai: He works harder than most, but she works hardest of all.
Prielinksnis
Prielinksnis
Tam tikros prielinksni vartojimo savybs turi bti imoktos. tai sraas pavyzdi su patarimais, padsianiais
jums lengviau siminti kada kok prielinksn naudoti.
She works for Nestle.
for a company (Ne, by)
Company headquarters are in Boston.
in a town, city or country
He works as a sound engineer.
as used in a job description
The hotel is in Station Road.
in for streets*
The hotel is at 134 Station Road.
at addresses
Hes at work
at somewhere in the office building
Hes in his office
in for an enclosed, defined space
*(AE) The shop is on Main Street.
Prielinksniai arba bdvardiai

kai kurie odziai, priklausomai nuo konteksto, yra ir prielinksniai ir prieveiksmiai
Pavyzdiai:
My parents live in the flat below ours. (prieveiksmis)
The garage is below the living area. (prielinksnis)
The cat crawled under the table. (prieveiksmis)
The cat was in the basket under the table. (prielinksnis)
The tree fell over. (prieveiksmis)
The picture has always hung over the fireplace. (prielinksnis)
There was a strange noise coming from the floor above. (prieveiksmis)
There was a strange noise coming form the floor above our flat. (prielinksnis)
Funkcionali kalba - 1 Elementas

Asking for Words
k...reikia?
What does ... mean?
Koks bt anglikas odis ...?

Whats the English for ...?
Asking for Repeating

Gal galtumte tai pakartoti?
Can you repeat that, please?
Gal galtumte pasakyti tai dar kart?

Can you say that again, please?
Asking for Spelling and Pronouncing

Gal galtumte tai pasakyti paraidiui?
How do you spell that, please?
Gal galtumte tai itarti?

How do you pronounce that, please?
Funkcionali kalba - 2 Elementai

Saying Hello and Goodbye
pasisveikinant
atsisveikinant
Neoficialus
Neoficialus
Hello./Hi.
Bye./Cheers.
Formalus
Take care./Take care of yourself.
Good morning.
See you later/next week/tomorrow.
Good afternoon.
Formalus
Good evening.
Goodbye.
Meeting and Greeting People

Susipainti su monmis
Sveikinimasis su monmis
Hello, my names ...
Hello, Carol, nice to see you (again).
Nice to meet you.
Nice to meet you.
Are you ...?
How are you?
Im fine, thanks.
Oh, not so bad.
Welcoming and Introducing People

Sutinkant mones
Supaindinimas
Welcome to our English class.
This is ...
Welcome to our company.
Let me introduce Peter ...
Welcome to Linz.
Please, meet my colleague Jeremy ...
Talking about Your Job

- Im a pilot.
What do you do?
- I work in an office.
- I work at the airport.
Saying Thanks and Responding

Thank you. / Thanks.
Thanks very much. - Youre welcome.
Thanks for your help. - No problem.
Saying Please
Please come in.
Can you spell it, please?
Saying Something Is Right

Right. / Thats right.
Correct. / Thats correct.
Thats it.
Saying Sorry
Sorry, whats your name?
Sorry, I cant come to the English class this evening.
Oh, sorry to hear that.
Sorry, Im a stranger here.
Offering and Asking for Help

Silyti pagalb
Can I help you?
Yes, of course. Ill be glad to.
Well, lets see. What is it?
How can I help you?
Praome pagalbos
Listen, Ive got a problem. Do you think you could help me out?
Do you think you could stand in for me?
Will you tell ... for me?
Could you help me with this copy machine, please?
Offering Something
Heres your key.
Here you are.
Asking for Words

Whats ... in English?
How do you say ... in English?
Describing Things
Thats ...
That looks ...
That sounds ...
It looks ...
They look ...
Taking Time to Think

Yes, just a minute.
Right, ...
Permission
Can I use your phone? Of course, go ahead.
May I smoke? Id rather you didnt.
Asking and Telling the Way

Klausiame kelio
kelio nurodymas kam nors
straight ahead.
Go
to the end of the street.
Can you tell me the way to ...?

Which is the way to ...?
Turn
left.
right.
down ... street for ... metres.

Walk
to the bottom of the street.

to the end of the street.
Which floor is it on?

The ... is on the left / right.
Its on the ground / first / ... floor.
Offering Drinks
What would you like to drink?
- Id like a glass of sparkling water.
- Nothing for me, thanks.
a glass of water?
- Yes, please.
a cup of tea?
- No, thank you.
Would you like
Language You Need while Studying

Listen to the dialogue and fill in the missing words.
Listen again and check your answers.
Listen and write down.
Listen and read.
Match the sentences with the pictures.
Are the sentences true or false?
Complete the sentences.
Put the words / sentences in the correct order.
Tick the correct answer.
Write down the words from exercise 1.
Can you spell it, please?
Look at the photos and ...
Talking on the Telephone

(mons pavadinimas) How can I help you?
Could I speak to ..., please?
Speaking.
Whos calling?
This is ... calling.
Hold the line.
Ill see if shes available.
One moment, please.
In a Restaurant (AE)
Klausimai
Atsakymai
How many in your party?
Four.
Separate checks or together?
Separate checks, please.
Are you ready to order?
Yes, Ill have a cup of coffee and a BLT.
Is everything all right?
Yes, everythings fine.
In a Restaurant (BE)
Klausimai
Atsakymai
A table for how many?
Four.
Separate bills or all together?
Separate bills, please.
Would you like to order now?
Yes, please. Ill have ...
Is everything all right for you (madam/sir)?
Yes, fine, thank you.
Language You Need to Book a Room

Id like to book a room, please.
For three nights.
Id like a single/double room.
How much is the room?
Is breakfast included?
Talking on the Phone - Personal

Hello, its ...
Hi, its me.
Ill phone you back later.
Take care.
Bye.
Writing a Letter
Laiko raymas
Adresas: Dear Sir or Madam,
Laiko raymas
Dear Sirs,
Dear Ms Johnson,
Dear customer,
Yours truly,
Yours sincerely,
Tu baigi:
Best regards,
Best wishes,
Travel Arrangements
Kelions rengimas
You can travel:

by rail / by sea / by air / by road / by underground / by train / by boat / by plane / by car / by bus / by bicycle
I travel by air when I go on holiday.

How do you travel?
I go home by bicycle.
Kelions rengimas
I go to school on foot.

Introduction
Suteikiame informacij apie save. moni supaindinimas
My names (Martha).
This is (Maria).
I come from (Austria).
Shes from (Switzerland).
Im (Austrian).
Shes (Swiss).
Ive got (a brother).
Shes got (a sister).
I dont like (beer).
She doesnt like (spiders).
Im very interested in (music).

Hello, my names ...
Hello, Carol, nice to see you (again).
Nice to meet you.
Nice to meet you.
Are you ...?
How are you?
Im fine, thanks.
Oh, not so bad.
Questions and Short Answers

Are you German?
Yes, I am. / No, Im not.
Is he a singer?
Yes, he is. / No, he isnt.
Was he a politician?
Yes, he was. / No, he wasnt.
Has she got a family?
Yes, she has./ No, she hasnt.
Can she play the piano?
Yes, she can. / No, she cant.
Do you play tennis?
Yes, I do. / No, I dont.
Does he play football?
Yes, he does. / No, he doesnt.
Did he fly to Paris?
Yes, he did. / No, he didnt.
Describing People
Apibdiname mones
Shes pretty.
What does she/he look like?
Shes got red hair.
Hes wearing a dark brown suit.
Shes three.
How old is Claire?
Shes three years old.
Claire is a three-year-old.
Asking for Information and Meaning of Words
Praome suteikti informacijos
Thing - what?
Whats your name?
Time - when?
When do you go to work?
Place - where?
Where do they live?
Reason - why?
Why is she learning English?
Person - who?
Who can sing a song in French?
Manner - how?
How are you?
Praome paaikinti odi reikm
Whats ... in English?
How do you say ... in English?
Describing Things
Apibdiname daiktus
Apibdiname daiktus
Its a kind of ...
Its something like ...
Ten years ago, there was only one cinema.
Today, there are two department stores.
Last year, there used to be many small shops.
Saying Where Things Are

Kur yra daiktai?
in the room.
on the table.
The computer is
next to the printer.
between the printer and the fax machine.
in front of the window.
Kur yra daiktai?
behind the door.
under the desk.
Saying Thanks
dkojant
Thank you. / Thanks. Youre welcome.
Thanks very much.
No problem.
Thanks for your help.
Sorry, I Didnt Catch That!

Sorry, I didnt catch that!
I didnt catch that.
I cant follow you.
Sorry, what did you say?
Sorry, I didnt catch that!
Could you repeat that, please?
Can you speak more slowly, please?
Let me check Ive got that right.
Saying Sorry
Atsipraymai/pasiteisinimai
Sorry, whats your name?
Oh, sorry to hear that.
Sorry, whos calling?
Sorry, this is a non-smoking area.
Starting and Ending a Conversation

pradedant pokalb
Ubaigiame pokalb
Hello, Im Paula. Youre the new student, arent you?
Have a nice time!
pradedant pokalb
Ubaigiame pokalb
Nice day today, isnt it?
Bye, see you tomorrow!
Hi, Helen. You look worried. Whats wrong?
Have a good day!
Oh, is that the time? I have to run!
Take care!
Giving and Asking for Opinions

Ireikiame ir klausiame nuomons
I think ... is more interesting than ...
What do you think?
What about you?
In my opinion, ...
I find ... much better than ...
Wishes
Ireikiame norus
Teiravimasis apie norus
Id like a cup of tea. Would you like a cup of tea?
Do you want a glass of milk?
What about a drink?
Giving Advice
Duodame patarim
You should use the stairs and not the lift.
You shouldnt watch so much television.
Requests
Praome paslaug
atsakyti praymus
Could you post these letters for me?
Yes, of course, thats no problem.
Could you give me a lift to work?
Sorry, Im not going into town today.
Asking for Permission and Responding

Praome leidimo ir atsako
Praome leidimo ir atsako
Of course, go ahead.
Can I use your phone?
Sorry, Im expecting an important call.
Could I use your car?
Well, I dont know. Yes, why not.
May I smoke in your office?
Id rather you didnt.
Agreeing and Disagreeing

Teiravimasis apie susitarim
Do you agree?
Do you think so?
Sutinkame
Nesutinkame
I think youre right.
Sorry, but I think thats wrong.
I agree.
Well, I dont know about that.
I quite agree with you.
Hm, Im not so sure about that.
Sutinkame
Nesutinkame
Thats right.
Sorry, but I cant agree with you there.
Well, I dont really agree with you on that.
Sounding Interested or Surprised

skamba domiai arba stebinaniai
I walk five miles a day. Really? Do you?
I never take the lift.
Oh. Dont you?
Checking Information
Tikriname informacij
He doesnt like jazz, does he?
You can speak Spanish, cant you?
Giving Instructions
###TRANS TODO###
###TRANS TODO###
Chop the onions!
Add the milk!
Shopping
apsipirkinjimas
Can I help you?
Id like some oranges.
Can I have some apples?
How many would you like?
Have you got any peaches?
Yes, here you are.
How much are the strawberries?
Two pounds a kilo.
Anything else?
No, thank you.
Talking on the Phone

kalbant telefonu
(skambina i mons)
(Asmeniniai skambuiai)
kalbant telefonu
(mons pavadinimas) How can I help you?
Hello, 53756.
Hello, its ...
Speaking.
Hi, its me.
Whos calling?
Ill phone you back later.
This is ... calling.
Take care.
Hold the line.
Bye.
Ill see if shes available.
One moment, please.
Writing a Letter
Laiko raymas
Dear Sir or Madam,

Adresas:
Dear Sirs,
Laiko raymas
Dear Ms Johnson,
Dear customer,
Yours truly,
Yours sincerely,
Tu baigi:
Best regards,
Best wishes,
Travel Arrangements
Kelions rengimas
You can travel:

by rail / by sea / by air / by road / by underground / by train / by boat / by plane / by car / by bus / by bicycle
I travel by air when I go on holiday.
How do you travel?
I go home by bicycle.
I go to school on foot.

Hello. My names ...
Hello, Carlos. How are you?
Nice to meet you.
Hi, Jason. Im fine, thanks.
Nice to meet you, too.
Nice to see you. / Good to see you.
Nice to see you, too. / Good to see you, too.
Asking for Information and Clarification

Praome paaikinti
Whats your name?
Sorry, when are you coming?
Where are you from?
Can you repeat that, please?
What are your hobbies?
Sorry, I didnt catch that.
Where do you work?
Could you spell that, please?
Have you got any children? /

Do you have any children?
You said Friday, didnt you?
Why are you learning English?
Paying Compliments
Sakyti komplimentus
Thats a nice car youve got!
What a lovely flat!
That hair style really suits you!
You look great!
Giving Advice
Duodame patarim
You should do more sports.
You shouldnt smoke so much.
You ought to get some sleep.
Praome paaikinti
Duodame patarim
If I were you, I would eat less.
Warning Someone
Kak spti
Mind the step!
Dont drink and drive!
You should be careful.
You shouldnt drive so fast.
Expressing Preferences and Wishes

Ireikiame pirmenyb
Ireikiame norus
I love eating chocolate.
I wish I were on holiday.
We enjoy watching films.
I wish you were here.
They like living in Spain.
I wish I had five cats.
Ireikiame pirmenyb
Ireikiame norus
She dislikes eating sauerkraut.
I cant stand getting up early in the morning.
He hates drinking beer.
Rules
kalbant apie taisykles ir reglamentus
When you do overtime you must leave the office before 8 p.m.
You dont have to wear a suit.
You cant open the window.
You mustnt smoke in the meeting rooms.
Suggestions
Silant ...
... ir atsakome
Why dont you train more often?
Thats a good idea.
Silant ...
... ir atsakome
Have you thought about dancing classes?
That sounds interesting.
Have you tried yoga?
Maybe Ill try that. / Well, I dont know.
Shall we give the workers a bonus?
Yeah, why not.
Permission
Praome leidimo ...
... ir atsakome
May I use your car?
Im sorry, I cant help you.
Can I park here?
Thats fine by me. / Yes of course.
Could I smoke here?
Im afraid thats not possible.
Invitations
Kviesti
Priimame
Atmetame
Would you like to come to dinner?
Id love to.
Im sorry, I cant.
Do you want to visit us on Friday? That would be lovely. Im afraid, I cant.
Asking for an Opinion and Giving One

Teiraujams nuomons
What do you think?
How do you feel about it?
Do you agree?
Ireikiame nuomon
Sutinkame
Nesutinkame
I think 5 weeks of holiday is enough.
That could be true.
Im not so sure.
In my opinion petrol is too expensive.
I agree with you.
Sorry, but I think thats wrong. / I disagree.
I would like more information on that.
I would, too.
I dont agree.
Thats a good idea.
Well, I dont really agree with you on that.
Im all for it.
I wouldnt agree with that.
Sure.
Filler Words and Expressions Showing Interest
Upildantys odiai
Isireikimai, parodantys susidomjim
Actually, I work there.
Really!
Anyway, I accepted the offer.
What happened then?
Well, I missed the flight.
Oh no!
After that, I decided to leave.
Oh!
Linking Words
Jungiamieji odiai
Although it was raining, she went for a walk.
Would you like tea or coffee?
Its an interesting job but its hard work.
She liked the city. However, she didnt like her job.
Expressing You Do Not Know the Word

Ireikiame, kad neinome, kaip kakas vadinasi anglikai Ireikiame, kad neinome odio
Ireikiame, kad neinome, kaip kakas vadinasi anglikai Ireikiame, kad neinome odio
I dont know what its called in English.
Whats the meaning of ...?
Whats that in English?
What do you call ...?
Checking Information
Tikriname informacij
He likes baseball, doesnt he?
You have been to Mexico City, havent you?
She is Spanish, isnt she?
Identifying and Describing Simple Objects

Nustatome ir apraome paprastus objektus
What shape is it?
Its oblong.
What size is it?
Its about 2 metres long, 2 metres wide and 2.5 metres high.
Nustatome ir apraome paprastus objektus
Whats it made of?
Its made of glass.
What colour is it?
Its dark grey.
Kompensavimo strategijos
Its something like ...
Its stuff to ...
Its a thing you need ...
Its a kind of ...
Writing a Letter
Laiko raymas
Dear Sir / Madam
Dear Mr Tweed / Ms Davis
I would like to ...
Laiko raymas
Im interested in ...
Could you please send me ...
Im happy to send you our brochure.
Thank you in advance. / Thank you for your interest.
If you have any questions, please contact me.
I look forward to hearing from you.
Hope to hear from you soon. / See you soon.
Best wishes / Best regards
Talking on the Phone

kalbant telefonu
This is ... from ...
kalbant telefonu
Just one moment, please.
Ill put you through.
How can I help you?
Would you like me to ...?
Im afraid hes talking on the other line.
Would you like to hold?
Its still engaged.
Would you like to leave a message?
Could you ask him to phone me back?
Thank you for your help.
Thanks for calling.
British and American Expressions
Brit angl kalba
colleague
co-worker
company
enterprise
curriculum vitae
rsum
bonnet
hood
boot
trunk
caf
diner
cartoons
funnies
film
movie
to pull (up)
to hitch (up)
journey
commute
lift
elevator
managing director
president
Brit angl kalba
mobile phone
cell(ular) phone
personnel department
human resources
petrol
gas
tights
stockings
to watch a video
to do a video
Skirtinga rayba
to practise
to practice
centre
center
programme
program

Softening Personal Questions
Is Julia your wife, if you dont mind my asking?
Id like to know something about Jake.
John, is he your husband or your partner?
Softening Personal Questions

Is Julia your wife, if you dont mind my asking?
Id like to know something about Jake.
John, is he your husband or your partner?
Question Tags
Youre from Frankfurt, arent you?
You work for BMW, dont you?
Welcoming a Visitor
What can I get you?
Would you like coffee or tea?
Can I take your coat?
How was your journey?
Likes and Dislikes

How do you feel about jogging?
I hate it. / I cant stand it. / Its OK, but I prefer ...
Its great, I love it.
Subjective Statements
If you ask me, I think ...
Im not sure, but I think I heard that ...
I think ...
Expressing Yourself Even if You Dont Know the Exact Word

I need some stuff for my knee.
I need something for the pain in my stomach.
I need a thing to put on my finger. I cut it.
Describing Food
It tastes like ...
It sort of looks like ...
Have you ever had ... ? Its like that.
Reporting Questions and Statements

praneant, jog kakas kitas pasak
praneant, jog kakas kitas klaus
She said she was coming at three.
She asked me if I could come to the party.
They asked if I could help them move at the weekend.
He said he got ill every time he drank milk.
Routines
kalbant apie praeities rutinas
kalbant apie dabarties proius
I used to go to work by bus.
Im used to working at the weekend.
I used to work for Siemens.
She is used to picking up the kids after school.
When you live abroad you have to get used to speaking a foreign language.
Requests
Praym.
atsakyti praym
Can I have another blanket, please?
Of course, sir. Ill ring the housekeeper right away.
Could I possibly have another blanket, please?
Im terribly sorry, but we havent got any at the moment.
Obligation
kalbant apie sipareigojimus
I have to see the boss this afternoon.
You must take your medicine if you want to get well.
Im sorry, but you cant park here.
You mustnt cut the grass on Sunday.
Permission
Prayti leidimo
Duoti ir atsiimti leidim
May I use your phone?
Id rather you didnt.
Do you mind if I take a seat?
Not at all. Go ahead.
Prayti leidimo
Duoti ir atsiimti leidim
Is it OK if I close the door?
Certainly, help yourself.
Im afraid it isnt allowed.
Suggestion
Prayti ir duoti pasilymus.
What would you say if I decided to move to the States?
What about moving to Mexico instead?
Probability
Spliojant
It may be Italy.
It might be Africa.
It cant be Scandinavia.
It must be a city in the US.
Making a Point
What I found most surprising was ...
I think that ...
That may be true, but ...
Saying Something Is Difficult or Impossible

Im not sure, but Ill see what I can do.
Ill try, but I cant promise anything.
Talking about What Could Have Been Different

If you hadnt drank so much at the party, you wouldnt have had a hangover.
You would have got malaria if you hadnt taken your tablets.
Expressing Wishes
I wish I had a new car.
I wish there was a store nearby.
I wish we had a new TV.
Giving Reasons
because I dont like boats.

I wouldnt like this holiday
because Im afraid of heights.
I would like this holiday
because I love Italian food.
Confirming Information in a Conversation

Do you know what I mean?
Did you say 14 or 40 dollars?
Sorry, Books or boots?
Being Friendly on the Phone

Im afraid shes not at her desk at the moment.
Im sorry, but he wont be back until this afternoon.
Making Arrangements
Are you free on ... ?
Could you make it on ... ?
What about Wednesday?

Gramatika Anglu

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Gramatika Anglu

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Copyright:

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Gramatika - Pradedantiesiems

klausimai ir trumpi atsakymai

a naudojamas prie priebalsius

an naudojamas prie bals

Pareig pavadinimai naudojami su artikeliu:

Transporto priemons, savaits dienos ir dienos patiekalai naudojami be artikelio:

kai kurie odiai turi kitoki gramatik, pavyzdiui:

Taip pat yra netaisykling form, pavyzdiui:

Lindas party is at 4 oclock.

Form "bti" ir "turti" paprastas esamasis laikas

I am not (Im not)

you are (youre)

you are not (youre not)

he is not (he isnt)

she is not (she isnt)

it is not (it isnt)

we are not (we arent)

you are (youre)

you are not (you arent)

they are (theyre) they are not (they arent)

to have angl kalboje Didiojoje Britanijoje*

I have got (Ive got)

I have not got (I havent got)

you have got (youve got)

you have not got (you havent got)

he has got (hes got)

he has not got (he hasnt got)

she has got (shes got)

she has not got (she hasnt got)

it has got (its got)

it has not got (it hasnt got)

we have got (weve got)

we have not got (we havent got)

you have got (youve got)

you have not got (you havent got)

Veiksmaodio "bti" paprastojo btojo laiko formos

I/he/she/it was not (wasnt)

we/you/they were we/you/they were not (werent)

trumpos formos naudojamos neiginiams.

Paprasto esamojo laiko veiksmaodiai

I do not work (dont work)

you do not work (dont work)

he does not work (doesnt work)

she does not work (doesnt work)

it does not work (doesnt work)

we do not work (dont work)

you do not work (dont work)

they do not work (dont work)

Btojo laiko veiksmaodiai

I did not play (didnt play)

you did not play (didnt play)

he did not play (didnt play)

she did not play (didnt play)

it did not play (didnt play)

we did not play (didnt play)

you did not play (didnt play)

they did not play (didnt play)

Esamasis laikas Btasis laikas

Esamasis progresyvus kaip bsimasis laikas

What are you doing next weekend? - Im staying at home.

go shopping in the morning.

to be* ir visi veiksmaodiai**

Where do you live?