Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Alves, C., & Lima, R. V. B. (2009). Dietary supplement use by adolescents. Jornal de Pediatria,
85(4), 287294. doi:10.2223/JPED.1907
Baralic, I., Djordjevic, B., Dikic, N., Kotur-Stevuljevic, J., Spasic, S., Jelic-Ivanovic, Z., Pejic, S.
(2013). Effect of astaxanthin supplementation on paraoxonase 1 activities and oxidative stress
status in young soccer players. Phytotherapy Research: PTR, 27(10), 15361542.
doi:10.1002/ptr.4898
groups content in young soccer players. Asx might be of special interest for the
athletes who are more susceptible to oxidative stress, providing additional support for
enzymatic and non-enzymatic endogenous antioxidant defense systems in order to
attenuate increases in ROS production.
Buckman, J. F., Farris, S. G., & Yusko, D. A. (2013). A national study of substance use behaviors
among NCAA male athletes who use banned performance enhancing substances. Drug and
Alcohol Dependence, 131(1-2), 5055. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.04.023
Of the 11,556 male undergraduate student athletes who completed the survey,
11,003 responded to the group classification item (on ergogenic aid use). Eighteen
responses were discrepant (i.e., reporting use of an ergogenic aid listed and also
endorsing I have not taken any of the items listed below) and were therefore
excluded. Of the remaining valid responses, 3.1% (n = 339) endorsed using at least
one of the 11 PES agents listed*; these individuals were categorized as PES users
based on their self-reported use of specific anabolic steroids, synthetic hormones,
blood doping agents, and other muscle building substances In addition to the one
survey item that was used to create PES use group categories, additional information
about the use of anabolic steroids, steroid inhalers, and dietary and other
supplements thought to enhance performance was assessed in separate survey
items.
Congeni, J., & Miller, S. (2002). Supplements and drugs used to enhance athletic performance.
Pediatric Clinics of North America, 49(2), 435461. Retrieved from
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11993292
This particular article can be found on MDConsult (through the Library). It breaks
down AAS, but also discusses creatine and ephedra.
DesJardins, M. (2002). Supplement use in the adolescent athlete. Current Sports Medicine Reports,
1(6), 369373. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12831686
Creatine is the most popular nutritional supplement, with annual sales over $400
million. Its prevalence in high school athletic populations has been reported to be
7% to 30%
A study of 224 high school boys reported 5% past or present use of hGH
Diehl, K., Thiel, A., Zipfel, S., Mayer, J., Schnell, A., & Schneider, S. (2012). Elite adolescent
athletes use of dietary supplements: characteristics, opinions, and sources of supply and
information. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 22(3), 165174.
Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22693237
Of the young athletes, 91.1% reported DS use during the previous month. (Daily)
DS use was significantly associated with sex, kind of sport, and the weekly duration
of sporting activity. Furthermore, some athletes were required to use DS by their
sporting organization. DS use was more likely in these athletes than in those whose
sporting organizations had no such requirement. Overall, DS with short- and longterm supplemental function were mostly associated with the use of magnesium.
However, DS with medium-term muscle-building function played an important role
among daily users. The main source of information about DS was coaches; main
source of supply was parents. Professional education is urgently needed, as 9 out of
10 athletes used DS, and strong positive opinions toward the use of DS were present,
particularly in the DS users.
Gardiner, P., Buettner, C., Davis, R. B., Phillips, R. S., & Kemper, K. J. (2008). Factors and common
conditions associated with adolescent dietary supplement use: an analysis of the National Health
and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine,
8, 9. doi:10.1186/1472-6882-8-9
Guyda, H. J. (2005). Use of dietary supplements and hormones in adolescents: a cautionary tale.
Paediatrics & Child Health, 10(10), 587590. Retrieved from
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2722611/
The most common supplements currently used are amino acids, creatine, protein
powder, caffeine, ephedrine-type alkaloids (derived from the herb ma huang),
ginseng, vitamin C, vitamin E, multivitamins, copper, magnesium and zinc
In a study of 742 high school athletes, 38% used supplements. The most common
reasons given by the athletes for nutritional supplement use were to promote healthy
growth, prevent illness and improve performance. Sixty-two per cent believed that
supplement use improved athletic performance.
McDowall, J. A. (2007). Supplement use by young athletes. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine,
6(3), 337342. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24149420
A trend in the current literature revealed that the most frequently used supplements
are in the form of vitamin and minerals.
While health and illness prevention are the main reasons for taking supplements,
enhanced athletic performance was also reported as a strong motivating factor.
Generally, females are found to use supplements more frequently and are associated
with reasons of health, recovery, and replacing an inadequate diet. Males are more
likely to report taking supplements for enhanced performance. Both genders equally
rated increased energy as another reason for engaging in supplement use. Many dietary
supplements are highly accessible to young athletes and they are particularly
vulnerable to pressures from the media and the prospect of playing sport at
increasingly elite levels. Future research should provide more direct evidence
regarding any physiological side effects of taking supplements, as well as the exact
vitamin and mineral requirements for child and adolescent athletes. Increased
education for young athletes regarding supplement use, parents and coaches should to
be targeted to help the athletes make the appropriate choices.
Petrczi, A., Naughton, D. P., Pearce, G., Bailey, R., Bloodworth, A., & McNamee, M. (2008).
Nutritional supplement use by elite young UK athletes: fallacies of advice regarding efficacy.
Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 5, 22. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-5-22
Single supplement use was reported by 48.1%, with energy drinks being the most
popular, consumed by 41.7% of all athletes and 86.6% of the supplement users in
the sample. No agreement was observed between athletes' rationale and behaviour in
relation to nutritional supplements except for creatine.
Sajber, D., Rodek, J., Escalante, Y., Oluji, D., & Sekuli, D. (2013). Sport nutrition and doping
factors in swimming; parallel analysis among athletes and coaches. Collegium Antropologicum,
37 Suppl 2, 179186. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23914506
Sato, A., Kamei, A., Kamihigashi, E., Dohi, M., Komatsu, Y., Akama, T., & Kawahara, T. (2012).
Use of supplements by young elite Japanese athletes participating in the 2010 youth Olympic
games in Singapore. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine: Official Journal of the Canadian
Academy of Sport Medicine, 22(5), 418423. doi:10.1097/JSM.0b013e318266830a
The results revealed widespread supplement use among young elite athletes in the
Japanese national team for the Singapore Youth Olympic Games in 2010. Moreover,
these athletes apparently used supplements without considering the effects of their
normal diets.
Silverberg, N. B. (2012). Whey protein precipitating moderate to severe acne flares in 5 teenaged
athletes. Cutis, 90(2), 7072. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22988649
[Cases used] whey protein supplementation; 3 teenagers used the supplement for
muscle building in football training and the other 2 for attempting to gain weight.
Sousa, M., Fernandes, M. J., Moreira, P., & Teixeira, V. H. (2013). Nutritional supplements usage by
Portuguese athletes. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research. Internationale
Zeitschrift Fr Vitamin- Und Ernhrungsforschung. Journal International de Vitaminologie et
de Nutrition, 83(1), 4858. doi:10.1024/0300-9831/a000144
Two hundred ninety-two athletes (68 % male, 12 - 37 years old) from 13 national
sports federations completed a questionnaire
Most athletes (66 %) consumed NS, with a median consumption of 4 supplements per
athlete. The most popular supplements included multivitamins/minerals (67 %), sport
drinks (62 %), and magnesium (53 %).
Most athletes used NS to accelerate recovery (63 %), improve sports performance (62
%), and have more energy/reduce fatigue (60 %). Athletes sought advice on
supplementation mainly from physicians (56 %) and coaches (46 %).
Reasons for NS usage were supported scientifically in some cases (e. g., muscle gain
upon protein supplementation), but others did not have a scientific basis (e. g., use of
glutamine and magnesium).
Bloodworth, A. J., Petrczi, A., Bailey, R., Pearce, G., & McNamee, M. J. (2012). Doping and
supplementation: the attitudes of talented young athletes. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine &
Science in Sports, 22(2), 293301. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01239.x
This study used an anonymized questionnaire to survey 403 (12-21 years old) talented
young athletes' attitudes toward performance-enhancing substances and supplements.
Within this generally unfavorable view, males tended to express a more permissive
attitude toward performance-enhancing methods than females. Those convinced of the
necessity of supplementation for sporting success were also more likely to express
permissive attitudes.
The three most common PIEDs* were AAS, with 34% of the questions (n=374),
creatine and/or protein, with 22% of the questions (n=237) and other dietary
supplements, which were enquired about in 16% of the instances (n=171).
*PIEDs: Prohormones, HGH, Insulin, EPO/blood doping, Stimulants,
Creatine/protein supplements, Fat-burner supplements, Dietary supplements,
Other
10
In the past decade, it has become obvious that the use of performance-enhancing
drugs has reached adolescents below college age.
Frhapter, C., Blank, C., Leichtfried, V., Mair-Raggautz, M., Mller, D., & Schobersberger, W.
(2013). Evaluation of West-Austrian junior athletes knowledge regarding doping in sports.
Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift, 125(1-2), 4149. doi:10.1007/s00508-012-0318-7
During the last 12 months, 85% of the junior athletes did not take any substances,
listed within the questionnaire. The missing 15% .nutritional supplements
(28%)[and]3.9% consumed stimulants TABLE
11
Anabolic steroids, creatine, and androstenedione are currently among the most used
ergogenic substances
Goulet, C., Valois, P., Buist, A., & Ct, M. (2010). Predictors of the use of performance-enhancing
substances by young athletes. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine: Official Journal of the
Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine, 20(4), 243248. doi:10.1097/JSM.0b013e3181e0b935
12
6.4% and 8.0% of participants admitted having used the decongestant drug Sudafed
or asthma inhaler medications, respectively. Nevertheless, only 0.4% of those who
used Sudafed stated that they did so on a regular basis. Of the 283 athletes who used
asthma inhaler medications, 2.2% reported using them regularly. For anabolic
steroids, growth hormones, and erythropoietin, 1.0%, 1.2%, and 0.8% of subjects
reported using these substances, respectively. Data on other popular substances and
products showed that those most often used to improve athletic performance were
recovery drinks (49.4%), chocolate (34.1%), vitamin supplements (26.5%), coffee
(16.0%), creatine (11.5%), alcohol (11.4%), and marijuana (7.7%).
Greydanus, D. E., & Patel, D. R. (2002). Sports doping in the adolescent athlete the hope, hype, and
hyperbole. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 49(4), 829855. Retrieved from
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12296535
This particular article can be found on MDConsult (through the Library). It breaks
down AAS, but also discusses a very lengthyalbeit partiallist of agents used by
athletes as ergogenic aids.
Greydanus, D. E., & Patel, D. R. (2010). Sports doping in the adolescent: the Faustian conundrum of
Hors de Combat. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 57(3), 729750.
doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2010.02.008
This particular article can be found on MDConsult (through the Library). It breaks
13
down AAS, but also discusses a very lengthyalbeit partiallist of agents used by
athletes as ergogenic aids. (Similar to the 2002 article cited above)
Laos, C., & Metzl, J. D. (2006). Performance-enhancing drug use in young athletes. Adolescent
Medicine Clinics, 17(3), 719731; abstract xii. doi:10.1016/j.admecli.2006.06.011
Laure, P., Lecerf, T., Friser, A., & Binsinger, C. (2004). Drugs, recreational drug use and attitudes
towards doping of high school athletes. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 25(2), 133
138. doi:10.1055/s-2004-819946
The completed forms were received from 1459 athletes: 4 % stated that they had
used doping agents at least once in their life (their main source of supply being peers
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and health professionals). Thirty-four percent of the sample smoked some tobacco,
66 % used alcohol, 19 % cannabis, 4 % ecstasy, 10 % tranquillizers, 9 % hypnotics,
4 % creatine and 41 % used vitamins against fatigue.
Mazanov, J., Petrczi, A., Bingham, J., & Holloway, A. (2008). Towards an empirical model of
performance enhancing supplement use: a pilot study among high performance UK athletes.
Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport / Sports Medicine Australia, 11(2), 185190.
doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2007.01.003
The supplement list was divided into those which are primarily intended to benefit
one's health (Echinacea, magnesium, multivitamins, iron and Vitamin C) and those
which may benefit athletic performance and which, for the purposes of this study,
we have called performance-only supplements (caffeine, creatine, ginseng, and
whey protein). Cases were categorised as non-users, health-only users,
performance-only users, or both (i.e. users of health-only and performanceonly supplements). Some n = 293 respondents recorded no supplement use
(39.2%), n = 136 were identified as health-only users (18.2%), n = 30 were
performance-only users (4.0%) and n = 289 used both (38.6%).
Moreau, T., & CSAC (Clinical and Scientific Affair Council of the AAPA). (2010). Substance abuse:
performance-enhancer use and misuse. JAAPA: Official Journal of the American Academy of
Physician Assistants, 23(5), 18, 21. Retrieved from
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20480867
15
The list includes diuretics, which are used for weight loss and to mask illicit drug use;
beta-blockers, which aid performance in target sports such as archery and curling;
anabolic steroids; amphetamines; erythropoietin; and HGH (Table: Selected products
prohibited by WADA in the online version of this article).
Nemet, D., & Eliakim, A. (2007). [Banned performance enhancing ergogenic aids in children and
adolescent athletes]. Harefuah, 146(10), 794799, 812. Retrieved from
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17990397 [HEBREW]
Ephedra alkaloids; pain relief medications, diuretics, anabolic steroids and protein
hormones are among the ergogenic aids used by young athletes
Papadopoulos, F. C., Skalkidis, I., Parkkari, J., Petridou, E., & Sports Injuries European Union
Group. (2006). Doping use among tertiary education students in six developed countries.
European Journal of Epidemiology, 21(4), 307313. doi:10.1007/s10654-006-0018-6
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Wanjek, B., Rosendahl, J., Strauss, B., & Gabriel, H. H. (2007). Doping, drugs and drug abuse among
adolescents in the State of Thuringia (Germany): prevalence, knowledge and attitudes.
International Journal of Sports Medicine, 28(4), 346353. doi:10.1055/s-2006-924353
Three hundred and forty-six (15.1 %) students out of 2287 students (26 students
without a statement) indicated use of prohibited substances from the WADA list in
the previous year: 16 (0.7 %) anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), 10 (0.4 %)
growth hormones, 56 (2.4 %) stimulants, 305 (13.2 %) cannabis, 2 (0.1 %) diuretics,
52 (2.2 %) cocaine/heroin and 6 (0.3 %) erythropoeitin.
Bramstedt, K. A. (2007). Caffeine use by children: the quest for enhancement. Substance Use &
Misuse, 42(8), 12371251. doi:10.1080/10826080701208962
Committee on Nutrition and the Council on Sports Medicine and Fitness. (2011). Sports drinks and
energy drinks for children and adolescents: are they appropriate? Pediatrics, 127(6), 11821189.
doi:10.1542/peds.2011-0965 [Clinical Report]
17
Today's energy drinks also contain substances that act as nonnutritive stimulants,
such as caffeine, guarana, taurine, ginseng, L-carnitine, creatine, and/or
glucuronolactone, with purported ergogenic or performance-enhancing effects.
Report summary: A summary of the clinical report
Calfee, R., & Fadale, P. (2006). Popular ergogenic drugs and supplements in young athletes.
Pediatrics, 117(3), e577589. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-1429
Cooper, C. E. (2008). Drugs and ergogenic aids to improve sport performance. Essays in
Biochemistry, 44, 110. doi:10.1042/BSE0440001
Ellender, L., & Linder, M. M. (2005). Sports pharmacology and ergogenic aids. Primary Care, 32(1),
277292. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2004.11.008
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Given the lack of safety studies in children and adolescents, the ACSM
recommends that people under the age of 18 avoid creatine supplementation.
Despite this, a survey taken in 2000 of over 4000 Wisconsin high school students
found that approximately 25% of boys and 3.9% of girls had used creatine
supplements in the past
OBrien, M. J. (2011). Ergogenic aids: creatine supplementation as a popular ergogenic aid in young
adults. In M. B. M. FRCSC (Ed.), Evidence-Based Orthopedics (pp. 905909). Wiley-Blackwell.
Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781444345100.ch106/summary
Ranalli, D. N. (2007). Ergogenic substance abuse by adolescent athletes: perspectives for dental
practitioners. Northwest Dentistry, 86(5), 1420. Retrieved from
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17987831
Rodenberg, R. E., & Gustafson, S. (2007). Iron as an ergogenic aid: ironclad evidence? Current
Sports Medicine Reports, 6(4), 258264. Retrieved from
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17618003
19
Friedmann et al. showed that elite adolescent athletes could improve aerobic
capacity based on increases in VO2max and oxygen consumption during treadmill
running to exhaustion with no differences noted between sexes in iron-supplemented
groups.
Rosenfield, C. (2005). The use of ergogenic agents in high school athletes. The Journal of School
Nursing: The Official Publication of the National Association of School Nurses, 21(6), 333339.
Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16285842
Middle and high school athletes were surveyed about creatine usage in their annual
sports preparation physical exams. Overall, 5.6% of the athletes surveyed admitted to
taking creatine. Users represented every grade, from 612. The prevalence of use was
similar in grades 610 and then sharply increased in grades 11 and 12; 44% of 12th
grade athletes admitted to taking creatine.
More than 30% of users stated their primary sourcewas a health club, but a
teammate (29%), physician (25%), and coach (15.8%) also were listed as sources.
20
Giesemer, B. A. (2003). Ergogenic risks elevate health risks in young athletes. Pediatric Annals,
32(11), 733737. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22111154
The doping techniques that were previously seen in elite adult athletes are now
being noted in increasingly competitive elementary, middle, and high school male
and female athletes.
Braun, H., Koehler, K., Geyer, H., Kleiner, J., Mester, J., & Schanzer, W. (2009). Dietary supplement
use among elite young German athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise
Metabolism, 19(1), 97109. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19403956
A 5-page questionnaire was designed to assess their past and present (last 4 weeks) use of
vitamins, minerals, carbohydrate, protein, and fat supplements; sport drinks; and other ergogenic
aids. Furthermore, information about motives, sources of advice, supplement sources, and
supplement contamination was assessed. Eighty percent of all athletes reported using at least 1
supplement, and the prevalence of use was significantly higher in older athletes (p < .05). Among
supplement users, minerals, vitamins, sport drinks, energy drinks, and carbohydrates were most
frequently consumed. Only a minority of the athletes declared that they used protein/amino
acids, creatine, or other ergogenic aids. NO FULL TEXT (Can request)
21
Diehl, K., Thiel, A., Zipfel, S., Mayer, J., Litaker, D. G., & Schneider, S. (2012). How healthy is the
behavior of young athletes? A systematic literature review and meta-analyses. Journal of
Sports Science & Medicine, 11(2), 201220. Retrieved from
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3737871/
Eisenberg, M. E., Wall, M., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2012). Muscle-enhancing behaviors among
adolescent girls and boys. Pediatrics, 130(6), 10191026. doi:10.1542/peds.2012-0095
Muscle-enhancing behaviors were common in this sample for both boys and girls. For
example, 34.7% used protein powders or shakes and 5.9% reported steroid use.
Unhealthy behaviors were also prevalent: 34.7% used protein powders or shakes,
5.9% reported using steroids, and 10.5% reported using some other muscle-enhancing
substance. Girls were similarly involved, with a large majority changing eating and
exercise habits, 21.2% reporting using protein powders, 4.6% using steroids, and 5.5%
using other muscle-enhancing substances. Almost 12% of boys and 6.2% of girls
reported using 3 or more of the behaviors examined here, indicating a relatively high
level of use.
22
Feucht, C. L., & Patel, D. R. (2010). Analgesics and anti-inflammatory medications in sports: use and
abuse. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 57(3), 751774. doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2010.02.004
Lentillon-Kaestner, V., & Ohl, F. (2011). Can we measure accurately the prevalence of doping?
Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 21(6), e132142. doi:10.1111/j.16000838.2010.01199.x
Depending on the denition of doping and the type of question used, the prevalence
of doping obtained can dier enormously, between 1.3 and 39.2% of athletes.
Suzic Lazic, J., Dikic, N., Radivojevic, N., Mazic, S., Radovanovic, D., Mitrovic, N., Suzic, S.
(2011). Dietary supplements and medications in elite sport--polypharmacy or real need?
23
Total of 74.6% athletes reported use of at least one substance, 61.2% took DS (3.17
per user) and 40.6% took medications. Among users, 21.2% reported the use of six
and more different products, and one took 17 different products at the same time.
Majority of medication users took non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID)
(24.7%), and 22.2% used more than one NSAID.
One athlete took 17 different products at the same time. Among multivitamin users
(43.4% of all athletes), 23 (6%) reported concurrent use of two or more multivitamin
products. Five athletes reported concurrent use of vitamin C and B-12, and nine used
vitamin C with contraceptive pills. Among NSAID users, 22% (50) took more than
one NSAID at the same time (four athletes took three different NSAID
concurrently). We observed that eight of 31 ginseng users took NSAID at the same
time. Moreover, two of them were taking ginseng and two types of NSAID.
24
Yager, Z., & ODea, J. A. (2014). Relationships between body image, nutritional supplement use, and
attitudes towards doping in sport among adolescent boys: implications for prevention programs.
Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 11(1), 13. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-11-13
There was a positive correlation between MBAS total and PEAS scores (r=.19,
p<.001), indicating that the young men who were more dissatisfied with their
bodies were more likely to support the use of doping in sport. Young men who were
currently attempting weight loss or weight gain, and those currently consuming
energy drinks (p2=.01, p<.01) and vitamin/mineral supplements (p2=.01,
p<.01) were also significantly more supportive of doping in sport. However, those
involved in weight lifting, and using protein powders were not (p>.05).
Petit, A., Levy, F., Lejoyeux, M., Reynaud, M., & Karila, L. (2012). [Energy drinks: an unknown
risk]. La Revue du praticien, 62(5), 673678. Retrieved from
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22730801
Petrczi, A., Mazanov, J., & Naughton, D. P. (2011). Inside athletes minds: preliminary results from
a pilot study on mental representation of doping and potential implications for anti-doping.
Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 6, 10. doi:10.1186/1747-597X-6-10
25
Thorlton, J. R., McElmurry, B., Park, C., & Hughes, T. (2012). Adolescent performance enhancing
substance use: regional differences across the US. Journal of Addictions Nursing, 23(2), 97111.
doi:10.3109/10884602.2012.669419
26
offered/sold/given illegal drugs at school ranged from 17-39%; PES use ranged from
5-17% across the US.
This study also details PES availability, reasons for use, and types of PES
Veliz, P., Boyd, C., & McCabe, S. E. (2013). Adolescent athletic participation and nonmedical
Adderall use: an exploratory analysis of a performance-enhancing drug. Journal of Studies on
Alcohol and Drugs, 74(5), 714719. Retrieved from
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23948530
Adolescents and young adults are using prescription stimulants, such as Adderall
(amphetamine aspartate, amphetamine sulfate, dextroamphetamine saccharate,
dextroamphetamine sulfate), as performance enhancers
The odds of past-year nonmedical use of Adderall among males were higher for male
respondents who participated in lacrosse (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.52, 95% CI
[1.20, 5.29]) and wrestling (AOR = 1.74, 95% CI [1.01, 2.98]). However, no particular
sport among females was found to be associated with past-year nonmedical use of
Adderall.
Veliz, P. T., Boyd, C., & McCabe, S. E. (2013). Playing through pain: sports participation and
nonmedical use of opioid medications among adolescents. American Journal of Public Health,
103(5), e2830. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301242
27
[W]e found that adolescent participants in high-injury sports had 50% higher odds of
NMUPO than adolescents who did not participate in these types of sports (i.e.,
nonparticipants and participants in other sports)
We speculate that the greater odds may be related to the fact that football players and
wrestlers have the highest severe injury rate among high-school athletes; alternatively,
the greater odds may be associated with an increased opportunity to get opioids from a
teammate who is diverting their opioid medication to peers
Veliz, P., Epstein-Ngo, Q. M., Meier, E., Ross-Durow, P. L., McCabe, S. E., & Boyd, C. J. (2014).
Painfully obvious: a longitudinal examination of medical use and misuse of opioid medication
among adolescent sports participants. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of
the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 54(3), 333340. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.09.002
The results of this study indicate that adolescent males who participate in sports
may have greater access to opioid medication, which puts them at greater risk to
misuse these controlled substances.
Duellman, M. C., Lukaszuk, J. M., Prawitz, A. D., & Brandenburg, J. P. (2008). Protein supplement
users among high school athletes have misconceptions about effectiveness. Journal of Strength
28
and Conditioning Research / National Strength & Conditioning Association, 22(4), 11241129.
doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e31817394b9
Since coaches, parents, and friends were the primary sources of advice about protein
supplements for protein supplementers
Froiland, K., Koszewski, W., Hingst, J., & Kopecky, L. (2004). Nutritional supplement use among
college athletes and their sources of information. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and
Exercise Metabolism, 14(1), 104120. Retrieved from
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15129934
Many athletes did not consider sports drinks and calorie replacement products as
supplements. Females were more likely to take calcium and multivitamins, and
males had significant intake for ginseng, amino acids, glutamine, hydroxy-methylbuterate (HMB), weight gainers, whey protein, and Juven. The most frequently used
supplements overall were energy drinks (73%), calorie replacement products of all
types (61.4%), multivitamin (47.3%), creatine (37.2%), and vitamin C (32.4%).
There was also significant supplement use noted per sport. Females were more
likely to obtain information from family members regarding supplementation, and
males from a store nutritionist, fellow athletes, friends, or a coach.
29
Jonnalagadda, S. S., Rosenbloom, C. A., & Skinner, R. (2001). Dietary practices, attitudes, and
physiological status of collegiate freshman football players. Journal of Strength and
Conditioning Research / National Strength & Conditioning Association, 15(4), 507513.
Of these athletes, 42% reported the use of dietary supplements, the most popular one
being creatine (36%).
Although more than 90% of the athletes recognized the importance of maintaining
proper hydration status, greater than 50% believed that protein supplements were
necessary for muscle growth and development
Mason, B. C., & Lavallee, M. E. (2012). Emerging supplements in sports. Sports Health, 4(2), 142
146. doi:10.1177/1941738111428127
Six common and newer supplements were identified, including glutamine, choline,
methoxyisoflavone, quercetin, zinc/magnesium aspartate, and nitric oxide.
Mason, M. A., Giza, M., Clayton, L., Lonning, J., & Wilkerson, R. D. (2001). Use of nutritional
supplements by high school football and volleyball players. The Iowa Orthopaedic Journal, 21,
4348. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1888195/
30
Article includes an anonymous survey of 495 male football players & 407 female
volleyball players. Details the use of creatine, androstiendione, HMB, AA complex,
DHEA, and Phosphogen. Also contains information about how students learned
about and gained access to each supplement.
Nieper, A. (2005). Nutritional supplement practices in UK junior national track and field athletes.
British Journal of Sports Medicine, 39(9), 645649. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2004.015842
Seventeen different supplements were taken, with each athlete using an average of 2.4
products, multivitamins and minerals being the most popular
Most athletes had been recommended to use supplements by their coach (67% female
and 64% male), while parents were also very influential (44% and 36%, respectively).
Most of the athletes (58%) checked with the medical team before taking supplements
and the majority obtained their supplements from health food shops (53%) or
supermarkets (29%)
More than 75% of the athletes had access to a sports dietician, but the majority used
this service infrequently
31
Coaches had the greatest influence on athletes supple mentation practices, with
doctors (25%) and sports dieticians (30%) seen as less influential.
It is of concern is that only two athletes received their supplements from the medical
support team, whereas the others bought from sources where purity and safety cannot
be guaranteed, such as health shops and the Internet.
Schaefer, M., Smith, J., L Dahm, D., & C Sorenson, M. (2006). Ephedra use in a select group of
adolescent athletes. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 5(3), 407414. Retrieved from
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24353458
Ephedra users were likely to obtain supplements from their peers, and were largely
uninformed of the content of their supplements.
Scofield, D. E., & Unruh, S. (2006). Dietary supplement use among adolescent athletes in central
Nebraska and their sources of information. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research /
National Strength & Conditioning Association, 20(2), 452455. doi:10.1519/R-16984.1
Of the participants, 38.1% (N = 53) listed their coach as their best source of
information on dietary supplements. TABLE 4
32
Seidler, T., & Sobczak, A. (2012). [Diet supplements in nutrition of sport mastery school students].
Roczniki Pastwowego Zakadu Higieny, 63(2), 193198. Retrieved from
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22928367
The diet supplementation being more frequent for boys (67.6%) with magnesium
(57-64%) noted as the most frequently used supplement, followed with vitaminmineral agents and L-carnitine.
Rogol, A. D. (2010). Drugs of abuse and the adolescent athlete. Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 36, 19.
doi:10.1186/1824-7288-36-19. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20167068
Contains information pertaining to anabolic steroids, but also insulin, hGH, rhIGF-I,
EPO.
33
Strano Rossi, S., & Botr, F. (2011). Prevalence of illicit drug use among the Italian athlete
population with special attention on drugs of abuse: a 10-year review. Journal of Sports
Sciences, 29(5), 471476. doi:10.1080/02640414.2010.543915
Zenic, N., Peric, M., Zubcevic, N. G., Ostojic, Z., & Ostojic, L. (2010). Comparative analysis of
substance use in ballet, dance sport, and synchronized swimming: results of a longitudinal study.
Medical Problems of Performing Artists, 25(2), 7581. Retrieved from
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17245674
Most of the examinees reported that they did not rely on physicians' and/or coaches'
opinions regarding doping.
34
CINAHL
Search string: teenage* AND athletes AND "performance enhancing"
The results indicated that the prevalence of PES use in this sample was reasonably
low (30/100). The subjects indicated a variety of substances used for performance
enhancement, including banned substances, (namely, growth hormone (5/100),
anabolic androgenic steroids (4/100)), and adrenaline/ephedrine (4/100), and
permissible supplements, (namely, creatine (32/100), vitamins (61/100), protein
(61/100), caffeine (57/100) and carbohydrates (54/100)).
35
Misc. Articles
Branum, A. M., Rossen, L. M., & Schoendorf, K. C. (2014). Trends in caffeine intake among U.S.
children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 133(3), 386393. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-2877
Campos, D. R., Yonamine, M., & de Moraes Moreau, R. L. (2003). Marijuana as doping in sports.
Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 33(6), 395399. Retrieved from
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12744713
Dodge, T., & Jaccard, J. J. (2008). Is abstinence an alternative? Predicting adolescent athletes
intentions to use performance enhancing substances. Journal of Health Psychology, 13(5), 703
711. doi:10.1177/1359105307082460
Laure, P., & Binsinger, C. (2007). Doping prevalence among preadolescent athletes: a 4-year followup. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 41(10), 660663. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2007.035733
Gera, T., Sachdev, H. P., & Nestel, P. (2007). Effect of iron supplementation on physical performance
in children and adolescents: systematic review of randomized controlled trials (Structured
abstract). Indian Pediatrics, 44(1), 1524. Retrieved from
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17277426
Hanson, C. L., Burton, S. H., Giraud-Carrier, C., West, J. H., Barnes, M. D., & Hansen, B. (2013).
Tweaking and tweeting: exploring Twitter for nonmedical use of a psychostimulant drug
36
(Adderall) among college students. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 15(4), e62.
doi:10.2196/jmir.2503
Herman-Stahl, M. A., Krebs, C. P., Kroutil, L. A., & Heller, D. C. (2006). Risk and protective factors
for nonmedical use of prescription stimulants and methamphetamine among adolescents. The
Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 39(3),
374380. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.01.006
Kamber, M., & Mullis, P.-E. (2007). [Doping in adolescence]. Therapeutische Umschau. Revue
thrapeutique, 64(2), 8389. doi:10.1024/0040-5930.64.2.83 [GERMAN]
Koch, J. J. (2002). Performance-enhancing: substances and their use among adolescent athletes.
Pediatrics in Review / American Academy of Pediatrics, 23(9), 310317. Retrieved from
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12205298 (Deals mostly with anabolic PES)
Lucidi, F., Zelli, A., Mallia, L., Grano, C., Russo, P. M., & Violani, C. (2008). The social-cognitive
mechanisms regulating adolescents use of doping substances. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26(5),
447456. doi:10.1080/02640410701579370
Modric, T., Zenic, N., & Sekulic, D. (2011). Substance use and misuse among 17- to 18-year-old
Croatian adolescents: correlation with scholastic variables and sport factors. Substance Use &
Misuse, 46(10), 13281334. doi:10.3109/10826084.2011.579677
37
Moore, M. J., & Werch, C. E. C. (2005). Sport and physical activity participation and substance use
among adolescents. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for
Adolescent Medicine, 36(6), 486493. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.02.031
Rogol, A. D. (2009). Growth hormone and the adolescent athlete: What are the data for its safety and
efficacy as an ergogenic agent? Growth Hormone & IGF Research: Official Journal of the
Growth Hormone Research Society and the International IGF Research Society, 19(4), 294299.
doi:10.1016/j.ghir.2009.04.007
Schepis, T. S., & Krishnan-Sarin, S. (2009). Sources of prescriptions for misuse by adolescents:
differences in sex, ethnicity, and severity of misuse in a population-based study. Journal of the
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 48(8), 828836.
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medizinische Wochenschrift (1946), 137(30), p24. doi:10.1055/s-0032-1301824 [GERMAN]
38
Willems, M. E., Sallis, C. W., & Haskell, J. A. (2012). Effects of multi-ingredient supplementation on
resistance training in young males. Journal of Human Kinetics, 33, 91101. doi:10.2478/v10078012-0048-y
39
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Tweaking and tweeting: exploring Twitter for nonmedical use of a psychostimulant drug
(Adderall) among college students. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 15(4), e62.
doi:10.2196/jmir.2503
Herman-Stahl, M. A., Krebs, C. P., Kroutil, L. A., & Heller, D. C. (2006). Risk and protective factors
for nonmedical use of prescription stimulants and methamphetamine among adolescents. The
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physiological status of collegiate freshman football players. Journal of Strength and
Conditioning Research / National Strength & Conditioning Association, 15(4), 507513.
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Kamber, M., & Mullis, P.-E. (2007). [Doping in adolescence]. Therapeutische Umschau. Revue
thrapeutique, 64(2), 8389. doi:10.1024/0040-5930.64.2.83
44
Koch, J. J. (2002). Performance-enhancing: substances and their use among adolescent athletes.
Pediatrics in Review / American Academy of Pediatrics, 23(9), 310317. Retrieved from
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mechanisms regulating adolescents use of doping substances. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26(5),
447456. doi:10.1080/02640410701579370
Mason, B. C., & Lavallee, M. E. (2012). Emerging supplements in sports. Sports Health, 4(2), 142
146. doi:10.1177/1941738111428127
Mason, M. A., Giza, M., Clayton, L., Lonning, J., & Wilkerson, R. D. (2001). Use of nutritional
supplements by high school football and volleyball players. The Iowa Orthopaedic Journal, 21,
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45
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Moore, M. J., & Werch, C. E. C. (2005). Sport and physical activity participation and substance use
among adolescents. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for
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Christina Magnifico
Research and Learning Specialist
Archie R. Dykes Library, Research and Learning
The University of Kansas Medical Center
G023A Murphy
913-588-7443
cmagnifico@kumc.edu
Dykes Library
Research and Learning Department
G023 Murphy Administration Building
The University of Kansas Medical Center
913-945-5990
dykesresearch@kumc.edu
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