India International

India-Nepal
1) India should refrain from micro-managing Nepal internal politics but India should not keep aloof
at this critical and try to facilitate consensus among various political actors

2) Content of Joint statement
update the Treaty of Peace and Friendship 1950;
promote greater collaboration and cooperation in security related issues;
cooperate in the agricultural sector and set up an agriculture university with Indian support;
enhance bilateral trade and investment by relaxing the rules of origin requirements;
simplify and streamline transit and customs related procedures;
eliminate Technical Barriers to Trade and make Sanitary and Phyto Sanitary-related measures
less stringent and lift quantitative restrictions on the export of Nepalese products to India;
finalise the text of a Power Trade Agreement;
work towards an early completion of the construction of the 132 kV Kataiya-Kusaha and 132 kV
Raxaul-Parwanipur Transmission Line Projects;
relax the requirement of Indian content for the road projects included in the $250 million LoC;
and deepen cooperation in the tourism sector by connecting major tourist spots in Nepal and
India.
India also agreed to construct an international cricket stadium at Pokhara;
continue the Goitre Control programme;
provide technical support for early operationalisation of the Bharat-Nepal Maitri Emergency and
Trauma Centre,
increase scholarships for Nepalese students for higher studies in India.

But more doable things are
declaring special trains for the Nepalese people from Delhi and Bangalore to the India-Nepal
border;
the exemption of Nepalese students and patients from paying in U.S. dollars during their
treatment in Indian hospitals, and educational institutions;
setting up India information centres in remote areas;
setting up cold storage and grain storage in hill regions and marketing facilities for agro-based
products;
renovation of airport infrastructure in Nepal, especially the Terai region;
vocational training institutes for women;
easy transfer of remittance from India to Nepal through banking channels;
joint research on the Himalayan eco-system and prevention of river pollution;
speeding up the completion of the Amlekhganj-Raxaul oil pipeline with Indian assistance.
Similarly, on tourism, we could have been more innovative, and proposed the linking of major
tourist spots starting from those in northern India to Kailash Mansarovar in Tibet via Nepal
connecting Bodhgaya, Saranath, Kasi Bishwanath, Janakpur, Lumbini, Vindhyabasini &
Mankamana in Pokhara, Pashupatinath and Muktinath.



Health

The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has created a Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn and
Child Health Coalition (RMNCH) that has a mandate to provide and advocate for policy and
programme directions to achieve improved RMNCH outcomes in India.

Countries like India carry the double burden of high levels of malnutrition caused by food insecurity
and growing levels of obesity caused by diets high in sugar, oil and salt.

non-communicable diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, strokes and heart disease are already
contributing significantly to adult mortality.




































India Nuclear Programme

1974- First Nuclear Test
1998- Second Nuclear Test

Not a signatory to the Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty (NPT) or to the Comprehensive Test Ban
Treaty (CTBT) owing to their discriminatory nature.

Non Proliferation Treaty (NPT)

Started in 1968 and became operational in 1970.
190 countries signed
Four countries India, Israel, Pakistan, South Sudan didnt signed.
International treaty whose objective is to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and
weapons technology.
Recognizes 5 security council members as nuclear power.
India,Pak- Open admission of possession of nuclear bomb.
Israel-Opaque policy.
Indias argument- NPT divides world in Nuclear haves and larger have nots on no logical
basis.

NSG
Multinational body
Objective-Reducing nuclear proliferation by controlling the export and re-transfer of materials
applicable to nuclear weapon development and by improving safeguards and protection on existing
materials.
The NSG was founded in response to the Indian nuclear test in May 1974.

INDO-US Nuclear Deal/123 deal.
March 2006.
To provide India with US civilian nuclear technology.
India has committed to classify 14 of its 22 nuclear power plants as being for civilian use and
to place them under IAEA safeguards.
In July 2006, the United States Congress amended U.S. law to accommodate civilian nuclear
trade with India.

on 6 September 2008, India was granted the waiver at the Nuclear Suppliers Group(NSG)
meeting held in Vienna.In an unprecedented step in giving exemption to a country, which has
not signed the NPT and the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT). Now India could
commence nuclear trade with other willing countries. The U.S. Congress approved this
agreement and President Bush signed it on 8 October 2008.

The implementation of this waiver made India the only known country with nuclear
weapons which is not a party to the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) but is still allowed to carry
out nuclear commerce with the rest of the world

In 2009 IAEA signed safeguard agreement with India.

By 2010, China reportedly signed a civil nuclear deal with Pakistan claiming that the deal was
"peaceful."
In 2011 Australia agreed to export uranium to India to strengthen its strategic ties in Asia.


Led by the U.S., other states have set up an informal group, the Nuclear Suppliers
Group (NSG), to control exports of nuclear materials, equipment and
technology.
[31]
Consequently, India was left outside the international nuclear order, which
forced India to develop its own resources for each stage of the nuclear fuel cycle and
power generation, including next generation reactors such as fast breeder reactors and
a thorium breeder reactor
[32][33]
known as the Advanced Heavy Water Reactor.


Given that India is estimated to possess reserves of about 80,000112,369 tons
of uranium,
[34]
India has more than enough fissile material to supply its nuclear weapons
program, even if it restricted Plutonium production to only 8 of the country's 17 current reactors,
and then further restricted Plutonium production to only 1/4 of the fuel core of these reactors.

However, because the amount of nuclear fuel required for the electricity generation sector is far
greater than that required to maintain a nuclear weapons program, and since India's estimated
reserve of uranium represents only 1% of the world's known uranium reserves, the NSG's
uranium export restrictions mainly affected Indian nuclear power generation capacity.


Technical Part

Indias three stage nuclear program

1st stage PHWR reactor
2nd stage Fast Breeder Reactor
3rd stage - Advanced Heavy Water Reactor

India has large reserve of thorium but very less uranium.
Thorium itself is not a fissile material it has to be converted into fissile isotope uranium 233.
First stages - natural uranium-fueled heavy water reactors and
Second stage - plutonium-fueled fast breeder reactors,
intended to generate sufficient fissile material from India's limited uranium resources, so that
all its vast thorium reserves can be fully utilised in the third stage of thermal breeder reactors.
Uranium Kadapa district of AP
Natural uranium contains only 0.7% of the fissile isotopeuranium-235. Most of the remaining
99.3% is uranium-238 which is not fissile but can be converted in a reactor to the fissile
isotope plutonium-239.
Almost the entire existing base of Indian nuclear power (4780 MW) is composed of first stage
PHWRs, with the exception of the two Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) units at Tarapur
In FBRs, plutonium-239 undergoes fission to produce energy, while the uranium-238
present in the mixed oxide fuel transmutes to additional plutonium-239.

Vast reserve of Thorium- It can be used but first need conversion in U-233 which is a fissile material.



Energy(U-235) Energy(Plutonium-239)


U-233


Natural Uranium U-238 Thorium
0.7% U-235 fissile
99.3% U-238 not fissile

2
nd
stage
Prototype fast Breeder Reactor design by IGCAR
Bharatiya Nabhikiya Vidyut Nigam Ltd (Bhavini), a public sector company under the Department of
Atomic Energy (DAE), has been given the responsibility to build the fast breeder reactors in India.

The construction of this PFBR at Kalpakkam was due to be completed in 2012.
[60][61]
It is not yet
complete.




PHWR
Plutonium239
(U-238)
dmdck


FBR
AHWR
More
Plutonium239
from U-238