Heat Transfer

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AS205 - Heat Transfer

2 Marks Question and Answers
1. Define thermal conductivity of a material?
The amount of energy conducted through a body of unit area and unit
thickness in unit time when the difference in temperature between the faces causing
heat flow is unit temperature difference.
2. Write down the Fourier conduction equation:

(
2
T / X
2
) +(
2
T /Y
2
) +(
2
T /Z
2
) = (1/) ((t /)

2
T = (1/) (t /)
3. Define overall heat transfer coefficient :
The overall heat transfer coefficient in the heat transmitted per unit area
per unit time per degree temp difference between the bulk fluids on each side of the
metal. It is denoted by U.
4. Give an expression for conduction heat transfer through a furnace wall of three
Layers:

Soln:

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5. What are the factors affecting the thermal conductivity?

i. Material structure
ii. Moisture content
iii. Density of the material
iv. Pressure and temperature.

6. Define thermal diffusivity?
It is the ratio of its thermal conductivity k to the thermal storage capacity
c.
= (k/c).
It indicates the rate at which heat is distributed in the material.
7. Define thermal Resistance:
Heat transfer may be analogy with the flow of electricity in an electrical
resistance. As the flow of electric current in the electrical resistance is directly
proportional to the potential difference heat flow is directly proportional to temp diff (dt),
the driving force for heat conduction through a medium

As per ohms law current (I) =Potential difference (dv)/ electrical resistance.

As per Fourier equation heat flow rate Q = temp diff (dt)/ (dx/KA)

Comparing to (1) & (2) I is analogous to Q , dv is analogous to dt , R is analogous to
(dx/KA).
The Quantity (dx/KA) is called the thermal conduction resistance.
8. Draw the diagram of electrical analogy for the composite layer of three concentric
Cylinders indicating the values of their thermal resistance.
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where Ka , Kb , Kc , are the thermal conductivities of 3 cylinders
respectively.
9. State fouriers law of heat conduction.
The rate of flow of heat through a simple homogeneous solid is directly
proportional to the area of the section at right angles to the direction of heat flow and to
change of temperature with respect to the length of the heat flow.

Q A. (dt/dx)

Q =-K.A (dt/dx)

10. Define and distinguish between steady state , unsteady state and transient state of heat
transfer .
Steady State:
It refers to the condition which prevails in a heat conducting medium
where temperature at fixed points do not change with time.
Unsteady State:
It designates a phenomenon which is time dependent . Conduction of
heat in unsteady refers to the transient conditions where in the heat flow and the temp
distribution at any point of the system vary continuously with time
11. Give the example of heat generation application?

Fuel rods nuclear reactor
Electrical conductors
Chemical and combustion processes
Drying and setting of concrete.
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12. Write down the formula used for finding heat loss through a sphere by conduction?
Q= 4kr1r2(t1-t2)/(r2-r1)
13. Discuss on thermal conductivity of insulators?
In insulating materials the thermal conductivity may vary from sample
to sample due to variations in structure , composition , density , and porosity.
14. What is critical thickness of insulation?
The thickness up to which heat flow increase and after which heat flow
decreases is termed as critical thickness.
Critical thickness or radius =(k/h
0
) =r
c

15. In the case of liquids and gases heat transfer takes place according to?
Convection

16. Unit for thermal conductivity is?

17. Materials having different values of thermal conductivities are known as?

Non isotropic material.

18. Draw the electrical analogy diagram for the composite layers of sphere indicating the
values of their thermal resistance..

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19. Give the reasons for low and high thermal conductivity in insulating and conducting
material?

Reason:
K may vary from sample to sample due to variations in structure, composition
and porosity.

Conducting Materials:
In metals the molecules are closely packed. Molecular activity is rather small
and so thermal conductivity is substantially due to the flow of free electrons.

20. How conduction and convective heat transfer occurs in solids and liquids respectively?

Conduction:
It is the transfer of heat from one part of a substance to another part of the
same substance or from one substance to another in physical contact with it, without
displacement of molecules forming the substance.
In solids conduction takes place by
Lattice vibration
Transport of free electrons.

Convection:
It is the transfer of heat within the fluid by mixing of one portion of the fluid
with another.
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21. When heat transferred by molecular collision it is referred to as heat transfer by?

Conduction.

22. Write the equation for calculating the heat transfer through a hollow cylinder with
variable thermal conductivity.

Q =- K
0
(1+
t
).(2rL(dt/dr))

23. Write the electrical analogy circuit for a composite plane wall having 4 layers of
different material.

24. Material in which thermal conductivity do not vary with respect to axis is called?
Isotropic material.

25. Write down the general heat conduction equation for an unsteady state 3-D heat flow
through a plane wall.

(
2
T / X
2
) +(
2
T /Y
2
) +(
2
T /Z
2
)+(q/k) = (1/) ((t /)

26. What are the three ways in which heat may be transferred?

Conduction
Convection
Radiation

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27. Write steady state conduction equation for variable thermal conductivity.

Q =- K
0
(1+
t
).(dt/dx).A

28. Give the expression for temperature distribution across a plane wall for one dimensional
steady state conduction.

(
2
T /X
2
)+(q/k) =0.

29. Define log mean area for a cylinder and a sphere:

Cylinder:
It is an expression for the heat flow through a hollow cylinder of the same
form as that for a plane wall .Then thickness will be equal to (r2-r1) and the area A
will be an equivalent area A
m
.

A
m
=(A
0
A
i
)/(ln(A
0
/A
i
)

=2L(r2-r1)/(ln(r2/r1)).
Sphere:

A
m
2
=A
i
*A
0

A
m
=(A
i
*A
0
)
0.5

= 4r1r2
r
m
=(r1r2)
0.5

30. Give the general expression for heat flow in three dimensions in cylindrical coordinates.

(
2
t / r
2
) +(1/r) (t /r) + (1/r
2
)(
2
t /
2
)+(
2
t / x
2
) +(q/k) = (1/) ((t /)
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31. Cork is a good (insulator) because it has porous body.

1. Derive the unit of thermal conductivity:

33. Define efficiency of fin
fin=Actual heat transferred by the fin[Q fin]
maximum head that would be transferred if whole surface of the fin is
maintained at the base temp[Qmax]

34. Define effectiveness of fin
Effectiveness of fin is the ratio of the fin heat transfer to the heat transfer rate that
would exist without a fin
fin=Q with fin
Q without fin
35. What is the advantage of insulating the fin at its end.
If the tip of the fin is insulated there is no heat loss from the end of the fin.
36. Name some good conductors of heat.
Silver, copper, aluminium and cast iron.

37. Mention four application of fin.
Finned surface are used in
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I. Economizers for steam power plants
II. Radiators of automobiles
III. Air cooled engine cylinder heads
IV. Transformer and electronic components etc.

38. Define Newtonian heating or cooling?
The process in which the internal resistance is assumed negligible in comparison
with its surface resistance is called the Newtonian heating or cooling process.

39. Define lumped system?
In lumped system the whole solid, whole energy at any time is a function of its
temperature and total heat capacity is treated as one lump. The temperature in this
process is considered to be uniform at a given time.
40. What is mean by unsteady heat conduction?
If there is an abrupt change in its surface temperature, the body attains an
equilibrium temperature or a steady state after some period. During this period the
temperature varies with time and the body is said to be in an unsteady or transient state.
41. Define error function and its significance?

erf [ ] is known as Gaussian error function. It is defined by

erf [ ] = (2/).
0
z
e
-n2
dn.

With erf (0)=0,erf()=1.

42. What is the shape of steady state conduction in cylindrical wall?

Shape Factor S = (2L)/(ln(r
0
/r
1
)
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43. Define conduction shape factor?
In order to solve the problem in 2-D,3-D conduction heat transfer we
need to construct a potential field consisting of curvilinear squares and thereafter count
the number of temperature increment and heat flow lanes.

44. Define Biot Number and what are its significance?

B
i
=(hlc)/k
Where,
h=convective heat transfer coefficient
lc =characteristic length.
Significance:
It gives an indication of the ratio of internal resistance to surface
resistance.
When B
i
is small it indicates that the system has a small internal
(conduction) resistance.

45. Define periodic variation in transient state?
In periodic transient state temperatures under go periodic changes which are
either regular or irregular but definitely cyclic.
Example:
The temperature variations in
Cylinder of an IC engine
Building during a period of 24 hours.

46. Name any numerical methods in the solution of transient heat conduction in solids.
Relaxation method
Newton raphson method.

47. Define semi-infinite solid and infinite solids.
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Infinite Solid:
A solid which extends itself infinitely in all directions of space is
termed as an infinite solid.
Semi-infinite Solid:
If an infinite solid is split in the middle by a plane , each half is known
as semi-infinite solid.

48. Define fourier number.

Fourier number F
0
= ( )/ L
c
2

It signifies the degree of penetration of heating or cooling effect through a solid.

49. Define time constant for a thermocouple.

The quantity ( V
c
/ h A
s
) (which has units of time) is called time constant and is
denoted by .
= ( V
c
)/(h A
s
)

= (k/h) (V/A
s
)

50. Define response of a thermocouple.
It is defined as the time required for the thermocouple to attain the
source temperature.

UNIT 2
1. What is meant by Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids?

The fluids which obey the Newton's law of viscosity are called Newtonian fluids and those
which do not obey are called non-Newtonian fluids.
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2. What is meant by laminar flow and turbulent flow?

Laminar flow: Laminar flow is sometimes called stream line flow. In this type of flow, the
fluid moves in layers and each fluid particle follows a smooth continuous path. The fluid particles in each
layer remain in an orderly sequence without mixing with each other.

Turbulent flow: In addition to the laminar type of flow, a distinct irregular flow is frequently
observed in nature. This type of flow is called turbulent flow. The path of any individual particle is zig-
zag and irregular. Fig. shows the instantaneous velocity in laminar and turbulent flow.

3. What is hydrodynamic boundary layer?

In hydrodynamic boundary layer, velocity of the fluid is less than 99% of free stream
velocity.

4. What is thermal boundary layer?

In thermal boundary layer, temperature of the fluid is less than 99% of free stream
temperature.

5. Define convection.

Convection is a process of heat transfer that will occur between solid surface and a fluid
medium when they are at different temperatures.
6. State Newton's law of convection.

Heat transfer from the moving fluid to solid surface is given by the equation
Q =h A (T
w
- T
) this equation is referred to as Newton's law of

cooling.
Where h - Local heat transfer coefficient in W/m
2
K
A - Surface area in m
2

T
w
- Surface (or) wall temperature in K
T
- Temperature of fluid in K

7. What is meant by free or natural convection?
Turbulent flow
Laminar flow
Velocity
Time
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If the fluid motion is produced due to change in density resulting from temperature
gradients, the mode of heat transfer is said to be free or natural convection.

8. What is forced convection?

If the fluid motion is artificially created by means of any external force like a
blower or fan, that type of heat transfer is known as forced convection.

9. According to Newton's law of cooling the amount of heat transfer from a solid surface of
area A at a temperature Tw , a fluid at a temperature T
is given by _____________
Q =hA (Tw - T
)

10. Indicate the concept or significance of boundary layer.
In the boundary layer concept the flow field over a body is divided into two
regions:

A thin region near the body called the boundary layer where the velocity and the
temperature gradients are large.
The region outside the boundary layer where the velocity and the temperature gradients
are very nearly equal to their free stream values.

Six Marks Questions
Unit -1

1. To derive the general heat conduction equation in Cartesian coordinates
2. A steel ball 100 mm diameter was initially at 500
o
C and is placed in air which is at 35
o
C.
Calculate time required to attain 400
o
C and 300
o
C. k steel =35 W/mk, c =0.46 kJ/ kg K
,p =7800 kg/m
3
,h =10 W/m
2
K .
3. Explain the concept of critical thickness of insulation
4. A brick wall ( k =0.7 W/ mK ) is 0.30 m thick. If the temperature of the inner and outer
surfaces is maintained at 50C and 30C respectively, calculate the heat loss through one
square meter area. Find also the temperature at an interior point of the wall 24 cm distant
from the outer wall.
5.
An aluminium rod (k =204 W/mK) 2 cm in diameter and 20 cm long protrudes from a
wall which is maintained at 300C. The end of the rod is insulated and the surface of the
rod is exposed to air at 30C. The heat transfer coefficient between the rod's surface and
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air is 10 W/m
2
K. Calculate the heat lost by the rod and the temperature of the rod at a
distance of 10 cm from the wall.

Unit-2
1. Explain the concept of boundary layer
2. A large vertical plate 5 m high is maintained at 100C and exposed to air at 30C
Calculate the convection heat transfer coefficient.
3. Sketch the boundary layer development of a flow over a flat plate and explain the
significance of the boundary layer.
4. Atmospheric air at 275 K and a free stream velocity of 20 m/s flows over a flat plate 1.5
m long that is maintained at a uniform temperature of 325 K. Calculate the average heat
transfer coefficient over the region where the boundary layer is laminar, the average heat
transfer coefficient over the entire length of the plate and the total heat transfer rate from
the plate to the air over the length 1.5 m and width 1 m. Assume transition occurs at Ree
=2xl05
5. What is Reynold's analogy? Describe the relation between fluid friction and heat transfer?
6. Air at 25C flows over 1 m x 3 m (3 m long) horizontal plate maintained at 200C at 10
mls. Calculate the average heat transfer coefficients for both laminar and turbulent
regions. Take Re (critical) =3.5 x 105 05. (i) Define Reynolds, Nusselt and Prandtl
numbers.
7. A steam pipe 10 cm outside diameter runs horizontally in a room at 23C. Take the
outside surface temperature of pipe as 165C. Determine the heat loss per unit length of
the pipe.
8. Explain for fluid flow along a flat plate: Velocity distribution in hydrodynamic boundary
layer, Temperature distribution in thermal boundary layer, Variation of local heat
transfer co-efficient along the flow.

10 Marks Questions
Unit -1

1.
A steel tube k=43.26 W/mK of 5.08 cm ID and 7.62 cm OD is covered with 2.54 cm of
asbestos Insulation k=0.208 W/mK. The inside surface of the tube receives heat by
convection from a hot gas at a temperature of 316
o
C with heat transfer coefficient ha=284
W/m
2
K while the outer surface of Insulation is exposed to atmosphere air at 38
o
C with
heat transfer coefficient of 17 W/m2K. Calculate heat loss to atmosphere for 3 m length
of the tube and temperature drop across each layer.

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2. To derive the general heat conduction equation for a Cylinder.
3. A slab of Aluminum 5 cm thick initially at 200C is suddenly immersed in a liquid at
70C for which the convection heat transfer co-efficient is 525 W/m
2
K. Determine the
temperature at a depth of 12.5 mm from one of the faces 1 minute after the immersion.
Also calculate the energy removed per unit area from the plate during 1 minute of
immersion. Take P =2700 bar, Cp =0.9 kJ /kg. OK, k=215W/m K,, =8.4X 10
-5
m
2
/S

4. The chimney of a steel mill is made of reinforced concrete ( k =1.1 W/ mK ) and is
having n I.D.. of 80 cm and O.D. of 1.3 m. It is to be lined from inside with a refractory
material ( k =.5 W/ mK ). It is desired that the loss of heat should not exceed 2000 W/m
and the temperature of the inner surface of the concrete is limited to 200C. The
temperature at the inside surface of the lining due to the flow of the flue gases would be
425C. Calculate the thickness of the refractory lining and the temperature of the outer
surface on the chimney.
5. A 30 mm O.D. steam pipe is to be covered with two layers of insulation each having a
thickness of 25 mm. The average thermal conductivity of one insulating material is
5times that of the other. Determine the percentage decrease in heat transfer if better
insulating material is put next to the pipe than when it forms the outer layer. Assume that
the outside and inside surface temperatures of the composite insulation are fixed.

6. A boiler furnace has the effective dimensions 4 m by 3 m by 3 m high. The walls are
constructed from an inner firebrick wall 25 cm thick ( k =0.4 W/ mK ), a layer of
ceramic blanket insulation ( k =0.2 W/ mK ), 8 cm thick and a steel protective layer ( k =
54 W/ mK ) 2 mm thick. The inside temperature of the firebrick layer was measured as
600C and the temperature of the outside of insulation as 60C. Determine the rate of
heat loss through the vertical walls of the furnace. Also calculate the temperature drop
across the steel layer.

7. The inner dimensions of a freezer cabinet are 60 cm 60 cm 50 cm ( height ). The
cabinet walls consist of 2 mm thick enamelled sheet steel ( k =40 W/ mK ) walls
seperated by a 4 cm layer of fiberglass ( k =0.049 W/ mK ) insulation. The inside
temperature is to be maintained at - 15C and the outside temperature on a hot summer
day is 45C. Calculate the maximum amount of heat to be thrown out assuming a heat
transfer coefficient of 10 W/ m K both on the inside and outside of the cabinet. Also
calculate the outer surface temperature of the cabinet.

8. In a manufacturing process a large sheet of plastic 20 mm thick is to be glued to 20 mm
thick sheet of corkboard. To effect a good bond the glue is to be maintained at a
temperature of 50C for a long time, which is normally attained by a radiation source on
the plastic surface. If the ambient temperature is 20C, find the radiant heat flux needed
to achieve a good bond between the two surfaces, and the temperatures of the outer
plastic surface. K(plastic) =1 W/ mK, k(cork) =0.2 W/ mK, h(on both sides) =10 W/
mK. ( losses due to radiation may be neglected ).

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9. A steam pipe is covered with two layers of insulation, the first layer being 3 cm thick
and the second 5 cm. The pipe is made of steel ( k =58 W/ mK ) having an I.D. of 160
mm and O.D. of 170 mm. The inside and outside film coefficients are 30 and 5.8 W/ mK
respectively. Calculate the heat loss per metre of pipe if the steam temperature is 300C
and the air temperature is 50C. The thermal conductivity of the two insulating materials
are 0.17 and 0.093 W/mK, respectively.

Unit-2

1. Atmospheric air at 275 K and a free stream velocity of 20 m/s flows over a flat plate 1.5
m long that is maintained at a uniform temperature of 325 K. Calculate the average heat
transfer coefficient over the region where the boundary layer is laminar, the average heat
transfer coefficient over the entire length of the plate and the total heat transfer rate from
the plate to the air over the length 1.5 m and width 1 m. Assume transition occurs at Re =
2xl0
5

2. Air at 400 K and 1 atm pressure flows at a speed of 1.5 m/s over a flat plate of 2 m long.
The plate is maintained at a uniform temperature of 300 K. If the plate has a width of 0.5
m,estimate the heat transfer coefficient and the rate of heat transfer from the air stream to
the plate. Also estimate the drag force acting on the plate. Air at 400 K and 1 atm
pressure flows at a speed of 1.5 m/s over a flat plate of 2 m long.

3. The plate is maintained at a uniform temperature of 300 K. If the plate has a width of 0.5
m, estimate the heat transfer coefficient and the rate of heat transfer from the air stream to
the plate. Also estimate the drag force acting on the plate.

4. Cylindrical cans of 150 mm length and 65 mm diameter are to be cooled from an initial
temperature of 20C by placing them in a cooler containing air at a temperature of 1C
and a pressure of 1 bar. Determine the cooling rates when the cans are kept in horizontal
and vertical positions.

5. A circular disc heater 0.2m in diameter is exposed to ambient air at 25C. One surface of
the disc is insulated at 130C. Calculate the amount of heat transferred from the disc
when it is. Horizontal with hot surface facing up, Horizontal with hot surface facing
down ,Vertical
6. A steam pipe 10 cm OD runs horizontally in a room at 23 C. Take outside temperature
of pipe as 165 C. Determine the heat loss per unit length of the pipe. Pipe surface
temperature reduces to 80 C with 1.5 cm insulation. What is the reduction in heat loss.
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7. Air at 200 KPa and 200C is heated as it flows through a tube with a diameter of 25 mm
at a velocity of 10 m./sec. The wall temperature is maintained constant and is 20C above
the air temperature all along the length of tube. Calculate: The rate of heat transfer per
unit length of the tube.
8. To derive Nu =C Re
m
pr
n

9. To derive Nu =C Gr
m
pr
n


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) this equation is referred to as Newton's law of

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