Email: jrobichaud@champlaincollege.qc.

ca
Office: f-228
Phone: x311
CHAMPLAIN COLLEGE
SAINT-LAMBERT
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
202-NYA-205
Winter 2012
Joel Robichaud
Course Outline
nomenclature
empirical & molecular
formulas
stoichiometry
gas laws
molarity
UNIT 1:
Basics
UNIT 2:
Atomic Theory
history of atomic theory
the Bohr atom
the modern approach
(quantum theory)
quantum numbers
electron configurations
electron affinity
UNIT 3:
Periodicity &
Chemical Reactions
electron configuration & chemical
properties of elements
ionization energy
atomic and ionic size
electronegativity & electron affinity
reactions of the main group elements
writing molecular & net ionic equations
UNIT 4:
Chemical Bonding
analysis of ionic & covalent bonding
writing Lewis structures, resonance
structures formal charges
shapes of molecules bond angles
bond polarity
dipole moments
hybridization theory orbital diagrams
UNIT 5:
Intermolecular Forces
intermolecular forces intramolecular
bonds
dispersion forces, dipole-dipole forces
hydrogen bonding
relationship of melting & boiling point
& solubility to intermolecular forces
classification of substances
UNIT 6:
Liquids & Solutions
properties of solids
phase changes & phase
diagrams
physical properties of
solutions
concentration units
colligative properties
Unit III: Periodicity & Chemical Reactions
(Chang, Ch. 2, 4, and 7 to 9)
Objectives:
explain how the periodic table was constructed on the basis of the periodic variation in the physical and chemical
properties of the elements. (2.4)
explain the meaning of the terms noble gases, representative elements & transition elements (d- & f-block). (2.4)
explain the term isoelectronic, and write the electron configuration for ions derived from both the representative
and transition elements. (7.9 & 8.2)
define the term atomic radius and explain trends (with exceptions) within the periodic table with an emphasis on
the concept of effective nuclear charge, Z
eff
. (8.3)
define the term ionic radius and compare the sizes of ions with the neutral atoms from which they are formed.
Explain how the sign and magnitude of the charge on the ion affect its radius. (8.3)
classify elements as metals and non-metals according to their positions in the periodic table.(2.4)
define the term ionization energy & explain trends (with exceptions) within the representative elements of the
periodic table. (8.4)
define the term electron affinity and explain trends (with exceptions) within the representative elements of the
periodic table. (8.5)
use the trends in ionization energy & electron affinity to explain the difference between ionic & covalent bonding, &
how the preferred mode of bonding varies with the position of the representative element in the periodic table. (8.6)
(a) write equations for the reaction of oxygen with the representative elements & predict the type of bonding in the
product. (b) write equations for the reaction of the oxides of the metals and non-metals with water (hydrolysis
reactions). (c) explain the terms acidic, basic, and amphoteric oxides. (8.6)
classify oxides as acidic, basic or amphoteric according to their position in the periodic table. (8.6)
write the equation for the reaction of the amphoteric hydroxide of Al with an acid and a base. (8.6).
identify the five types of chemical reactions that we encounter in the Chemistry NYA course and write molecular,
ionic and net ionic equations for each. (4.2 4.4) 1.Combination reactions, 2. Decomposition reactions, 3. Single
replacement reactions, 4. Double replacement reactions, 5. Combustion of an organic molecule.
Unit III: Periodicity & Chemical Reactions
(Chang, Ch. 2, 4, and 7 to 9)
3.1 Periodic Classification of Elements
(Chang, 8.2, Problems: 8.20; 8.22; 8.24; 8.26; 8.28; 8.30; 8.32)
Chemical reactivity is largely determined by the valence electrons (outermost electrons).
The non-valence electrons are referred to core electrons.
Representative elements of the same group have the same # of valence electrons.
Not all the chemical reactivity is based on electrons:
Group 4A: Carbon is a non-metal
Silicon & germanium are metalloids
Tin & lead are metals
For the representative elements, they are in the highest occupied n.
3.1 Element Representation in a Chemical Reaction
Metals:
do not exist in discrete molecular units,
the empirical formula is used in chemical equation
(i.e. the symbol, Fe for iron).
Non-metals:
Some exist as a diatomic molecule: H
2
, N
2
, O
2
, F
2
, Cl
2
, Br
2
, I
2
(I Have No Bright Or Clever Friends).
Carbon is C, the empirical formula is used,
Noble gases are monoatomic (He, Ne, Ar, Xe, Rn).
Phosphorus is stable as a P
4
,
Sulfur is stable as S
8
(but S is often used).
Metalloids: They have complex three-dimensional networks,
They are represented by the empirical formula (i.e. the symbol).
Electron Configuration of Cations & Anions
Ions derived from the representative elements:
When forming ions, they will adopt an electron configuration ns
2
np
6
.
They will lose electrons from their highest occupied n shell.
The ions will now have a noble gas configuration.
Na: [Ne] 3s
1
Na
+
: [Ne]
Ca: [Ar] 4s
2
Ca
2+
: [Ar]
Al: [Ne] 3s
2
3p
1
Al
3+
: [Ne]
Ex.
They will gain electrons in their highest partially filled n shell.
The ions will have a noble gas configuration.
H: 1s
1
H
-
: 1s
2
or [He]
F: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
5
F
-
: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
or [Ne]
O: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
O
2-
: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
or [Ne]
N: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
N
3-
: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
or [Ne]
Ex.
Na
+
, Al
3+
, F
-
, O
2-
, or N
3-
all have the same electron configuration.
They are said to be isoelectronic.
For cations:
For anions:
Cations derived from transition metals:
Note carefully:
Mn: [Ar] 4s
2
3d
3
Mn
2+
: [Ar] 3d
3
The electrons are first removed from the highest ns, then from the (n-1) d orbitals.
Since most transition metals form more than one cation, they will not necessarily
adopt a noble gas configuration.
The electrons are removed from the highest shell.
Electron Configuration of Cations & Anions
3.1.1 Exercises:
1. Write the electron configuration of the following ions. Are they stable ions?
They are isoelectronic with which neutral element?
Ion Electron Configuration Stable Ion: Y/N Isoelectronic with:
N
2-
Mg
+
O
2-
P
3-
He
+
H
-
Ca
2+
K
+
3.2 Periodic Variation in Physical Properties
(Chang, 8.3, Textbook Problems: 8.38; 8.40; 8.44; 8.46)
Effective Nuclear Charge
The effective nuclear charge (Z
eff
) is the actual charge felt by an electron.
Z
eff
= Z
is the shielding constant (equal to the # of core electrons for a neutral atom)
Core electrons are on average closer to the nucleus than valence electrons & they shield
the valence electrons from the nucleus more than valence electrons from one another.
3.2.1 Exercises:
1. Calculate the Z
eff
of the following elements:
a) Na b) H
c) Li d) Cs
e) N f ) Cl
g) Ca h) I
Trends...
Horizontal Trend:
Vertical Trend:
Z Z
eff
Li
Na
K
Z Z
eff
C
N
O
F
remains the same,
Z
eff
increases from left to right.
increases,
Z
eff
remains the same.
Atomic Radius
Atomic radius: is one-half the distance between 2 nuclei in 2 adjacent metal atoms
or in a diatomic molecules.
Horizontal trends:
Trends...
The radius decreases from left to right.
Electrons are added on the same n shell
(average distance should be about the same).
The effective nuclear charge (Z
eff
) increases
(the larger the Z
eff
, the stronger the hold on
these electrons, the smaller the radius).
Vertical trends: The radius increases from top to bottom.
The valence electrons are added in a higher n shell
(n determines the average distance from the nucleus).
The effective nuclear charge (Z
eff
) remains the same
(does not affect the trend in a group).
Atomic Radius
3.2.2 Exercises:
1. Arrange the following groups of atoms in order of their increasing atomic radius (without
looking at the chart above):
a) Cl, Na, Al, Mg
b) I, F, Br, At
c) K, Rb, F, B, Be
d) P, Si, N
Ionic Radius
It is measured by X-ray diffraction.
Formation of Anion:
F + e
-
F
-
(Fluorine has a radius of 75 pm while fluoride has a radius of 136 pm)
Formation of a Cation:
Li Li
+
+ e
-
(lithium has a radius of 150 pm while lithium cation has a radius of 60 pm)
To determine the relative size, create a table that compares Z with the # of electrons.
the radius increases. As electrons are added, there is more
electron-electron repulsion, so that each electron experiences a
slightly smaller attraction to the nucleus (Z is the same).
the radius decreases. As electrons are removed, there is less
electron-electron repulsion, so that each electron experiences a
slightly greater attraction to the nucleus (Z is the same).
Ex.
Ex.
3.2.3 Exercises:
1. Arrange the following isoelectronic ions according to their increasing size: Cl
-
, K
+
, S
2-
, P
3-
, Ca
2+
and explain the arrangement by using the total # of electrons and atomic # in your explanation.
Ionization energy (kJ/mol): energy required to remove an electron from a
gaseous atomin its ground state.
Ionization Energy
(Chang, 8.4, Textbook Problems: 8.52; 8.54; 8.56)
X (g) + energy X
+
(g) + e
-
There are different values depending on whether the 1
st
, 2
nd
, 3
rd
electron is removed:
X (g) + energy X
+
(g) + e
-
1
st
ionization energy
X
+
(g) + energy X
2+
(g) + e
-
2
nd
ionization energy
X
2+
(g) + energy X
3+
(g) + e
-
3
rd
ionization energy
The 2
nd
ionization energy is always greater than the 1
st
since you are removing an
electron from something that is already positive.
From the ionization energies it is possible to find the # of valence electrons
(there is a sudden rise in the ionization energies when you remove
core electrons versus valence electrons).
Ionization Energies
Trends...
Vertical trend:
First ionization energy decreases down a group (as the radius gets larger,
removing an electron becomes easier).
The effective nuclear charge (Z
eff
) is the same and therefore has no effect.
Horizontal trend:
First ionization energy increases across a period (as the radius gets smaller,
removing an electron becomes more difficult).
The effective nuclear charge (Z
eff
) increases and therefore it becomes harder
to remove an electron (greater pull towards the nucleus).
The 1
st
ionization energy from group 3A is lower than the 1
st
ionization energy from 2A:
Group 2A: ns
2
Group 3A: ns
2
np
1
Exceptions from Group 2A & 3A:
A p orbital is higher in energy than a s orbital, therefore it requires less energy
to remove an electron from it even though the Z
eff
is higher
(i.e. the p electrons are not held as tightly).
The 1
st
ionization energy from group 6A is lower than the 1
st
ionization energy from 5A:
Group 5A:
Group 6A:
In group 6A you have 2 electrons in the same orbital, so that there
is more electron-electron repulsion. In group 5A, all of the
electrons are in different orbitals.
Examination of the electron configuration:
Examination of the orbital box diagram:
Exceptions from Group 5A & 6A:

ns np

ns np
3.4 Electron Affinity
(Chang, 8.5, Textbook Problems: 8.62; 8.64)
Electron affinity is measured by the energy released or absorbed when an electron
is accepted by an atomin the gaseous state to form an anion.
F (g) + e
-
F
-
(g) H = -328 kJ/mol
Note that in this case the energy is negative because energy is released
(it would have required energy to remove an electron therefore).
The more negative the #, the more energy is released when an electron is accepted.
Ex.
3.4 Electron Affinity
Trends...
Vertical trend:
Horizontal trend:
The electron affinity decreases when going down a group.
The effective nuclear charge (Z
eff
) remains the same, but as the
radius increases, the electrons on the outer shell are further from
the nucleus, hence gaining an electron will be harder.
The electron affinity increases across a period.
The effective nuclear charge (Z
eff
) increases, and as the radius
decreases, the electrons on the outer shell are closer to the
nucleus, hence gaining an electron is easier.
There are numerous exceptions to this trend but it serves as a guide.
3.5 Electronegativity
(Chang: Section 9.5, Textbook Problems...)
Electronegativity: the measure of the ability of a bonded atom to attract the electrons
in the bond from other atoms to which it is bonded.
The trend follows generally the same one as electron affinity:
Horizontally: Increases from left to right.
Vertically: Decreases from top to bottom.
3.5.1 Exercises:
1. Consider the following elements: N, B, Be, K and F
a) Arrange in the above elements in order of increasing atomic radius
b) Arrange the above elements in order of increasing ionization energy
c) Arrange the above elements in order of increasing electronegativity
d) Explain your order in 1b) and 1c).
2. Consider the following elements: Ca, F, S, Cl and P
a) Arrange in the above elements in order of increasing atomic radius
b) Arrange the above elements in order of increasing ionization energy
c) Arrange the above elements in order of increasing electronegativity
d) Explain your order in 2b) and 2c).
3. Consider the following ions: N
3-
, Na
+
, Mg
2+
, F
-
and O
2-
.
Arrange the above ions in order of increasing ionic radius & explain.
4. Consider the following ions: Si
4-
, Cl
-
and Ca
2+
.
Arrange the above ions in order of increasing ionic radius & explain.
5. Which has the larger radius: Si
2+
or Si
4+
? Explain.
6. Which has the larger radius: F
-
or Br
-
? Explain.
7. Which has the larger radius: Na
+
or Mg
2+
? Explain.
8. Which has the larger radius: Fe
2+
or Fe
3+
? Explain.
3.5.1 Exercises:
9. Match each of the following elements with its ionization energy. Explain your choice and explain
any irregularities to the general trend:
Elements: Li; Be; B; C; N; O; F; Ne:
Ionization Energy Values (kJ|mol) : 2080; 1681; 1402; 1314; 1086; 900; 800; 560.
10. Explain why the 2
nd
ionization energy of Rb is much greater than the 2
nd
ionization energy of Sr.
11. The values for the 1
st
, 2
nd
, 3
rd
ionization energies of an unknown element are found to be as follows:
Ionization Energy: 1
st
2
nd
3
rd
kJ/mol: 897 1782 14820
In which A group of the periodic table would you expect to find this elements? Explain your answer.
3.5.1 Exercises:
3.6 Chemical Bonds Between Atoms in a Compound
(Chang, 9.2 & 9.4, Textbook Problems...)
There are 3 types of bonds between atoms:
Ionic Bonds, Non-Polar Covalent Bonds & Polar Covalent bonds
Ionic Bonds:
Ionic bond: a bond between positively & negatively charged atoms
(usually involves a metal & a non-metal).
Usually the difference in electronegativity will be greater or equal to 2.
Electrostatic forces will hold ions together.
No individual molecules exist.
Non-polar covalent bonds:
3.6 Chemical Bonds Between Atoms in a Compound
Non-polar covalent bond: a bond which is the result of an equal sharing of
electrons between 2 non-metals.
Polar Covalent bonds:
Polar covalent bond: a bond which is the result of an unequal sharing of
electrons, most often between 2 non-metals.
The electronegativity will differ by no more than 0.3.
Individual molecules exists
The difference in electronegativity will be roughly around 0.3 to 2.
Individual molecules exists.
3.6.1 Exercises:
1. Classify the following species as having ionic, polar covalent & non-polar covalent bonds.
a) SrS b) K
2
O c) HCl
d) H
2
e) HBr f ) NaCl
g) F
2
h) Cl
2
i) HF
j) H
2
O k) NCl
3
l) PH
3
m) KH n) NH
3
o) BaO
p) CO
2
q) CsF r) CH
4
3.7 Types of Reactions
(Chang,Textbook Problems...)
Combination Reactions: elements or compounds combine together.
A + B C
Decomposition Reactions: a compound breaks into elements or compounds.
C A + B
Oxidation or Burning of Organic Compounds:
(organic compounds have C, H & sometimes O)
Reactions in aqueous solutions:
Single Replacement Reactions:
A + BC B + AC
D + BC C + BD
Double Replacement Reactions:
AB + CD AD + CB
a reaction with oxygen & heat.
Writing Chemical Equations
There are 3 ways to write reactions:
Complete Molecular Equations (CME):
the formulas of compounds are written
in molecular form.
Complete Ionic Equations (CIE): all soluble strong electrolytes are written in ionic form
[Soluble salts, strong acids (ex. HCl, HBr, HI, HNO
3
,
HClO
4
, H
2
SO
4
, strong bases (group 1A & 2A hydroxides)
all gases, insoluble solids, non & weak-electrolytes
are written in molecular form.
Net Ionic Equations (NIE): any substance present that is not reacting is
not written in this equation.
3.8 Aqueous Reactions
(Chang, Textbook Problems...)
Is a Single Replacement Reaction:
Is a reaction in aqueous solution.
The reactivity of halogens decrease as you go down in the group:
Halogen Displacement:
D + BC BD + C
The physical states of the halogens:
F
2
& Cl
2
are gases
Br
2
is a liquid
I
2
is a solid
The radius increases as you go down, hence the ability to gain an electron decreases.
A more reactive halogen will replace a less reactive halogen from its halide.
Importance of discerning the difference between a halogen (X
2
) and a halide (X
-
)
and how each is described in various chemical equations (CME vs CIE).
3.8.1 Exercises:
1. Write the CME, CIE and NIE for the following reaction: Cl
2
(g) + NaBr (aq)
Step 1: Is there a reaction?
Step 2: What are the molecular products?
Step 3: Balance the equation
Step 4: Complete the CIE
Step 5: Complete the NIE
Cl
2
(g) + NaBr (aq)
CME
CIE
NIE
2. Complete the following:
a) Br
2
(l) + NaI (aq)
CME
CIE
NIE
b) Cl
2
(g) + KI (aq)
CME
CIE
NIE
c) Cl
2
(g) + NaF (aq)
CME
CIE
NIE
d) I
2
(s) + NaCl (aq)
CME
CIE
NIE
e) F
2
(g) + NaBr (aq)
CME
CIE
NIE
f) Br
2
(l) + NaF (aq)
CME
CIE
NIE
g) F
2
(g) + NaCl (aq)
CME
CIE
NIE
3.8.1 Exercises:
Hydrogen & Metal Displacement (Chang, Textbook Problems...):
Is a Single Replacement Reaction:
Is a reaction in aqueous solution.
The reactivity follows the activity series:
A + BC AC + B
Li; K; Ba; Ca; Na; Mg; Al; Zn; Ni; Pb; H
2
; Cu; Ag
(see back of your periodic table)
The new product AC may or may not be soluble in water, you need to check
the solubility table (see back of the periodic table).
3.8 Aqueous Reactions
Elements on the left can replace elements on the right.
3.8.1 Exercises:
1. Write the CME, CIE and NIE for the following reaction Na (s) + HCl (aq)
Step 1: Is there a reaction?
Step 2: What are the molecular products?
Step 3: What is the solubility of the new product AC?
Step 4: What is the state of pure B?
Step 3: Balance the equation
Step 4: Complete the CIE:
Step 5: Complete the NIE:
2. Complete the following:
a) Ca(s) + H
2
SO
4
(aq) (CME)
CIE
NIE
b) Cu (s) + AgNO
3
(aq) (CME)
CIE
NIE
c) Zn (s) + Cu(NO
3
)
2
(aq) (CME)
CIE
NIE
d) Mg (s) + Ni(NO
3
)
2
(aq) (CME)
CIE
NIE
e) Pb (s) + Ca(NO
3
)
2
(aq) (CME)
CIE
NIE
f) Al (s) + AgNO
3
(aq) (CME)
CIE
NIE
g) Zn(s) + BaCl
2
(aq) (CME)
CIE
NIE
h) Zn(s) + Ni(NO
3
)
2
(aq) (CME)
CIE
NIE
i) Ag(s) + Cu(NO
3
)
2
(aq) (CME)
CIE
NIE
j) H
2
(g) + AgNO
3
(aq) (CME)
CIE
NIE
k) H
2
(g) + Cu(NO
3
)
2
(aq) (CME)
CIE
NIE
l) H
2
(g) + KCl (aq) (CME)
CIE
NIE
3.8.1 Exercises:
Precipitation Reactions (Chang, Textbook Problems...)
Is a Double Replacement Reaction:
Is a reaction in aqueous solution.
AB + CD AD + CB
AB & CD are 2 solutions with ions floating around:
When mixed together, 2 ions may combine to form a precipitate (i.e. solid).
If combined and there is no precipitate, then there is no reaction.
3.8 Aqueous Reactions
3.8.2 Exercises:
1. Write the CME, CIE and NIE for the following reaction NaCl (aq) + AgNO
3
(aq)
Step 1: What are the molecular products?
Step 2: What is the state of these products?
Step 3: Is there a reaction?
Step 3: Balance the equation
Step 4: Complete the CIE:
Step 5: Complete the NIE:
2. Complete the following:
a) NaCl (aq) + AgNO
3
(aq)
CME
CIE
NIE
b) LiCl (aq) + H
3
PO
4
(aq)
CME
CIE
NIE
c) Mg(ClO
3
)
2
(aq) + (NH
4
)
3
PO
4
(aq)
CME
CIE
NIE
d) Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
(aq) + LiBr (aq)
CME
CIE
NIE
e) AgF (aq) + Cu(NO
3
)
2
(aq)
CME
CIE
NIE
f ) Ni(NO
3
)
2
(aq) + Na
2
CO
3
(aq)
CME
CIE
NIE
3.8.2 Exercises:
Neutralization (Chang, 4.3, Textbook Problems, 4.34):
Is a Double Replacement Reaction:
Is a reaction in aqueous solution.
Is also known as an acid-base reaction.
This reaction always takes place: the H
+
of the acid combines with the OH
-
of the base to formH
2
O.
AB + CD AD + CB
3.8 Aqueous Reactions
1. Write the CME, CIE and NIE for the following reaction HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq)
Step 1: What are the molecular products?
Step 2: What is the state of these products?
Step 3: Balance the equation
Step 4: Complete the CIE:
Step 5: Complete the NIE:
2. Complete the following
a) KOH (aq) + H
2
SO
4
(aq) (CME)
CIE
NIE
b) H
2
SO
3
(aq) + Ba(OH)
2
(aq) (CME)
CIE
NIE
c) H
2
CO
3
(aq) + LiOH (aq) (CME)
CIE
NIE
3.8.3 Exercises:
d) NaOH (aq) + H
3
PO
4
(aq) (CME)
CIE
NIE
e) Ba(OH)
2
(aq) + H
3
PO
4
(aq) (CME)
CIE
NIE
f ) Fe(OH)
2
(s) + H
2
SO
4
(aq) (CME)
CIE
NIE
g) Fe(OH)
3
(s) + HCl (aq) (CME)
CIE
NIE
h) HClO
3
(aq) + Ca(OH)
2
(s) (CME)
CIE
NIE
i) H
2
CO
3
(aq) + Mg(OH)
2
(s) (CME)
CIE
NIE
3.8.3 Exercises:
Reactions of acids with carbonates (Chang, 4.3):
Is a Double Replacement Reaction:
Is a reaction in aqueous solution.
There is always a reaction: the H
+
of the acid combines with the carbonate
(CO
3
2-
or HCO
3
-
) to form H
2
O & CO
2
.
3.8 Aqueous Reactions
AB + CD AD + CB
Note: H
2
CO
3
is first formed but isnt stable & decomposes into H
2
O & CO
2
.
3.8.4 Exercises:
1. Complete the following:
a) HBr (aq) + Na
2
CO
3
(aq) (CME)
CIE
NIE
b) HCl (aq) + NaHCO
3
(aq) (CME)
CIE
NIE
c) HNO
3
(aq) + CaCO
3
(s) (CME)
CIE
NIE
Reaction of acids with acetates (Chang, 4.1):
3.8 Aqueous Reactions
Is a Double Replacement Reaction:
Is a reaction in aqueous solution.
There is always a reaction, the H
+
of the acid combines with the acetate (C
2
H
3
O
2
-
) to
form acetic acid.
AB + CD AD + CB
Note: acetic acid is not ionic (i.e. weak acid) & will not separate into its ions for the CIE or NIE.
1. Complete the following
a) HNO
3
(aq) + NaC
2
H
3
O
2
(aq) (CME)
CIE
NIE
b) HCl (aq) + Ca(C
2
H
3
O
2
)
2
(aq) (CME)
CIE
NIE
3.8.5 Exercises:
3.8 Reaction of bases with ammonium salts
(Chang, 4.3)
Is a Double Replacement Reaction:
Is a reaction in aqueous solution.
There is always a reaction: the OH
-
of the base will always combine with the
ammonium(NH
4
+
) to form H
2
O & NH
3
.
AB + CD AD + CB
Note: NH
4
OH is actually formed which isnt stable & decomposes into H
2
O & NH
3
1. Complete the following:
a) KOH (aq) + NH
4
Cl (aq) (CME)
CIE.
NIE
b) Ca(OH)
2
(aq) + NH
4
Br (aq) (CME)
CIE
NIE
3.8.6 Exercises:
3.9 Chemical Properties of the Representative Elements
(Chang, 8.6, Textbook Problems: 8.72; 8.74)
Group 1A the alkali metals
Reactivity increases as we go down in a group (i.e. the radius increases).
They react with water to form a metal hydroxide & hydrogen gas:
2 M (s) + 2 H
2
O (l) 2 MOH (aq) + H
2
(g)
They react with oxygen to form the oxide:
4 M (s) + O
2
(g) 2 M
2
O (s)
The oxide can react with water to form a hydroxide:
M
2
O (s) + H
2
O (l) 2 MOH (aq)
Exceptions:
when Na reacts with oxygen it can also form the peroxide.
when K, Rb, Cs react with oxygen they can also form the peroxide & superoxide.
Ex.
Ex.
Ex.
Reactivity increases as we go down in a group (i.e. the radius increases).
3.9 Chemical Properties of the Representative Elements
Group 2A the alkali earth metals:
They react with water to form a metal hydroxide & hydrogen gas:
M (s) + 2 H
2
O (l) M(OH)
2
(aq or s) + H
2
(g)
Exception:
Be doesnt react with water
Mg reacts only with steam(very hot water)
They react with oxygen to form the oxide:
2 M (s) + O
2
(g) 2 MO (s)
Be & Mg react with oxygen only at high temperatures
The oxide can react with water to form a hydroxide:
MO (s) + H
2
O (l) M(OH)
2
(aq or s)
BeO& MgOare unreactive
Ex.
Exception:
Ex.
Exception:
Ex.
Boron is a metalloid & the rest are metals: we will look at aluminum.
3.9 Chemical Properties of the Representative Elements
Group 3A
Aluminum will not react with water.
Aluminum reacts with oxygen to form the oxide:
4 Al (s) + 3 O
2
(g) 2 Al
2
O
3
(s)
The oxide doesnt react with water.
Aluminum oxide is amphoteric (i.e. it has acidic & basic properties).
Aluminum hydroxide [Al
2
O
3
+ 3 H
2
O 2 Al(OH)
3
] can react with acids & bases.
Ex.
3.9.1 Exercises:
1. Complete the following:
a) Al(OH)
3
(s) + HCl (aq) (CME)
CIE
NIE
b) Al(OH)
3
(s) + NaOH (aq) NaAl(OH)
4
(aq) (sodium aluminate) (CME)
CIE
NIE
3.9 Chemical Properties of the Representative Elements
Group 4A
C is a non-metal, Si & Ge are metalloids, Sn & Pb are metals.
The elements dont react with water.
Carbon reaction with oxygen:
2 C (s) + O
2
(g) 2 CO (g)
C (s) + O
2
(g) CO
2
(g)
The oxide reacts with water:
CO
2
(g) + H
2
O (l) H
2
CO
3
(aq)
Ex.
Ex.
3.9 Chemical Properties of the Representative Elements
Group 5A
For the following groups we will start looking at the non-metals.
The non-metals will react with oxygen to form the oxide:
N
2
(g) + O
2
(g) NO (g), N
2
O (g), NO
2
(g), N
2
O
4
(g), N
2
O
5
(s)
Ex. Phosphorus will react with oxygen to form 2 different oxides:
P
4
(s) + 3 O
2
(g) P
4
O
6
(s)
P
4
(s) + 5 O
2
(g) P
4
O
10
(s)
The oxides can react with water to form acids:
N
2
O
5
(s) + H
2
O (l) 2 HNO
3
(aq)
P
4
O
6
(s) + H
2
O (l) 4 H
3
PO
3
(aq)
P
4
O
10
(s) + H
2
O (l) 4 H
3
PO
4
(aq)
Ex. Nitrogen will react with oxygen to form a variety of nitrogen oxides:
SO
2
(g) + H
2
O (l) H
2
SO
3
(aq)
SO
3
(g) + H
2
O (l) H
2
SO
4
(aq)
Ex. Sulfur will react with oxygen to form the oxide:
S
8
(s) + 8 O
2
(g) 8 SO
2
(g)
2 SO
2
(g) + O
2
(g) 2 SO
3
(g)
3.9 Chemical Properties of the Representative Elements
Group 7A
Chlorine reacts with oxygen:
7 Cl
2
(g) + O
2
(g) 7 Cl
2
O
7
(l)
The oxide can react with water to form an acid:
Cl
2
O
7
(l) + H
2
O (l) 2 HClO
4
(aq)
Halogens can react with hydrogen:
X
2
(g, l or s) + H
2
(g) 2 HX (aq)
Summary:
Group Number Reactions
with O
2
Reaction of Oxides
with Water
1A M
2
O MOH
2A (Be & Mg are
unreactive)
MO M(OH)
2
3A (Al only) Al
2
O
3
Not reactive
4A (C only) CO & CO
2
H
2
CO
3
(from CO
2
)
5A (N & P only) NO, NO
2
,
N
2
O, N
2
O
4
,
N
2
O
5
P
4
O
6
, P
4
O
10
HNO
3
(from N
2
O
5
)
H
3
PO
3
(from P
4
O
6
)
H
3
PO
4
(from P
4
O
10
)
6A (S only) SO
2
, SO
3
H
2
SO
3
(from SO
2
)
H
2
SO
4
(from SO
3
)
7A Cl
2
O
7
HClO
4
3.10 Combination Reactions
(Chang, Textbook Problems...)
To determine the product when combining a neutral metal with a neutral non-metal,
look at the stable ion from the metal and that from the anion:
Ca (s) + O
2
(g)
Na (s) + Cl
2
(g)
Hg (l) + O
2
(g)
When combining non-metals together, you must know the products
(some come from the reactions of the representative elements):
C (s) + O
2
(g) CO
2
(g)
H
2
(g) + O
2
(g) H
2
O (l)
Sometimes you can combine compounds & elements,
again you must know the product in this case:
CaO(s) + CO
2
(g)
SO
2
(g) + O
2
(g)
3.11 Decomposition
(Chang, Textbook Problems...)
These reactions are the reverse of combination reactions.
Energy is needed to decompose stable compounds.
CaCO
3
(s)
NaCl (s)
HgO(s)
H
2
O (l)
3.12 Oxidation (Burning/Combustion) of Organic Compounds
(Chang, Textbook Problems...)
Note: organic compounds are made of C & H, but they may also contain O & N.
When they react with O
2
they form CO
2
(g) & H
2
O (l):
CH
4
(g) + O
2
(g)
CH
3
OH (l) + O
2
(g)
C
2
H
5
OH (l) + O
2
(g)
C
2
H
6
(g) + O
2
(g)
End of unit exercises:
Problems on Equation Writing
1. Complete and balance the following equation and classify as: combination, decomposition,
burning of organic compound, single replacement or double replacement.
a) H
2
SO
4
(aq) + KOH (aq) b) H
3
PO
4
(aq) + Mg(OH)
2
(s)
c) CaCl
2
(aq) + Na
2
CO
3
(aq) d) HCl (aq) + KHCO
3
(aq)
e) S
8
(s) + O
2
(g) f ) Si (s) + O
2
(g)
g) Al (s) + O
2
(g) h) Li
2
O (s) + H
2
O (l)
i) CO
2
(g) + H
2
O (l) j) Na (s) + H
2
O (l)
k) Na (s) + H
2
(g) l) Ba (s) + Cl
2
(g)
m) H
2
(g) + Cl
2
(g) n) K
2
CO
3
+ HCl (aq)
o) AgNO
3
(aq) + BaCl
2
(aq) p) (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
(aq) + HCl (aq)
q) Li (s) + O
2
(g) r) C
2
H
6
(g) + O
2
(g)
s) HgO (s) + heat t) CaI
2
(aq) + Br
2
(l)
u) BaCl
2
(aq) + H
2
SO
4
(aq) v) NH
4
NO
3
(aq) + NaOH (aq)
w) Ca(CH
3
CO
2
)
2
(s) + HCl (aq) x) Na
2
CO
3
(aq) + H
2
SO
4
(aq)
y) KOH (aq) + H
3
PO
4
(aq) z) Ba(OH)
2
(aq) + H
2
SO
4
(aq)
aa) Mg (s) + H
2
SO
4
(aq) bb) MgO (s) + H
2
O (l) + heat
cc) NaCl (s) + heat dd) H
3
PO
4
(aq) + Mg(s)
ee) N
2
O
5
(s) + H
2
O (l) ff ) P
4
O
6
(s) + H
2
O (l)
gg) Cl
2
(aq) + CaBr
2
(aq) hh) Na
2
O (s) + H
2
O (l)
ii) Al (s) + HCl (aq) jj) CaCO
3
+ heat
2. Write the CME, CIE & NIE for the following reactions. All soluble reactants are in aqueous
solutions.
a) Sulphuric acid with barium hydroxide b)Barium chloride & sodium sulfate
c) Sodium carbonate & nitric acid d) Silver nitrate & ammonium chloride
e) Ammonium hydroxide & sulphuric acid f ) Aluminum hydroxide & perchloric acid
g) Potassium carbonate & strontium chloride h) Aluminum & hydrochloric acid
i) Potassium acetate & sulphuric acid j) Calcium sulfite & sodium hydroxide
k) Magnesium metal & sulphuric acid l) Potassium carbonate & hydrochloric acid
m) Aluminum metal with calcium hydroxide n) Phosphoric acid & potassium hydroxide
o) Potassium hydroxide with ammonium bromide
3. Sodium metal reacts with atmospheric oxygen to form compound A, compound A reacts with water
to give compound B, compound B reacts with carbon dioxide to give compound C and water,
compound C reacts with barium chloride to give solid D and NaCl and solid D reacts with
hydrochloric acid to give water, compound E and barium chloride. Identify A, B, C, D, E and write the
equation for each reaction.
End of unit exercises:
4. How would calcium oxide react with:
a) Water
b) Sulfuric acid
c) How would the product in 4a) react with:
i) Hydrochloric acid
ii) Carbon dioxide
iii) Ammonium chloride
5. Write the equation for the reaction of each of the following elements with oxygen.
a) Barium b) Sulphur
6. Write the equation for the reaction of the products of 5) with water.
7. How would the products of 6) react with sodium hydroxide?
8. How would the products of 6) react with hydrochloric acid?
9. How would the products of 6) react with sodium carbonate?
10. Give the balanced equations for the reaction of sodium with each of the following:
a) Hydrogen b) Oxygen c) Bromine d) Water
End of unit exercises:
11. What would you expect to happen if you added concentrated sodium hydroxide solution to a
solution of aluminum chloride?
12. Write the CME, CIE and NIE for the following:
a) Aqueous NaOH is added to AlCl
3
until a white precipitate appears
b) Excess NaOH is added to the precipitate from a) until the precipitate disappears
13. For the following elements: Sulphur, chlorine, phosphorus, potassium, carbon, aluminum
a) Write the formula of its oxide. List only the highest oxidation state oxides (the one with the most
oxygens)
b) Classify each oxide as acidic, basic or amphoteric
14. Predict whether a reaction will happen or not. If a reaction occurs, complete & balance the
equation.
a) NaOH (aq) + H
2
SO
4
(aq) b) H
2
(g) + O
2
(g)
c) C
5
H
12
(l) + O
2
(g) d) H
2
O (l) (electrolysis)
e) Al (s) + KCl (aq) f ) K (s) + Cl
2
(g)
g) AgF (aq) + Cu(ClO
3
)
2
(aq) h) AlBr
3
(aq) + (NH
4
)
3
PO
4
(aq)
i) F
2
(g) + KBr (aq)
End of unit exercises: