Email: jrobichaud@champlaincollege.qc.

ca
Office: f-228
Phone: x311
CHAMPLAIN COLLEGE
SAINT-LAMBERT
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
202-NYA-205
Winter 2012
Joel Robichaud
Course Outline
nomenclature
empirical & molecular
formulas
stoichiometry
gas laws
molarity
UNIT 1:
Basics
UNIT 2:
Atomic Theory
history of atomic theory
the Bohr atom
the modern approach
(quantum theory)
quantum numbers
electron configurations
electron affinity
UNIT 3:
Periodicity &
Chemical Reactions
electron configuration & chemical
properties of elements
ionization energy
atomic and ionic size
electronegativity & electron affinity
reactions of the main group elements
writing molecular & net ionic equations
UNIT 4:
Chemical Bonding
analysis of ionic & covalent bonding
writing Lewis structures, resonance
structures formal charges
shapes of molecules bond angles
bond polarity
dipole moments
hybridization theory orbital diagrams
UNIT 5:
Intermolecular Forces
intermolecular forces intramolecular
bonds
dispersion forces, dipole-dipole forces
hydrogen bonding
relationship of melting & boiling point
& solubility to intermolecular forces
classification of substances
UNIT 6:
Liquids & Solutions
properties of solids
phase changes & phase
diagrams
physical properties of
solutions
concentration units
colligative properties
give a brief overview of Thomsons experiments which led to the discovery of the electron. (2.2)
give a brief overview of Rutherfords experiments which led to the discovery of the nucleus. (2.2)
describe the mass & charge of each of the 3 fundamental subatomic particles: proton, electron & neutron. (2.2)
explain the terms: atomic number, mass number, molar mass, atomic mass unit, isotope and atomic mass. (2.3, 3.2)
describe the main features of the Rutherford model of the hydrogen atom. (class notes)
define wavelength and frequency, and solve problems using the relationship . (7.1)
identify the regions of the electromagnetic spectrum based on their frequencies and wavelengths. (7.1)
explain the difference between continuous and line spectra. (7.3)
describe the experimental setup to obtain the atomic spectrum of hydrogen. (class notes, emission experiment)
give a brief outline of Plancks quantum theory and solve problems based on Plancks equation . (7.1)
describe the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom. (7.3)
use the Bohr equation to calculate the energy of the electron in a given Bohr orbit. (7.3, emission experiment)
calculate E for the transition of an electron from one Bohr energy level to another. Also calculate and associated
with these transitions. (7.3, emission experiment)
recognize how calculations of E, and for energy transitions in the hydrogen atom enabled Bohr to explain the
observed line spectrum. Also explain the importance of the Bohr model in the eventual development of atomic
theory. (7.3, emission experiment)
explain why, based on the Bohr model, hydrogen gives a line, not a continuous spectrum. (class notes, emission
experiment)
explain the shortcomings of the Rutherford model of the hydrogen atom. (class notes)
explain the fundamental differences between the Bohr and Rutherford models of the hydrogen atom. (class notes)
recognize the difference between emission and absorption spectra. (class notes)
Unit II: Atomic Theory
(Chang, Ch. 2, 7 & 8)
Objectives:
recognize the difference between the ground state & excited states in the hydrogen atom spectrum. (class notes,
emission experiment)
calculate the ionization energy of the hydrogen atom (7.3, emission experiment)
recognize that the Bohr model was only successful for one electron species, and explain the general limitations of
the Bohr model. (7.3)
outline the general features of the quantum mechanical model of the hydrogen atom based on the idea of the
wavelike properties of matter. (7.5)
outline the contribution of each of the following scientists to the development of the quantum mechanical model
of the atom: Bohr (7.5), Heisenberg (7.5), Schrdinger (7.5), De Broglie (7.4), Pauli (7.8).
list the quantum numbers: n, l, m
l
obtained by solving the Schrdinger wave equation for the electron in the
hydrogen atom. Predict the allowable values of these quantum numbers. (7.6)
explain the meaning of wave function and orbital. (7.5)
relate the shapes of orbitals to the quantum number l. (7.6, 7.7)
sketch the shapes of s and p orbitals. (7.7)
recognize the shapes of d orbitals. (7.7)
explain the meaning of electron spin and its relationship to the quantum number m
s
(7.6)
apply the Pauli exclusion principle and Hunds rule to write the electron configuration and orbital filling (box)
diagrams for multielectron atoms. (7.8)
explain and apply the concept of effective nuclear charge. (7.9 & 8.3)
identify the s, p, d, and f blocks in the periodic table. (7.9)
relate the position of an element in the periodic table to its electron configuration. (7.9)
know the anomalous electron configurations for first and second row transition metals. (7.9)
explain and predict the trends in atomic radii. (8.3)
predict whether an atom is para or diamagnetic based on its electron configuration. (7.8)
give the allowable sets of the four quantum numbers (n, l, m
l
, m
s
) for each electron in a given atom. (7.8)
Continuation
2.1 Atomic Theory
(Chang, 2.1)
Insight into the nature of matter:
Aristotle (384-322 BC)
Democritus (460-370 BC)
Aristotle believed that matter was infinitely divisible.
Democritus believed that matter was made up
of tiny indivisible particles that he called atoms
(from Greek, atomos, meaning indivisible).
Atoms are the basic unit of matter.
Atoms are extremely small (sheet of paper = 1
million atoms thick, 1 drop of water = 10
22
atoms)
Does matter have a basic/fundamental particle?
2.1 Atomic Theory
(Chang, 2.1)
J. Dalton (1766-1844)
John Dalton was an English scientist who created a
hypothesis about the nature of matter.
1. Elements are composed of extremely small particles called atoms.
2. All atoms of a given element are identical (same size, mass & chemical properties).
The atoms of one element are different from the atoms of all other element.
3. Compounds are composed of atoms of more than one element.
In any compound, the ratio of the #s of atoms of any 2 of the elements is an integer.
4. A chemical reaction involves the separation, combination, or rearrangement of atoms;
no creation or destruction of atoms (based on Lavoisiers Law of Conservation of Mass).
Note: there was no attempt to describe the structure of the atom.
Daltons atomic model (1808) is based
on the following principles:
2.2 Thomsons Experiment (Chang, 2.2)
J.J. Thomson, an English physicist , postulated the existence of
electrons based on his experiments with cathode ray tubes.
J.J. Thomson (1856-1940)
Using this experiment,
Thomson determined
the charge to mass
ratio of an electron:
e = -1.76 x 10
8
C/g
m
The Plum Pudding Model
Thomson postulated that the atomwas made of negatively
charged electrons in a positively charged cloud
(to maintain neutrality).
2.3 The Millikan Experiment
(Chang 2.2)
The American physicist, Robert A. Millikan, determined the charge
of an electron using the oil-drop experiment.
By having the charge suspended in air, he was able to determine the
charge on each oil drop. This led him to conclude that the charge of
1 electron was:
-1.6022 x 10
-19
C
This allowed the determination
of the mass of a single electron:
mass of an electron = charge = -1.6022 x 10
-19
C = 9.10 x 10
-28
g
charge to mass -1.76 x 108 C/g
R.A. Millikan
(1868-1953)
2.5 Rutherfords Experiment
(Chang, 2.2)
The New Zealand physicist, Ernest Rutherford, bombarded
alpha particles (He
2+
, 7300 times the mass of an electron)
through a gold foil, expecting them to go straight through.
He proposed that the mass of the atomis concentrated in the nucleus.
In separate experiments it was determined that the nucleus contains positively charged
particles called protons (equal but opposite charge to the electron).
E. Rutherford
(1871-1937)
2.6 Summary of Subatomic Particles
The atomcontains:
Nucleus, which consists of:
Electrons (same magnitude as proton but of negative charge).
Charge
Particle Mass (g) Coulomb Charge Unit
Electron 9.10938 x 10
-28
-1.6022 x 10
-19
-1
Proton 1.67262 x 10
-24
+1.6022 x 10
-19
+1
Neutron 1.67493 x 10
-24
0 0
Protons (positively charge),
Neutrons (almost same mass as proton but no charge).
James Chadwick, a British physicist, discovered a
new particle in the nucleus of the atom, the neutron
(which comes from the latin neuter, which means
neither one nor the other), which has no charge
and holds the protons together.
J. Chadwick (1891-1974)
2.7 Atomic Number & Mass Number
(Chang, 2.3, Textbook Problems: 2.14; 2.16; 2.18)
Atomic Number (Z): the # of protons in the nucleus
(the # on the periodic table).
X
A
Z
X is the symbol of the element.
The type of atomis determined by the # of protons (if an element has a charge,
it is due to a transfer of electrons and not of protons).
In a neutral element:
In a cation: # of protons > # of electrons,
(the element lost electrons to become the ion).
In an anion: # of protons < # of electrons,
Mass Number (A): the # of protons plus the # of neutrons.
(the element gained electrons to become the ion).
# of electrons = # of protons.
2.7.2 Exercises:
1. Fill in the missing information:
Element Symbol Z A # of
neutrons
# of
electrons
16 34
Iron Fe 56
17 16
80 120
Uranium U
2. Determine the # of protons, neutrons & electrons for each of the following:
a) K
b) K
+
c) Al
3-
2.8 Isotopes
(Chang, 2.3)
Isotopes: substances with the same # of protons (hence, the same element),
but different # of neutrons (hence, different masses).
(from latin, iso = the same & topos = place: same place in the periodic table)
Ex.
H
1
1
H
1
2
H
1
3
Hydrogen:
(protium)
Deuterium:
Tritium:
1 proton, 1 electron, 0 neutron
1 proton, 1 electron, 1 neutron
1 proton, 1 electron, 2 neutrons
Note: Isotopes generally have the same chemical properties (same # of protons & electrons),
but have different physical properties (different # of neutrons).
2.9 Quantum Theory
(Chang, 7.1, Textbook Problems: 7.4; 7.8; 7.10; 7.16; 7.18; 7.20; 7.22; 7.40; 7.42)
Properties of atoms & molecules are not governed
by the same physical laws as larger objects.
The German physicist Max Planck discovered that atoms & molecules
emit energy only in discrete energy called quanta (it was previously
believed that any amount of energy could be emitted or released).
Waves
Wave: a vibrating disturbance by which energy is transmitted.
Characterized by 3 factors:
Wavelength, (in nm): distance between identical points on a successive wave.
Frequency, ( in s
-1
or Hz): # of waves that pass through a particular point in 1 second.
Amplitude: vertical distance from the midline of a wave to the peak.
M. Planck
(1858-1947)
Continuation
It is also possible to describe a wave by its speed ():
=
: wavelength (in nm)
: frequency ( in s
-1
or Hz)
2.9.2 Electromagnetic Radiation
Electromagnetic radiation: describes how energy in the form of radiation can
be propagated through space as vibrating electric
& magnetic fields.
The speed of this wave
is always the same
& is equal to the
speed of light:
c = 2.9979 x 10
8
m/s
2.9.1 Exercises:
1. The wavelength of the green light from a traffic signal is centered at 522 nm.
What is the frequency of this radiation?
2. True or False?
a) Blue light has a shorter wavelength than red light.
b) X-rays have lower frequencies than radio waves.
c) Microwaves have higher frequencies than gamma rays.
d) Visible radiation composes the major portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Photoelectric Effect
Planck gave the name quantumto the smallest quantity of energy that can be
emitted (or absorbed) in the form of electromagnetic radiation.
E = hn = h c

h is known as Plancks constant

(h = 6.626 x 10
-34
Js)
Albert Einstein suggested that electromagnetic radiation
behaved not only as waves but also as matter.
These particles of light are called photons and possess a mass
(theory of the dual nature of light, it can act as a wave & as matter).
E = mc
2
E
photon
= h c

m
photon
= E = hc/ = h
c
2
c
2
c
A. Einstein
(1879-1955)
Note: De Broglie postulated that matter can behave as waves as well
(c would have to be changed for which is the speed of the object).
2.9.2 Exercises:
1. Sodium atoms have a characteristic yellow color when excited in a flame. The color comes from the
emission of light of 589.0 nm. a)What is the frequency of this radiation? b) What is the change in
energy associated with this photon? Per mol of photons?
2. What is the wavelength of an electron (m = 9.11 x 10
-31
kg) travelling at 5.31 x 10
6
m/s? (1 J = 1 kg
m
2
/s
2
)?
Conclusions:
Matter & energy are not so distinct.
All matter shows particle properties as well as wave properties.
Small matter (ex. photons) exhibit predominantly wave properties.
Large matter (ex. baseball) exhibit predominantly particle properties.
2.10 Bohrs Theory
(Chang, 7.3, Textbook Problems: 7.24; 7.30; 7.32; 7.34)
Emission Spectra
When a substance is excited, either by heat or an electrical current, it will emit light.
That is called the emission spectra of that substance.
There are 2 types of emission spectra:
Continuous spectrum:
Line spectrum:
Emission of all wavelength in the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum
(white light is a continuous spectrum),
When passes through a prismit will look like a rainbow, the colors will be separated.
Only specific wavelength are emitted,
Characteristic of an element (like the fingerprint of that element).
Line Spectra
C V
C V
C V
C V
orbit 4
orbit 3
orbit 2
orbit 1
nucleus
10.2 The Hydrogen Atom
The Danish physicist Neils Bohr imagined that the atomwas like a
solar systemwith the electrons orbiting around the nucleus.
He imagined that electrons were only allowed to exist on certain
energy levels (i.e. the energy of the electron is quantized):
E
n
= -R
H
1
n
2
n is an integer
R
H
equals 2.178 x 10
-18
J (Ryedbergs constant)
The most stable state is the ground state when n = 1.
All other states, n = 2, 3, 4 ... are known as excited states
(these are higher in energy than the excited state).
N. Bohr (1885-1962)
( )
When the hydrogen atom emits energy, the electron goes from a higher
energy level to a lower energy level (i.e. the E is negative).
The radius of an orbit is proportional to n:
the larger the n, the larger the orbit,
when the electron is farther from the nucleus, it is higher in energy.
When the hydrogen atom gains energy, the electron goes from a lower
energy level to a higher energy level (i.e. the E is positive).
10.2 The Hydrogen Atom
The energy of the photons emitted is equal to the energy difference between 2 energy levels:
The wavelengths emitted by
hydrogen were separated in
different series based
on their n
final
.
E = E
final
- E
initial
E = (-R
H
) - (-R
H
)
n
2
f
n
2
i
E = -R
H
1 - 1
n
2
f
n
2
i
Continuation...
( )
The energy of an electron in
another one electron species:
E
n
= -R
H
Z
2
n
2
(Z is the atomic #)
Note: these calculations only work
for 1 electron species.
10.2.1 Exercises:
1. Calculate the energy corresponding to the n = 3 electronic state in the Bohr hydrogen atom.
2. For the excitation from the n = 1 to the n = 3 electronic state in the hydrogen atom.
a) Calculate the energy change.
b) What is the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation associated with this energy change?
3. Give examples of one electron species:
10.2.1 Exercises:
4. What would be the energy and wavelength (in nm) of the light in the Lyman series when n
i
= 5?
5. Calculate the shortest and longest wavelength (in nm) in the emission spectrum of the hydrogen
atom for n
f
= 2 (Balmer series).
6. Calculate the ionization of the hydrogen atom initially in the ground state.
2.11 Quantum Mechanical Model & Quantum Numbers
(Chang, 7.5 & 7.6, Textbook Problems: 7.56; 7.58; 7.60; 7.62; 7.64; 7.66)
This model has a set of 4 quantum numbers (compared to 1 with the Bohr model)
to described the position of the electron.
Atoms emit or absorb energy when electrons move from one energy state to another.
Electrons are found in orbitals (not orbits) which are 3 dimensional
(these give the probability of finding the electron).
Principal Quantum Number (n):
Can have a value from 1 to infinity; it is always an integer.
It is the primary factor in determining the energy of an electron.
It also determines the size of the orbital (average distance of the electron from the nucleus).
The greater the n, the greater the energy & average distance.
The primary quantum number is also referred to as a shell.
2
3
1
3
1
4
5
6
7
2
3
4
5
6
7
4
5
6
5
4
Angular Momentum Quantum Number ():
Can have a value from 0 n 1, always whole numbers.
Determines the shape of the orbitals.
Is a secondary factor in determining the energy for polyelectronic atoms.
The angular momentum quantum number is also referred to as subshell.
Subshells are also referred to by letters according to their #:
0 1 2 3 4 5
Name s p d F G h
(these letters refer to the shape)
Magnetic Quantum Number (m

):
Can have a value from - + .
Describes the orientation in space of the orbital.
The # of m

possible is equal to 2 + 1.
S
(l = 0)
d
(l = 2)
p
(l = 1)
f
(l = 3)
When = 0, s
When = 1, p
When = 2, d
Orbital Shapes:
One last quantum number...
Superposing the Orbitals:
Electron Spin Quantum Number (m
s
):
The value can be + or -.
Describes the spin of the electron.
Electrons act like tiny magnets and when then spin they create a magnetic field.
There is 2 possible spinning motions for an electron (clockwise & counter-clockwise).
S
d
p
f
- +
+- Etc...
2.11.2 Exercises:
1. Determine the # of different orientations in space for the s, p, d & f orbitals.
2. Which of the following sets of quantum numbers are allowed in the hydrogen atom? For each
incorrect set, state why it is incorrect.
a) n = 1, = 0, m

= 1
b) n = 2, = 2, m

= 1
c) n = 5, = 3, m

= 2
d) n = 6, = -2, m

= 2
e) n = 6, = 2, m

= -2
2.11.1 Exercise:
1. For principal quantum level n = 4, determine the # of allowed subshells & give the name of each.
2.11.3 Exercises:
1. Which of the following sets of quantum #s are not allowed? For each incorrect set, state why it is
incorrect.
a) n = 3, = 3, m

= 0, m
s
= -
b) n = 4, = 3, m

= 2, m
s
= -
c) n = 4, = 1, m

= 1, m
s
= +
d) n = 2, = 1, m

= -1, m
s
= -1
e) n = 5, = -4, m

= 2, m
s
= +
f ) n = 3, = 1, m

= 2, m
s
= -
g) n = 3, = 2, m

= -1, m
s
= 1
2. If each orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons (of opposite spin) how many electrons can
each of the following subshells hold?
a) 2s
b) 5p
c) 4f
d) 3d
e) 4d
2.12 Atomic Orbitals
(Chang, 7.7, Textbook Problems: 7.68; 7.70)
The set of the 3 first quantum numbers describe the orbital.
The last quantum number describes the electron.
Energy of Orbitals
Orbitals that have the same energy are called degenerate.
For hydrogen:
All orbitals with the
same value of n have
the same energy.
Because of the penetration effect:
For polyelectronic atoms:
Energy of Orbitals
E
ns
< E
np
< E
nd
< E
nf
(i.e. the 2s orbital is lower in
energy than the 2p orbital)
The penetration effect is caused by the other electrons which are shielding the nucleus
(the system must account for the electron-electron repulsion).
2.13 Electron Configuration
(Chang, 7.8, Textbook Problems: 7.76; 7.78; 7.88; 7.90; 7.92; 7.96)
The electron configuration describes how the electrons are distributed
among the various atomic orbitals.
1s
1
It can also be described as an orbital box diagram:
In the ground state, the electron configuration of hydrogen is:

1s
1
Aufbau Principle
As protons are added one by one to create the various elements,
so are electrons and these are placed in specific orbitals.
Aufbau principle: electrons are added to the lowest energy orbitals first to create the
ground state of that element (from German, meaning building-up).
The following chart describes
which subshells are filled first:
Continuation
The other way to determine the order by which subshells are filled
is by following the periodic table:
Pauli Exclusion Principle
The Austrian physicist Wolfgang Pauli established the principle that
no two electrons can have the same set of 4 quantum numbers.
Since the first 3 quantum numbers describe the orbital and the fourth
quantum number can only have 2 values (+ & -):
there can only be 2 electrons per orbital, each of opposite spin.
1. Write the electron configuration and box diagram for the following atoms:
a) H
b) He
c) Li
d) Be
e) B
2.13.1 Exercise:
W. Pauli
(1900-1958)
Hunds Rule
The German physicist Friedrich Hermann Hund established
the rule wherein the lowest energy configuration is the one
having the maximum number of unpaired electron of parallel
spin in a particular set of degenerate orbitals.
1. Write the electron configuration and box diagram for the following atoms:
a) C
b) N
c) O
d) F
e) Ne
2.13.2 Exercise:
W. Hund
(1896-1997)
Shorthand Notation
Shows in brackets the noble gas element that most nearly precedes
the element being considered:
Mg (Z= 12): 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
or [Ne]3s
2
1. Write the shorthand notation for the following atoms:
a) Na
b) Al
c) Si
d) S
e) Ar
2.13.3 Exercises:
2. Write the electron configuration and orbital box diagram for the following atoms:
a) Sc
b) Ti
c) V
3. Write the electron configuration for the following atoms:
a) Mn
b) Fe
c) Co
d) Ni
e) Zn
f ) Pb
g) Bi
2.13.3 Exercises:
Exceptions:
There is a greater stability with a completely half-filled d subshell
or a completely filled d subshell.
To accomplish this, electrons can be taken from the previous s orbital
to add to the d orbital.
Ex. Cr: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
1
3d
5

2p
6

1s
2

2s
2

3s
2

3p
6

3d
5

Cu: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
1
3d
10

4s
1

2p
6

1s
2

2s
2

3s
2

3p
6

3d
10

4s
1

Valence Electrons
A group:
B group:
The valence electrons are those in the highest n
(will be the ones removes when a cation is formed).
The valence electrons are those in the highest n & those in the (n 1) d orbital
(those in the highest n will be removed first when forming a cation).
Write the electron configuration for the following ions:
a) Na
+
b) O
2-
c) Ti
2+
2.13.4 Exercise:
2.15 Diamagnetism & Paramagnetism
Paramagnetic substances: contain unpaired electrons in orbitals
(these substances are attracted to a magnet).
Diamagnetic substances: all electrons are paired
(these substances are weakly repelled by a magnet).
1. Write the electron configuration of the following atoms and determine if they are diamagnetic or
paramagnetic:
a) O
b) Mg
c) N
d) Ar
e) Zn
f) Ti
2.15.1 Exercise:
2.16 The Periodic Table
By 1869, a total of 63 elements had been discovered, and scientists
were studying their physico-chemical properties.
The chemist John Newlands classified these in order
of increasing atomic mass and noticed that their
properties repeated every 8 elements.
J. Newlands (1837-1898)
Newlands proposed the Law of octaves at the Chemical Society in London,
but was ridiculized because of the parellel he did with the musical octave.
Contact: This isnt noise, this has structure!
2.16 The Periodic Table
Drawing on Newlands discoveries, the Russian chemist Mendeleev grouped in families
all elements with similar properties & created the 1
st
Periodic Table of Elements.
D. Mendeleev (1834-1907)
One advantages of his periodic
table is that it classifies
elements both vertically
(groups or families) and
horizontally (periods or rows).
Because of the limited knowledge, Mendeleev left gaps in the
periodic table of elements and correctly predicted the mass
and chemical properties of the yet unkown elements.
Groups or families (vertical)
Periods or rows (horizontal)
Mass Number (A)
Relative Atomic Mass
The blue-print of all matter!
1A
2A
3B
8A
3A 7A 6A 5A 4A
4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 1B 2B
2.16 The Periodic Table
A Group (Main Group): the representative elements (1A - 8A).
B group: the transition metals (1B-8B).
Inner transition metals: the 2 bottom rows (lanthanides & actinides).
2.16 The Periodic Table
Metals:
Metalloids:
Non-metals:
Alkali metals
Alkali earth metals
Transition metals
Noble gases
Halogens
Non metals
Other metals
Lanthanides
Semi metals Actinides
2.16 The Periodic Table
1A
2A
3B
8A
3A 7A 6A 5A 4A
4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 1B 2B
2.17 End of Unit Exercises:
1. The electron configuration of a neutral atom in its ground state is [Xe]6s
2
4f
14
5d
6
.
a) What is the name and the symbol of the element?
b) How many unpaired electrons does the above element have?
c) Is the above element para or diamagnetic?
d) Is the above a metal or a non-metal?
2. For As (Z=33):
a) Write a complete set of quantum numbers for each of the valence electrons.
n m

m
s
b) Complete a similar table for the valence electrons of Fe (Z=26),
c) Complete a similar table for the valence electrons of Cl (Z=17),
d) Complete a similar table for the valence electrons of Cr (Z=24),
e) Complete a similar table for all electrons of N (Z=7).
3. Give the full electron configuration and box diagram for each of the following species:
a) Mo (Z=42)
b) Cu (Z=29)
c) Zr (Z=40)
d) I
-1
(Z=53)
e) Au (Z=79)
f) Zn
2+
(Z=30)
g) Fe
2+
(Z=26)
h) P
-1
(Z=15)
i) (Z=81)
j) Fe
3+
(Z=26)
k) Po
2-
(Z=84)
l) Cr (Z=24)
4. Determine if the species in 3) are paramagnetic or diamagnetic.
End of unit exercises:
5. Write the name and the symbol of one element which is a/an:
a) Halogen in the 5
th
period,
b) First row transition metal,
c) Alkaline earth metal in the 2
nd
period,
d) Noble gas in the 3
rd
period,
e) Member of the 4a family,
f) Representative element of the 6
th
family,
g) Alkali metal in the 6
th
period,
h) Lanthanid,
i) Actinide,
j) Halogen with 74 neutrons.
6. Give the name & symbol of the element which corresponds to each of the following information:
a) The heaviest halogen without d electrons,
b) The first element with five half-occupied 3d orbitals,
c) The first element to have a d electron,
d) The first element to have a p electron,
e) The first element to have an f electron.
End of unit exercises: