Transonic Aerodynamics TransonicAerodynamics

Critical Pressure Coefficient and Critical Mach CriticalPressureCoefficientandCriticalMach

Number
Drag Divergence DragDivergence
MitigatingtheDragProblem
Thesupercriticalairfoil
Sweep
TheAreaRule
Limit of the Compressibility Correction LimitoftheCompressibilityCorrection
NACA0012AT8DEGREES
-10
9
M

-9
-8
-7
-6
M=0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0 4
-16
-14
-12
Cp
min
2
1
1

=
M
C
C
p
p
-6
-5
-4
-3
-
C
p
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0 8
M

-10
-8
-6
-3
-2
-1
0
0.8
0.9
-4
-2
0
M
0
1
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
x/c
0 0.5 1
M

Critical Pressure Coefficient CriticalPressureCoefficient

PRESSURECOEFFIENTWHERETHELOCALMACHNUMBERIS1
Critical Pressure Coefficient CriticalPressureCoefficient
PRESSURECOEFFIENTWHERETHELOCALMACHNUMBERIS1
(
(
(

|
|
|

|
+
=

1
) 1 ( 1 1
1
2
2
1

M
Cp
-16
(
(

|
|
.

\
+
=

1
) 1 (
2
1
2
2
1
M
Cp
CR
-14
-12
Cp
CR
-10
-8
-6 -6
-4
-2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
M

Critical Mach Number CriticalMachNumber

(
(
(

|
|
|

|
+
=

1
) 1 ( 1 1
1
2
2
1

M
Cp
CR
2
min
min
1
1

=
M
Cp
Cp
-16
(
(

|
|
.

\
+

1
) 1 (
2
1
2
2
1
M
Cp
CR
M

-14
-12
10 -10
-8
-6
M
CR
6
-4
-2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
M

Critical Mach Number M

CR
CriticalMachNumberM
CR
(
(
(

|
|
|

|
+
=

1
) 1 ( 1 1
1
2
2
1

M
Cp
CR
2
min
min
1
1

=
M
Cp
Cp
-16
(
(

|
|
.

\
+

1
) 1 (
2
1
2
2
1
M
Cp
CR
-14
-12
10
0012at8deg.
-10
-8
-6
M
CR
M
CR
g
0012 at 4 deg
6
-4
-2
0012at4deg.
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
M

Drag Divergence
M=0.5
DragDivergence
M 0 65
INVISCIDCALCULATION
M=0.65
M=0 8 M=0.8
Ilan Kroo and J Alonso, Stanford University
http://adg.stanford.edu/aa241/drag/dragrise.html
, y
ShockInduced
Separation
www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/History/SP-
440/ch7-2.htm
Drag Divergence DragDivergence
NACA2315
Effects on Lift EffectsonLift
NACA2315
M

Mitigating the Drag Problem MitigatingtheDragProblem

The Supercritical Airfoil TheSupercriticalAirfoil
Sweep
h l TheAreaRule
The Supercritical Airfoil TheSupercriticalAirfoil
DesignedtomaximizeM
DIV
Conventional vs. Supercritical Conventionalvs.Supercritical
B i BACJ 0 d
NACA0012at2.3deg.
BoeingBACJat0deg.
0.8
C
C = 0 28
C = 0 28
0.4
C
p
C
L
=0.28
C
L
=0.28
0.0
0.4
0 0.5 1 0 0.5 1
http://oea.larc.nasa.gov/PAIS/Concept2R p // g / / p
eality/supercritical.html
Sweep The Independence Principle Sweep TheIndependencePrinciple
Necessary Sweep Angle NecessarySweepAngle
A
A =

cos M M
n

M
A
Effects on Drag Divergence EffectsonDragDivergence
AA
A =

cos M M
n

M
A
R.T.Jones,HighSpeedWingTheory,
PrincetonUniversityPress,1960
EffectsonLift

M
A
A =

cos M M
n

M
A
Effects on Lift EffectsonLift
A
2
cos 2
C
to
A
=

2 2
cos 1 M
C
L
A
A =

cos M M
n

M
A
FigureA,4forg,P42
R.T.Jones,HighSpeedWingTheory,
PrincetonUniversityPress,1960
Effects on Lift EffectsonLift
A
2
cos 2
C
to
A
=

2 2
cos 1 M
C
L
A
A =

cos M M
n

M
A
FigureA,4h,P43
R.T.Jones,HighSpeedWingTheory,
PrincetonUniversityPress,1960
The Area Rule TheAreaRule
THESEARSHAACKBODY
| |
2 / 3
2
) / ( 1
3
8
) ( L x
V
x A = | |
3t
TheAreaRule
WHITCOMBS OBSERVATIONS WHITCOMBSOBSERVATIONS
Whitcomb,R.,1952AStudyoftheZeroLiftDragRise
CharacteristicsofWingBodyCombinationsNearthe
SpeedofSound,NACARML52H08
Boeing 747 Boeing747
747200B(AirForce1),MaxMach0.89
747400,MaxMach0.92
Generalizing the Area Rule GeneralizingtheAreaRule
AtsupersonicMachnumberstheAreaismeasured p
alongtheMachplaneinsteadofperpendiculartothe
flightdirection
O ti l h f l i t (lik Optimalshapesformoregeneralrequirements(like
finitebaseareas,arearequirementsatparticularcross
sections)aregivenbyW.T.LordandE.Eminton in ) g y
SlenderBodiesofMinimumWaveDrag,Journalof
theAeronauticalSciences,August,1954,pages569
570 These have been programmed by Prof Mason see 570.ThesehavebeenprogrammedbyProf.Mason,see
http://www.aoe.vt.edu/~mason/Mason_f/MRsoft.html
#MINDRAG