Ozone CEL140 Part 1

Ground level Ozone : Issues and
concerns in India
31st Jan 2014
IIT- Delhi
Sumit Sharma, Fellow, TERI
Earth Science and Climate Change
Decentralized Electricity Solutions
Sustainable Habitats
Energy Environment Technology Development
Environment & Industrial Bio-Technology
Bio-Technology & Bio-Resources
Water Resources
Industrial Energy Efficiency
Resources Regulation & Global Security
Social Transformation
Environment Education & Youth Services
Sustainable Development Outreach
Modeling & Economic Analysis
Centre for Environmental studies Centre for Environmental studies
Our atmosphere Our atmosphere
Ai P ll ti A t h i tit t t lt f th i Air Pollution: Any atmospheric constituent present as a result of anthropogenic
activity or natural processes that causes adverse effects to humans,
animals, vegetation, or materials.
Water Resources
Air pollution Air pollution-- certainly not a new problem certainly not a new problem
Before 1200 AD
Air pollution from wood & coal burning, decaying
trash, smelting of ores
Greeks and Romans noted the smell of burning Greeks and Romans noted the smell of burning
coal, and deteriorating air quality
invented beach house to escape
chimneys 7 to 8 m tall
1200-1700 AD
London : pollution from limestone kilns
wood shortages led to use of sea-coal (high sulfur
content) content)
1306 Edward I banned coal use in lime kilns
(ignored and not enforced -little effect)
1661 John Evelyn wrote Fumifugium- London
smoke caused fouling of churches palaces smoke caused fouling of churches, palaces,
clothes, furnishings, paintings, rain, dew, water,
and plants
Proposed
Limit use of coal Limit use of coal
Relocate industries
Develop new fuels
Planting green belts around city
Water Resources

Air pollution Air pollution-- certainly not a new problem certainly not a new problem
1700-1840 (Steam engine, Industrial revolution)
100 time increase in Britain coal
consumption during 1800-1900 leading to 7 p g g
times more deaths due to air pollution in
Britain than world-wide (Clapp, 1994)
Industries centered around coal combustion
d l d l b ll developed globally (US, Europe, Japan,
Australia, Russia, S. Africa)
3 primary causes of death in Cincinnati 1881
: Tuberculosis pneumonia bronchitis all : Tuberculosis, pneumonia, bronchitis - all
lung related
1840 1930 (Regulation in UK US) 1840-1930 (Regulation in UK, US)
Railway Clauses Consolidated Act, Public
Health Acts1875,1891, Smoke Abatement Act
1926 Chicago smoke reduction law 1881 1926, Chicago smoke reduction law, 1881.
Water Resources
Air pollution disasters Air pollution disasters
London Smog of 1952 : 4,000
excess deaths
1952: electric trams were 1952: electric trams were
replaced by diesel-powered buses
combustion of oil and coal-
factories
Meteorological conditions
Donora Pennsylvania US 1948 Donora, Pennsylvania, US, 1948
Bhopal Gas Tragedy
Smog (= smoke + fog): still a
problem in many cities world-wide, p y ,
: Atlanta, LA, Houston, Mexico City,
Tokyo, Beijing, Athens, etc.
Water Resources
Critical air pollution episodes Critical air pollution episodes
Water Resources
Air pollution Air pollution-- How it works How it works
Ch i Chemistry
Emissions
Pollutant Distributions
Ai Q lit /H lth I t
Meteorology
Air Quality/Health Impacts
Water Resources
Pollutant formations and impacts Pollutant formations and impacts
Water Resources
Pollutants Pollutants
Pollutants Sources Effects
Nitrogen dioxide
(NOx)
Combustion processes (heating,
power generation and vehicles)
Bronchitis in asthmatic children.
Reduced lung function growth (NOx) power generation, and vehicles) Reduced lung function growth
Particulate Matter
(
PM
2.5,
PM
10
)
Major sources are vehicles,
industrial sources, domestic fuel
burning road dust re-suspension
Cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, lung cancer, ALRI,
COPD.
burning, road dust re-suspension,
Carbon monoxide
(CO)
Incomplete fuel combustion (as in
motor vehicles)
Reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of blood, causes
headaches, nausea, dizziness. Can lead to death at high levels
S l h di id B i f lf t i i f l Aff t i t t d l f ti C hi Sulphur dioxide
(SO2)
Burning of sulfur-containing fuels
for heating, power & vehicles.
Affects respiratory system and lung function. Coughing, mucus
secretion, asthma and chronic bronchitis. Causes acid rain.
Lead Petrol and industry (such as
smelting and paint works)
Affects intellectual development of children, and at very high
doses poisoning brain and organ damage can occur smelting, and paint works). doses poisoning, brain and organ damage can occur.
Benzene Combustion & distribution- petrol. Exposure over a long time can lead to cancer
1, 3 Butadiene Petrol and diesel combustion Exposure over a long time can lead to cancer.
Ozone formed by the reaction of NOx
and (VOCs) in sunlight
Breathing problems, asthma, reduce lung function. Ozone
is one of the most damaging pollutants for plants.
Water Resources
t1
t2
Slide 9
t1 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
teri, 15-10-2010
t2 Acute lower respiratory infeciton
teri, 15-10-2010
Ozone Ozone
Water Resources
GL Ozone formation GL Ozone formation
O
3
O
2
UV radiation
Stratosphere
Troposphere
O
3
O
NO
2
h
NO
2
OH
HO
2
, RO
2
CO VOC CO, VOCs
Water Resources
Why it is a global concern ? Why it is a global concern ?
Water Resources
GLO warms also GLO warms also
Water Resources
PM2.5 is 5th Leading Mortality Risk Factor PM2.5 is 5th Leading Mortality Risk Factor
Ambient PM
2.5
caused an
estimated
627 000 d th 627,000 deaths
6% of all
deaths in 2010
GBD-Lancet, 2012
Water Resources
Effects on crop productivity Effects on crop productivity
Reducedphotosyntheticactivities
duetoexposuretoOzone
Source : Kim et al 2001 Source:Kimetal,2001
Water Resources
Health effects of Ozone Health effects of Ozone
*Ozone is a powerful oxidant
*can irritate air ways causing *can irritate air ways causing
coughing, wheezing and shortness
of breath and can aggravate asthma
and other lung diseases (EPA).
*MIT 2009 estimated health costs MIT, 2009 estimated health costs
due to global ozone above
pre-industrial levels by 2050
b $580 billi d h to be $580 billion and that acute
mortalities will exceed 2 million.
*WHO-Europe estimated 21 000 premature deaths annually in 25 European Union
countries due to Ozone pollution.
Water Resources
*Chhabra et al, 2010, studied the effect of exposure to ambient concentrations of
ozone on induction of asthma
Air Pollution Air Pollution-- Indian context Indian context
Water Resources
Growth of India Growth of India
463 ti 463 times
3.5 times
50 times
Water Resources
Urban centres Urban centres
Urban Urban
agglomerates
47 cities with
population more
than 1 million
Water Resources
New Delhi New Delhi
Water Resources
Older fleets Older fleets
Water Resources
Air quality in Air quality in India India
2010
2011
10
2010
2011
1
d
e
n
c
e
0.1
E
x
c
e
e
d
001 0.01
SO2 NOx RSPM
Water Resources
Source: CPCB,
NAMP data
Morethan80%citiesviolatethestandardsofRSPM
Satellite view (AOD) Satellite view (AOD)
Water Resources
Urban air quality (Delhi) Urban air quality (Delhi)-- PM10 PM10
NO NO & hi l & hi l
q y ( ) q y ( )
NOx NOx & vehicles & vehicles
Banning old vehicles Cleaner fuels and Banning old vehicles Cleaner fuels and
vehicles
Shift industries
Water Resources
Ozone in Delhi Ozone in Delhi
Water Resources
Ozone in Delhi Ozone in Delhi
Water Resources
Ozone Ozone-- Civil lines(Delhi) (9 Civil lines(Delhi) (9- -14 14
th th
Feb 2013) Feb 2013)
Water Resources
Ozone Ozone-- R.K. R.K. Puram Puram (Delhi) (9 (Delhi) (9- -14 14
th th
Feb 2013) Feb 2013)
Water Resources
Diurnal variations Diurnal variations-- O3 O3
50
60
30
40
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

10
20
C
o
n
0
06
1
2
1
806
1
2
1
806
1
2
1
806
1
2
1
8
O3 (ppb) NO2 (ppm) NO (ppm)
Higher values during daytime 6-7 am GMT= 11:30- 12:30 AM IST
Water Resources
Ozone Ozone simulations simulations
Water Resources

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