Knowledge Deficiency Report

CHUF CPL Human Factors

Hearing protection- 11.6 (c)
Effects of noise exposure on:
Hearing loss- Hearing loss can be in the form of both long term and short
term. It is caused by the small hairs in the ear being pushed over by the
pressure of sound. Short term hearing loss being from loud one off bangs
like a hammer hitting steel, this pushes the hairs over however then can
recover if it wasnt too loud.
Long term hearing loss can be from repetitive smaller noises which can
slowly push the hairs over and damage them. Long term hearing loss is
prominent in construction industry workers that dont wear proper
hearing protection and can be noticed in pilots of loud piston engine
aircraft with old headphones.

Fatigue- Loud noises can cause fatigue people or pilots as it wears them
out and may induce headaches.


Spatial Disorientation 11.7.8
Explain the sensory systems involved in maintaining body equilibrium, eyes,
inner ear and proprioceptive system:

The body has three ways of perceiving space and time, these are the Eyes, Inner
Ear and Proprioceptive system or the pressure and position of joints within the
body. The eyes relate to about 80% of all sensory information and are the main
reason why people get disorientated. The Inner Ear or Vestibular system has
three semi-circular canals at different angles that have fluid inside of them. They
detect acceleration, pitch, roll and yaw. The Proprioceptive system works from
pressure on joints like when sitting in a seat or walking on flat ground. If the
eyes are shut while a person is moved around the whole system doesnt know
whats right since they are giving each other different signals. If the eyes are
working and the person can see, then the brain can work out what is going on
and can decode the signals.










Hazardous attitudes 11.13.1(b)
Discuss quality leadership ideals:

A good leader is one who earns the respect of his peers by showing a high level
of knowledge and skill. A good leader uses example and persuasion, combined
with a personal understanding of the goals and desires of the group, as well as
those of the employer. A good leader must involve the group and listen to
members ideas, even if they are invalid. A group leader will ask for the opinions
of members before deciding on a course of action, whether it be one of the
groups ideas or his own. If a leader chooses his idea then he should explain to
the group why he has chosen his idea.
The above would only be used in a non-time critical situation, for an emergency
situation the leader should always swiftly make a decision and then command
members of the group to do such actions to resolve the problem.
Leadership should not be confused with authority, whereas leadership is
acquired, authority is usually assigned. Quality leadership takes time to develop.
People who are leaders will be automatically granted authority by the group,
while people in authority often show little or no leadership.


Communication Styles 11.13.6(a)
(a) Discuss factors which:
Influence verbal and non-verbal communication between flight crew.
(barriers, listening skills and assertion skills)

Push and pull are methods of communication. When we are presenting our
thoughts and opinions to others we are employing the push mode of
communication. Ie; expressing an opinion, stating facts, giving commands or
orders. When we are seeking access to the thoughts or our opinions of others we
are employing the pull mode of communication. Actively listening to other
peoples opinions instead of trying to remain on top of the conversation with
your own view. Authority vs Leadership, Authority is usually assigned, true
leadership is acquired. Leadership takes time to develop, were as authority
sometimes displays no form of leadership at all. Speaking clearly and well paced,
also addressing someone by their name engaging them in decisions is also good
communication styles.


Communication can be in different forms, through spoken, written body
language and through symbols and gestures. Barriers to communication can be
in the form of high environmental noise level, distractions of a busy work
environment or physical discomfort or poor enunciation or unfamiliar accent.






TEM managing undesired aircraft state- 11.15(f)
Explain what resources a pilot could identify and use to avoid or manage and
undesired aircraft state, such as being lost or entering adverse weather:

A pilot could use the crews knowledge of local weather or weather reading to
avoid bad weather. A pilot could also use weather radar and all available MET
forecasts to determine a safe course of action well before departure or
encountering the weather. There should be situation awareness of where the
pilot is at all times so he can correctly determine if he is off course before it
becomes too late.

Use:
Thorough pre flight planning
Communication with radar / centre
Decision making in flight (e.g call to divert)
Use available resources (eg. autopilot and gps_



TEM- identifying threats and errors 11.15 (a)
Explain the principles of TEM and detail a process to identify and manage threats
and errors during single pilot operations:

The basic principles of TEM are to have a mindset which enhances the
identification of threats, minimizes the opportunities for error, and resolves
those errors when they occur. The TEM model has three basic components;
Threats
Errors, and
Undesired Aircraft states.
Threats are basically anything that can produce an error, such as high workload,
poor weather or distractions in the cockpit.

Errors are what come from a threat, like not completing a checklist or entering
bad weather, these can affect the safety of the flight.

Undesired Aircraft States come from the uncorrected error originating from the
threat. These can be incorrect flap setting, high speed on approach or busting
airspace. It is any flight condition or attitude which the aircraft was not
supposed to be in.

In single pilot operations a pilot should keep good situational awareness and
accurate logs at all times to be aware of where he is to prevent threats arising.
Thinking ahead of the aircraft and if falling behind, prioritizing and getting back
in front of the plane again. Errors can be eliminated by the use of correct
checklists and good SOPs and forward thinking of upcoming situations and an
action to correct them.