Int J Health Nutr 2011 2 (1): 1-5

Academy Journals 2010

International Journal of Health & Nutrition
www.academyjournals.net
Orjinal Article

Anti diabetic property of drumstick (Moringa oleifera) leaf tablets

V.Veeranan Arun GIRIDHARI
1
, D. MALATHI
2
and K. GEETHA
3

1
-Assistant professor (Food science and Nutrition), Regional Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Aruppukottai-626107.India.
2
- Professor, Dept. of Food science and Nutrition, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-641003.India.
3
-Assistant professor (Food science and Nutrition), A.D. A.C&R.I, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Trichy-9.India


Received: 30.09.2010 Accepted: 28.01.2011 Published: 22.02.2011


Abstract

The objective of this study was to formulate dehydrated green leafy tablets using drum stick leaves followed by supplementation study and to
find out the anti diabetic property on the selected diabetic patients. The results showed that post prandial blood glucose of experimental group
initially was 210 mg/dl and it reduced to 191, 174 and 150 mg/dl respectively after the first, second and third month of supplementation. In
control group post prandial blood glucose level was reduced to 169, 167, 163 mg/dl respectively, after first, second and third month of study
from the initial value of 179 mg/dl. Glycated hemoglobin in experimental group was initially 7.81 and decreased to 7.4 per cent after the
supplementation period; but in the control group it decreased to 7.36 from the initial value of 7.38 per cent. The results indicated that drum
stick leaves are suitable source of green leafy vegetable to reduce the diabetic complications in diabetic patients.

Key words: Drum stick leaves, diabetic patients, green leafy tablets, post prandial blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin

*
Corresponding author: V.V. Arun Giridhari, email:veeyaki@gmail.com Phone-+91-4566-220562,Fax-+91-456-227641



INTRODUCTION

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common non-
communicable diseases in the world. Diabetes affect about
135 million people in 1995 and the prevelance is expected to
rise to 300 million in the year 2025 (King et al., 1998).
Evidence showing that Indian migrants have a high tendency
to develop diabetes that lead to several national
epidemiological studies in India. Availability of uniform
criteria for diagnosis and classification of diabetes made
comparison between the possible studies (WHO 1985). These
surveys showed that diabetes was as common in urban India
as among migrant Indians (Ramaiya et al., 1990). Studies
from different parts of India showed an increasing trend in the
prevalence of diabetes. A series of epidemiological studies
carried out by the Diabetes Research Centre in Chennai
showed that the prevalence of diabetes had steadily increased
among urban Indian adults from 5.2 per cent in 1984 to 13.9
per cent in 2000 (Ramachandran et al., 2002).
Oxygen free radicals and other reactive oxygen
species are constantly produced in the human body. Multiple
studies have shown that type 2diabetes is accompanied by
increased oxidative damage to all biomolecules in body.
Diabetes produces disturbances of lipid profiles, especially an
increased susceptibility to lipid peroxidation. An increased
oxidative stress has been observed in diabetic patients as
indicated by high free radical production (Giugliano et al.,
1996). Oxidative damage due to free radicals was associated
with vascular disease in people with types 1 and 2 diabetes
mellitus (Oberley, 1988). There are several potential
resources of free radical production in diabetics including
autoxidation of plasma glucose (Piper et al., 1995), activation
Miracle Trees Moringa
Int J Health Nutr 2011 2 (1): 1-5 Giridhari et. al.
Aademy Journals 2011
2
of leucocytes, and increased transition metal bioavailability
(Wolff et al., 1991). The Total Antioxidant Status (TAS) in
type 1 or 2 DM was lower than that of age-matched controls,
and this might be attributed to lower levels of vitamin C,
vitamin E (Maxwell et al., 1997), or other factors including
micronutrients (Mooradian et al., 1994, Anderson, 1995
Anderson et al., 1997 and Cunningham, 1998) in blood.
The increased susceptibility of tissues such as the liver
and kidney of diabetic animals to diabetic complications may
be due to increased lipid peroxidation. In addition, increased
lipid peroxidation under diabetic conditions resulted due to
excessive oxidative stress. From this view point, prevention
of oxidative damage was considered to play a crucial role in
diabetes and / or its complications resulting from lipid
peroxidation (Stanely and Menon, 2001).
Green leafy vegetables (GLV) offer a cheap but rich
source of a number of micronutrients and other
phytochemicals having antioxidant properties. The potential
of 30 GLV in the raw and cooked form as natural antioxidant
supplements for vegetarian diets was assessed. There was a
large variability in the values of antioxidant activity of
various GLV extracts in the lipid micelles (1.5-5.6 mM
vitamin E/100 g for raw samples and 1.6-3.8 mM vitamin
E/100 g for cooked samples). Similar to thiobarbituric acid
reactive substances values, the superoxide scavenging ability
values also exhibited large variation (10.6-55.9), with
significantly higher values in the raw state than the cooked
state (P<0.001). Omum leaves, radish leaves and lettuce had
high values for this index. The range of values for ferrous iron
chelating activity was from 9.3 to 65.7 mM EDTA/100 g food
material, indicating again a large variability in this assay.
Leaves of coriander, Amaranthus viridis, colcasia green and
drumstick showed high values, while Colocasia black and
amaranthus red exhibited low values. Differences between
raw and cooked values were highly significant for all the
three indices (P<0.001) (Tarwadi and Agte, 2003). Hence the
study was planned with the following objectives to formulate
the dehydrated green leafy tablet for conducting the
supplementation study and to study the anti diabetic property
of drum stick leaf tablets.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Tablet Formulation
Drumstick leaf powder
Leaves were separated from the stalks, cleaned, washed
and dried in microwave power level of 7 for 10 minutes and
powdered by the researchers.

Ingredients used for tablet formulation
For making tablet the following ingredients were used:
Drumstick leaf powder (98.34%), Carboxy Methyl Cellulose
Sodium (1.30%), Methyl Paraben Sodium (MPS) (0.18%),
Propyl paraben sodium (PPS) (0.02%), Bronopol (0.01%),
and Tale (0.16%).

Method of making the tablet
The preservatives MPS, PPS and Bronopol were added
in boiling water and mixed thoroughly. To this, carboxy
methyl cellulose sodium was added little by little with
continuous stirring using a mechanical stirrer, till a fine paste
was obtained. This paste was added to the active ingredient in
small quantities and mixed well. Manual granulation was
done using a sieve. The granules were dried at 50C for one
hour. Tale was added to lubricate the granules, which were
then pressed into tablets in a punching machine at the
pharmaceutical company, Paris Dakner, Thirumangalam,
Madurai, under the supervision of the researchers. The
nutrients were analyzed after preparing the Tablet and found
to contain crude fibre-3.48 g per cent, vitamin C-27.70 mg/g,
carotenoid- 156 mg/100g and antioxidant activity - 85 per cent.

Selection of patients
One hundred type 2 diabetic patients visiting private
clinic, Madurai, were selected for the study. Information on
socio economic background of selected patients was
elucidated using a framed questionnaire. Among hundred
diabetics studied, sixty subjects were selected for further
study. The subjects selected were on sulfonylurea (Oral
Hypoglycemic Agents) users, BMI between 20-25 kg/m
2
and
who were involved in sedentary activity and age group
between 40-58 years. They were divided into control and
experimental groups each containing 30 subjects.

Administration of tablets to the selected diabetes
The subjects were given a pack of 30 tablets for every
15 days of the study period. They were asked to take two
tablets daily with one tablet each after breakfast and dinner
for a period of 90 days. Both control and experimental group
subjects were advised to take a standardized diet which had
calories restricted between 1,500 to 1,800 Kcal. This was
achieved by giving awareness about the food exchange list,
the subjects and their diet intake was verified once in every
fifty days.

Bio chemical analysis
To study the anti diabetic property of drumstick leaves
tablets on the selected type 2 diabetic patients Glycated
hemoglobin (%) (HbA
1c
) and Post Prandial Blood Glucose
(after two hours of the diet) had been studied. Commercially
available kit was used for the analysis and analysis carried out
in the auto analyzer. The glycated hemoglobin procedure
followed based on the Nathan et al., 1984.

Int J Health Nutr 2011 2 (1): 1-5 Giridhari et. al.
Aademy Journals 2011
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Statistical Analysis
The following statistical tools were used in this study for
analysis and interpretation of data (Rangaswamy, 1995):
Independent T-Test, F-Test, Correlation, and Factorial
Completely Randomized Design (FCRD).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Glycated hemoglobin
Glycated hemoglobin also known as glycol-hemoglobin,
glycosylated hemoglobin, HbA
1C
or HbA
1
, refers to a series
of stable hemoglobin components formed by the combination
of glucose and hemoglobin. HbA
1C
level provides an average
indication of the overall blood glucose level, for a period of
two or three months.
Table 1, gives the mean glycated hemoglobin level of
experimental and control group. The initial value of glycated
hemoglobin in control group was 7.38 and a slight decrease
(7.36%) was noticed after 90 days of study. This reduction
was not significant statistically. In experimental group, in
which the glycated hemoglobin was 7.81 initially and the
values were found to decrease to 7.4 per cent after the
supplementation for the period of three months. The mean
reduction was 0.41 per cent after feeding drumstick leaf
tablets for a period of three months. This reduction was
highly significant, which emphasis that supplementation with
drumstick leaf tablet had positive effect in reducing glycated
hemoglobin.
According to Boeing et al. (2000) obesity, high energy
and saturated fat intake and increasing in age was found to be
significantly associated with high HbA
1c
values, whereas high
intake of alcohol, vitamin C and Vitamin E were inversely
associated with high HbA
1c
values.
In this study also similar observations were made,
because, majority of them belonged to the age group of more
than 40 years.
Dandona et al. (1996) observed inverse relation
between vitamin C and vitamin E and hemoglobin glycation.
Keenoy et al. (1999) studied the effect of
supplementation of flavonoid based antioxidant medication to
28 diabetic patients while following a standardized 1,800 -
2,000 calorie diet. The results showed that decrease in initial
and final values of glycated hemoglobin was significant in
experimental group, whereas in control group the decline was
non-significant. The above study stated that supplementation
of antioxidants and flavonoids control the glycation process,
so that decrease in glycated hemoglobin was seen in
experimental group. Similar observation was found in present
study due to feeding of drumstick leaf tablet to experimental
group.

Table 1 Mean glycated hemoglobin (%) (HbA
1c
) level of control and experimental groups

Initial Final
Control group
7.380.60 7.360.59
a

Experimental group
7.810.51 7.400.63
b, c

a, initial vs final p<0.088
NS
; b, initial vs final p<0.0076**; c, control vs experimental p<0.092
NS


Table 2 Mean post prandial blood glucose (mg /dl) level of the control and experimental groups
Initial 1st. month 2nd. month 3rd. month
Control group 17936.09 16936.73 16735.44 16334.08
Experimental
group
21048.83 19148.64
a
17436.77
b
15021.10
c

a, initial vs 1st. month p<0.0088** ; b, 1st. month vs 2nd. month p<0.035*; c, 2nd. month vs 3rd. month p<0.0098**



Table 2, gives the picture about the blood glucose level of
diabetic patients during the study period. Post prandial blood
glucose level showed a reducing trend in both control and
experimental groups. But the reduction in post prandial blood
glucose levels in drumstick leaf tablet supplemented
experimental group was significant. Initially in experimental
group, post prandial blood glucose level was 210 mg/dl and it
reduced to 191, 174 and 150 mg/dl respectively after the first,
second and third month of supplementation. In control group
post prandial blood glucose level was reduced to 169, 167,
163 mg/dl respect after first, second and third month of study
from the initial value of 179 mg/dl, Drumstick leaf tablet had
a significant role in reducing the blood glucose level of
diabetics.

Aademy Journals 2011
4
Ford et al., (1999) analyzed the data from Phase I of the
Third National and Nutrition Examination Survey (NNES)
(1988-1991) to examine carotenoids concentration in 40 to 70
year old subjects with normal glucose tolerance (1010
subjects), impaired glucose tolerance (277 subjects) and
newly diagnosed diabetic cases (148 subjects). All serum
carotenoids were found to be inversely associated with the
fasting serum insulin levels. Moreover, serum lycopene and
-carotene level in the diabetic patients were significantly
lower when compared to the levels in persons with impaired
glucose tolerance and also found to be lower than the levels in
subjects with normal glucose tolerance. They also stated
inverse relations of serum -carotene, cryptoxanthin and
lycopene concentrations with glucose concentrations and an
inverse relation was also observed between serum carotenoids
concentrations and fasting serum insulin concentration
The above mentioned study explain that there was
negative relation between antioxidant especially carotenoids
and blood glucose. It proves that there was a positive role of
antioxidants in glucose metabolism.
Oral administration of the antioxidant fraction to diabetic
rats was observed to reduce dose dependently, the serum
levels of glucose and glycosylated protein, indicated
improvement in the impaired glucose metabolism. Therefore,
the antioxidant fraction would be expected to prevent diabetic
damage by controlling the glucose metabolism (Sato et al.,
1979).
According to Opara, (1996), chromium and the
antioxidant vitamins C and E have been found to be
efficacious in controlling blood glucose levels in type 2
diabetes and in the prevention of diabetic complications.
Yokozawa et al. (2003) reported that oral administration
of the mustard leaf fraction to diabetic rats reduced, dose-
dependently, the serum levels of glucose and glycosylated
protein, indicating improvement in the impaired glucose
metabolism. Therefore, the mustard leaf fraction would be
expected to prevent diabetic damage by controlling the
glucose metabolism.
Meral et al. (2004) inferred that serum glucose
concentration increased significantly in diabetic rabbits
supplemented N. Sativa.L treatment, elevated glucose
concentration significantly (P0.05) in diabetic rabbits.
However, their glucose concentrations was still significantly
higher (P0.05) than those of the control group.
Anuradha and Vidhya (2001) stated that there was
significant reduction in blood glucose levels (fasting,
postprandial and random) in the experimental when compared
to the control group supplemented with spirulina.
Ylonen et al., (2003) conducted study on dietary intake
and plasma concentrations of carotenoids and tocopherols, in
relation to glucose metabolism in subjects at high risk of type
2 diabetes. They revealed that population at high risk of type
2 diabetes had low dietary intakes of - and -carotene.
Lycopene, as well as plasma -carotene concentration showed
beneficial associations with glucose metabolism in the men ;
an inverse association with fasting plasma glucose
concentrations was observed in the former, and an inverse
association with insulin resistance was observed in the later.
The above studies pointed out that antioxidants like
carotenoids, vitamins C and E, and flavonoids had an
important role in reducing the blood glucose of the diabetic
patients. This is due to the improvement in the impaired
glucose metabolism and decrease in insulin resistance. The
results observed in the present study were on par with above
studies.
The findings showed that an inverse association between
plasma -carotene concentrations and insulin resistance in
men, but women had a direct relation between plasma -
carotene concentrations and fasting plasma glucose
concentrations which was in contrast with the aforementioned
findings (Ylonen et al., 2003).
The present study results were inverse to the Ylonen et
al. (2003) study. The results did not show any deviation
between the male and female of the feeding group. Both male
and female volunteers, blood glucose level had reduced after
the administration of drumstick leaf tablet. It concluded that
drum stick leaf tablet have a significant impact on anti
diabetic property of the selected patients.

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