Contents

List of plates page xii

Acknowledgements xiii
List of abbreviations xiv
A note on language and pronunciation xix
Introduction :
:: +nr sn\nrn rotxn\+ioxs or ntnnnis + r+nics 8
Sources of guidance to Buddhists 8
Rebirth and karma ::
The realms of rebirth :.
Karma and its eects :
The status and working of the law of karma :6
The karmic fruitfulness of actions :
Karmic fruitfulness and motive :q
The Sangha as the best eld of karmic fruitfulness .:
Karma and fatalism .
Flexibility in the working of karma .
Delayed results of karma .
The eect of character .
Remorse and the acknowledgement of fault .6
Rebirth, karma and motivation .8
The Four Noble Truths :
Suering
Impermanence
Not-Self and respecting others 6
The Noble Eightfold Path
Noble persons q
The place of ethics on the Path o
Wise, skilful, wholesome actions .
The Arahat as beyond fruitful and deadening actions
Philosophy of action 6
Criteria for dierentiating good and bad actions 6
vii
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Comparisons with Western ethical systems q
Intention, knowledge and degrees of unwholesomeness in actions .
Conclusion 8
:. krv ntnnnis + \\rtrs 6o
Giving 6:
Sharing karmic fruitfulness 6
Keeping the lay precepts 66
The rst precept: non-injury 6q
The second precept: avoiding theft and cheating 6q
The third precept: avoiding sexual misconduct :
The fourth precept: avoiding lying and other forms of wrong speech
The fth precept: sobriety
The nature of the precepts and precept-taking 8o
Partial precept-taking and the issue of precept-breaking 8.
Taking extra precepts 8
Monastic values 88
Celibacy 8q
The role of monasticism q:
The monastic code of discipline q.
Harmony, sharing and spiritual companionship q6
The ethics of inter-personal relationships q
Parents and children q8
Other relationships qq
Marriage :o:
Lovingkindness and compassion :o
Social ethics :oq
Social cohesion and equality :oq
Engaged Buddhism ::.
Political ideals ::
Human rights and Buddhism ::8
Conclusion :..
: x\n\ v\ x\ rxrn\srs \xn \n\r+\+ioxs :.
The path of the Bodhisattva :.
Compassion and wisdom in the Mahayana :.
The arising of the thought of enlightenment :.6
Developing the Bodhisattva perfections :.8
The ethics of the Bodhisattva :o
The Bodhisattva precepts :.
Skilful means and overriding the precepts :
Compassionate killing :
Compassionate stealing, non-celibacy, and lying :q
viii Contents
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Who may perform such acts, and are they obligatory? :o
Specic strands of Mahayana thought and practice :o
Tantra ::
Pure Land Buddhism :.
Zen :
Nichiren Buddhism :
Mahayana reassessment of monasticism :6
Conclusion :8
: \++i+tnr +o \xn +nr\+xrx+ or +nr x\+tn\r vonrn :o
Humanitys place in nature :o
Non-harming of animals :6
Animal sacrice :
Meat eating :
Meat eating in early and Theravada Buddhism :q
Meat eating in Mahayana Buddhism :6
Animal husbandry :66
Pest control :66
Animal experimentation :68
Positive regard, and help, for animals :o
Plants, trees and forests :
Conservation and environmentalism :
Conclusion :8
: rcoxoxic r+nics :8
Lay economic ethics :8
Right livelihood :8
Moral and spiritual qualities aiding worldly success :8q
Appropriate uses of income :qo
Buddhist giving and its socio-economic impact :q.
The Buddhist attitude to wealth :q
Economic ethics for rulers :q
The justice of economic distribution .o:
The monastic economy .o
Buddhism and capitalism: Webers Protestant ethic thesis .o6
The case of Japan .:o
Buddhist economics .:
The purpose of economics and a critique of consumerism .:q
Critiques of capitalist and Marxist development models ...
Buddhism and economics in the modern world ..
The Sarvodaya S

ramadana movement in Sri Lanka ..

Buddhist elements in the modern Japanese economy .
Conclusion .
Contents ix
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:6 v\n \xn rr\cr .q
Buddhist analyses of the causes of conict .q
Solutions to conict .:
Economic means .:
Negotiation and emphasizing the mutual harm of war .:
A non-violent moral stance ..
Reections to undermine hatred and develop patience .
Forbearance and forgiveness .6
Defusing a situation .8
Non-violent reections on a violent world .q
The position of the soldier .
Buddhist justications of, and involvement in, violence .
Sri Lanka .
South-east Asia .6o
China .6
Japan .6
Buddhist action for peace in the modern world .o
Peace activities of Japanese Nichiren-based schools .:
Sarvodaya S

ramadana as a force for defusing conict in

Sri Lanka .
Buddhist action to heal Cambodia .8
Conclusion .8
: sticinr \xn rt+n\x\si\ .86
Considerations and arguments against suicide .86
Suicide and the precepts .8
Euthanasia .q.
Buddhist reasons for rejecting euthanasia .q
Cases of non-intended death oo
The question of the criteria of death oq
Conclusion oq
:8 \non+iox \xn cox+n\crr+iox ::
Embryonic life ::
Abortion and Buddhist principles :
Relevance of the age of the foetus :
Possible grounds for abortion :q
Contraception .6
Abortion in Buddhist cultures .8
Among Tibetans .8
Lands of Southern Buddhism .q
Lands of Eastern Buddhism, especially Japan .
Anti-abortion but pro-choice? The relationship between morality and law .
Conclusion o
x Contents
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:q srxt\r rt\ri+v
Women in early Hinduism
The eect of Buddhism 6
The spiritual potential and achievement of women
Female Arahats
Mahayana images of female spiritual perfection 6:
Gender, rebirth and the status of women 68
Views on spiritual statuses unattainable by women :
Images of wise and wayward women 6
Ascetic wariness of the opposite sex q
The ordination of women 8
Nuns and other female religious roles in Buddhist cultures q.
Ancient India q.
Lands of Eastern Buddhism q
Lands of Southern Buddhism q
Lands of Northern Buddhism qq
Laywomen in Buddhist texts o:
Laywomen in Buddhist cultures o
Lands of Southern Buddhism o
Lands of Eastern Buddhism o6
Lands of Northern Buddhism o
Conclusion oq
:o noxosrxt\ri+v \xn o+nrn ronxs or trrnxrss ::
Sex-change :.
Hermaphrodites :.
Pan

akas :
Sexual behaviour of pan

akas :
The psychological nature and limited potential of pan

akas :
Pan

akas and rebirth :q

Homosexual acts :q
Homosexuality in Buddhist cultures .
Lands of Southern Buddhism .
Tibet .
Lands of Eastern Buddhism .
Western Buddhism .8
Conclusion
Glossary and details of historical gures and texts
List of references q
Useful addresses 6:
Index of Buddhist texts, schools cultural areas, movements and organizations 6
Index of concepts 6
Index of names
Contents xi
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