2012 Criminal Law Summer Reviewer - Book2 - MLW

CRIMINAL LAW
BOOK II AND SPECIAL

PENAL LAWS
CRIMINAL LAW BOOK II AND SPECIAL PENAL
LAWS
Table of Contents
TOPICS UNDER THE SYLLABUS
B. BOOK II
1. C!"es A#a!nst Nat!onal Se$%!t& 'At. 11()1*+,-----.
-------------------.................... -.
a. Ant!)P!a$& an/ Ant!)H!#01a& Robbe& 'P.D. 2+*, ---.
-----------------.................... ..13
!. De4n!t!on of te"s----------.
---------------------------................ .13
!!. P%n!s0able
a$ts------------------------------------.........
......... --.13
b. Ant!)H!5a$6!n# La1 'P.D. .*+2, ------------------..
-------------................... 11
!. P%n!s0able a$ts-------------.
--------------------------................ 11
$. H%"an Se$%!t& A$t of *337 'R.A. 8+7*,
----------------------.---..-................. 1*
!. P%n!s0able a$ts of teo!s"-------..
------------------------................ 1*
!!. W0o ae l!able---------.
-------------------------------............. 1*
*. C!"es A#a!nst t0e 9%n/a"ental La1s of t0e State 'At. 1*()1++, -----..
-------....................... 1+
a. H%"an Se$%!t& A$t of *337 'R.A. 8+7*, -----.-.
--------------------................. 1(
!. Pe!o/ of
/etent!on------------------------------------
-............... 12
b. Ant!)Tot%e A$t of *338 'R.A. 87(2,
-----------------------------................. 12
!. P%n!s0able a$ts---------------------.
------------------................ 12
!!. W0o ae l!able------------------------.
----------------.............. 12
+. C!"es A#a!nst P%bl!$ O/e 'At. 1+()1.3,
----------------------------................. 1:
a. De$ee Co/!f&!n# t0e La1s on Ille#al;Unla1f%l Possess!on< Man%fa$t%e<
Deal!n# !n< A$=%!s!t!on o D!s>os!t!on of 9!ea"s< A""%n!t!on o E?>los!@es
'P.D. 1:..< as a"en/e/ b& R.A. :*8(, as an ele"ent of t0e $!"es of
ebell!on< !ns%e$t!on< se/!t!on< o atte">te/ $o%>
/Aetat------------------------------..
CRIMINAL LAW REBIEWER Pa#e * of 1.7
-------............................................ **
b. H%"an Se$%!t& A$t of *337 'R.A. 8+7*,
!. P%n!s0able a$ts of Teo!st"
!!. W0o ae l!able
!!!. Abso>t!on >!n$!>le !n elat!on to $o">le? $!"es
(. C!"es A#a!nst P%bl!$ Inteests 'At. 1.1)1:7,
---------------------..---..................... *8
a. T0e Ne1 P%bl!$ B!//!n# La1 'R.A. 81:(,
---------------------------................ +.
!. Po0!b!te/ A$ts---------------------.
------------------................ +.
b. Ant!)Al!as La1 'C.A. 1(*,
------------------------------------................
+7
!. P%n!s0able a$ts------------------.
---------------------............... +7
!!. E?$e>t!on-------------------.
------------------------............. +7
2. C!"es Relat!@e to O>!%" an/ Ot0e Po0!b!te/
D%#s---------------------.................. (3
a. T0e Co">e0ens!@e Dan#eo%s D%#s A$t of *33* 'R.A. 81.2,
------------.-................... (3
!. P%n!s0able a$ts----------------.
-----------------------............... (3
!!. W0o ae l!able------------------.
----------------------............. (1
!!!. Atte">t o $ons>!a$&< eCe$t on l!ab!l!t&.
-----------------------................. (*
!@. I""%n!t& fo" >ose$%t!on an/ >%n!s0"ent--------.
-------------................ (*
.. C!"es A#a!nst P%bl!$ "oals 'At. *33)*3*, ------.
--------------------................... ((
7. C!"es Co""!tte/ b& P%bl!$ OD$es 'At. *3+)*(2, ------------.
---------..................... (:
a. Ant!)Eaft an/ Co%>t Pa$t!$es A$t 'R.A. +318< as a"en/e/,
-------------..................... 21
!.
Co@ea#e------------------------------------
-..------............. 2*
!!. P%n!s0able
a$ts---------------------------------------.
.............. 2*
!!!.
E?$e>t!ons-----------------------------------
-------.............. 2+
b. Ant!)Pl%n/e A$t 'R.A. 73:3< as a"en/e/,
-------------------------.................. 22
!. De4n!t!on of Te"s--------.
CRIMINAL LAW REBIEWER Pa#e + of 1.7
-----------------------------.............. 22
!!. Ill)#otten
1ealt0--------------------------------------
-.............. 22
!!!. Pl%n/e------------..
-------------------------------.............. 22
!@. Se!es;Co"b!nat!on----------------------..
--------------.............. 22
@. Patten
$. H%"an Se$%!t& A$t of *337 'R.A. 8+7*,
---------------------------................. 2.
!. 9a!l%e to /el!@e s%s>e$t to >o>e 5%/!$!al a%t0o!t&--.
--------------................... 2.
!!. In4/el!t& !n t0e $%sto/& of /eta!ne/ >esons-----..
---------------................... 2.
!!!. 9alse >ose$%t!on----------.
---------------------------............... 2.
:. C!"es A#a!nst Pesons 'At. *(.)*.., -------------------.
----------.................... .+
a. Ant!)B!olen$e a#a!nst Wo"en an/ t0e! C0!l/en A$t of *33( 'R.A. 8*.*,
-----..-.................... 7*
!. P%n!s0able a$ts------------.
---------------------------............... 7+
b. Ant!)C0!l/ Pono#a>0& A$t of *338 'R.A. 8772,
------------------.---.................... 7(
!. De4n!t!on of
te"s-------------------------------------....
............ 7(
!!. Unla1f%l o >%n!s0able a$ts-----------------.
--------------................ 72
$. Ant!)HaF!n# La1 'R.A. :3(8, -------------.
---------------------............... 72
!. HaF!n#------------..
---------------------------------............ 72
'a, De4n!t!on----------..
-----------------------------.-............ 72
'b, Allo1e/ !n!t!at!on
!tes--------------------------------................
72
!!. W0o ae l!able--------------------.
--------------------............. 72
!!!. P%n!s0able a$ts-----------------.
---------------------................ 72
/. S>e$!al Pote$t!on of C0!l/en A#a!nst C0!l/ Ab%se< E?>lo!tat!on an/
D!s$!"!nat!on A$t 'R.A. 7.13< as a"en/e/, -------------..
----------------..-----........................................... 7.
!. Co@ea#e---------------------.
-----------------------.............. 7.
!!. C0!l/ >ost!t%t!on< >%n!s0able a$ts---------.
CRIMINAL LAW REBIEWER Pa#e ( of 1.7
-------------------................. 7.
!!!. C0!l/ taD$6!n#< >%n!s0able a$ts---------.
-------------------................... 7.
e. G%@en!le G%st!$e an/ Welfae A$t of *33. 'R.A. 8+((,H also efe to t0e C0!l/
Yo%t0 an/ Welfae Co/e 'P.D. .3+< as a"en/e/,
---------------------------............................................
. 77
!. P%n!s0able
a$ts----------------------------------------
............... 78
f. H%"an Se$%!t& A$t of *337 'R.A. 8+7*,
!. P%n!s0able a$ts of teo!s"
!!. W0o ae l!able
8. C!"es A#a!nst Pesonal L!bet& an/ Se$%!t& 'At. *.7)*8*,
----------------....................... :3
a. Ant!)W!e Ta>>!n# A$t 'R.A. (*33,
------------------------------................. ::
!. P%n!s0able a$ts-----------------------..
----------------................ ::
!!.
E?$e>t!ons---------------------------------------
----.............. ::
b. H%"an Se$%!t& A$t of *337 'R.A. 8+7*,
---------------------..-----................. ::
!. S%@e!llan$e of s%s>e$ts an/ !nte$e>t!on an/ e$o/!n# of
$o""%n!$at!on----.................... ::
!!. Rest!$t!onon ta@el---------..
----------------------------.............. ::
!!!. E?a"!nat!on of ban6 /e>os!ts an/ /o$%"ents--------------.
-------................. :8
'a, G%/!$!al A%t0o!Fat!on----------..
-----------------------................ :8
'b, A>>l!$at!on-----..
-----------------------------------............. :8
!@. Una%t0o!Fe/ e@elat!on of $lass!fe/ "ate!als.
--------------------................... :8
$. Ant!)TaD$6!n# !n Pesons A$t of *33+ 'R.A. 8*3:,
-------------------...................... :8
!. P%n!s0able a$ts---.
-------------------------------------..............
:8
13. C!"es A#a!nst Po>et& 'At. *8+)++*,-----------.
-----------------................... 83
a. Ant!)9en$!n# La1 'P.D. 1.1*, an/ !ts !">le"ent!n# %les an/
e#%lat!ons---..---.................... 8:
!. 9en$!n#------------------------------..
---------------............ 8:
'a,
De4n!t!on-------------------------------------.
CRIMINAL LAW REBIEWER Pa#e 2 of 1.7
----............. 8:
'b, Pes%">t!on of
fen$!n#------------------------------.---............. 8:
!!.
E?$e>t!on----------------------------------------
----............. 8:
'a, W!t0 $leaan$e o >e"!t to sell-------------------.
--------................. 8:
b. Bo%n$!n# C0e$6s La1 'B.P. Bl#. **, >l%s A/"!n!stat!@e C!$%la No. 1*)
*333 ReI Penalt& fo B!olat!on of B.P. ** an/ A/"!n!stat!@e C!$%la No. 1+)
*331 ReI Cla!4$at!on of A/"!n C!$%la No. 1*)
*333------------------------------.
---......................................................... 13*
!. P%n!s0able
a$ts----------------------------------------....
........... 13*
!!. E@!/en$e of 6no1le/#e of !ns%D$!ent f%n/s-------------..
--------................... 13*
!!!. Pefeen$e of !">os!t!on of 4ne------.-----.
-----------------.................. 13*
$. Ant!)Ason La1 'P.D. 1.1+, -----------.
----------------------.................. 137
!. P%n!s0able a$ts-----------------.------.
----------------................ 137
/. H%"an Se$%!t& A$t of *337 'R.A. 8+7*,
!. P%n!s0able a$ts of Teo!s"
e. Ant!)Cana>>!n# A$t of 187* 'R.A. .2+8,
--------------------------.................. 138
!. De4n!t!on of
Te"s--------------------------------------......
......... 138
!!.
Re#!stat!on------------------------------------
------.............. 138
!!!. W0o ae l!able----------------------.
-----------------................. 138
'a, D%t& of $olle$to of $%sto"s---------------------..
--------................ 113
'b, D%t& of !">otes< /!st!b%tos an/
selles---------------------................. 113
'$, Cleaan$e an/
>e"!t----------------------------------...............
113
!@. P%n!s0able
a$ts--------------------------------..
------................ 113
11. C!"es A#a!nst C0ast!t& 'At. +++)++(< ++.)+(.,
---------------------..-..................... 111
1. Ant!)P0oto an/ B!/eo Bo&e%!s" A$t of *338 'R.A. 8882,
CRIMINAL LAW REBIEWER Pa#e . of 1.7
------------.---..................... 117
a. P%n!s0able a$ts--------..
-------------------------------............... 117
*. S>e$!al Pote$t!on of C0!l/en A#a!nst C0!l/ Ab%se< E?>lo!tat!on an/
D!s$!"!nat!on A$t 'R.A. 7.13< as a"en/e/,
---------------------------..
-------............................................ 117
a. C0!l/ >ost!t%t!on an/ ot0e a$ts of
ab%se-----------------------................... 117
!. P%n!s0able a$ts---------.
-----------------------------............... 117
!!. Co">ae >ose$%t!on fo A$ts of Las$!@!o%sness %n/e At. +..< RPC
an/ R.A. 7.13< as a"en/e/-----.
------------------------------........................
... 11:
b. Obs$ene >%bl!$at!ons an/ !n/e$ent
s0o1s-----------------------.................. 11:
!. P%n!s0able a$ts---------------.
-----------------------............... 11:
+. Ant!)TaD$6!n# !n Pesons A$t of *33+ 'R.A. 8*3:,
a. P%n!s0able a$ts
(. Ant!)B!olen$e A#a!nst Wo"en an/ T0e! C0!l/en A$t of *33( 'R.A. 8*.*,
-----...................... 118
a. P%n!s0able a$ts------..
---------------------------------............... 118
2. Ant!)Se?%al Haass"ent A$t of 1882 'R.A. 7:77, -------.
-------------.................... 118
a. P%n!s0able
a$ts----------------------------------------....
......... 118
1*. C!"es A#a!nst C!@!l Stat%s 'At. +(7)+2*, -------------.
-------------.................... 1*3
1+. C!"es A#a!nst Hono 'At. +2+)+.(, ----------------------..
-------................... 1**
a. A/"!n!stat!@e C!$%la 38)*33: ReI E%!/el!nes !n t0e Obse@an$e of a
R%le of Pefeen$e !n t0e I">os!t!on of Penalt!es !n L!bel
Cases-------------.-.............................................. 1*7
!. Pefeen$e of !">os!t!on of
4ne----------------------------..................
1*7
1(. C!"!nal Ne#l!#en$e 'At. +.2, ------.
---------------------------................... 1*:
BOOK II AND SPECIAL PENAL LAWS
=======================
================
1. CRIMES AEAINST
NATIONAL SECURITY AND
THE LAW O9 NATIONS
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
C0a>te 1I C!"es A#a!nst Nat!onal
Se$%!t&
Se$. 1. K Teason an/ Es>!ona#e
CA No. .1.
Se$. *. K Po@o6!n# 1a an/
/!slo&alt& !n $ase of 1a
Se$. +. K P!a$& an/ "%t!n& on t0e
0!#0 seas !n P0!l!>>!ne
1ates
P.D. 2+*
R.A. .*+2
R. A. 8+7*
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
C0a>te 1I C!"es A#a!nst Nat!onal
Se$%!t&
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
SECTION 1. K TREASON AND ESPIONAEE
ART. 11(. TREASON
ELEMENTSI
1. Ofender is a 9!l!>!no Citizen or an al!en
es!/!n# !n t0e P0!l!>>!nes;
2. Wa in which the Philippines is involved;
3. Ofender either
a. Le@!es 1a against the Government or
!. A/0ees to the enemies giving them
aid or com"ort.
TREASON K !reach o" allegiance to the
government !# a person who owes allegiance to
it
ALLEEIANCE K o!ligation o" fdelity and
obedience which the individ$als owe to the
government $nder which the# live or to their
sovereign in ret$rn "or protection the# receive
%reason committed in a "oreign co$ntr# ma# !e
prosec$ted in the Philippines. &'rt. 2 (PC)
PERSONS LIABLEI
1. 9ILIPINO permanent allegiance; can
commit treason an#where
*. ALIEN RESIDENT temporar# allegiance;
commits treason onl# when residing in the
Philippines
%reason is a 1a $!"e &hence cannot !e
committed in time o" peace) p$nished !# the
state as a meas$re o" sel"*de"ense and sel"*
preservation.
1
ACTS PUNISHED (MODES OF COMMITTING
TREASON)I
1. Le@&!n# 1a K re+$ires,
a. 'ct$al assem!ling o" men
!. P$rpose o" e-ec$ting a treasona!le
design !# "orce
*. A/0een$e to ene"!es re+$ires
conc$rrence o",
a. 'ct$al adherence .
!. Giving aid or com"ort
LEBY WAR ) m$st !e with intent to overthrow
the government as s$ch not merel# to resist a
partic$lar stat$te or to repel a partic$lar o/cer.
0t matters not how vain and "$tile the attempt
was and how impossi!le its accomplishment.
0n treason !# lev#ing war it is not necessar#
that there !e a "ormal declaration o" the
e-istence o" a state o" war. 'ct$al hostilities ma#
determine the date o" the commencement o"
war.
2
ADHERENCE TO ENEMIES K intent to !etra#;
when a citizen intellectually or emotionally
favors the enem# and har!ors s#mpathies or
convictions dislo#al to his co$ntr#1s polic# or
interest
1
Concurring Opinion of Justice Perfecto, Laurel v. Misa, .!.
"o. L#$%&, January'%, (&$)
2
Justice Johnson dissenting* +, v. Lagnason, .!. "o. (-./,
March /., (&%$
CRIMINAL LAW REBIEWER Pa#e : of 1.7
AID;COM9ORT act which strengthens or
tends to strengthen the enem# in the cond$ct o"
war against the traitor1s co$ntr# and an act
which wea2ens or tends to wea2en the power o"
the traitor1s co$ntr# to resist or to attac2 the
enem#
3ere acceptance o" p$!lic o/ce and discharge
o" o/cial d$ties $nder the enem# do not
constit$te per se the "elon# o" treason. 4$t when
the position is >ol!$&)/ete"!n!n# the
acceptance o" p$!lic o/ce and the discharge o"
o/cial d$ties constit$te treason.
POLICY DETERMININE K de5nes the norm o"
cond$ct o" all o/ces and o/cials $nder the
department he headed had to adopt and
en"orce implemented the polic# and helped in
the propagation o" the creed o" the invader
WAYS TO PROBEI
1. Teason 'Overt act of giving aid or
comfort)
a. Test!"on& * at least 2 witnesses to the
same overt act
b. G%/!$!al $onfess!on o" the acc$sed in open
co$rt
*. A/0een$e
a. One witness
b. 6at$re o" act itsel"
$. Circ$mstances s$rro$nding the
act
TWO WITNESS RULEI
%estimonies need not be identical !$t m$st
relate to the same overt act.
3
0t is s$/cient that
the witnesses are $ni"orm in their testimon# on
the overt act; not necessaril# that there !e a
corro!oration !etween them on the point the#
testi5ed.
7
%he two*witness r$le is everel! retrictive
hence each o" the witnesses m$st testi"# to the
whole overt act; or i" it is separa!le there m$st
!e two witnesses to each part o" the overt act.
8

REASON 9OR TWO)WITNESS RULEI
%he special nat$re o" the crime re+$ires that the
acc$sed !e aforded a special protection not
re+$ired in other cases so as to avoid a
miscarriage o" 9$stice.
3
0auft v. +nited ,tates, 1) ,. Ct. .)$
4
People v. Concepcion .!. "o. L#(.-', October /-, (&$&
5
People v. 2scleto, .!. "o. L#(%%1, June /., (&$&
CIRCUMSTANCES INHERENT IN TREASONI
1. :vident premeditation
2. ;$perior ;trength
3. %reacher#
AEERABATINE CIRCUMSTANCES IN
TREASONI
1. Cr$elt#
2. 0gnomin#
3. Gravit# or serio$sness o" the acts o" treason
DE9ENSES NOT A DE9ENSE
<$ress or
$ncontrolla!le "ear
;$spended allegiance
O!edience to de
"acto government
=oining the enem#
arm# th$s !ecoming a
citizen o" the enem#
NOTEI
%here is no treason thro$gh negligence.
0t re+$ires intent.
>
%reason is a contin$o$s ofense.
?
Proo" o"
one co$nt is s$/cient o" conviction.
@
%here is no comple- crime o" treason
with m$rder or ph#sical in9$ries.
A

ART. 112. CONSPIRACY AND PROPOSAL TO
COMMIT TREASON
ELEMENTS K CONSPIRACY"
1. 0n times o" 1a;
2. T1o o "oe persons come to an
a#ee"ent to *
a. Le@& 1a against the
government or
!. A/0ee to the enemies and to
give them aid or com"ort
3. %he# /e$!/e to $o""!t it.
ELEMENTS K PROPOSAL"
1. 0n times o" 1aH
2. ' >eson 10o 0as /e$!/e/ to le@& 1a
against the government o to a/0ee to
the enemies and to give them aid or com"ort
3. Po>oses its e-ec$tion to some other
personBs.
NOTEI
's a general r$le conspirac# and proposal to
commit a "elon# is not p$nisha!le &'rt. @).
'rt. 118 is an e-ception as it speci5call#
penalizes conspirac# and proposal to commit
6
Cramer v. +, 1- ,up. Ct. &(., 3pril /', (&$-
7
People v. 4ictoria, .!. "o. L#'1& March (',(&$)
8
People v. ,an Juan, .!. "o. L#/&&), June /&, (&-(
9
People v. Prieto .% Phil. ('.
treason.
3ere proposal even witho$t acceptance is
p$nisha!le. 0" the other accepts it is alread#
conspirac#.
0" act$al acts o" treason are committed a"ter
the conspirac# or proposal the crime
committed will !e treason and the
conspirac# or proposal is considered as a
means in the commission thereo".
%wo*witness r$le not applica!le since this is
a crime separate and distinct "rom treason.
ART. 11.. MISPRISION O9 TREASON
ELEMENTS"
1. 9!l!>!no citizen
2. O1es alle#!an$e to the government; 6O% a
"oreigner
3. Cas 6no1le/#e of an& $ons>!a$& &to
commit treason) against the government
7. Ce $on$eals o /oes not /!s$lose the
same to the a$thorities o" place in which he
resides.
NOTE,
Ofender is p$nished as an accessor# to the
crime o" treason. 4$t s$ch ofender is
act$all# a principal to this crime.
%his will not appl# i" crime o" treason is
alread# committed and it is not reported.
0t is a crime o" omission.
(PC mentions 7 individ$als to whom the
conspirac# m$st !e reported to &i.e.
governor provincial 5scal ma#or or cit#
5scal) !$t what i" #o$ report to some other
high*ran2ing government o/cialD :-, P6P
<irectorD =$dge Pimentel sa#s an#
government o/cial o" the <0EG is OF.
'rt. 11> is an e-ception to the r$le that mere
silence does not ma2e a person criminall#
lia!le.
ART. 117. ESPIONAEE
ESPIONAEE K Ofense o"
1. gathering transmitting or losing
!nfo"at!on
*. respecting the nat!onal /efense
+. with !ntent o eason to !elieve that the
in"ormation is to !e $sed to
(. the !n5%& of t0e Re>%bl!$ o" the
Philippines or t0e a/@anta#e of a foe!#n
nat!on.
ES#IONAGE)I
1. 4
# entering witho$t a$thorit# a warship "ort
or militar# or naval esta!lishment or
reservation to o!tain an# in"ormation plans
photographs or other data o" con5dential
nat$re relative to the de"ense o" the
Philippines.
ELEMENTSI
a. %hat the ofender &9!l!>!no OR Al!en
Res!/ent) entes a warship "ort naval or
militar# esta!lishment or reservation;
b. %hat he has no a%t0o!t& there"ore; and
$. %hat his >%>ose !s to obta!n
!nfo"at!on plans photographs or other
data o" a con5dential nat$re relative to the
/efense of t0e P0!l!>>!nes.
*. 4# disclosing to the representative o" a
"oreign nation the contents o" the articles
data or in"ormation re"erred to in the
preceding paragraph which he had in his
possession !# reason o" the p$!lic o/ce he
holds.
ELEMENTSI
a. %hat the ofender is a >%bl!$ oD$e;
!. %hat he has in 0!s >ossess!on the
articles data or in"ormation re"erred to in
the 5rst mode o" committing espionage !#
reason o" the p$!lic o/ce he holds; and
c. %hat he /!s$loses t0e! $ontents to a
representative o" a foe!#n nat!on.
PERSONS LIABLEI
1. 9!st "o/eH ANY >eson 10et0eI
a. Gilipino citizen O( resident alien
&"oreigner)
b. Private individ$al or a p$!lic
o/cer
2. Se$on/ "o/eI
a. ' p$!lic o/cer
NOTE,
1. 4eing a p$!lic o/cer is a re+$irement in the
second mode while it is onl# aggravating in
the 5rst.
2. Hiretapping is not espionage i" the p$rpose
is not connected with defense.
3. 0n the 5rst mode o" committing the "elon# it
is not necessar# that the ofender succeeds
in o!taining the in"ormation.
TREASON ESPIONAEE
In bot0 not conditioned on citizenship o"
ofender
Committed in 1a
t!"e
Wa an/ Pea$e t!"e
Eimited in t1o
1a&s, lev#ing war
and adhering to the
enem# giving him
aid or com"ort
Committed in "an&
1a&s
C.A. NO. .1.
AN ACT TO PUNISH ESPIONAEE AND
OTHER O99ENSES AEAINST NATIONAL
SECURITY
ACTS PUNISHABLEI
1. Inlaw"$ll# o!taining or permitting to !e
o!tained in"ormation afecting national
de"ense;
2. Inlaw"$l disclosing o" in"ormation afecting
national de"ense;
3. <islo#al acts or words in time o" peace &i.e.
ca$sing in an# manner ins$!ordination
dislo#alt# m$tin# or re"$sal o" d$t# o" an#
mem!er o" the militar# naval or air "orces
o" the Philippines);
7. <islo#al acts in time o" war;
8. Conspiracy to commit the "oregoing acts;
>. 0arboring or concealing violators o" the law
&i.e. the ofender har!ors a person whom he
2nows as someone who committed or is
a!o$t to commit a violation o" this 'ct); and
?. Photographing "rom aircra"t o" vital militar#
in"ormation.
SECTION *. K PROBOKINE WAR AND
DISLOYALTY IN CASE O9 WAR
ART. 11:. INCITINE TO WAR OR EIBINE
MOTIBES 9OR REPRISALS
ELEMENTSI
1. Ofender >efo"s %nla1f%l or
$na$thorized acts;
2. ;$ch acts >o@o6e o #!@e o$$as!on fo a
1a involving or lia!le to involve the
Philippines or e-pose Gilipino citizens to
reprisals on their persons or propert#;
NOTE,
Crime is committed in time o" peace.
0ntent o" the ofender is immaterial.
0n inciting to war the ofender is an# person.
0" the ofender is a p$!lic o/cer the penalt#
is higher.
(eprisals are not limited to militar# action; it
co$ld !e economic reprisals or denial o"
entr# into their co$ntr#.
ART. 118. BIOLATION O9 NEUTRALITY
ELEMENTSI
1. Har in which the Philippines is not
!n@ol@e/;
2. Gor the >%>ose of enfo$!n# ne%tal!t&<
a e#%lat!on is iss$ed !# competent
a$thorit#; and
3. %hat the ofender @!olates s%$0 reg$lation.
NEUTRAL ' nation or power which ta2es no
part in a contest o" arms going on !etween
others
NOTE,
1. %his crime is committed only
in times of war.
2. 0t is the ne$tralit# o" the
Philippines that was violated.
3. 'tt#. Padilla, declaration o" a
competent a$thorit# i.e. the President is
s$/cient
ART. 1*3. CORRESPONDENCE WITH
HOSTILE COUNTRY
ELEMENTSI
1. ' war in which the P0!l!>>!nes !s !n@ol@e/H
2. %hat the ofender ma2es $oes>on/en$e
1!t0 an ene"& $o%nt& or territor#
occ$pied !# enem# troops;
3. %hat the correspondence is either
a. >o0!b!te/ !# the government
or
!. carried on in $!>0es o
$on@ent!onal s!#ns or
c. containing notice or in"ormation
which might !e %sef%l to t0e
ene"&.
CORRESPONDENCE K comm$nication !#
means o" letters or it ma# re"er to the letters
which pass !etween those who have "riendl# or
!$siness relations
CIPHER K secret writing s#stem; a code
1J
LUALI9YINE CIRCUMSTANCESI
%he "ollowing m$st conc$r together
1. %hat the notice or in"ormation might !e
%sef%l to t0e ene"& and
2. %hat the ofender !nten/e/ to a!/ the
enem#
NOTE,
10
5ebster6s 7ictionary
0" the ofender intended to aid the enem# !#
giving s$ch notice or in"ormation the crime
amo$nts to %(:';O6; hence penalt# same
as that "or treason.
0t is immaterial i" correspondence contains
innocent matters when it is prohibited !# the
government.
Prohi!ition !# the government is not
essential when the correspondence is carried
on in ciphers or conventional signs or when
it contains notice or in"ormation which
might !e $se"$l to the enem#.
'tt#. Padilla, ofender has to !e a person
holding an important position
ART. 1*1. 9LIEHT TO ENEMYAS COUNTRY
ELEMENTSI
1. ' war in which the P0!l!>>!nes !s !n@ol@e/;
2. Ofender o1es alle#!an$e to the
government;
3. Ofender atte">ts to Mee or go to enem#
co$ntr#; and
7. Going to enem# co$ntr# is >o0!b!te/ !#
competent a$thorit#.
PERSONS LIABLEI
1. 9!l!>!no citizen
2. Al!en es!/!n# in the Philippines
NOTE,
3ere attempt to Kee or go to enem# co$ntr#
cons$mmates the crime.
%here m$st !e a prohi!ition. 0" there is none
even i" one went to enem# co$ntr# there is
no crime.
SECTION +. K PIRACY AND MUTINY ON
HIEH SEAS OR IN PHILIPPINE WATERS
ART. 1**. PIRACY IN EENERAL AND MUTINY
ON THE HIEH SEAS OR IN PHILIPPINE
WATERS
PIRACY it is ro!!er# or "orci!le depredation on
the high seas witho$t law"$l a$thorit# and done
with animo furandi and in the spirit and intention
o" $niversal hostilit#.
ELEMENTSI
1. ' @essel is on the 0!#0 seas or P0!l!>>!ne
1ates;
2. OCen/es not mem!ers o" its
complement nor passengers o" the vessel;
and
3. %hat the ofenders
a. atta$6 o se!Fe the vessel or
!. se!Fe 10ole or part o" vessel1s
$a#o< e=%!>"ent o >esonal
belon#!n#s o" its complement or
passengers.
NOTEI Inder P< 832 pirac# ma# !e committed
even !# a passenger or mem!er o" the
complement o" the vessel.
#IRAC$)"
1. 4# atta$6!n# o se!F!n# a @essel on the
high seas or in the Philippine waters &P<
832);
2. 4# se!F!n# in the vessel the whole or part o"
its $a#o its e=%!>"ent o >esonal
belon#!n#s o" its complement or
passengers while on the high seas or in
Philippine waters.
MUTINY the $nlaw"$l resistance to a s$perior
or the raising o" commotions and dist$r!ances
on !oard a ship against the a$thorit# o" its
commander.
PIRACY MUTINY
Persons who attac2 a
vessel or seize its
cargo are strangers
to said vessels
Ofenders are
mem!ers o" the crew
or passengers.
0ntent to gain is an
element
Ofenders ma# onl#
intend to ignore the
ship1s o/cers or the#
ma# !e prompted !# a
desire to commit
pl$nder
'ttac2 "rom o$tside 'ttac2 "rom the inside
P0('CL (O44:(L O6 C0GC
;:';
%he ofender is an
o$tsider
%he ofender is a
mem!er o" the
complement or a
passenger o" the
vessel
0n !oth there is intent to gain and the manner
o" committing the crime is the same.
NOTE,
BESSEL an# vessel or watercra"t $sed "or
transport o" passengers and cargo "rom one
place to another thro$gh Philippine waters.
PHILIPPINE WATERS all !odies o" water
and all waters !elonging to the Philippines
!# historic or legal title incl$ding territorial
CRIMINAL LAW REBIEWER Pa#e 1* of 1.7
sea the sea*!ed the ins$lar shelves and
other s$!marine areas over which the
Philippines has sovereignt# and 9$risdiction.
&;ec. 2 P.<. 6o. 832)
HIEH SEAS * an# waters on the sea coast
which are witho$t the !o$ndaries o" the low
water mar2 altho$gh s$ch waters ma# !e in
the 9$risdictional limits o" a "oreign
government; parts o" the sea that are not
incl$ded in the e-cl$sive economic zone in
the territorial seas or in the internal waters
o" a state or in the archipelagic waters o" an
archipelagic state &Inited 6ations
Convention on the Eaw o" the ;ea)
PIRACY IN HIEH SEAS 9$risdiction o" an#
co$rt where ofenders are "o$nd or arrested
PIRACY IN INTERNAL WATERS
9$risdiction o" Philippine co$rts
Gor p$rposes o" the Anti%Fencing &a'
pirac# is part o" ro!!er# and the"t.
Inder ()man Sec)rit! Act of *++, (R-A-
./,*) a person who commits an act
p$nisha!le as pirac# and m$tin# $nder 'rt.
122 there!# sowing and creating a condition
o" widespread and e-traordinar# "ear and
panic among the pop$lace in order to
coerce the government to give in to an
$nlaw"$l demand shall !e g$ilt# o" the crime
o" terrorism and shall s$fer the penalt# o"
7J #ears o" imprisonment witho$t the
!ene5t o" parole.
P.D.
2+*
ANTI)PIRACY AND ANTI)ROBBERY LAW O9
187(
ELEMENTS K PIRACYI
1. Messel is in P0!l!>>!ne 1atesH
*. Ofender an& >eson &incl$ding
passenger or mem!er o" the complement)
+. %hat !# means o" @!olen$e o !nt!"!/at!on
o" persons or fo$e $pon things
(. %he ofender
a. Atta$6s o se!Fes an# vessel or
b. Ta6es a1a& a whole or part thereo" o"
its $a#o e=%!>"ent o t0e >esonal
belon#!n#s o" complement or
passengers irrespective o" val$e
ACTS PUNISHEDI
1. 'ttac2 or seiz$re o" an# vessel or
2. %a2ing awa# o" cargo e+$ipment or personal
!elongings o" its complement or passengers
HIEHWAY ROBBERY;BRIEANDAEE * is the
1. se!F%e of an& >eson "or ransom B
e-tortion B other $nlaw"$l p$rpose or
2. ta6!n# a1a& of t0e >o>et& o" another !#
means o" violence against B intimidation o"
person B "orce $pon things B other $nlaw"$l
means
ELEMENTS K AIDINE OR ABETTINE PIRACYI
1. Fnowingl# aids or protects pirates &s$ch as
giving them in"ormation a!o$t the police
movement or other peace o/cers); or
2. 'c+$ires or receives propert# ta2en !# s$ch
pirates or in an# manner derives an#
!ene5t;
3. <irectl# or indirectl# a!ets the commission o"
pirac#.
NOTEI %he p$rpose o" !rigandage is
!n/!s$!"!nate 0!#01a& obbe&. P< 832
p$nishes as highwa# ro!!er# or !rigandage onl#
acts o" ro!!er# perpet$ated !# o$tlaws
indiscriminatel# against an# person or persons
on Philippine highwa#s and not acts o" ro!!er#
committed against onl# a predetermined or
partic$lar victim.
11

PIRACY 'RPC, MUTINY 'PD 2+*,
P$nishes pirac#
committed either in
Philippine waters or on
the high seas
P$nishes pirac#
committed in
Philippine waters onl#
11
!ustico 3bay, Jr. v. People of the Philippines ! (1-.&1
,eptember (&, /%%.
CRIMINAL LAW REBIEWER Pa#e 1+ of 1.7
Ofenders, ;trangers to
the vessel &6on*
passengers or non*
mem!ers o" the crew)
Ofenders, 'n# person
&ma# !e a passenger
crew or stranger)
R.A. .*+2
ANTI)HIGACKINE LAW
ACTS PUNISHEDI
1. 4# compelling a change in the co$rse or
destination o" an aircra"t o" Philippine
registry or seizing or $s$rping the control
thereo" while it is in 8ight;
2. 4# compelling an aircra"t o" foreign registry
to land in Philippine territor# or seizing or
$s$rping the control thereo" while it is in the
said territor#; and
3. 4# shipping loading or carr#ing in an#
passenger aircra"t operating as a p$!lic
$tilit# wBin the Philippines an# e-plosive
Kamma!le corrosive or poisono$s
s$!stance or material.
IN 9LIEHT Grom the moment all e-terior
doors are closed "ollowing em!ar2ation $ntil
the same doors are again opened "or
disem!ar2ation
NOTE, &'tt#. Palacios)
0- Hhere the aircra"t is o" Philippine
registry the ofense m$st !e committed
while in 8ight. Cence the act m$st ta2e
place a"ter all e-terior doors are closed
"ollowing em!ar2ation.
*- Hhere the aircra"t is o" foreign registry
ofense need not ta9e place while in 8ight.
LUALI9YINE CIRCUMSTANCES 'PAR 1 N *,I
1. Giring $pon the pilot mem!er o" the crew or
passenger o" the aircra"t;
2. :-ploding or attempting to e-plode an#
!om! or e-plosive to destro# the aircra"t; or
3. %he crime is accompanied !# m$rder
homicide serio$s ph#sical in9$ries or rape.
ART. ART. 1*+. LUALI9IED PIRACY
LUALI9YINE CIRCUMSTANCESI
1. ;eiz$re o" the vessel !# boa/!n# o 4!n#
$pon the same;
2. Aban/on"ent !# pirates o" victims
1!t0o%t "eans of sa@!n# t0e"sel@es; or
3. Crime was a$$o">an!e/ b& m$rder
homicide ph#sical in9$ries or rape.
LUALI9IED MUTINY Hhen the second or third
circ$mstance accompanies the crime o" m$tin#
mentioned in 'rt. 122 m$tin# is then +$ali5ed.
Girst circ$mstance ma# not +$ali"# the crime o"
m$tin#.
L%al!4e/ P!a$& is a s>e$!al $o">le? $!"e
p$nisha!le !# reclusion perpetua to death
regardless o" the n$m!er o" victims.
NOTE,
%he word NcrimesO in the opening sentence
o" 'rt. 123 re"ers to !oth pirac# and m$tin#.
Cowever the second +$ali"#ing
circ$mstance speci5call# mentions NpiratesO
there!# e-cl$ding m$tineers.
%he m$rderBrapeBhomicideBph#sical in9$ries
m$st have !een committed on the
passengers or on the complement o" the
vessel. ParricideBin"anticide sho$ld !e
incl$ded &=$dge Pimentel).
Pirac# ma# !e p$nished in the competent
tri!$nal o" an# co$ntr# where the ofender
ma# !e "o$nd or into which he ma# !e
carried.
'n# person who aids or protects pirates or
a!ets the commission o" pirac# shall !e
considered as an accomplice.
CRIMINAL LAW REBIEWER Pa#e 1( of 1.7
R. A. NO. 8+7*
HUMAN SECURITY ACT O9 *337
ELEMENTS K TERRORISM 'SEC. +,I
1. 'n# person who $o""!ts an act p$nisha!le
$nder an# o" the "ollowing,
a. Pirac# in general and 3$nit# in the
Cigh ;eas or in the Philippine Haters
&'rt. 122)
!. (e!ellion or 0ns$rrection &'rt. 137)
c. Co$p d1Ptat incl$ding acts committed
!# private persons &'rt. 137*')
d. 3$rder &'rt. 27@)
e. Fidnapping and ;erio$s 0llegal
<etention &'rt. 2>?)
". Crimes 0nvolving <estr$ction or $nder
%he Eaw on 'rson &P< 1>13)
g. %o-ic ;$!stances and Cazardo$s and
6$clear Haste Control 'ct o" 1AAJ
&(' >A>A)
h. 'tomic :nerg# (eg$lator# and
Eia!ilit# 'ct o" 1A>@ &(' 82J?)
i. 'nti*Ci9ac2ing Eaw &P< >238)
9. 'nti*pirac# and 'nti*highwa# (o!!er#
Eaw o" 1A?7 &P< 832)
2. <ecree Codi"#ing the Eaws on 0llegal
and Inlaw"$l Possession
3an$"act$re <ealing in 'c+$isition
or <isposition o" Girearms
'mm$nitions or :-plosives &P< 1@>>)
*. %here!# sowing and creating 1!/es>ea/
an/ e?tao/!na& fea an/ >an!$ among
the pop$lace
+. %o $oe$e t0e #o@en"ent to give in to an
%nla1f%l /e"an/
ELEMENTS K CONSPIRACY TO COMMIT
TERRORISM 'SEC.(,I
1. T1o o "oe persons
2. Come to an a#ee"ent to commit the crime
o" terrorism
3. %he# /e$!/e to commit the same
NOTEI 'n#one "o$nd g$ilt# o" terrorism or
conspiring to commit terrorism shall s$fer the
penalt# o" 7J #ears imprisonment witho$t the
!ene5t o" parole as provided "or $nder 'ct 6o.
71J3 &the 0ndeterminate ;entence Eaw).
WHO ARE LIABLE K ASIDE 9ROM THE
PRINCIPALI
1. 'ccomplice &;ec. 8)
a. Not be!n# a >!n$!>al &$nder 'rt 1? o"
the (PC or a conspirator as de5ned in
;ec 7 hereo")
!. Coo>eates !n t0e e?e$%t!on o" either
the crime o" terrorism or conspirac# to
commit terrorism !# previo$s or
sim$ltaneo$s acts
2. 'ccessor# &;ec. >)
a. Ha@!n# 6no1le/#e o" the commission
o" the crime o" terrorism or conspirac#
to commit terrorism and 1!t0o%t
>at!$!>at!n# therein either as
principal or accomplice $nder 'rt. 1?
and 1@ o" (PC
!. %a2es part s%bse=%ent to !ts
$o""!ss!on in an# o" the "ollowing
manner,
!. !# profting himself or assisting the
o:ender to proft !# the efects o" the
crime
!!. !# concealing or destroying the body
of the crime or the efects or
instr$ments thereo" in order to
prevent its discover#
!!!. !# harboring, concealing, or assisting
in the escape o" the principal or
conspirator o" the crime
OTHER PUNISHED ACTSI
1. Ina$thorized or 3alicio$s :-amination o" a
4an2 or a Ginancial 0nstit$tion &;ec. 3>)
*. 4an2 O/cials and :mplo#ees <e"#ing a
Co$rt '$thorization &;ec. 3?)
+. Galse or Intr$th"$l ;tatement or
3isrepresentation o" 3aterial Gact in =oint
'/davits &;ec. 3@)
(. In9$sti5ed (e"$sal to (estore or <ela# in
(estoring ;eized ;e+$estered and Grozen
4an2 <eposits Placements %r$st 'cco$nts
'ssets and (ecords &;ec. 72)
2. Eoss 3is$se <iversion or <issipation o"
;eized ;e+$estered and Grozen 4an2
<eposits Placements %r$st 'cco$nts 'ssets
and (ecords. &;ec. 73)
.. 0n5delit# in the C$stod# o" <etained Persons
&;ec. 77)
7. Ina$thorized (evelation o" Classi5ed
3aterials &;ec. 7>)
:. G$rnishing Galse :vidence Gorged <oc$ment
or ;p$rio$s :vidence &;ec. 7?)
NOTEI Hhen a person has !een prosec$ted
$nder a provision o" this 'ct and a"ter the
acc$sed has pleaded to the charge the ac+$ittal
o" the acc$sed or the dismissal o" the case shall
!e a !ar to another prosec$tion $nder the (PC
or an# special penal laws &;ec. 7A).
END O9 TOPIC
1. CRIMES AEAINST NATIONAL
SECURITY
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
*. CRIMES AEAINST THE
9UNDAMENTAL LAWS O9 THE
STATE
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
C0a>te 1I Ab!ta& Detent!on o
E?>%ls!on< B!olat!on of D1ell!n#<
Po0!b!t!on< Inte%>t!on an/
D!ssol%t!on of Pea$ef%l Meet!n#s an/
C!"es A#a!nst Rel!#!o%s Wos0!>
Se$. 1. K Ab!ta& Detent!on an/
E?>%ls!on
RA 8+7*
RA 87(2
Se$. *. K B!olat!on of /o"!$!le
Se$. +. K Po0!b!t!on< !nte%>t!on<
an/ /!ssol%t!on of >ea$ef%l
"eet!n#s
Se$ (. K C!"es a#a!nst el!#!o%s
1os0!>
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
C0a>te 1I Ab!ta& Detent!on o
E?>%ls!on< B!olat!on of D1ell!n#<
Po0!b!t!on< Inte%>t!on an/
D!ssol%t!on of Pea$ef%l Meet!n#s an/
C!"es A#a!nst Rel!#!o%s Wos0!>
SECTION 1. K ARBITRARY DETENTION
AND EOPULSION
ART. 1*(. ARBITRARY DETENTION
DETENTION act$al con5nement o" a person in
an enclos$re or in an# manner detaining and
depriving him o" his li!ert#.
ELEMENTSI
1. %hat the ofender is a >%bl!$ oD$e or
emplo#ee &whose o/cial d$ties incl$de the
a$thorit# to ma2e an arrest and detain
persons);
2. %hat he /eta!ns a person; and
3. <etention is 1!t0o%t le#al gro$nds.
LEEAL EROUNDS 9OR DETENTIONI
1. Commission o" a crime
2. Miolent insanit# or other ailment re+$iring
comp$lsor# con5nement o" the patient in a
hospital
0" the ofender is a private individ$al the act
o" detaining another is Ille#al Detent!on.
&'rt. 2>? or 'rt. 2>@)
Cowever private individ$als who conspire
with p$!lic o/cers can !e liable as
principals in the crime o" 'r!itrar#
<etention.
P$!lic o/cers who are not vested with
a$thorit# to detain or order the detention o"
persons acc$sed o" a crime or e-ceed their
a$thorit# ma# !e lia!le "or illegal detention
!eca$se the# are acting in their private
capacit#.
'r!itrar# detention can !e committed
thro$gh impr$dence.
12

12
People v. Misa, .!. "o. &'$.-, June /), (&&$. ;0ere, a chief of
police <convicted= rearrested a woman who had been released by
verbal order of the >ustice of peace. ?he o@cer should have
verifed the order of release before proceeding to ma9e the re#
arrest.A
CRIMINAL LAW REBIEWER Pa#e 1. of 1.7
%he law does not 5- an# minim$m period o"
detention. Ofenders have !een convicted o"
ar!itrar# detention even when the ofended
part# was detained for an hour
('
or even less
than half an hour.
17
'rrest witho$t warrant is the $s$al ca$se o"
ar!itrar# detention :QC:P% warrantless
arrest &$nder ;ec 8 ($le 113 (evised ($les
o" Criminal Proced$re)
NOTEI Ps#chological (estraint is another "orm o"
detention
18
ART. 1*2. DELAY IN THE DELIBERY O9
DETAINED PERSONS TO THE PROPER
GUDICIAL AUTHORITIES
ELEMENTSI
emplo#ee;
2. %hat he has /eta!ne/ a person "or some
le#al #o%n/; and
3. %hat he fa!ls to /el!@e s$ch person to the
proper 9$dicial a$thorit# within,
a. 1* 0o%s detained "or crimes
p$nisha!le !# light penalties or their
e+$ivalent;
!. 1: 0o%s "or crimes p$nisha!le !#
correctional penalties or their e+$ivalent; or
c. +. 0o%s "or crimesBofenses
p$nisha!le !# capital p$nishment or
aRictive penalties or their e+$ivalent.
C!$%"stan$es considered in /ete"!n!n#
t0e l!ab!l!t& o" the o/cer*ofender,
1. 3eans o" comm$nication
2. Co$r o" arrest and
3. Other circ$mstances s$ch as the time o"
s$rrender and the material possi!ilit# "or the
5scal to ma2e the investigation and 5le in
time the necessar# in"ormation.
1>
RIEHTS O9 DETAINEEI
1. ;hall !e !nfo"e/ o" the ca$se o" his
detention
2. 'llowed $pon re+$est to $o""%n!$ate
an/ $onfe at an#time with his attorne# or
co$nsel
NOTE,
0" ofender is a private person the crime is
13
+, v. 3gravante, .!. "o. L#'&$), January /., (&%..
14
+, v. BraganCa, .!. "o. L#'&)(, Debruary ', (&%..
15
3storga v. People, ! "o (-$('&
16

,ayo v. Chief of Police of Manila, .!. "o. L#/(/., May (/,
(&$.
Ille#al Detent!on.
'rt. 128 contemplates arrest !# virt$e o"
some legal ground or valid warrantless
arrest.
0" arrest is made !# virt$e o" an arrest
warrant person ma# !e detained indefnitely
$ntil,
a. Cis case is decided or
!. Ce posts !ail
%he "elon# means dela# in 5ling the
necessar# in"ormation or charging o" person
detained in co$rt which ma# !e waived i" a
preliminar# investigation is as2ed "or. %his
does not contemplate act$al ph#sical
deliver#.
%he 5ling o" the in"ormation in co$rt !e#ond
the speci5ed periods does not c$re illegalit#
o" detention. Cence the detaining o/cer is
still lia!le $nder 'rt. 128. 6either does it
afect the legalit# o" the con5nement $nder
process iss$ed !# the co$rt.
%o prevent committing this "elon# o/cers
$s$all# as2 acc$sed to e-ec$te a waiver o"
'rt. 128 which sho$ld !e $nder oath and
with assistance o" co$nsel. ;$ch waiver is
not violative o" the constit$tional right o" the
acc$sed.
LENETH O9 WAIBER
a. Eight ofense 8 da#s
!. ;erio$s and less serio$s ofenses ? to 1J
da#s &=$dge Pimentel)
ARBITRARY
DETENTION
'ART. 1*(,
DELAY IN DELIBERY O9
DETAINED 'ART. 1*2,
<etention is
illegal "rom the
!eginning.
<etention is legal in the
!eginning; illegalit# starts
"rom the e-piration o" the
speci5ed periods witho$t
the persons detained having
!een delivered to the proper
9$dicial a$thorit#.
ART. 1*.. DELAYINE RELEASE
ELEMENTSI
emplo#ee;
2. %hat there is a 5%/!$!al o e?e$%t!@e o/e
fo t0e elease o" a prisoner or detention
prisoner or that there is a proceeding $pon
a petition "or the li!eration o" s$ch person;
3. %hat the ofender 1!t0o%t #oo/ eason
dela#s,
a. the se@!$e o" the notice
o" s$ch order to the
prisoner or
b. the >efo"an$e o" s$ch
9$dicial or e-ec$tive order
"or the release o" the
prisoner or
$. the >o$ee/!n#s $pon a
petition "or the release o"
s$ch person.
NOTE, Hardens and 9ailers are the persons most
li2el# to violate this provision.
ART. 1*7. EOPULSION
ELEMENTSI
1. %he ofender is a >%bl!$ oD$e or
emplo#ee;
2. %hat he e?>els an# person "rom the
Philippines or $o">els a >eson to change
his residence; and
3. %he ofender is not a%t0o!Fe/ !# law.
ACTS PUNISHEDI
1. :-pelling a person "rom the Philippines; or
2. Compelling a person to change his residence
NOTE,
Crime o" e-p$lsion absorbs grave coercion. 0"
done !# a private person act will amo$nt to
Ea@e Coe$!on.
Onl# the co$rt !# a 5nal 9$dgment can order
a person to change his residence !$t the
Chie" :-ec$tive has the power to deport
$ndesira!le aliens.
0" a Gilipino who a"ter vol$ntaril# leaving the
co$ntr# is illegall# re"$sed re*entr# he is
considered a victim o" !eing "orced to
change his address.
R.A. 8+7*
HUMAN SECURITY ACT *337
PERIOD O9 DETENTION K WITHOUT
GUDICIAL WARRANT O9 ARREST 'Se$. 1:,I
W!t0!n a >e!o/ of + /a&s co$nted "rom
the moment a charged or s$spected person
&o" the crime o" terrorism or conspirac# to
commit it) has !een apprehended or
arrested detained and ta2en into c$stod#
4# an# police or law en"orcement personnel
d$l# a$thorized in writing !# the 'nti*
%errorism Co$ncil who did not inc$r an#
criminal lia!ilit# "or dela# in the deliver# o"
detained persons to proper 9$dicial
a$thorities said personnel shall deliver said
charged or s$spected person to the proper
9$dicial a$thorities.
Provided the arrest o" those s$spected o"
the crime o" terrorism or conspirac# to
commit terrorism m$st res$lt "rom the
s$rveillance &;ec. ?) and e-amination o"
!an2 deposits &;ec. 2?) o" this 'ct
PERIOD O9 DETENTION K IN THE EBENT O9
AN ACTUAL OR IMMINENT TERRORIST
ATTACK 'Se$. 18,I
;$spects ma# not be /eta!ne/ fo "oe
t0an + /a&s 1!t0o%t t0e 1!tten
a>>o@al o" a m$nicipal cit# provincial or
regional o/cial o" a C$man (ights
Commission or 9$dge o" the m$nicipal
regional trial co$rt the ;andigan!a#an or a
9$stice o" the Co$rt o" 'ppeals nearest the
place o" the arrest.
0" the arrest is made d$ring ;at$rda#s
;$nda#s holida#s or a"ter o/ce ho$rs the
arresting police or law en"orcement
personnel shall !ring the person th$s
arrested to the residence o" an# o" the
o/cials mentioned a!ove that is nearest the
place o" arrest.
%he approval in writing o" an# o" the said
o/cials shall !e sec$red !# the police or law
en"orcement personnel concerned within 8
da#s a"ter the date o" the detention o" the
persons concerned.
Provided that within 3 da#s a"ter the
detention the s$spects whose connection
with the terror attac2 or threat is not
esta!lished shall !e released immediatel#.
R.A. 87(2
ANTI)TORTURE ACT
ELEMENTS K TORTURE
1. 'n# act !# which se@ee >0&s!$al o
"ental >a!n or s$fering
*. is inKicted !# or at the instigation o" or with
the consent or ac+$iescence o" a >eson !n
a%t0o!t& or his agent
+. Intent!onall& !nM!$te/ on a person
(. Gor the >%>ose o"I
a. O!taining information or a confession
b. Punishment "or an act he or a 3
rd
person
has committed or is s$spected o" having
committed
c. Entimidation or coercion
d. 'n# reason !ased on discrimination of
any 9ind
CRIMINAL LAW REBIEWER Pa#e 1: of 1.7
ACTS O9 TORTURE 'Se$. (,
1. PHYSICAL TORTURE "orm o" treatment or
p$nishment inKicted !# a person in a$thorit#
$pon another in his c$stod# that ca$ses
severe pain e-ha$stion disa!ilit# or
d#s"$nction in one or more parts o" the !od#.
E?a">lesI
a. ;#stematic !eating head!anging
p$nching 2ic2ing stri2ing with
tr$ncheon or riKe !$tt or other similar
o!9ects and 9$mping on the stomach;
!. Good deprivation or "orci!le "eeding with
spoiled "ood animal or h$man e-creta
and other st$f or s$!stances not
normall# eaten;
c. :lectric shoc2;
d. Cigarette !$rning; !$rning !# electricall#
heated rods hot oil acid; !# the r$!!ing
o" pepper or other chemical s$!stances
on m$co$s mem!ranes or acids or
spices directl# on the wo$nd&s);
e. %he s$!mersion o" the head in water or
water poll$ted with e-crement $rine
vomit andBor !lood $ntil the !rin2 o"
s$focation;
". 4eing tied or "orced to ass$me 5-ed and
stress"$l !odil# position;
g. (ape and se-$al a!$se incl$ding the
insertion o" "oreign o!9ects into the se-
organ or rect$m or electrical tort$re o"
the genitals;
h. 3$tilation or amp$tation o" the essential
parts o" the !od# s$ch as the genitalia
ear tong$e etc.;
i. <ental tort$re or the "orced e-traction o"
the teeth;
9. P$lling o$t o" 5ngernails;
2. Carm"$l e-pos$re to the elements s$ch
as s$nlight and e-treme cold;
l. %he $se o" plastic !ag and other
materials placed over the head to the
point o" asph#-iation;
m. %he $se o" ps#choactive dr$gs to change
the perception memor# alertness or will
o" a person s$ch as,
i. %he administration or dr$gs to ind$ce
con"ession andBor red$ce mental
competenc#; or
ii. %he $se o" dr$gs to ind$ce e-treme
pain or certain s#mptoms o" a
disease; and
n. Other analogo$s acts o" ph#sical tort$re;
and
*. MENTAL;PSYCHOLOEICAL TORTURE
'cts committed !# a person in a$thorit# or
his agent which are calc$lated to afect or
con"$se the mind andBor $ndermine a
personSs dignit# and morale
E?a">lesI
a. 4lind"olding;
!. %hreatening a person&s) or hisBher
relative&s) with !odil# harm e-ec$tion or
other wrong"$l acts;
c. Con5nement in solitar# cells or secret
detention places;
d. Prolonged interrogation;
e. Preparing a prisoner "or a Tshow trialT
p$!lic displa# or p$!lic h$miliation o" a
detainee or prisoner;
". Ca$sing $nsched$led trans"er o" a person
deprived o" li!ert# "rom one place to
another creating the !elie" that heBshe
shall !e s$mmaril# e-ec$ted;
g. 3altreating a mem!erBs o" a personSs
"amil#;
h. Ca$sing the tort$re sessions to !e
witnessed !# the personSs "amil#
relatives or an# third part#;
i. <enial o" sleepBrest;
9. ;hame inKiction s$ch as stripping the
person na2ed parading himBher in p$!lic
places shaving the victimSs head or
p$tting mar2s on hisBher !od# against
hisBher will;
2. <eli!eratel# prohi!iting the victim to
comm$nicate with an# mem!er o"
hisBher "amil#; and
l. Other analogo$s acts o"
mentalBps#chological tort$re.
ELEMENTS K OTHER CRUEL< INHUMAN AND
DEERADINE TREATMENT OR PUNISHMENT
'CIDT, 'Se$. 2,I
1. <eli!erate and aggravated treatment or
p$nishment &not en$merated $nder ;ec. 7)
*. 0nKicted !# person in a$thorit# or his agent
+. 'gainst a person in c$stod#
(. 'ttaining the level o" severit# s$/cient to
ca$se s$fering gross h$miliation or
de!asement to the latter
NOTEI %he assessment o" the level o" severit#
shall depend on all the circ$mstances o" the
case incl$ding,
1. <$ration o" the treatment or p$nishment
2. :fects ph#sical and mental
3. 0n some cases, the se- religion age and
state o" health o" the victim.
PROHIBITED DETENTION ;ecret detention
places solitar# con5nement incomm$nicado or
other similar "orms o" detention where tort$re
ma# !e carried o$t with imp$nit# are here!#
prohi!ited. &;ec. ?)
NOTEI
%he P6P 'GP and other law en"orcement
agencies concerned shall ma2e an $pdated
list o" all detention centers and "acilities
$nder their respective 9$risdictions with the
corresponding data on prisoners or detainees
incarcerated or detained therein.
%his list shall !e availa!le to the p$!lic at all
times and $pdated !# the same agencies
ever# 8 da#s o" the month at the minim$m.
WHO ARE LIABLE K TORTURE AND;OR CIDTI
1. P!n$!>al
a. 'n# person
i. Hho act$all# participated or ind$ced
another in the commission
ii. Hho cooperated in the e-ec$tion o"
the act !# previo$s or sim$ltaneo$s
acts
!. 'n# s$perior militar# police or law
en"orcement o/cer or senior
government o/cial
i. Hho iss$ed an order to an# lower
ran2ing personnel to commit tort$re
"or whatever p$rpose
c. %he immediate commanding o/cer o"
the $nit concerned o" the 'GP or the
immediate senior p$!lic o/cial o" the
P6P and other law en"orcement agencies
i. Gor an# act or omission or

negligence committed !# him that
shall have led assisted a!etted or
allowed whether directl# or
indirectl# the commission thereo" !#
his s$!ordinates
d. Ce who has 6no1le/#e o" the
commission o" tort$re or C0<% committed
!# his s$!ordinates or others within his
area o" responsi!ilit# and a%t0o!t& to
>e@ent or investigate the allegations
#et did not ta2e or fa!le/ to /o
>e@ent!@e o $oe$t!@e a$t!ons
whether deli!eratel# or negligentl#

*. A$$o">l!$e
+. A$$esso&
a. 'n# p$!lic o/cer or emplo#ee
i. i" he has 2nowledge that tort$re or
other C0<% is !eing committed and
witho$t having participated therein
either as principal or accomplice
ta2es part s$!se+$ent to its
commission in an# o" the "ollowing
manner,
&a) 4# themselves pro5ting "rom or
assisting the ofender to pro5t
"rom the efects o" the act o"
tort$re or other cr$el inh$man
and degrading treatment or
p$nishment;
&!) 4# concealing the act o" tort$re
or other cr$el inh$man and
degrading treatment or
p$nishment andBor destro#ing
the efects or instr$ments
thereo" in order to prevent its
discover#; or
&c) 4# har!oring concealing or
assisting m the escape o" the
principalBs in the act o" tort$re or
other cr$el inh$man and
degrading treatment or
p$nishment, Provided %hat the
accessor# acts are done with the
a!$se o" the o/cialSs p$!lic
"$nctions
SECTION *. K BIOLATION O9 DOMICILE
ART. 1*:. BIOLATION O9 DOMICILE
ELEMENTSI
emplo#ee;
2. %hat he is not a%t0o!Fe/ !# 9$dicial order
to ente t0e /1ell!n# an/;o to "a6e a
sea$0 t0ee!n "or papers or other efects;
and
3. %hat he $o""!ts an# o" the "ollowing acts,
a. ente!n# an# dwelling against
the will o" the owner thereo";
b. sea$0!n# papers or other
efects "o$nd therein witho$t the
previo$s consent o" s$ch owner;
$. ef%s!n# to leave the premises
a"ter having s$rreptitio$sl#
entered said dwelling and a"ter
having !een re+$ired to leave the
same.
SURREPTITIOUSLY done thro$gh "ra$d or
secret means to accomplish an o!9ect &stealth)
SPECIAL AEERABATINE 'LUALI9YINE,
CIRCUMSTANCESI
CRIMINAL LAW REBIEWER Pa#e *3 of 1.7
1. 6ighttime
2. Papers or efects not constit$ting evidence o"
a crime are not ret$rned immediatel#
NOTE,
%he 9$dicial order is the search warrant.
0" the ofender who enters the dwelling
against the will o" the owner is a private
individ$al the crime committed is Tes>ass
to D1ell!n#.
Hhen a p$!lic o/cer searched a person
No$tside his dwellingO witho$t a search
warrant and s$ch person is not legall#
arrested "or an ofense the crime committed
!# the p$!lic o/cer is either,
1. Ea@e Coe$!on i" violence or
intimidation is $sed &'rt 2@>) or
2. Un5%st Be?at!on i" there is no violence
or intimidation &'rt 2@?).
0n the 1
st
mode the entrance m$st !e
against the will o" the owner o" the dwelling.
Eac2 o" consent will not s$/ce.
Inder the 3
rd
mode even i" the entrance is
onl# witho$t the consent o" its owner the
crime is committed when there is a re"$sal
to leave the premises when re+$ired to do
so.
ART. 1*8. SEARCH WARRANTS MALICIOUSLY
OBTAINED AND ABUSE IN THE SERBICE O9
THOSE LEEALLY OBTAINED
SEARCH WARRANT an order in writing iss$ed
in the name o" the People o" the Philippines
signed !# a 9$dge and directed to a peace
o/cer commanding him to search "or personal
propert# descri!ed therein and !ring it !e"ore
the co$rt.
ELEMENTSI
1. %hat the ofender is a >%bl!$ oD$e
or emplo#ee;
*. %hat he 0as legall! >o$%e/ a
search warrant; and
+. %hat he e?$ee/s 0!s a%t0o!t& or
$ses $nnecessar# severit# in e-ec$ting the
same.
ACTS PUNISHABLEI
1. Proc$ring a search warrant witho$t 9$st
ca$se
ELEMENTSI
a. %hat the ofender is a >%bl!$ oD$e or
emplo#ee;
!. %hat he proc$res a sea$0 1aant; and
c. %hat there is no 5%st $a%se.
*. :-ceeding his a$thorit# !# $sing
$nnecessar# severit# in e-ec$ting a search
warrant legall# proc$red
ELEMENTSI
a. %hat the ofender is a >%bl!$ oD$e or
emplo#ee;
b. %hat he proc$res a legal sea$0
1aant; and
$. %hat he e?$ee/s 0!s a%t0o!t& or $ses
$nnecessar# severit# in e-ec$ting the
same.
ART. 1+3. SEARCHINE DOMICILE WITHOUT
WITNESSES
ELEMENTSI
emplo#ee;
2. %hat he is a"e/ 1!t0 a sea$0 1aant
legally proc$red;
3. %hat he sea$0es t0e /o"!$!le papers or
other !elongings o" an# person; and
7. %hat the owner or an# mem!er o" his "amil#
or two witnesses residing in the same
localit# is not >esent.
ORDER O9 THOSE WHO MUST WITNESS THE
SEARCHI
1. Comeowner
2. 3em!ers o" the "amil# o" s$/cient age and
discretion
3. (esponsi!le mem!ers o" the comm$nit#
SECTION +. K PROHIBITION<
INTERRUPTION AND DISSOLUTION O9
PEACE9UL MEETINES
ART. 1+1. PROHIBITION< INTERRUPTION
AND DISSOLUTION O9 PEACE9UL MEETINES
ELEMENTSI
1. Ofender is a >%bl!$ oD$e or emplo#ee;
2. Ce per"orms an# o" the "ollowing acts,
a. >o0!b!t!n# or interr$pting
witho$t legal gro$nd the
holding o" a 1eacef)l
meeting or dissolving the
same &e.g. denial o" permit
in ar!itrar# manner).
!. 0!n/e!n# an& >eson
fo" 2oining an# law"$l
association or "rom
attending an# o" its
meetings
c. >o0!b!t!n# or hindering
an# person "rom
addreing< either alone
or together with others
an& >et!t!on to the
a$thorities "or the
$oe$t!on of ab%ses or
redress o" grievances.
TESTS fo /ete"!n!n# !f t0ee !s a
@!olat!on of At 1+1I
1. <angero$s tendenc# r$le
2. Clear and present danger r$le
NOTE,
0" the ofender is a private individ$al the
crime is D!st%ban$e of P%bl!$ O/e &'rt
183).
Ofender m$st !e a stranger not a
participant in the peace"$l meeting;
otherwise the ofense is Un5%st Be?at!on.
3eeting m$st !e peace"$l and there m$st !e
no legal gro$nd "or prohi!iting dissolving or
interr$pting that meeting.
0nterr$pting and dissolving a meeting o" the
m$nicipal co$ncil !# a p$!lic o/cer is a
crime against the legislative !od# and is not
p$nisha!le $nder this article.
%hose holding peace"$l meetings m$st
compl# with local ordinances.
SECTION (. K CRIMES AEAINST
RELIEIOUS WORSHIP
ART. 1+*. INTERRUPTION O9 RELIEIOUS
WORSHIP
ELEMENTSI
1. %hat the o/cer is a >%bl!$ oD$e or
emplo#ee;
2. %hat el!#!o%s $ee"on!es or
mani"estations o" an# religion are a!o$t to
ta2e place or are going on; and
3. %hat the oCen/e >e@ents o /!st%bs
the same.
L%al!f&!n# C!$%"stan$eI Hith violence or
threats
NOTE,
(eading o" 4i!le and then attac2ing certain
ch$rches in a p$!lic plaza is not a ceremon#
or mani"estation o" religion !$t onl# a
meeting o" a religio$s sect hence onl# 'rt
131 was violated.
(eligio$s worship incl$des people in the act
o" per"orming religio$s rites "or a religio$s
ceremon# or a mani"estation o" religion.
:-amples, 3ass !aptism marriage.
Q a private person p$nched a priest while
the priest was giving homil# and maligning a
relative o" Q. 0s Q lia!leD Q ma# !e lia!le
$nder 'rt. 133 &Ofending religio$s "eelings)
!eca$se Q is a private person.
ART. 1++. O99ENDINE THE RELIEIOUS
9EELINES
ELEMENTSI
1. 'cts complained o" were per"ormed
a. in a place /e@ote/ to el!#!o%s
1os0!> or
!. d$ring the $elebat!on o" an# religio$s
ceremon#
*. 'cts m$st !e noto!o%sl& oCens!@e to the
"eelings o" the "aith"$l
NOTE,
%he ofender can !e an# person.
Ofense to "eelings is 9$dged "rom the
complainant1s point o" view.
%he phrase Uin a place devoted to religio$s
worship1 does not necessaril# impl# the
re+$irement o" a religio$s ceremon# going
on. %he phrase Ud$ring the cele!ration1 is
separated !# the word Uor1 "rom the phase
Uplace devoted to religio$s worship1 which
indicates that the Ureligio$s ceremon#1 need
not !e cele!rated in a place o" worship.
:-amples o" religio$s ceremon# &acts
per"ormed o$tside the ch$rch), processions
and special pra#ers "or !$r#ing dead persons
!$t 6O% pra#er rallies.
'cts notorio$sl# ofensive to the "eelings o"
the "aith"$l m$st !e directed against
religio$s practice or dogma or rit$al "or the
p$rpose o" ridic$le as moc2ing or sco/ng or
attempting to damage an o!9ect o" religio$s
veneration.
%here m$st !e deli!erate intent to h$rt the
"eelings o" the "aith"$l mere arrogance or
r$deness is not eno$gh
CRIME PERSONS
LIABLE
I9
ELEMENT
IS MISSINE
Prohi!ition
0nterr$ption and
<issol$tion o"
Peace"$l
3eeting &'rt.
131)
P$!lic o/cer
or emplo#ee
who is a
stranger in
the meeting
0" !# insider
then $n9$st
ve-ation
0nterr$ption o"
(eligio$s
P$!lic o/cer
or emplo#ee
0" not
religio$s
CRIMINAL LAW REBIEWER Pa#e ** of 1.7
Horship &'rt.
132)
then 'rt 131
Ofending
(eligio$s Geeling
&'rt. 133)
'n# person
END O9 DISCUSSION ON TOPIC
*. CRIMES AEAINST THE 9UNDAMENTAL
LAWS O9 THE STATE
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
+. CRIMES AEAINST PUBLIC
ORDER
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
C0a>te 1I Rebell!on< se/!t!on an/
D!slo&alt&
PD 1:.. as a"en/e/ b& RA
:*8(
C0a>te *I C!"es A#a!nst Po>%la
Re>esentat!on
Se$. 1 ) C!"es a#a!nst
le#!slat!@e bo/!es an/
s!"!la bo/!es
Se$. * ) B!olat!on of
>al!a"enta&
!""%n!t&
C0a>te +I Ille#al Asse"bl!es an/
Asso$!at!ons
C0a>te (I Assa%lt %>on an/
Res!stan$e an/ D!sobe/!en$e To<
Pesons !n A%t0o!t& an/ t0e!
A#ents
C0a>te 2I P%bl!$ D!so/es
C0a>te .I E@as!on of Se@!$e of
Senten$e
C0a>te 7I Co""!ss!on of Anot0e
C!"e D%!n# Se@!$e of Penalt&
I">ose/ fo Anot0e Pe@!o%s
OCense
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
C0a>te 1I Rebell!on< Co%> /APtat<
Se/!t!on< an/ D!slo&alt&
JJ
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
ART. 1+(. REBELLION AND INSURRECTION
ELEMENTSI
1. P$!lic $prising and ta2ing arms against the
government
2. P$rpose,
a. %o remove "rom the allegiance to
Government or laws,
i. %erritor# o" Philippines &in whole or in
part)
ii. 4od# o" land or arm#BnavalBother
"orces.
!. <eprive Chie" :-ec$tive or
Congress wholl# or partiall# o"
powers or prerogatives
DISTINEUISHINE REBELLION 9ROM OTHER
CRIMES
REBELLION INSURRECTION
P$rpose is to
overthrow or
s$persede the e-isting
government
P$rpose is to efect a
change o" "!no
!">otan$e or to
prevent the e-ercise o"
government a$thorit#
with respect to
>at!$%la "attes.
REBELLION TREASON
(e+$ires ta2ing $p o"
arms
<oes not re+$ire
ta2ing $p o" arms
Giving o" com"ort and
moral aid alone is not
p$nisha!le
Giving o" com"ort and
moral aid is
p$nisha!le
6o "oreign enem# Goreign enem#
re+$ired
Committed d$ring
time o" peace or war
Committed onl#
d$ring time o" war
REBELLION SUBBERSION
Crime against P$!lic
Order
Crime against
6ational ;ec$rit#
<oes not a!sor!
;$!version
<oes not a!sor!
(e!ellion
C$rrentl# p$nisha!le
$nder the (evised
Penal Code
6o law c$rrentl#
p$nishing ;$!version
REBELLION IN EENERAL
' crime o" masses o" the m$ltit$de. 0t
cannot !e committed !# onl# 1 person.
CRIMINAL LAW REBIEWER Pa#e *+ of 1.7
0t is a contin$ing crime.
' p$!lic $prising and ta2ing $p o" arms are
necessar# "or overt acts to constit$te
re!ellion.
o Cowever ta2ing part in the clash
o" arms is not necessar# to !e
convicted o" re!ellion.
o 0" there is conspirac# 2nowingl#
identi"#ing one1s sel" with a gro$p
who commits re!ellion is eno$gh
"or conviction even i" he himsel"
did not rise p$!licl# and ta2e
arms.
Cons$mmated the ver# moment re!els rise
and ta2e arms against the government. %he#
do not need to achieve their p$rpose "or
re!ellion to !e cons$mmated.
PURPOSE 9OR REBELLION
%he p$rpose o" the $prising m$st !e shown.
0t is not necessar# "or conviction that the
p$rpose is achieved.
NOTEI
0" there is no p$!lic $prising the crime is
direct assa$lt
%here m$st !e 'C%I'E participation. 3ere
giving o" aid or com"ort is not criminal in the
case o" re!ellion.
(e!ellion a!sor!s other crimes committed
in "$rtherance o" re!ellion.
o 0llegal possession o" 5rearms in
"$rtherance o" re!ellion is
a!sor!ed !# the crime o"
re!ellion.
o ' private crime ma# !e
committed d$ring re!ellion.
o (ape even i" not in "$rtherance
o" re!ellion cannot !e comple-ed
with re!ellion.
P$!lic o/cer m$st ta2e active part !eca$se
mere silence or omission is not p$nished in
re!ellion
0t is not a de"ense that the acc$sed never
too2 the oath o" allegiance or that the#
never recognized the government.
Peo>le @. Henan/eF
0,
I re!ellion cannot !e
comple-ed with ordinar# crimes done p$rs$ant
to it
Peo>le @. Eeon!"o
03
, crimes done "or private
17
People v. 0ernandeC, .!. "os. L#1%/-#/1, (&-1
18
People v. eronimo, .!. "o. L#.&'1 <(&-1=
p$rposes witho$t political motivation sho$ld !e
separatel# p$nished
En!le @. SalaFa
0.
I 0ernandeC remains !inding
doctrine operating to prohi!it the comple-ing o"
re!ellion with an# other ofense committed on
the occasion thereo" either as a means to its
commission or as an $nintended efect o" an#
activit# that constit$tes re!ellion.
ART. 1+()A. COUP DAQTAT
ELEMENTS
1. OCen/eI mem!er o" the militar# police
"orce or an# p$!lic o/cer or emplo#ee
2. MeansI swi"t attac2 accompanied !#
violence intimidation threat strateg# or
stealth.
3. Poss!ble ta#etsI d$l# constit$ted
a$thorities o" the Philippines an# militar#
campBinstallation comm$nication networ2s
p$!lic $tilities or other "acilities needed "or
the e-ercise and contin$ed possession o"
power.
7. P%>oseI to seize or diminish state power
COUP DAQTAT IN EENERAL
3a# !e perpetrated with or witho$t civilian
participation
3a# !e p$nished as terrorism
ART. 1+2. PENALTY 9OR COUP DAQTAT<
REBELLION AND INSURRECTION
PARTICIPANT ACTS PENALTY
REBELLION
Eeaders Promotes
maintains or
heads
(ecl$sion
Perpet$a
Participants Participates
or e-ec$tes
the
commands o"
others
(ecl$sion
%emporal
COUP DAQTAT
Eeaders Eeads directs
or commands
others to
$nderta2e a
Co$p d1Ptat
(ecl$sion
perpet$a
Participants in
government
service
Participates or
e-ec$tes the
commands o"
others
(ecl$sion
%emporal
Participants
not in
'ids a!ets
5nances or
Prision ma#or
in its
19
2nrile v. ,alaCar, .!. "o. &/(1$ <(&&%=
CRIMINAL LAW REBIEWER Pa#e *( of 1.7
government
service
otherwise
assists
commission
ma-im$m
period
PENALTIES AND LIABILITY
%he indeterminate sentence does not appl#
to Co$p d1Ptat (e!ellion or 0ns$rrection.
0" the act$al leader is $n2nown the persons
who act$all# directed others spo2e "or the
$n2nown leaders signed receipts and
per"ormed other similar acts will !e lia!le as
the leader.
ABSORPTION 'REBELLION AND
INSURRECTION,
0" other common crimes were done in
p$rs$ance o" the re!ellio$s p$rpose these
crimes are a!sor!ed and the person is lia!le
onl# "or re!ellion.
'!sorption is not a$tomatic. One has to
show that common crimes were done in
p$rs$ance o" re!ellio$s p$rposes even i"
one was a mem!er o" a re!ellio$s gro$p.
0" other common crimes are done "or
personal p$rposes even while the person is
in re!ellion the person will !e held
separatel# lia!le.
Once an overt act &even i" it is a crime itsel")
is cited as an element o" (e!ellion in the
in"ormation it can no longer !e charged as a
separate crime.
ART. 1+.. CONSPIRACY AND PROPOSAL TO
COMMIT COUP DAQTAT< REBELLION< OR
INSURRECTION
PENALTIES
1. Conspirac# and proposal to commit Co$p
d1Ptat
a. Prision 3a#or minim$m
!. ' 5ne not e-ceeding Php @JJJ
2. Conspirac# to commit (e!ellion or
0ns$rrection
a. Prision correccional ma-im$m
!. ' 5ne not e-ceeding Php 8JJJ
3. Proposal to commit (e!ellion or 0ns$rrection
a. Prision correccional medi$m
!. ' 5ne not e-ceeding Php 2JJJ
NOTEI
3erel# agreeing and deciding to commit the
a!ove mentioned crimes witho$t act$all#
per"orming the overt acts is alread#
p$nisha!le.
%here is no conspirac# when the people have
not agreed or decided to commit the
crimes.
:ven i" some acts ma# !e constr$ed as
help"$l to re!els i" there is no intent to aid
them in achieving their re!ellio$s p$rposes
those who gave aid are not lia!le as
conspirators.
:ven i" someone gives speeches in "avor o"
the crimes i" there is no evidence that those
who heard it too2 it as a proposal the
person giving the speech is not lia!le $nder
this article.
ART. 1+7. DISLOYALTY O9 b& OR
EMPLOYEES
ACTS PUNISHABLE
1. Gailing to resist re!ellion !# all means
2. Contin$ing to discharge d$ties $nder r$le o"
re!els
3. 'ccepting appointment $nder r$le o" re!els
NOTEI Penalt# "or all acts is Prision Correccional
in its minim$m period
O99ENDERS
;COIE< !e a p$!lic o/cer or emplo#ee. '
private individ$al cannot violate this article
even i" he accepts appointments $nder the
re!el government.
;ho$ld not !e in conspirac# with the re!els.
0" there is conspirac# heBshe will !e lia!le "or
re!ellion.
REBELLION AS PRE)RELUISITE
%here m$st !e a re!ellion to !e resisted in
the 5rst place.
%his article is inapplica!le in the a!sence o"
the crime o" re!ellion.
ART. 1+:. INCITINE TO REBELLION OR
INSURRECTION
ELEMENTS
1. Ofender does not ta2e arms or is not in
open hostilit# against the Government.
2. Ce incites others to the e-ec$tion o" an# o"
the acts o" re!ellion
a. Ce incites others to rise p$!licl#
and ta2e arms against the
government
3. 3eans, speeches proclamations !anners
writings em!lems or other representations.
APPLICABILITY
1. People incited m$st not act$all# commit
re!ellion "or this article to appl#.
2. 0" people incited commit re!ellion this article
is not applica!le.
a. People incited wo$ld !e g$ilt# o"
re!ellion as principals !# direct
participation.
b. Person inciting wo$ld !e g$ilt# o"
re!ellion as principal !#
ind$cement.
DISTINEUISHINE 9ROM PROPOSAL TO
COMMIT REBELLION
PROPOSAL TO
COMMIT
REBELLION ' ART.
1+.,
INCITINE TO
REBELLION 'ART.
1+:,
%he person who
proposes has
decided to commit
re!ellion.
6ot re+$ired that the
ofender has decided
to commit re!ellion.
%he person who
proposes the
e-ec$tion o" the
crime $ses secret
means.
%he inciting is done
p$!licl#.
NOTEI 0n !oth proposal and inciting the
ofender ind$ces another to commit re!ellion
ART. 1+8. SEDITION
ELEMENTS
1. Ofenders rise p$!licl# and t$m$lt$o$sl#
2. 3eans, "orce intimidation o$tside legal
method.
3. O!9ectives,
a. Prevent prom$lgationBe-ec$tion
o" law or holding o" pop$lar
election
!. Prevent government or o/cer
thereo" "rom "reel# e-ercising
"$nctions
c. 0nKict act o" hate or revenge
$pon p$!lic o/cer or emplo#ee
or his propert#
d. Commit "or political or social end
an# act o" hate or revenge on an#
person or social class
e. <espoil "or an# political or social
end an# person the
Government or an# division
thereo" o" all or some o" their
propert#.
SEDITION IN EENERAL
1. ;edition is the raising o" commotions or
dist$r!ances in the ;tate.
2. Can !e committed !# !oth private and
p$!lic persons.
3. O!9ect is generall# a violation o" p$!lic
peace.
7. 0t cannot !e committed !# one person alone.
a. ;omething is considered
t$m$lt$o$s i" it involves at least
"o$r men with weapons or other
means o" violence.
!. 3$ltiple people with no arms or
means o" violence at all cannot
commit sedition.
8. Common crimes are not a!sor!ed in
sedition.
NOTEI Conc$rrence o" p$!lic $prising and
p$rpose o" sedition is re+$ired. Hhen one is
a!sent it is not sedition.
DISTINEUISHINE 9ROM OTHER CRIMES
SEDITION 'ART.
1+8,
REBELLION 'ART.
1+(,
0n !oth there m$st !e a p$!lic $prising.
;$/cient that the
p$!lic $prising is
t$m$lt$o$s.
%a2ing $p o" arms
against the
government
P$rpose o" the
ofenders ma# !e
political or social.
%he p$rpose is
alwa#s political.
SEDITION 'ART.
1+8,
TREASON 'ART.
11(,
Commotions or
dist$r!ances o"
the ;tate
Miolation !# a
s$!9ect o" his
allegiance to his
sovereign
ART. 1(3. PENALTY 9OR SEDITION
PERSONS LIABLE
1. Lea/e o" the sedition
*. Other >esons >at!$!>at!n# in the sedition
ART. 1(1. CONSPIRACY TO COMMIT
SEDITION
%here m$st !e an
agreement and a decision to rise p$!licl#
and t$m$lt$o$sl# to attain an# o" the o!9ects
o" sedition in order to constit$te the crime o"
conspirac# to commit sedition.
%here is no proposal
to commit sedition.
CRIMINAL LAW REBIEWER Pa#e *. of 1.7
ART. 1(*. INCITINE TO SEDITION
PUNISHABLE ACTS
1. 0nciting others to sedition !# means o"
speeches proclamations writings
em!lems etc.
2. Ittering seditio$s words which dist$r! the
p$!lic speech.
3. Hriting p$!lishing or circ$lating sc$rrilo$s
li!els against Government which tend to
dist$r! p$!lic peace.
ELEMENTS O9 ACT 1 K INCITINE OTHERS TO
SEDITION
1. %hat the ofender does not ta9e a direct
part in the crime o" sedition;
2. %hat he incites others to the
accomplishment o" an# o" the acts which
constit$te sedition; and
3. %hat the inciting is done !# means o"
speeches proclamations writing em!lems
cartoons !anners or other representations
tending to the same end.
UTTERINE AND WRITINEI WHEN
PUNISHABLE 'ACTS * N +,
1. Hhen the# tend to dist$r! or o!str$ct
an# p$!lic o/cer in e-ec$ting the "$nctions
o" his o/ce; or
2. Hhen the# tend to instigate others to
ca!al and meet together "or $nlaw"$l
p$rposes; or
3. Hhen the# s$ggest or incite re!ellio$s
conspiracies or riots; or
7. Hhen the# lead or tend to stir $p the
people against the law"$l a$thorities or to
dist$r! the peace o" the comm$nit# the
sa"et# and order o" the government.
* RULES RELATIBE TO SEDITIOUS WORDS
1. Clea an/ >esent /an#e %le
a. <anger sho$ld !e !oth clear and
imminent
!. (easona!le gro$nd to !elieve
that the danger apprehended is
imminent and that the evil to !e
prevented is a serio$s one to the
;tate.
c. Present time element. 6ot onl#
pro!a!le !$t ver# li2el#
inevita!le.
*. Dan#eo%s ten/en$& %le
a. %end to create a danger o" p$!lic
$prising
!. :asil# prod$ces disafection
c. Prod$ces state o" "eelings
incompati!le with a disposition to
remain lo#al to the government.
P.D. 1:.. as a"en/e/ b& R.A. :*8(
;ec. 1. +nlawful manufacture, sale, acFuisition,
disposition or possession of frearms or
ammunition or instruments used or intended to
be used in the manufacture of frearms or
ammunition. V 0" 0o"!$!/e o "%/e is
committed with the $se o" an $nlicensed 5rearm
s$ch $se o" an $nlicensed 5rearm shall !e
considered as an a##a@at!n# $!$%"stan$e
0" s$ch act was made in "$rtherance o"
ebell!on< s%b@es!on< o !ns%e$t!on said
act will !e absobe/ in the latter and shall not
!e p$nished as a separate ofense.
;ec. 3. +nlawful manufacture, sale, acFuisition,
disposition or possession of eGplosives. V Hhen
a person commits an# o" the crimes de5ned in
the (PC or special laws with the $se o" the
a"orementioned e-plosives detonation agents or
incendiar# devices which res$lts in the death o"
an# person or persons the $se o" s$ch
e-plosives detonation agents or incendiar#
devices shall !e considered as an aggravating
circ$mstance
C0a>te *I C!"es a#a!nst Po>%la
Re>esentat!on
SECTION 1. K CRIMES AEAINST
LEEISLATIBE BODIES AND SIMILAR
BODIES
ART. 1(+. ACTS TENDINE TO PREBENT THE
MEETINE O9 THE ASSEMBLY AND SIMILAR
BODIES
ELEMENTS
1. ' 1ro2ected or act)al "eet!n# of
Con#ess or an# o" its committees or
s$!committees $onst!t%t!onal
$o""!ss!ons or committees or divisions
thereo" or o" an# >o@!n$!al boa/ o $!t&
o "%n!$!>al $o%n$!l or !oard; and
2. %hat the ofender who ma# !e an#
>eson >e@ents s$ch meeting b& fo$e o
fa%/.
NOTEI %he Chie" o" Police and ma#or who
prevented the meeting o" the m$nicipal co$ncil
are lia!le $nder 'rt. 173 when the de"ect o" the
meeting is not mani"est and re+$ires an
investigation !e"ore its e-istence can !e
determined.
GUST CAUSE
0" there is 9$st ca$se "or preventing a
meeting the person doing so is not lia!le
$nder this article.
=$st ca$se m$st appear immediatel# and
m$st not !e one ass$med and proven later
!# an investigation.
ART. 1((. DISTURBANCE O9 PROCEEDINES
ELEMENTS
1. 'n act)al "eet!n# of Con#ess or an#
o" its committees constit$tional
commissions or committees or divisions
thereo" or o" an# >o@!n$!al boa/ o $!t&
o "%n!$!>al $o%n$!l o boa/; and
2. %hat the ofender does an# o" the
"ollowing acts
a. he /!st%bs an# o" s$ch
meetings
b. he !ehaves while in the presence
o" an# s$ch !odies in s$ch a
manner as to !nte%>t !ts
>o$ee/!n#s o to !">a! t0e
es>e$t d$e it.
NOTEI 'cc$sed ma# also !e p$nished "or
contempt !# the legislative !od#
SECTION *. K BIOLATION O9
PARLIAMENTARY IMMUNITY
ART. 1(2. BIOLATION O9 PARLIAMENTARY
IMMUNITY
PUNISHABLE ACTS
1. Ising "orce intimidation threats or "ra$d to
prevent attendance e-pression o"
opinion or casting o" vote o" an# mem!er o"
Congress.
2. 'rresting or searching mem!er while
Congress is in reg$lar or special session.
a. Inless the mem!er is charged with a
crime with a penalt# higher than
prision ma#or
!. Cowever to harmonize with the
1A@? Constit$tion the (PC
provision sho$ld !e read as Na
penalt# o" prision ma#or or
higherO
ELEMENTS O9 ACT 1
1. MeansI "orce intimidation threats or "ra$d
2. P%>oseI %o prevent an# mem!er o" the
6ational 'ssem!l# "rom
a. 'ttending a meeting
b. :-pressing opinion
$. Casting vote
ELEMENTS O9 ACT *
1. OCen/eI P$!lic o/cer or emplo#ee
*. 'rrests or searches an# mem!er o" Congress
+. <$ring reg$lar or special session
(. 3em!er searchedBarrested has not
committed a crime p$nisha!le !# arresto
ma#or or higher
NOTEI 'ct$al prevention not ne$essa&
0t is not necessar# that a mem!er o"
Congress is act$all# prevented "rom
attending e-pressing his opinion or voting.
0t is s$/cient that ofender had the p$rpose
and per"ormed overt acts to achieve s$ch
p$rpose.
PARLIAMENTARY IMMUNITY
Protects "rom civil and criminal lia!ilit#
<oes not protect a mem!er o" Congress "rom
responsi!ilit# !e"ore the legislative !od#
itsel" whenever that mem!er1s cond$ct is
considered inappropriate or $n!ecoming.
Other mem!ers ma# !# votation opt to
s$spend imprison or e-pel $nr$l# or
otherwise erring mem!ers o" Congress.
C0a>te +I Ille#al Asse"bl!es an/
Asso$!at!ons
ART. 1(.. ILLEEAL ASSEMBLIES
* TYPES O9 ILLEEAL ASSEMBLIES
1. 3eeting attended !# armed persons "or
the p$rpose o" committing an# o" the crimes
p$nisha!le $nder the (PC;
RELUISITESI
1. T0ee !s a "eet!n# gathering
CRIMINAL LAW REBIEWER Pa#e *: of 1.7
or gro$p o" persons whether 5-ed or
moving;
2. 3eeting is attended !# a"e/
>esonsH and
3. T0e >%>ose of "eet!n# !s to
$o""!t an& of t0e $!"es
>%n!s0able $nder (PC
2. ' meeting in 1;$ t0e a%/!en$e<
whether armed or not !s !n$!te/ to t0e
commission o" the crimes o" treason
re!ellion or ins$rrection sedition or assa$lt
$pon a person in a$thorit# or his agent.
RELUISITESI
1. %here is a "eet!n# gathering
or gro$p o" persons whether 5-ed
or moving;
2. '$dience 10et0e a"e/ o
not !s !n$!te/ to the commission
o" the crime o" treason re!ellion
or ins$rrection sedition or direct
assault.
PRESUMPTIONS WHEN A PERSON CARRIES
UNLICENSED 9IREARM TO THE ASSEMBLY
1. P$rpose o" the meeting is to commit a crime
$nder the (PC inso"ar as he is concerned.
*. Possessor is a leader or organizer o" the
meeting.
PERSONS LIABLE 9OR ILLEEAL ASSEMBLY
1. Organizers or leaders o" the meeting
2. Persons merel# present at the meeting
&e-cept when presence is o$t o" c$riosit#
not lia!le since the# do not have intent to
commit the "elon# o" illegal assem!l#)
NOTEI
6ot all the persons present at the
meeting o" the 5rst "orm o" illegal assem!l#
need to !e armed.
0" the a$dience is incited to commit
re!ellion or sedition the crimes committed
are illegal assem!l# as regards the
organizers or leaders and persons merel#
present and inciting to re!ellion or sedition
inso"ar as the one inciting them is
concerned.
ART. 1(7. ILLEEAL ASSOCIATIONS
KINDS O9 ILLEEAL ASSOCIATIONS
1. %hose totall# or partiall# organized "or the
p$rpose o" committing a "elon#
*. %hose totall# or partiall# organized "or
p$rposes contrar# to p$!lic morals.
PERSONS LIABLE
1. G
o$nders and Presidents
2. 3em!ers
DISTINEUISHINE ILLEEAL ASSEMBLY 9ROM
ILLEEAL ASSOCIATIONS
ILLEEAL
ASSOCIATION
ILLEEAL ASSEMBLY
6ot necessar# that
there !e an act$al
meeting
'ct$al meeting or
assem!l# necessar#
0t is the act o"
"orming or organizing
and mem!ership in
the association that
are p$nished.
0t is the meeting and
attendance at s$ch
meeting that are
p$nished.
Persons lia!le,
"o$nders directors
president and
mem!ers.
Persons lia!le,
organizers or
leaders and persons
present at the
meeting
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
C0a>te (I Assa%lt %>on an/
es!stan$e an/ /!sobe/!en$e to
>esons !n a%t0o!t& an/ t0e! a#ents
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
ART. 1(:. DIRECT ASSAULT
* 9ORMS O9 DIRECT ASSAULT
1. Hitho$t p$!lic $prising b& e">lo&!n#
fo$e o !nt!"!/at!on "or attainment o" an#
o" the p$rposes en$merated in de5ning the
crimes o" re!ellion and sedition ' 1
st
fo",
ELEMENTSI
1. Ofender emplo#s fo$e o
!nt!"!/at!on;
2. A!" o" ofender is to attain an#
o" the p$rposes o" the crime o"
ebell!on o se/!t!on; and
3. %hat there is no >%bl!$
%>!s!n#.
NOTEI Ofended part# here ma# !e a private
person
2. Hitho$t p$!lic $prising b& atta$6!n#<
b& e">lo&!n# fo$e o b& se!o%sl&
!nt!"!/at!n# o b& se!o%sl& es!st!n# an#
person in a$thorit# or an# o" his agents while
engaged in the per"ormance o" o/cial d$ties
or on the occasion o" s$ch per"ormance. &*
n/
fo")
ELEMENTSI
1. Ofender &a) ma2es an atta$6
&!) emplo#s fo$e &c) ma2es a
se!o%s !nt!"!/at!on or &d)
ma2es a se!o%s es!stan$e;
2. Person assa$lted is a >eson !n
a%t0o!t& o 0!s a#ent;
3. At t0e t!"e of t0e assa%lt the
person in a$thorit# or his agent
a. is engaged in the actual
performance of o@cial duties &motive
is not essential); or
!. is assa$lted !# reason of
the past performance o" o/cial
d$ties &motive is essential);
7. %hat the oCen/e 6no1s that
the one he is assa$lting is a
person in a$thorit# or his agent
&with intention to ofend in9$re or
assa$lt); and
8. No >%bl!$ %>!s!n#.
NOTEI Ofended part here is either a person in
a$thorit# o" an agent o" a person in a$thorit#.
RELUIRED DEEREE O9 9ORCE< INTIMIDATION<
OR RESISTANCE 9OR LIABILITY TO ATTACH
UNDER THIS ARTICLE
9ORCE
EMPLOYED
INTIMIDATION
; RESISTANCE
Person in
A%t0o!t&
6eed not !e
serio$s
;erio$s
A#ent 3$st !e o"
se!o%s
character
;erio$s
EENERAL RULE, D!e$t assa%lt !s al1a&s
com1le4ed 'it5 t5e material cone6)ence
o"
the act &2G. direct assa$lt with m$rder).
EOCEPTION, 0" res$lting in a lig5t felon! the
conse+$ent crime is aborbed.
NOTEI
(esistance to the person in a$thorit# or his
agent m$st !e active to constit$te a crime
$nder this article. 0t cannot !e passive as
when one throws himsel" on the gro$nd and
re"$ses to "ollow orders given !# a person in
a$thorit# to move.
E@en 10en t0e >eson !n a%t0o!t& o
t0e a#ent a#ees to 4#0t< direct assa$lt is
still committed.
:ven another person in a$thorit# can !e
g$ilt# o" assa$lt $pon a person in a$thorit#
or his agent. Cowever there can !e no
assa%lt %>on o /!sobe/!en$e to one1s
a$thorit# !# another person in a$thorit# or
his agent when the# bot0 $onten/ that
the# were in the e-ercise o" their respective
/%t!es.
' person in a$thorit# or his agent is not in
the act$al per"ormance o" o/cial d$ties
when he,
o :-ceeds his powers
o Ises $nnecessar# "orce or
violence or
o <escends into matters which are
private in nat$re.
Fnowledge o" the acc$sed that the victim is
a person in a$thorit# or his agent is essential
and s$ch 2nowledge m$st !e alleged in the
in"ormation.
:vidence o" motive o" the ofender is
important when the person in a$thorit# or
his agent who is attac2ed or serio$sl#
intimidated is not in the act$al per"ormance
o" his o/cial d$t#.
<irect assa$lt ma# !e committed $pon a
private person who comes to the aid o" a
person in a$thorit# since he is then
considered an agent o" a person in a$thorit#.
<irect assa$lt cannot !e committed d$ring
re!ellion. Crime o" slight ph#sical in9$ries is
a!sor!ed in direct assa$lt.
LUALI9YINE CIRCUMSTANCES
1. Hhen the assa$lt is committed with a
weapon;
2. Hhen the ofender is a p$!lic o/cer or
emplo#ee; or
CRIMINAL LAW REBIEWER Pa#e +3 of 1.7
3. Hhen the ofender la#s hand $pon a
person in a$thorit#
ART. 1(8. INDIRECT ASSAULT
ELEMENTS
1. ' person in a$thorit# or agent is the victim
o" an# o" the "orms o" direct assa$lt in the
previo$s article.
*. ' person comes to the aid o" s$ch victim
+. Ofender ma2es $se o" "orce or intimidation
$pon s$ch person.
O99ENDED PARTY
3a# !e a private person.
' private person who comes to the resc$e o"
an a$thorit# or his agent en9o#s the
privileges o" the latter.
NOTEI
<irect assa$lt m$st have !een committed
5rst !e"ore this article can !e applica!le.
0" while a person in a$thorit# or his agent is
per"orming his d$t# and someone helps him
and then the helper is attac2ed !# a person
witho$t however attac2ing the person in
a$thorit# or agent it is not indirect assa$lt.
ART. 123. DISOBEDIENCE TO SUMMONS
ISSUED BY THE CONERESS< ITS
COMMITTEES OR SUBCOMMITTEES< BY THE
CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSION< ITS
COMMITTEES< SUBCOMMITTEES< OR
DIBISIONS.
PUNISHABLE ACTS
1. B& ef%s!n#< wBo legal e-c$se to obe&
s%""ons iss$ed !# the Congress or an# o"
its committees or s$!committees
Constit$tional committees or !# an#
commission or committee chairman or
mem!er a$thorized to s$mmon witnesses;
2. Ref%sal o" an# person present !e"ore a
legislative or constit$tional !od# or o/cial
to, to !e s1on or placed $nder a/rmation.
3. B& ef%s!n# to ans1e an# legal
in+$ir#; or to >o/%$e !oo2s doc$ments
records etc. when re+$ired to do so !# the
said !odies in the e-ercise o" their "$nctions;
7. Resta!n!n# another "rom attending as
1!tness in s$ch !od#; or
8. In/%$!n# /!sobe/!en$e to a s$mmons
or re"$sal to !e sworn.
ART.
121. RESISTANCE AND DISOBEDIENCE TO A
PERSON IN AUTHORITY OR THE AEENTS O9
SUCH PERSONS
PUNISHABLE ACTS
1. (esistance or serio$s diso!edience
*. ;imple diso!edience
ELEMENTS O9 RESISTANCE OR SERIOUS
DISOBEDIENCE
1. Person in a$thorit# or his agent is engaged
in per"ormance o" o/cial d$ties
2. %he ofender resists or serio$sl# diso!e#s
3. 'cts o" the ofender are not incl$ded in 'rts.
17@*18J
NOTEI %here can !e no resistance and serio$s
diso!edience on occasion o" the
per"ormance o" o/cial d$ties. %here alwa#s
has to !e an act$al per"ormance o" d$ties
when the resistance or serio$s diso!edience
is made.
ELEMENTS O9 SIMPLE DISOBEDIENCE
1. 'gent is engaged in the per"ormance o"
o/cial d$t# or gives a law"$l order
2. Ofender diso!e#s s$ch d$t#
3. <iso!edience is not o" a serio$s nat$re
6ote, Onl# agents can !e the victims o"
simple diso!edience
DISOBEDIENCE
%he diso!edience m$st !e a "ail$re to
compl# with orders directl# iss$ed !#
a$thorities to the person in the e-ercise o"
o/cial "$nctions.
%he diso!edience contemplated $nder this
article is not diso!edience to a law or a
"ail$re to compl# with some legal provision
%he word Nserio$sO in this article re"ers onl#
to diso!edience and not to resistance.
;erio$s resistance is p$nished $nder 'rt.
17@.
NON)DELIBERATE ATTACK OR EMPLOYMENT
O9 9ORCE
0" it is not deli!erate it is onl# resistance or
serio$s diso!edience.
' non*deli!erate attac2 shows a lac2 o"
intent to ignore disregard or de"# a$thorit#.
NOTEI 6o crime
1. Hhen acc$sed did not have 2nowledge that
the person arresting him was a peace o/cer
and he resisted.
2. Hhen person in a$thorit# or agent e-ceeds
his rights and d$ties.
DISTINEUISHINE DIRECT ASSAULT 9ROM
RESISTANCE AND SERIOUS DISOBEDIENCE
DIRECT ASSAULT RESISTANCE OR
SERIOUS
DISOBEDIENCE
'$thorit#Bagent m$st
!e in per"ormance o"
o/cial d$ties or was
assa$lted !# reason
thereo"
%he persons in
a$thorit# or his agent
m$st !e in act$al
per"ormance o" his
d$ties.
Committed in 7 wa#s,
attac2ing emplo#ing
"orce serio$sl#
intimidating serio$sl#
resisting
Committed onl# !#
resisting or serio$sl#
diso!e#ing a person in
a$thorit# or his agent.
'ttac2 or emplo#ment
o" "orce m$st !e
serio$s and deli!erate
6o "orce is emplo#ed
or i" person resisted is
onl# agent onl# slight
"orce is $sed.
ART. 12*. PERSONS IN AUTHORITY AND
AEENTS O9 PERSONS IN AUTHORITYRWHO
SHALL BE DEEMED AS SUCH
PERSONS IN AUTHORITY
<irectl# vested with 9$risdiction whether as
an individ$al or as a mem!er o" some co$rt
or governmental corporation !oard or
commission
One who has the power or a$thorit# to
govern and e-ec$te laws
6ot ever# p$!lic o/cer is a person in
a$thorit#.
AEENTS
%hose who !# direct provision o" law or !#
election or appointment !# competent
a$thorit# are charged with the maintenance
o" p$!lic order and the protection and
sec$rit# o" li"e.
'n# person who comes to the aid o" persons
in a$thorit#.
TEACHERS< PRO9ESSORS< AND PERSONS
CHAREED WITH THE SUPERBISION O9
PUBLIC OR DULY RECOENISED PRIBATE
SCHOOLS
<eemed persons in a$thorit# "or p$rposes o"
'rts. 17@ 181
6ot deemed persons in a$thorit# "or other
p$rposes $nder the law
(eason, to give teachers protection dignit#
and respect while per"orming their d$ties.
C0a>te 2I P%bl!$ D!so/es
ART. 12+. TUMULTS AND OTHER
DISTURBANCES O9 PUBLIC ORDER
PUNISHABLE ACTS
1. Ca$sing an# serio$s dist$r!ance in a p$!lic
place o/ce or esta!lishment
2. 0nterr$pting or dist$r!ing per"ormances
"$nctions or gatherings or peace"$l
meetings i" the act is not incl$ded in 'rts.
131 and 132
3. 3a2ing an# o$tcr# tending to incite re!ellion
or sedition in an# meeting association or
p$!lic place
7. <ispla#ing placards or em!lems which
provo2e a dist$r!ance o" p$!lic order in s$ch
place
8. 4$r#ing with pomp the !od# o" a person who
has !een legall# e-ec$ted
LUALI9YINE CIRCUMSTANCE
0" the 1
st
or 2
nd
act is t$m$lt$o$s in
character the penalt# ne-t higher in degree
shall !e imposed.
TUMULTUOUS ca$sed !# "oe t0an +
>esons who are armed or provided with
means o" violence.
NOTEI
;erio$s dist$r!ance m$st !e planned or
intended
0" the act o" dist$r!ing or interr$pting a
meeting or religio$s worship is committed !#
a private individ$al or even !# a p$!lic
o/cer who is a participant in the meeting or
religio$s worship which he dist$r!s or
interr$pts this article is applica!le.
%his crime ma# !e comple-ed with ph#sical
in9$ries i" in the co$rse o" ca$sing a
CRIMINAL LAW REBIEWER Pa#e +* of 1.7
dist$r!ance ofenders in9$re other people.
2J
DISTINEUISHINE INCITINE TO SEDITION OR
REBELLION 9ROM PUBLIC DISORDER
INCITINE TO
SEDITION OR
REBELLION
+
RD
ACT
PUNISHABLE
UNDER TUMULTS
AND OTHER
DISTURBANCES O9
PUBLIC DISORDER
3a# !e done thro$gh
speech or writing
<one onl# thro$gh
speech &o$tcr#)
<one with intent to
ind$ce the hearers or
readers to commit the
crime o" re!ellion or
sedition
3ore o" an
$nconscio$s o$t!$rst
which is not
intentionall#
calc$lated to ind$ce
others to commit s$ch
crimes.
%he nat$re o" the speeches in !oth acts are
either re!ellio$s or seditio$s.
ART. 12(. UNLAW9UL USE O9 MEANS O9
PUBLICATION AND UNLAW9UL
UTTERANCES
ACTS PUNISHABLE
0- P$!lishing or ca$sing to !e p$!lished !#
means o" printing lithograph# or an# other
means o" p$!lication as ne1s an& false
ne1s 10!$0 "a& en/an#e t0e >%bl!$
o/e or ca$se damage to the interest or
credit o" the ;tate.
*- En$o%a#!n# /!sobe/!en$e to the law
or to the constit$ted a$thorities or !#
praising 9$sti"#ing or e-tolling an# act
p$nished !# law !# the same means or !#
words $tterances or speeches.
/- Mal!$!o%sl& >%bl!s0!n# o $a%s!n# to
be >%bl!s0e/ an& oD$!al esol%t!on or
doc$ment 1!t0o%t >o>e a$thorit# or
!e"ore the# have !een p$!lished o/ciall#.
7- Printing p$!lishing or distri!$ting or
&ca$sing the same) !oo2s pamphlets
periodicals or leaKets 10!$0 /o not bea
t0e eal >!nteAs na"e< o 10!$0 ae
$lass!4e/ as anon&"o%s-
ART. 122. ALARMS AND SCANDALS
1. D!s$0a#!n# an& 4ea" roc2et
5recrac2er or other e-plosive within an#
town or p$!lic place calc$lated to ca$se
&which prod$ces) alarm or danger.
2. Inst!#at!n# o ta6!n# a$t!@e >at !n
an& $0a!@a! or other disorderl# meeting
20
People v. Bacolod, .& Phil. 1/( as cited in !eyes
ofensive to another or pre9$dicial to p$!lic
tran+$ilit#.
3. <ist$r!ing the p$!lic peace while
1an/e!n# abo%t at n!#0t o 10!le
en#a#e/ !n an& ot0e no$t%nal
a"%se"ent.
7. Ca$sing an& /!st%ban$e o s$an/al
!n >%bl!$ >la$es 10!le !nto?!$ate/ or
otherwise provided the act is not covered !#
'rt. 183 &t$m$lts).
NOTEI
CHARIBARI moc2 serenade or discordant
noises made with 2ettles tin horns etc.
/es!#ne/ to /e!/e< !ns%lt o anno&.
9!ea" m)t not be 1ointed at a
1eron otherwise it is illegal dic5arge
of 8rearm 'At. *2(,.
Gor discharging an# 5rearm etc the act
m$st prod$ce alarm or danger as a
conse+$ence.
Ising 5recrac2ers d$ring 5estas are not
p$nisha!le $nder this article.
ART. 12.. DELIBERINE A PERSON 9ROM GAIL
ELEMENTS
1. Person is con5ned in 9ail or penal
esta!lishment
*. Ofender removes s$ch person there"rom or
helps the escape o" s$ch person.
APPLICABILITY O9 ARTICLE
'pplica!le even i" escapee is merel# a
detention prisoner.
'pplica!le i" escapee came "rom a hospital
or as#l$m as these are considered
e-tensions o" the penal instit$tion.
POSSIBLE O99ENDERS
%his crime is $s$all# committed !# an
o$tsider
3a# !e committed !# an emplo#ee
provided that he does not have c$stod# or
charge o" s$ch a person or is otherwise of
d$t#.
BIOLATION< INTIMIDATION< OR BRIBERY
6ot necessar# elements o" the ofense. %he
ofense can !e committed !# emplo#ing
Nother meansO
%he ofender is penalized with a higher
penalt# i" he commits the crime $sing
violence intimidation or !ri!er#.
4ri!er# as contemplated in this article the
CRIMINAL LAW REBIEWER Pa#e ++ of 1.7
act o" !ri!ing someone as a means to
remove prisoner "rom 9ail not the act o"
accepting a !ri!e.
LIABILITY
Person delivering detainee "rom 9ail ma# !e
held lia!le as an accessor# i" the person
helped has committed treason m$rder or
parricide !eca$se the person delivering
assists in the escape o" the principal.
' prisoner who leaves cannot !e held lia!le
$nder this article.
o 0" he is a prisoner !# 5nal
9$dgement he ma# !e lia!le
$nder 'rt. 18?.
o 0" he is merel# a detention
prisoner he is not lia!le since he
has no sentence to !e evaded.
C0a>te .I E@as!on of se@!$e of
senten$e
ART. 127. EBASION O9 SERBICE O9
SENTENCE
ELEMENTS
1. %hat the ofender is a convict !# 4nal
5%/#"ent;
2. %hat he is se@!n# his sentence which
consists in deprivation o" li!ert# &/est!eo
!n$l%/e/); and
3. %hat he evades the service o" his sentence
!# es$a>!n# d$ring the term o" his sentence
NOTEI
%his is a contin$ing ofense.
%his article does not appl# to minor
delin+$ents detention prisoners or
deportees.
0" the ofender escaped within the 18*da#
appeal period crime is not evasion !eca$se
9$dgment is not #et 5nal.
CIRCUMSTANCES LUALI9YINE THE
O99ENSEI EBASION O9 SENTENCE WAS
DONE THROUEHI
1. Inlaw"$l entr# &!# NscalingO);
2. 4rea2ing doors windows gates walls
roo"s or Koors;
3. Ising pic2loc2s "alse 2e#s disg$ise
deceit violence or intimidation; or
7. Connivance with other convicts or
emplo#ees o" the penal instit$tion.
ART. 12:. EBASION O9 SERBICE O9
SENTENCE ON THE OCCASION O9
DISORDERS< CON9LAERATIONS<
EARTHLUAKES< OR OTHER CALAMITIES
ELEMENTS
1. Ofender is convict !# 5nal 9$dgment
con5ned in a penal instit$tion
2. %here is a disorder res$lting "rom
conKagration earth+$a2e e-plosion similar
catastrophes or a m$tin# in which the
ofender did not participate.
3. %he ofender s$!se+$entl# evades the
service o" his sentence !# leaving the penal
instit$tion
7. Ofender "ails to give himsel" $p to the
a$thorities within 7@ ho$rs "ollowing the
iss$ance o" a proclamation !# the Chie"
:-ec$tive anno$ncing the passing awa# o"
s$ch calamit#.
NOTEI
'pplica!le onl# to convicts !# 5nal
9$dgment.
Convict m$st leave the penal instit$tion. %he
ded$ctions or additions to the penalt#
efected !# this or other articles is not
applica!le to one who did not leave a penal
instit$tion where he is con5ned despite the
e-istence o" s$ch calamities.
Hhat is p$nished is not the leaving o" the
penal instit$tion !$t the "ail$re o" the
convict to give himsel" $p.
MUTINY an organized and $nlaw"$l
resistance to a s$perior o/cer.
o %here is no m$tin# i" the
prisoners disarmed the g$ards
and escaped !eca$se the g$ards
are not their s$perior o/cers.
DEDUCTIONS AND ADDITIONS
1. 0" an escapee s$rrenders himsel" within 7@
ho$rs a"ter the proclamation he is entitled
to a ded$ction o" 1B8 o" his original term as
provided in 'rt. A@
*. 0" an escapee "ails to s$rrender himsel"
within 7@ ho$rs a"ter the proclamation he
will !e sentenced to an additional 1B8 o" his
remaining sentence which in no case shall
e-ceed > months.
ART. 128. OTHER CASES O9 EBASION O9
SERBICE O9 SENTENCE
CRIMINAL LAW REBIEWER Pa#e +( of 1.7
ELEMENTS
1. %hat the ofender was a $on@!$t;
2. %hat he was granted a $on/!t!onal
>a/on !# the Chie" :-ec$tive; and
3. %hat he @!olate/ an# o" the conditions
o" s$ch pardon.
* PENALTIES
1. Prision correccional in its minim$m
period i" the penalt# remitted does not
e-ceed > #ears.
2. %he %ne?>!e/ >ot!on o" his original
sentence i" the penalt# remitted is 0!#0e
t0an . &eas.
NOTEI Ofender m$st have !een "o$nd g$ilt# o"
the s$!se+$ent ofense &thro$gh wBc he violated
his conditional pardon) !e"ore he can !e
prosec$ted $nder this 'rticle. 4$t $nder the
!evised 3dmin. Code no conviction is
necessary. President has the power to arrest
and reincarcerate ofender witho$t trial.
C0a>te 7I Co""!ss!on of anot0e
$!"e /%!n# se@!$e of >enalt&
!">ose/ fo anot0e >e@!o%s oCense
At. 1.3. COMMISSION O9 ANOTHER CRIME
DURINE SERBICE O9 PENALTY IMPOSED
9OR ANOTHER PREBIOUS O99ENSE
ELEMENTS
1. %hat the ofender was alread# convicted !#
5nal 9$dgment o" one ofense
2. %hat he committed a new "elon# !e"ore
!eginning to serve s$ch sentence or while
serving the same.
LUASI)RECIDIBISM
;pecial aggravating circ$mstance. %he efect
is to impose the ma-im$m period applica!le
"or the s$!se+$ent "elon#.
Cannot !e ofset !# ordinar# mitigating
circ$mstances !$t onl# privileged ones
s$ch as minorit#.
W$asi recidivism involves two crimes.
o %he 1
st
one ma# !e an# crime
whether p$nished $nder the (PC
or special laws.
o %he 2
nd
one which is committed
!e"ore serving sentence "or the
5rst one or while serving the
same sho$ld !e a "elon#.
%his is !eca$se 'rt. 1>J spea2s o"
Nthe ma-im$m periodO o" the
penalt# prescri!ed !# law "or the
new "elon#.
Penalties prescri!ed !# special
laws have no periods $nli2e
"elonies in the (PC.
o <oes not re+$ire that !oth crimes
are em!raced in the same title o"
the Code.
<iferent "rom reiteracion which re+$ires
that the ofender 5rst 5nishes serving o$t his
sentence !e"ore committing another crime.
<iferent "rom recidivism where the 5rst and
second ofense m$st !e em!raced in the
same title o" the Code.
PARDON
Hhen one reaches the age o" ?J and he has
served o$t his original sentence he ma# !e
pardoned.
Ce ma# also !e pardoned i" he 5nishes
serving the original sentence onl# a"ter he
reaches ?J.
(easons "or not pardoning person
1. Ca!it$al criminal
2. Or i" his cond$ct or other
circ$mstances shows he is
not worth# o" s$ch clemenc#.
+. CRIMES AEAINST PUBLIC ORDER
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
(. C!"es A#a!nst P%bl!$
Inteest
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
C0a>te 1I 9o#e!es
Se$. 1 K 9o#!n# t0e seal of t0e
#o@en"ent of t0e
P0!l!>>!ne Islan/s< t0e
s!#nat%e o sta"> of
t0e C0!ef E?e$%t!@e
Se$. * K Co%ntefe!t!n# Co!ns
Se$. + K 9o#!n# teas%& o ban6
notes< obl!#at!ons an/
se$%!t!esH !">ot!n# an/
%tte!n# false o fo#e/ notes<
obl!#at!ons an/ se$%!t!es
Se$. ( K 9als!4$at!on of le#!slat!@e<
>%bl!$< $o""e$!al< an/
>!@ate /o$%"ents< an/
1!eless< tele#a>0< an/
tele>0one "essa#e
Se$.2 K 9als!4$at!on of "e/!$al
$et!4$ates< $et!4$ates
of "e!t o se@!$es an/ t0e
l!6e
Se$.. K Man%fa$t%!n#< !">ot!n#
an/ >ossess!on of !nst%"ents
o !">le"ents !nten/e/ fo
t0e $o""!ss!on of
fals!4$at!on
R.A. 81:(
C0a>te *I Ot0e 9als!t!es
Se$. 1 K Us%>at!on of a%t0o!t&<
an6< t!tle< an/ !">o>e %se of
na"es< %n!fo"s an/ !ns!#n!a
CA No. 1(*
Se$. * K 9alse test!"on&
C0a>te +I 9a%/s
Se$.1 K Ma$0!nat!ons<
"ono>ol!es an/ $o"b!nat!ons
Se$. * K 9a%/s !n $o""e$e an/
!n/%st&
C0a>te 1I 9o#e!es
SECTION 1 K 9OREINE THE SEAL O9 THE
EOBERNMENT O9 THE PHILIPPINE
ISLANDS< THE SIENATURE OR THE
STAMP O9 THE CHIE9 EOECUTIBE
ART. 1.1. COUNTER9EITINE THE EREAT
SEAL O9 THE EOBERNMENT O9 THE
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS< 9OREINE THE
SIENATURE OR STAMP O9 THE CHIE9
EOECUTIBE
ACTS PUNISHABLE
1. Gorging the Great ;eal
2. G
orging the signat$re
3. Gorging the stamp
NOTEI
Hhen the signat$re o" the President is
"orged it is not "alsi5cation !$t "orging o"
signat$re o" the Chie" :-ec$tive $nder this
article.
ART. 1.*. USINE 9OREED SIENATURE OR
COUNTER9EIT SEAL OR STAMP
ELEMENTS
1. Great seal was co$nter"eited or
signat$reBstamp "orged.
2. Ofender 2new o" s$ch co$nter"eiting or
"orger#
3. Ofender $ses s$ch "a2e seal stamp or
signat$re
NOTEI
%he ofender in this article sho$ld not !e the
one who did the co$nter"eiting or "orger#
otherwise he will !e lia!le $nder the
previo$s paragraph.
Ofender is p$nished $nder this article with a
penalt# one degree lower than that provided
in the ne-t preceding article even i" his act
is that o" an accessor# to the crime o"
co$nter"eiting the great seal or "orging the
stamp or signat$re.
SECTION * K COUNTER9EITINE COINS
ART. 1.+. MAKINE< UTTERINE< AND
IMPORTINE 9ALSE COINS
ELEMENTS
1. %here are "alse or co$nter"eited coins
2. Ofender made imported or $ttered said
coins
3. 0n case o" $ttering ofender sho$ld !e in
connivance with either co$nter"eiter o"
importer
NOTEI
' coin is co$nter"eit i" it is "orged or i" it is
not a$thorized !# the government as legal
tender regardless i" it is o" intrinsic val$e.
Co$nter"eiting is the imitation o" legal or
gen$ine coin s$ch as to deceive an ordinar#
person in !elieving it to !e gen$ine.
%o $tter is to pass co$nter"eited coins
deliver or give awa#.
%o import is to !ring them into port.
0mportation is complete even !e"ore entr# at
CRIMINAL LAW REBIEWER Pa#e +. of 1.7
the C$stoms Co$se.
%his article also applies to P0!l!>>!ne $o!ns<
foe!#n state $o!ns< an/ $o!ns
1!t0/a1n fo" $!$%lat!on. %his does not
re+$ire that the coins co$nter"eited !e legal
tender.
ART. 1.( K MUTILATION O9 COINSH
IMPORTATION AND UTTERANCE O9 COINS
ACTS PUNISHABLE
1. M%t!lat!n# $o!ns o" legal c$rrenc# with the
"$rther re+$irement that there !e !ntent to
/a"a#e or to de"ra$d another.
*. I">ot!n# o %tte!n# s%$0 m$tilated coin
with the "$rther re+$irement that there m$st
!e $onn!@an$e 1!t0 t0e "%t!lato or
importer in case o" $ttering.
NOTEI
3$tilation is to ta2e of part o" the metal
either !# 5ling it or s$!stit$ting it "or
another metal o" in"erior +$alit# to
/!"!n!s0 b& !n#en!o%s "eans t0e "etal
in the coin.
9oe!#n notes an/ $o!ns not
!n$l%/e/ %n/e t0!s at!$le. 3$tilation
m$st !e o" #5ili11ine legal tender-
%here m$st !e !ntent!on to m$tilate.
ART. 1.2. SELLINE O9 9ALSE OR MUTILATED
COINS WITHOUT CONNIBANCE
ACTS PUNISHABLE
1. Possession with intent to $tter coin
co$nter"eited or m$tilated !# another.
*. 'ct$all# $ttering while 2nowing coins to !e
"alse or m$tilated.
ELEMENTS O9 ACT NO. 1
1. Possession
a. Covers possession in general
"rom act$al possession to
constr$ctive possession
2. 0ntent to $tter
3. Fnowledge that the coins are
"orgedBm$tilated
ELEMENTS O9 ACT NO. *
1. 'ct$all# $ttering s$ch coins
2. Fnowledge that the coins are
"orgedBm$tilated.
LEEAL TENDER
1. %his article does not re+$ire that the coin
!eing $ttered is legal tender
2. 4$t i" the coin !eing $ttered or possessed is
a m$tilated coin it m$st !e legal tender
!eca$se o" 'rt. 1>8
P%n!s0!n# >ossess!on an/ %ttean$e
1. %he possession or $tterance p$nished $nder
this article is that which is done witho$t
connivance with the original "orgers
m$tilators or importers.
*. 0" along with possession or $tterance one is
also the a$thor or the m$tilation or "orger#
he will !e lia!le $nder either 'rts. 1>7 or
1>8.
+. Possession and $tterance m$st alwa#s !e
with the 2nowledge that these are "orged or
m$tilated coins. Fnowledge need not !e
e-pressed !$t ma# !e in"erred "rom acts o"
the ofender.
SECTION + K 9OREINE TREASURY OR
BANK NOTES< OBLIEATIONS AND
SECURITIESH IMPORTINE AND UTTERINE
9ALSE OR 9OREED NOTES< OBLIEATIONS
AND SECURITIES
ART. 1... 9OREINE TREASURY OR BANK
NOTES< OR OTHER DOCUMENTS PAYABLE
TO BEARERH IMPORTINE AND UTTERINE
SUCH 9ALSE OR 9OREED NOTES OR
DOCUMENTS
ACTS PUNISHABLE
1. Gorging or "alsi5cation o" treas$r# or !an2ing
notes or other doc$ments
*. 0mportation o" s$ch "alse or "orged
o!ligations or notes
+. Ittering s$ch in connivance with the "orgers
or importers
NOTEI
Gorging is committed !# giving a treas$r# or
!an2 note or an# instr$ment pa#a!le to
!earer or order an appearance o" a tr$e and
gen$ine doc$ment.
Galsi5cation is committed !# erasing
s$!stit$ting co$nter"eiting or altering !#
an# means the 5g$res and letters words
signs contained therein.
Gorging P"B chec9s is not incl$ded $nder
this article. %hat is falsifcation of
commercial document under 3rticle ()/.
O!ligation or sec$rit# incl$des !onds
certi5cate o" inde!tedness !ills national
!an2 notes co$pons treas$r# notes
certi5cates o" deposit chec2s dra"ts "or
mone# and sweepsta2es mone#.
ART. 1.7. COUNTER9EITINE< IMPORTINE<
OR UTTERINE INSTRUMENTS NOT PAYABLE
TO BEARER
ELEMENTS
1. %here is an instr$ment pa#a!le to order or
other doc$ment not pa#a!le to !earer
2. %he ofender "orges s$ch doc$ment or
imports or $tters s$ch "orged instr$ment.
3. 0n case o" $ttering the ofender is in
connivance with the "orgers or importers
ART. 1.:. ILLEEAL POSSESSION AND USE
O9 9ALSE TREASURY OR BANK NOTES AND
OTHER INSTRUMENTS O9 CREDIT
ELEMENTS
1. <oc$ments in the preceding articles are
"orged or "alsi5ed !# another person
2. Ofender 2nows them to !e "orged or
"alsi5ed
3. Ce $ses them or possesses them with intent
to $se
NOTEI
%he act so$ght to !e p$nished is
2nowingl# possessing with intent to $se an#
o" s$ch "orged treas$r# or !an2 notes.
%he acc$sed has the !$rden to give a
satis"actor# e-planation o" his possession o"
"orged !ills. 3ere possession o" "alse mone#
!ill witho$t intent to $se it to the damage o"
another is not a crime.
' person in possession o" "alsi5ed
doc$ment and who ma2es $se o" the same is
pres$med to !e material a$thor o"
"alsi5cation.
ART. 1.8. HOW 9OREERY IS COMMITTED
WAYS 9OREERY IS COMMITTED
1. Giving an# doc$ment mentioned in
preceding articles the appearance o" a
tr$eBgen$ine doc$ment
2. :rasing s$!stit$ting co$nter"eiting or
altering what is in the doc$ment.
SECTION ( K 9ALSI9ICATION O9
LEEISLATIBE< PUBLIC< COMMERCIAL< AND
PRIBATE DOCUMENTS< AND WIRELESS
TELEERAPH AND TELEPHONE MESSAEES
ART. 173. 9ALSI9ICATION O9 LEEISLATIBE
DOCUMENTS
ELEMENTS
1. %here is a !ill resol$tion or ordinance
enacted approved or pending approval !#
Congress or an# provincial or m$nicipal
co$ncilB!oard.
*. %he ofender alters it
+. Ce has no proper a$thorit# to do so
(. 'lteration has changed the meaning o" the
doc$ment
NOTEI
%he !ill resol$tion or ordinance m$st !e
gen$ine. %his article does not cover a
"a!ricated or sim$lated legislative
doc$ment.
Ofender can !e an# person "or as long as
he has no a$thorit#.
%his article onl# p$nishes alteration which
changes its meaning. 'n# other tampering
with legislative doc$ments is covered $nder
'rt. 1?1 or 1?2.
ART. 171. 9ALSI9ICATION BY PUBLIC
O99ICER OR EMPLOYEE< OR NOTARY OR
ECCLESIASTICAL MINISTER
ELEMENTS
1. OCen/eI P$!lic o/cer emplo#ee
ecclesiastical minister or notar# p$!lic
2. %a2es advantage o" his o/cial position
3. Galsi5es a doc$ment !# committing an# o"
the acts mentioned in the article
7. 0n case the ofender is an ecclesiastical
minister that the "alsi5cation !e committed
with respect to civil stat$s o" persons.
TAKES ADBANTAEE O9 O99ICIAL POSITION
1. Ce has d$t# to ma2e or prepare or
otherwise intervene in a preparation o" a
doc$ment
*. Ce has the o/cial c$stod# o" the doc$ments
which he "alsi5es
DOCUMENT
1. 'n# written statement !# which a right is
esta!lished or an o!ligation e-ting$ished.
*. 3$st !e complete or have the appearance o"
a tr$e and gen$ine doc$ment
+. 3$st !e o" apparent legal e/cac#
(. Pars. > @ and the second part o" par. ?
re+$ire a gen$ine doc$ment while the
others do not.
1
ST
ACTI COUNTER9EITINE OR IMITATINE
ANY SIENATURE< HANDWRITINE OR RUBRIC
CRIMINAL LAW REBIEWER Pa#e +: of 1.7
* WAYS UNDER THIS PARAERAPH
1. COUNTER9EITINE imitating an#
handwriting signat$re or r$!ric
*. 9EIENINE sim$lating a signat$re
handwriting or r$!ric o$t o" one which does
not e-ist.
RELUISITES
1. 0ntent or attempt to imitate
*. ;ome resem!lance !etween the gen$ine
and "orged handwriting signat$re or r$!ric
INTENT
1. 0" there is s$/cient resem!lance !etween
the gen$ine and the "orged signat$res it can
!e concl$ded that the acc$sed had intention
to imitate signat$re.
*. %here can !e no NintentO to co$nter"eit or
imitate i" the person had a$thorit# to sign.
RESEMBLANCE
1. 0mitation need not !e per"ect.
*. (esem!lance m$st !e s$ch that is li2el# to
deceive an ordinar# person dealing with the
doc$ment
*
ND
ACTI CAUSINE IT TO APPEAR THAT
PERSONS HABE PARTICIPATED IN ANY ACT
OR PROCEEDINE WHEN THEY IN 9ACT DID
NOT SO PARTICIPATE.
ELEMENTS
1. Ofender ca$sed it to appear in a doc$ment
that a person has participated in an act or
proceeding.
*. Persons did not in "act participate.
NOTEI
0mitation o" a signat$re is not re+$ired in this
article.
0" per"ormed !# a private person as with all
acts $nder 'rt. 1?1 'rt. 1?2 sho$ld !e
applied.
+
RD
ACTI ATTRIBUTINE TO PERSONS WHO
HABE PARTICIPATED IN AN ACT OR
PROCEEDINE STATEMENTS OTHER THAN
THOSE IN 9ACT MADE BY THEM
ELEMENTS
1. Persons participated in an act or proceeding
*. Persons made statements in that
proceeding.
+. Ofender attri!$ted to s$ch person or
persons statements other than those in "act
made.
(
TH
ACTI MAKINE UNTRUTH9UL
STATEMENTS IN A NARRATION O9 9ACTS
ELEMENTS
1. Ofender ma2es narration o" "acts
2. %here was a legal o!ligation to disclose the
tr$th
3. Gacts narrated are a!sol$tel# "alse
7. Hrong"$l intent o" in9$ring a third person
NARRATION O9 9ACTS
1. 3$st !e narration o" "acts not concl$sions o"
law
2. <oes not incl$de mista2es in 9$dgment
LEEAL OBLIEATION
1. %here is a law re+$iring the disclos$re o" the
tr$th o" the "acts narrated
2. 0" the law does not re+$ire a piece o"
in"ormation even i" acc$sed lied a!o$t that
in"o he is not lia!le.
3. Eegal o!ligation is inherent in residenc#
certi5cate.
ABSOLUTELY 9ALSE
1. Ofender m$st !e aware o" "alsit#
2. 0" the statements are not altogether "alse
there !eing some colo$ra!le tr$th in s$ch
statements the crime o" "alsi5cation is not
deemed to have !een committed.
WRONE9UL INTENT
1. ' person is not g$ilt# i" he was not animated
!# desire to do wrong or to in9$re a third
person.
2. Good "aith is a de"ense. 0" ofender !elieved
what he p$t was tr$e he is not lia!le.
OTHER NOTES
1. :ven i" consent "or contract was o!tained !#
violence it does not ma2e "acts narrated in
it "alse.
*. %here can !e "alsi5cation !# omission.
2
TH
ACTI ALTERINE TRUE DATES
NOTEI
%here is "alsi5cation onl# when the date
mentioned in the doc$ment is essential.
Change o" date m$st afect the veracit# o"
the doc$ment or the efectsBmeaning
thereo".
.
TH
ACTI MAKINE ANY ALTERATION OR
INTERCALATION IN A EENUINE DOCUMENT
WHICH CHANEES ITS MEANINE
ELEMENTS
1. 'lteration &change) or intercalation
&insertion) on a doc$ment.
*. 3ade on a gen$ine doc$ment
+. 'lteration or intercalation has changed its
meaning
(. 3eaning o" the doc$ment is now "alse.
CHANEES ITS MEANINE
1. Change the efects which it wo$ld otherwise
prod$ce
*. Inless that happens there co$ld not e-ist
an essential element or intention to commit
a crime.
MEANINE IS NOW 9ALSE
1. 'lteration which spea2s the tr$th is not
"alsi5cation
*. 3$st !e alterationBintercalation which ca$ses
the instr$ment to spea2 a lang$age diferent
in legal efect "rom what it originall# spo2e.
7
TH
ACTI ISSUINE IN AN AUTHENTICATED
9ORM A DOCUMENT PURPORTINE TO BE A
COPY O9 AN ORIEINAL DOCUMENT WHEN
NO SUCH ORIEINAL EOISTS< OR INCLUDINE
IN SUCH A COPY A STATEMENT CONTRARY
TO< OR DI99ERENT 9ROM< THAT O9 THE
EENUINE ORIEINAL
O99ENDER
1. Committed onl# !# a p$!lic o/cer or notar#
p$!lic who ta2es advantage o" his o/cial
position.
*. 0" private individ$al is in conspirac# with
ofender he is g$ilt# o" this crime and inc$rs
the same lia!ilit# and penalt# as p$!lic
o/cer.
INTENT TO EAIN OR PREGUDICE
1. %he idea o" gain or intent to ca$se damage
to a third person is not necessar#.
*. 0t is the o/cial character o" the ofender
which is mainl# ta2en into consideration.
+. 0nterest o" the comm$nit# which is intended
to !e g$aranteed.
:
TH
ACTI INTERCALATINE ANY INSTRUMENT
OR NOTE RELATIBE TO THE ISSUANCE
THEREO9 IN A PROTOCOL< REEISTRY< OR
O99ICIAL BOOK.
NOTEI
C
ontemplates the changing entries in records
s$ch as the local civil registr#.
3alicio$s intent not necessar#
ART. 17*. 9ALSI9ICATION BY PRIBATE
INDIBIDUAL AND USE O9 9ALSI9IED
DOCUMENTS
ACTS PUNISHABLE
1. Galsi5cation o" p$!lic o/cial or commercial
doc$ment !# private individ$al.
*. Galsi5cation o" private doc$ment !# an#
person.
+. Ise o" "alsi5ed doc$ment in a 9$dicial
proceeding or to the pre9$dice o" another in
an# other proceeding.
ELEMENTS O9 ACT NO.1
1. OCen/eI private individ$al or p$!lic o/cer
not ta2ing advantage o" position.
2. Committed an# act o" "alsi5cation $nder 'rt.
1?1
a. E?$e>t!onI Par.? which !#
de5nition cannot !e committed
!# private individ$alBp$!lic
o/cer not ta2ing advantage o"
position. a$thentication
3. P$!licBo/cialBcommercial doc$ment.
ELEMENTS O9 ACT NO.*
1. Ofender committed an# o" the acts o"
"alsi5cation.
2. Private doc$ment.
3. <amage to a third part# or at least intent to
ca$se s$ch damage.
a. 6eed not !e material
b. <amage to one1s honor is incl$ded
$. :fect need not !e to pro5t ofender "or
as long as it damaged another.
ELEMENTS O9 ACT NO.+ 'GUDICIAL
PROCEEDINE,
1. Ofender 2new doc$ment was "alsi5ed !#
another
*. <oc$ment is em!raced in 'rt. 1?1 or nos. 1
or 2 o" 'rt. 1?2
+. 0ntrod$ced in evidence in 9$dicial proceeding
ELEMENTS O9 ACT NO.+ 'ANY OTHER
PROCEEDINE,
1. Ofender 2new doc$ment was "alsi5ed !#
another
*. :m!raced in 'rt. 1?1 or nos. 1 or 2 o" 'rt.
1?2
+. Ised s$ch doc$ment &not in 9$dicial
CRIMINAL LAW REBIEWER Pa#e (3 of 1.7
proceeding)
(. Ise ca$sed damage to another or it was
$sed with intent to ca$se s$ch damage.
DAMAEE OR INTENT TO DAMAEE A THIRD
PARTY
1. Onl# necessar# when "alsi"#ing private
doc$ments or $sing an# "alsi5ed doc$ment
in proceedings other than 9$dicial
proceedings.
*. 6ot necessar# when "alsi"#ing a p$!lic
o/cial or commercial doc$ment.
+. 'lso not necessar# when doc$ments are
$sed in 9$dicial proceedings.
( KINDS O9 DOCUMENTS
1. P$!lic doc$ment
a. 0ss$ed !# p$!lic o/cial in
response to the e-igencies o"
p$!lic service.
!. P$!lic o/cial intervened in
e-ec$tion.
c. '$thorized !# a notar# p$!lic or a
competent p$!lic o/cial with
re+$ired solemnities.
2. O/cial doc$ment
a. 0ss$ed !# a p$!lic o/cial in the
e-ercise o" the "$nctions o" his
o/ce.
!. 'll pleadings 5led with the co$rt
are p$!lic or o/cial doc$ments.
3. Commercial doc$ment
a. <e5ned and reg$lated !# Code o"
Commerce
!. Promote or "acilitate trade.
c. Cash dis!$rsement vo$chers not
incl$ded.
7. 'll other writings are private.
PRIBATE DOCUMENTS CONSIDERED PUBLIC
1. <eed which was privatel# "alsi5ed !$t then
presented to the notar# p$!lic !# the "alsi5er
"or ac2nowledgment.
2. 0" private doc$ment !ecomes part o" an
o/cial record and is certi5ed !# a p$!lic
o/cer d$l# a$thorized !# law.
PRESUMPTIONS
1. Possessor and $tterer o" a "alsi5ed doc$ment
is pres$med to !e the a$thor o" the
"alsi5cation.
2. :speciall# i" acc$sed has s$/cient and
strong motive.
a. N%he "act that petitioner
!ene5tted and even pro5ted "rom
the "alsi5ed notarized (elease o"
(eal :state 3ortgage are strong
indications that she participated
in the "alsi5cation o" the same
doc$ment.O
21
COMPLEOED WITH ESTA9A
1. %here is a comple- crime o" "alsi5cation o" a
p$!lic o/cial or commercial doc$ment
with esta"a.
2. %here is no s$ch comple- crime i" what is
involved is a private doc$ment.
a. (eason, %o !e p$nisha!le
"alsi5ed private doc$ments need
to !e accompanied !# damage
or intent to damage a third
person. Hhat wo$ld !e damage
"rom an act constit$ting esta"a
act$all# merel# cons$mmates the
crime o" "alsi5cation o" a private
doc$ment.
!. <isting$ish "rom a p$!lic
doc$ment which needs no
damage to a third part# to !e
p$nisha!le. 'n# damage
res$lting "rom s$ch $se o" the
doc$ment co$ld !e attri!$ted to
a separate crime s$ch as esta"a
!eca$se damage is not an
element o" "alsi5cation o" a p$!lic
doc$ment.
DISTINEUISHINE PRIBATE 9ROM PUBLIC
DOCUMENT
PRIBATE PUBLIC;O99ICIAL
Pre9$dice to a third
part# is primaril#
ta2en into acco$nt
Principal thing p$nished
is the violation o" p$!lic
"aith and the
preservation o" tr$th
which the doc$ment
solemnl# proclaims
0" s$ch damage is not
apparent or there is
at least no intention
to ca$se it the
"alsi5cation is not
p$nisha!le
0mmaterial whether or
not some pre9$dice has
!een ca$sed to third
persons.
NOTEI
Galsi5cation is cons$mmated the moment
the gen$ine doc$ment is altered or the
moment the "alse doc$ment is e-ec$ted.
%here ma# !e a "r$strated stage i"
"alsi5cation is imper"ect.
Isage which is not an element o"
"alsi5cation is p$nished separatel# "rom
21
"ierva v. People, .!. "o. (-'('' </%%1=
act$al "alsi5cation.
o 0t cannot !e deemed necessaril#
incl$ded in the crime o"
"alsi5cation o" a p$!lic doc$ment
!# a p$!lic o/cer or emplo#ee or
!# a private person.
o 3a# !e a lesser ofense.
ART. 17+. 9ALSI9ICATION O9 WIRELESS<
CABLE< TELEERAPH< AND TELEPHONE
MESSAEES< AND USE O9 9ALSI9IED
MESSAEES
ACTS PUNISHABLE
1. Ittering 5ctitio$s messages
2. Galsi"#ing messages
3. Ising "alsi5ed messages
ELEMENTS O9 ACT NO.1 AND NO.*
1. Ofender is an o/cer or emplo#ee o"
Government or o" private corporation
engaged in service o" sending or receiving
wireless ca!le or telephone messages
2. %he ofender either
a. Itters a 5ctitio$s message
b. Galsi5es a message
ELEMENTS O9 ACT NO.+
1. 'cc$sed 2new messages were "alsi5ed
*. 'cc$sed $sed s$ch "alsi5ed dispatch
+. (es$lted in pre9$dice o" third part# or there
was intent to pre9$dice.
PRIBATE INDIBIDUAL
1. Cannot commit the 5rst two acts !# direct
participation $nless he is an emplo#ee o" a
corporation engaged in telecomm$nications
services.
*. Can !e held g$ilt# as a principal !#
ind$cement i" he ind$ced s$ch p$!lic or
government emplo#ee to per"orm
p$nisha!le acts.
+. Connection with telecomm$nications
networ2 is not necessar# to commit third
act. 'n# person can !e held lia!le "or the
$se o" "alsi5ed dispatch.
SECTION 2 K 9ALSI9ICATION O9 MEDICAL
CERTI9ICATES< CERTI9ICATES O9 MERIT<
SERBICE< AND THE LIKE
ART. 17( K 9ALSE MEDICAL CERTI9ICATE<
9ALSE CERTI9ICATES O9 MERIT OR
SERBICE< ETC.
PERSONS LIABLE
1. Ph#sician or s$rgeon "or "alsi"#ing a medical
certi5cate
*. P$!lic o/cer "or "alsi"#ing a certi5cate o"
merit service good cond$ct or other similar
circ$mstances.
+. Private individ$al "or "alsi"#ing an# o" the
doc$ments mentioned in the 5rst two acts.
TSIMILAR CIRCUMSTANCESU
1. ;imilar to merit service or good cond$ct.
*. %h$s certi5cates pertaining to ownership o"
propert# are not incl$ded.
ART. 172 K USINE O9 9ALSE CERTI9ICATES
ELEMENTS
1. Crime in 'rt. 1?7 has !een committed !#
another person
*. Ofender 2new o" the "alsi5ed nat$re o" the
certi5cate
+. Ofender $sed s$ch "alse certi5cate
SCOPE
1. %his article onl# applies to $se o" those
"alsi5ed doc$ments covered !# 'rt. 1?7.
*. %his article applies even i" the "alsi5ed
doc$ments were $sed in a 9$dicial
proceeding.
SECTION . K MANU9ACTURINE<
IMPORTINE< AND POSSESSION O9
INSTRUMENTS OR IMPLEMENTS
ART. 17. K MANU9ACTURINE AND
POSSESSION O9 INSTRUMENTS OR
IMPLEMENTS 9OR 9ALSI9ICATION
ACTS PUNISHABLE
1. 3a2ing or introd$cing into the co$ntr#
implements and instr$ments "or
co$nter"eitingB"alsi5cation
2. Possessing items made or imported !#
another person with intent to $se the same.
a. 0ncl$des constr$ctive possession
b. :ither act$al ownership or mere
control
IMPLEMENTS CON9ISCATED
1. 6ot necessar# that the# "orm a complete set
"or co$nter"eiting
2. :no$gh that the# ma# !e emplo#ed !#
themselves or together with other
implements to commit the crime o"
co$nter"eiting or "alsi5cation
CRIMINAL LAW REBIEWER Pa#e (* of 1.7
R.A. 81:(I THE EOBERNMENT
PROCUREMENT ACT
'THE NEW PUBLIC BIDDINE LAW,
PUNISHABLE ACTS
1. %hose committed !# p$!lic o/cers
a. Open an# sealed 4id and an# and
all doc$ments re+$ired to !e
sealed or div$lging their
contents prior to the appointed
time "or the p$!lic opening o"
4ids or other doc$ments.
!. <ela#ing witho$t 9$sti5a!le ca$se
an# o" the "ollowing !e#ond the
prescri!ed periods,
i. ;creening "or eligi!ilit#
ii. Opening "or !ids
iii. :val$ation and post eval$ation "or
!ids
iv. 'warding o" contracts
c. Ind$l# inK$encing or e-erting
$nd$e press$re on an# mem!er
o" the 4'C or an# o/cer or
emplo#ee o" the proc$ring entit#
to ta2e a partic$lar !idder.
d. ;plitting o" contracts which
e-ceed proced$ral p$rchase
limits and cooperative !idding
e. '!$sing e-ercise o" power to
re9ect an# and all !ids with
mani"est pre"erence to an# !idder
who is closel# related to him.
". 6ote, i" an# o" the "oregoing acts
are done in coll$sion with private
individ$als the private
individ$als shall !e li2ewise lia!le
"or the ofense. ;$ch private
individ$al shall !e permanentl#
dis+$ali5ed "rom transacting
!$siness with the government.
2. %hose committed !# private individ$als
&'ccompanied !# permanent
dis+$ali5cation "rom transacting !$siness
with the government and temporar# to
perpet$al dis+$ali5cation "rom p$!lic o/ce)
i. Hhen two or more !idders agree and
s$!mit diferent 4ids as i" the# were
!ona 5de when the# 2new that one or
more o" them was so m$ch higher than
the other that it co$ld not !e honestl#
accepted and that the contract will
s$rel# !e awarded to the pre*arranged
lowest 4id.
ii. Hhen a !idder malicio$sl# s$!mits
diferent 4ids thro$gh two or more
persons corporations partnerships or
an# other !$siness entit# in which he
has interest to create the appearance
o" competition that does not in "act
e-ist so as to !e ad9$dged as the
winning !idder.
iii. Hhen two or more !idders enter into
an agreement which call $pon one to
re"rain "rom !idding "or Proc$rement
contracts or which call "or withdrawal
o" !ids alread# s$!mitted or which are
otherwise intended to sec$re as $nd$e
advantage to an# one o" them.
iv. Hhen a !idder !# himsel" or in
connivance with others emplo#
schemes which tend to restrain the
nat$ral rivalr# o" the parties or
operates to stiKe or s$ppress
competition and th$s prod$ce a res$lt
disadvantageo$s to the p$!lic.
!. Other acts
i. ;$!mit eligi!ilit# re+$irements o"
whatever 2ind and nat$re that
contain "alse in"ormation or "alsi5ed
doc$ments calc$lated to inK$ence
the o$tcome o" the eligi!ilit#
screening process or conceal s$ch
in"ormation in the eligi!ilit#
re+$irements when the in"ormation
will lead to a declaration o"
ineligi!ilit# "rom participating in
p$!lic !idding.
ii. ;$!mit 4idding <oc$ments o"
whatever 2ind and nat$re than
contain "alse in"ormation or "alsi5ed
doc$ments or conceal s$ch
in"ormation in the 4idding
<oc$ments in order to inK$ence the
o$tcome o" the p$!lic !idding.
iii. Participate in a p$!lic !idding $sing
the name o" another or allow another
to $se oneSs name "or the p$rpose o"
participating in a p$!lic !idding.
iv. Hithdraw a 4id a"ter it shall have
+$ali5ed as the Eowest Calc$lated
4idBCighest (ated 4id or to accept
and award witho$t 9$st ca$se or "or
the p$rpose o" "orcing the Proc$ring
:ntit# to award the contract to
another !idder. %his shall incl$de the
non*s$!mission o" re+$irements s$ch
as !$t not limited to per"ormance
sec$rit# preparator# to the 5nal
award o" the contract.
3. Hhen the !idder is a 9$ridical entit# criminal
lia!ilit# and the accessor# penalties shall !e
CRIMINAL LAW REBIEWER Pa#e (+ of 1.7
imposed on its directors o/cers or
emplo#ees who act$all# commit an# o" the
"oregoing acts.
GURISDICTION
=$risdiction over the ofenses de5ned $nder this
'rticle shall !elong to the appropriate co$rts
according to laws e-isting at the time o" the
commission o" the ofenses.
C0a>te *I Ot0e fals!t!es
SECTION 1 K USURPATION O9 AUTHORITY<
RANK< TITLE< AND IMPROPER USE O9
NAMES< UNI9ORMS< AND INSIENIA
ART. 177. USURPATION O9 AUTHORITY AND
O99ICIAL 9UNCTIONS
ACTS PUNISHABLE
1. Is$rpation o" a$thorit# 2nowingl# and
"alsel# representing onesel" to !e an o/cer
etc.
a. 3ere act o" 2nowingl# and "alsel#
representing onesel" to !e an
o/cer etc. is s$/cient.
!. 0t is not necessar# that he
per"orms an act pertaining to a
p$!lic o/cer
2. Is$rpation o" o/cial "$nctions doing an#
act pertaining to an# p$!lic o/cer etc.
witho$t !eing a$thorized to do so.
a. :ssential that ofender sho$ld
have per"ormed act pertaining to
p$!lic o/cer
REPRESENTATION
1. 3$st !e positive e-press and e-plicit
*. 3$st represent o/cers named in article and
not 9$st an# a$thorit# 5g$re
+. (
epresentation ma# !e shown in acts and not
9$st words.
O99ENDERS
1. %his article ma# !e violated !# !oth private
and p$!lic o/cers.
ART. 17:. USINE 9ICTITIOUS NAME AND
CONCEALINE TRUE NAME
PUNISHABLE ACTS
1. Ising 5ctitio$s name
*. Concealing tr$e name and other personal
circ$mstances
1. Ofender $ses a 5ctitio$s name
2. ;$ch name is $sed p$!licl#
3. P$rpose is
a. Conceal a crime
b. :vade e-ec$tion o" 9$dgment
$. Ca$ses damage to p$!lic interest
1. Ofender conceals tr$e name and other
personal circ$mstances
*. P$rpose is to conceal identit#
9ICTITIOUS
NAME
CONCEALINE TRUE
NAME
:lement o" p$!licit#
m$st !e present
P$!licit# element not
necessar#
3 possi!le p$rposes Onl# 1 p$rpose, conceal
tr$e identit#
C.A. 1(* AS AMENDED BY R.A. .3:2I
THE ANTI ALIAS LAW
PROHIBITED ACTS
1. Ising a name diferent "rom that which he
was registered at !irth in the o/cial local
civil registr#
2. Ising a name diferent "rom that which he
registered with the !$rea$ o" immigration
$pon entr# into the co$ntr#
3. Ising a name which was not a$thorized !# a
competent co$rt as a s$!stit$te name
EOCEPTIONS
1. Eiterar# p$rposes
2. Cinema television radio and other
entertainment p$rposes
3. 'thletic events
CRIMINAL LAW REBIEWER Pa#e (( of 1.7
NOTES ON THE LAW
1. =$dicial a$thorit# m$st !e 5rst sec$red !#
a person who desires to $se an alias.
2. Cowever a common*law wi"e does not
inc$r criminal lia!ilit# $nder the 'nti*'lias
Eaw i" she $ses the s$rname o" the man she
has !een living wB "or the past 2J #ears and
has !een introd$cing hersel" to the p$!lic as
his wi"e.
ART. 178. ILLEEAL USE O9 UNI9ORMS OR
INSIENIA
ELEMENTS
1. Ofender $ses an insignia $ni"orm or dress
*. ;$ch pertains to an o/ce not held !#
ofender or a class o" persons o" which he is
not a mem!er
+. Ised p$!licl# and improperl#
INSIENIA< UNI9ORM< OR DRESS
1. Gen$ine insignia $ni"orm or dress is not
necessar#. Ofender can wear an imitation
and still !e lia!le.
*. 'n e-act imitation is not necessar# "or as
long as there is a colo$ra!le resem!lance
calc$lated to deceive the general p$!lic.
+. 3$st pertain to an act$al o/cer or class o"
persons. %he person is not lia!le i" the
insignia $ni"orm or dress pertains to an
imaginar# o/ce or class.
SECTION * K 9ALSE TESTIMONY
ART. 1:3. 9ALSE TESTIMONY AEAINST A
DE9ENDANT
ELEMENTS
1. %hat there !e a $!"!nal >o$ee/!n#;
2. Ofender test!4es falsel& %n/e oat0
againt the de"endant therein;
3. Ofender 2nows that it is false; and
7. %he de"endant against whom the "alse
testimon# is given is either a$=%!tte/ o
$on@!$te/ in a 5nal 9$dgment.
9ALSE TESTIMONY ) committed !# a person
who !eing $nder oath and re+$ired to testi"# as
to the tr$th o" a certain matter at a hearing
!e"ore a competent a$thorit# shall den# the
tr$th or sa# something contrar# to it
NOTEI
Miolation o" this article re+$ires criminal
intent. Cence it cannot !e committed
thro$gh negligence.
%he ofender need not imp$te g$ilt $pon the
acc$sed to !e lia!le.
%he de"endant m$st at least !e sentenced
to a correctional penalt# or a 5ne or m$st
have !een ac+$itted.
%he witness who gave "alse testimon# is
lia!le even i" the co$rt did not consider his
testimon#.
Penalt# depends $pon sentence imposed on
the de"endant e-cept in the case o" a
9$dgment o" ac+$ittal.
;ince 'rt. 1@J does not prescri!e the
penalt# where the de"endant in a criminal
case is sentenced to a light penalty "alse
testimon# in case o" a light penalt# cannot
!e p$nished considering that a penal law
m$st alwa#s !e strictl# constr$ed.
ART. 1:1. 9ALSE TESTIMONY 9ABOURABLE
TO THE DE9ENDANT
ELEMENTS
1. %hat the testimon# m$st !e given in a civil
case;
*. %hat the testimon# m$st relate to the iss$es
presented in said case;
+. %hat the testimon# m$st !e "alse;
(. %hat the "alse testimon# m$st !e given !#
the de"endant 2nowing the same to !e "alse;
and
2. %hat the testimon# m$st !e malicio$s and
given with an intent to afect the iss$es
presented in the said case.
NOTEI
%estimon# !# negative statement is still in
"avor o" the de"endant.
Galse testimon# in "avor o" de"endant need
not directl# inK$ence the decision o"
ac+$ittal nor !ene5t the de"endant. %he
intent to "avor de"endant is s$/cient.
' statement o" mere opinion is not
p$nisha!le.
Conviction or ac+$ittal is not necessar#
&fnal >udgment is not necessary) !$t gravit#
o" crime in principal case sho$ld !e shown.
<e"endant who "alsel# testi5ed in his own
!ehal" in criminal case is g$ilt# o" "alse
testimon# "avo$ra!le to the de"endant
(ecti5cation made spontaneo$sl# a"ter
realizing mista2e is not "alse testimon#.
%he penalt# in this article is less than that
which is provided in the preceding article
!eca$se there is no danger to li"e or li!ert#
o" the de"endant
ART. 1:+. 9ALSE TESTIMONY IN OTHER
CASES AND PERGURY IN SOLEMN
A99IRMATION
ACTS PUNISHABLE
1. Galse testimon# $nder oath in a proceeding
other than 9$dicial
*. Galse a/davit
ELEMENTS
1. ;tatement $nder oath or a/davit $pon
material matter
*. 3ade !e"ore a competent o/cer a$thorized
administer s$ch oath.
+. Hil"$l and deli!erate assertion o" a "alsehood
a. Per9$r# cannot !e wil"$l where
the oath is according to !elie" or
conviction as to its tr$th
22
!. 0t m$st appear that the acc$sed
2nows his statement to !e "alse
or is conscio$sl# ignorant o" its
tr$th
23
(. %hat the in"ormation given is re+$ired !#
law.
COMPETENT O99ICER
1. Person who has a right to in+$ire into the
+$estions presented to him $nder his
9$risdiction
*. 6o per9$r# i" not competent a$thorit#
RELUIRED BY LAW
1. %here is a law re+$iring it O(
*. %he statement or doc$ment is made "or legal
p$rposes.
+. 0t is s$/cient that the oath had !een
administered with a view o" carr#ing into
efect a legal p$rpose.
DE9INITIONS
1. OATH an# "orm o" attestation mani"esting
a commitment to per"orm an act "aith"$ll#
and tr$th"$ll#
2. A99IDABIT a sworn statement in writing
made !e"ore an a$thorized o/cer
3. MATERIAL MATTER the main "act; the
s$!9ect o" in+$ir# or circ$mstances which
tends to prove the "act
a. Eegitimatel# afects the credit o"
22
J+72 PEM2"?2L "O?2,, p.)1
23
Monfort EEE., et. al., v. ,alvatierra, .!. "o.
(1.'%(</%%)=
an# witness who testi5es
b. ;trengthens or corro!orates
testimonies
MATERIALITY
1. %here m$st !e competent proo" o" the
materialit# o" the "alse testimon#
2. 3atter m$st not simpl# !e pertinent that is
relating to collateral matters which ma2e
more or less pro!a!le the proposition at
iss$e.
3. 0t m$st !e material that is directl# proving
or disproving a "act at iss$e.
7. 6o per9$r# i" "alse imp$tations in testimon#
or a/davit were not on material matter.
SUBORNATION O9 PERGURY
1. Fnowingl# and wil"$ll# proc$ring another to
swear "alsel#
*. 6ot e-pressl# p$nished in the revised penal
code !$t ofender ma# !e lia!le as a
principal !# ind$cement.
ART. 1:(. O99ERINE 9ALSE TESTIMONY IN
EBIDENCE
ELEMENTS
1. Ofered in evidence "alse witness or
testimon#
2. Ofender 2new o" "alsit#
3. <$ring 9$dicial or o/cial proceedings
NOTEI
%his article applies when the ofender
without inducing another !$t 2nowing him to
!e a "alse witness presented him and the
latter testi5ed "alsel# in a 9$dicial or o/cial
proceeding.
%he "elon# is cons$mmated the moment
a "alse witness is o:ered in an# 9$dicial or
o/cial proceeding. Eoo2ing "or a "alse
witness is not p$nished !# law as that is not
ofering a "alse witness.
%he "alse witness need not !e convicted
o" "alse testimon#. ' mere ofer to present
him is s$/cient.
CRIMINAL LAW REBIEWER Pa#e (. of 1.7
C0a>te +I 9a%/s
SECTION 1. K MACHINATIONS<
MONOPOLIES< AND COMBINATIONS
ART. 1:2. MACHINATIONS IN PUBLIC
AUCTIONS
ACTS PUNISHABLE
1. ;oliciting gi"t to re"rain "rom ta2ing part in
p$!lication
*. 'ttempting to ca$se !idders to sta# awa#
"rom an a$ction
1. P$!lic a$ction
*. 'cc$sed solicited gi"tsBpromise o" gi"ts
+. 0n consideration o" re"raining "rom ta2ing
part in the a$ction
(. 0ntent is to ca$se red$ction o" the price o"
the thing a$ctioned.
1. P$!lic a$ction
*. Ofender, attempted to ca$se the !idders to
sta# awa#
+. 3eans, threats gi"ts promises or an# other
arti5ce
(. 0ntent, red$ction o" price o" thing a$ctioned
ACTS ARE 9ORMAL CRIMES
1. 0t is not re+$ired that the person ma2ing
proposal act$all# re"rains "rom ta2ing part in
an# p$!lication. %he crime is committed !#
mere solicitation.
*. 0t is not re+$ired that the person accept the
ofer or gi"t. %he crime is cons$mmated !#
mere ofering o" the gi"t or promise in
consideration o" re"raining to ta2e part.
'ART. 1:.< 1::< 1:8< SUPERSEDED BY THE
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CODE,
SECTION *. K 9RAUDS
ART. 1:7. IMPORTATION AND DISPOSITION
O9 9ALSELY MARKED ARTICLES OR
MERCHANDISE MADE O9 EOLD< SILBER< OR
OTHER PRECIOUS METALS OR ALLOYS
ARTICLES O9 MERCHANDISE INBOLBED
1. Gold
*. ;ilver
+. Precio$s metals
(. '
llo#s
Ele"ents
1. Ofender imports sells or disposes item
*. ;tamps !rands or mar2s "ail to indicate the
act$al 5neness or +$alit#
+. Ofender 2nows o" s$ch "ail$re to indicate
SELLINE< DISPOSINE< AND IMPORTINE
1. 0t is not necessar# that s$ch items are
act$all# sold and p$!lic act$all# deceived
!e"ore one can !e lia!le $nder this article
*. 0" one is charged with importation there
m$st !e proo" that item was in "act
imported.
O99ENDER
1. %hose who import sell or dispose items.
*. %his article is not applica!le to the
man$"act$rer o" articles o" gold silver etc.
Ce is lia!le "or esta"a.
(. CRIMES AEAINST PUBLIC INTERESTS
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
2. C!"e Relat!@e to O>!%"
an/ Ot0e Po0!b!te/ D%#s
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
TOPIC UNDER SYLLABUS
T0e Co">e0ens!@e Dan#eo%s D%#
A$t of *33*
NOTEI %he <angero$s <r$g 'ct o" 2JJ2
repealed the articles $nder %itle Give o" the
revised penal code. Crimes relative to prohi!ited
dr$gs are now covered !# (.'. A1>8.
ACTS PUNISHABLE
1. 0mportation o" dangero$s dr$gs or controlled
prec$rsors and essential chemicals.
a. (egardless o" +$antit# or p$rit#
involved.
!. Circ$mstances which warrant
ma-im$m penalt#
i. 0mporting s$ch items thro$gh the $se
o" a diplomatic passport diplomatic
"acilities or an# other means
involving an ofenders1 o/cial stat$s
intended to "acilitate $nlaw"$l entr#.
ii. Organizer manager or 5nancier.
2. ;ale trading administration dispensation
deliver# distri!$tion and transportation o"
dangero$s dr$gs or controlled prec$rsors.
a. Circ$mstances which warrant
ma-im$m penalt#
i. Ofense transpiring within 1JJ
meters "rom school
ii. Ising minors or mentall#
incapacitated persons as r$nners
co$riers and messengers.
iii. Mictim o" the ofense is a minor or
mentall# incapacitated person.
iv. <angero$s dr$g or controlled
prec$rsor or essential chemical !e
the pro-imate death o" a victim.
v. Organizer manager 5nancier
3. 3aintenance o" a den dive or resort where
an# dangero$s dr$g or controlled prec$rsor
and essential chemical are $sed or sold.
a. OPIUM DIBE OR RESORTH place
where dangero$s dr$g andBor
controlled prec$rsor and
essential chemical is
administered delivered stored
"or illegal p$rposes distri!$ted
sold or $sed in an# "orm
!. Circ$mstances which warrant
ma-im$m penalt#
i. <r$g is administered delivered or
sold to a minor who is allowed to
$se the same
ii. Organizer manager or 5nancier
c. Circ$mstance raising penalt# to
death and 5ne o" Php 1 18
million.
i. Hhen dangero$s dr$g is pro-imate
ca$se o" death o" a person $sing the
same in s$ch den dive or resort
ii. 0mposed on maintainerBowner or
operator o" s$ch place.
d. 0" den dive or res ort is
owned !# a 3
rd
person the same
shall !e con5scated in "avor o"
the government
i. 3$st allege that place was
intentionall# $sed in the "$rtherance
o" the crime
ii. Prosec$tion m$st prove s$ch intent.
iii. Owner m$st !e incl$ded as an
acc$sed in the criminal complaint
e. Other persons lia!le in relation to
dens dives or resorts
i. 'n# emplo#ee who is aware o" the
nat$re o" s$ch place
ii. 'n# person who is aware o" the
nat$re o" the place and shall
2nowingl# visit the same.
7. Be!n# e">lo&ees o @!s!tos o" dr$g den
a. Pesons l!able,
i. 'n# emplo#ee o" a den dive or resort
who is aware o" the nat$re o" the
place as s$ch
ii. 'n# person not !eing incl$ded in
n$m!er 1 who is aware o" the nat$re
o" the place as s$ch and shall
2nowingl# visit the same.
!. ' person who visited another who
was smo2ing opi$m shall not !e
lia!le i" the place is not an opi$m
dive or resort
8. 3an$"act$re o" dangero$s dr$gs andBor
controlled prec$rsors and essential
chemicals.
a. Presence o" an# controlled
prec$rsorBessential chemical or
la!orator# e+$ipment in a
clandestine la!orator# is prima
"acie proo" o" man$"act$re o" an#
dangero$s dr$g.
!. 'ggravating circ$mstance, i"
clandestine la!orator#
i. 0nvolved participation or presence o"
minors
ii. Has located within 1JJ meters o"
residential !$siness ch$rch or
school premises
iii. Has sec$red with !oo!# traps
iv. Has concealed with legitimate
!$siness operations
v. :mplo#ed practitioner chemical
engineer p$!lic o/cial or "oreigner.
c. L%al!f&!n# circ$mstance,
Organizes manages or acts as
5nancier
d. %he >ote$to o $o//le is also
lia!le.
>. 0llegal chemical diversion o" controlled
prec$rsors and essential chemicals
a. <iverting controlled prec$rsors
and essential chemicals
designated "or a legal p$rpose
towards the man$"act$re o"
illegal dr$gs.
?. 3an$"act$re or deliver# o" e+$ipment
CRIMINAL LAW REBIEWER Pa#e (: of 1.7
instr$ment apparat$s or other
paraphernalia "or dangero$s dr$gs andBor
chemicals
a. 'cts p$nisha!le, deliver#
possession with intent to deliver
or man$"act$re with intent to
deliver
!. Fnowing or $nder circ$mstances
where one reasona!l# sho$ld
2now that it will !e $sed relative
to dangero$s dr$gs or controlled
prec$rsorBessential chemicals.
c. 3a-im$m penalt# i" minor or
mentall# incapacitated person
was $sed to deliver s$ch
e+$ipment.
@. Possession o" <angero$s <r$gs
a. Possession in the "ollowing
+$antities regardless o" p$rit#
i. 1J grams or more, opi$m morphine
heroin cocaine or cocaine
h#drochloride mari9$ana resin or
mari9$ana resin oil or other
dangero$s dr$gs.
ii. 8J grams or more o" sha!$
iii. 8JJ grams or more o" mari9$ana
!. 0" possession is less than the
+$antities a!ove penalt# is
lowered.
ELEMENTS O9 POSSESSION O9 OPIUM
1. Occ$panc# or ta2ing
2. 0ntent to possess
NOTEI
Hhat is p$nished is present possession
not past possession
0t is not necessar# to allege in
in"ormation that acc$sed is not
a$thorized to possess opi$m
A. Possession o" e+$ipment instr$ment
apparat$s and other paraphernalia "or
dangero$s dr$gs
a. 0n case o" medical practitioners
or other pro"essionals heBshe
m$st !e "ollowing the
implementing g$idelines iss$ed
!# the <angero$s <r$gs 4oard.
!. Possession is prima "acie
evidence that the possessor has
smo2ed cons$med administered
to himsel"Bhersel" in9ected
ingested or $sed a dangero$s
dr$g.
c. W$ali"#ing circ$mstance, Part#
social gathering or in the
>o?!"ate $o">an& of at
least * >esons.
1J. Ise o" <angero$s <r$gs
a. 0" person who has tested positive
is also "o$nd in possession o"
dangero$s dr$gs he sho$ld !e
prosec$ted $nder possession.
1st conviction minim$m o" > mos.
o" reha!ilitation
2nd conviction imprisonment and
5ne
!. Hhere the acc$sed is also "o$nd
to !e in 1oeion of
dangero) dr)g this ;ection
shall not appl#. ;ec. 11
possession o" dangero$s dr$gs
shall appl#. Cence 9SE i
)b)med b! #OSSESSION-
E?. 0" the ofender is ca$ght with
possession o" paraphernalia
possession o" dangero$s dr$gs and
$se o" dangero$s dr$gs the ofense
is POSSESSION of /an#eo%s
/%#s.
11. C$ltivation or C$lt$re o" plants classi5ed as
dangero$s dr$gs or are so$rces thereo"
a. 0n case o" medical la!oratories
maintainers and other
pro"essionals m$st strictl# "ollow
the g$idelines "or the proper
c$ltivation c$lt$re handling
e-perimentation and disposal o"
s$ch plants.
!. Eand or greenho$ses $sed shall
!e con5scated in "avor o" the
;tate $nless the owner proves
lac2 o" 2nowledge o" s$ch
c$ltivation or c$lt$re despite the
e-ercise o" d$e diligence.
c. 3a-im$m penalt# is applied i"
land $sed was o" the p$!lic
domain or i" one acted as an
organizer manager or 5nancier.
12. Gail$re to maintain or 2eep original records o"
transactions on <angero$s <r$gs andBor
chemicals.
13. Innecessar# prescription o" dangero$s dr$gs.
a. 'pplica!le to ph#sicians or other medical
practitioners a$thorized to prescri!e
medicine.
!. Prescription is $nnecessar# when
ph#sical or ph#siological condition does
not re+$ire the dosage prescri!ed.
17. Inlaw"$l prescription o" dangero$s dr$gs
a. 'pplica!le to an#one who ma2es or
iss$es a prescription when he or she is
not a$thorized !# law to do so.
!. Hhether the person "or whom the
prescription was made act$all# needed
the dr$g is irrelevant.
ATTEMPTS O9 THE 9OLLOWINE SHALL BE
PUNISHED BY THE SAME PENALTY IMPOSED
9OR THE CONSUMMATED 9ELONY
1. 0mportation o" an# dangero$s dr$g or
controlled prec$rsor and essential chemical
2. ;ale trading administration dispensation
deliver# distri!$tion and transportation o"
an# dangero$s dr$g andBor controlled
prec$rsor and essential chemical
3. 3aintenance o" a den dive or resort where
an# dangero$s dr$g is $sed in an# "orm
7. 3an$"act$re o" an# dangero$s dr$g andBor
controlled prec$rsor and essential chemical
8. C$ltivation or c$lt$re o" plants which are
so$rces o" dangero$s dr$gs.
PRESCRIPTION
1. %he period o" prescription "or the ofense
charged against a dr$g dependent $nder the
comp$lsor# s$!mission program shall not
r$n d$ring the time that the dr$g dependent
is $nder con5nement in a Center or
otherwise $nder the treatment and
reha!ilitation program approved !# the
!oard.
CONDITIONS 9OR EOEMPTION 9ROM
CRIMINAL LIABILITY UNDER THE
BOLUNTARY SUBMISSION PROERAM
1. CeBshe has complied with the r$les and
reg$lations o" the reha!ilitation center
incl$ding the r$les o" the a"ter*care and
"ollow*$p program
*. CeBshe has never !een charged or convicted
o" an# ofense p$nisha!le $nder the
<angero$s <r$g 'ct the (PC or other
special penal laws.
+. CeBshe has no record o" escape "rom a
center or in the event o" an escape he
s$rrendered himsel"Bhersel" within a wee2.
(. CeBshe poses no serio$s danger to
himsel"Bhersel" hisBher "amil# or the
comm$nit# !# hisBher e-emption "rom
criminal lia!ilit#.
2. Ot0e >esons l!ableI
a. P$!lic o/cer or emplo#ee who
misappropriates misapplies or
"ails to acco$nt "or con5scated
seized or s$rrendered dangero$s
dr$gs plant so$rces o"
dangero$s dr$gs controlled
prec$rsors and essential
chemicals
instr$mentsBparaphernalia andBor
la!orator# e+$ipment incl$ding
the proceeds or properties
o!tained "rom the $nlaw"$l acts.
!. 'n# elective local or national
o/cial who have !ene5ted "rom
the proceeds o" tra/c2ing o"
dangero$s dr$gs or have
received an# 5nancialBmaterial
contri!$tions or donations "rom
nat$ral or 9$ridical persons g$ilt#
o" dr$g tra/c2ing.
c. 0" the violation o" the 'ct is
committed !# a partnership
corporation association or an#
9$dicial person the partner
president director or manager
who consents to or 2nowingl#
tolerates s$ch violation shall !e
held criminall# lia!le as co*
principal.
d. 'n# person who is "o$nd guilty of
IplantingJ an# dangero$s dr$gs
andBor controlled prec$rsor and
essential chemicals regardless o"
+$antit# or p$rit# &penalt# o"
death).
e. 'n# person violating a reg$lation
iss$ed !# the <angero$s <r$gs
4oard
". 'n# person a$thorized to cond$ct
dr$g test who iss$es "alse or
"ra$d$lent dr$g test res$lts
2nowingl# wil"$ll# or thro$gh
gross negligence.
g. 'n# government o/cer tas2ed
with the prosec$tion o" dr$g*
related cases $nder this 'ct who
dela#s or !$ngles the
prosec$tion.
NOTEI
'll school heads s$pervisors and teachers
shall !e deemed to !e persons in a$thorit#
and as s$ch are vested with the power to
apprehend arrest or ca$se the
apprehension or arrest o" an# person who
shall violate an# o" the said provision.
%he# shall !e considered as persons in
a$thorit# i" the# are in the school or within
its immediate vicinit# or !e#ond s$ch
immediate vicinit# i" the# are in attendance
in an# school or class "$nction in their o/cial
capacit# as school heads s$pervisors or
teachers.
'n# teacher or school emplo#ee who
discovers or 5nds that an# person in the
school or within its immediate vicinit# is
violating this 'ct shall have the d$t# to
report the violation to the school head or
s$pervisor who shall in t$rn report the
matter to the proper a$thorities.
Gail$re to report in either case shall a"ter
hearing constit$te s$/cient ca$se "or
disciplinar# action !# the school a$thorities.
&;ec. 77)
2. CRIMES RELATIBE TO OPIUM AND
OTHER PROHIBITED DRUES
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
.. C!"es A#a!nst P%bl!$ Moals
P.D. 1.3*. PRESCRIBINE STI99ER PENALTIES IN ILLEEAL EAMBLINE
<!epealed 3rt. (&-#(&& !PC, P7 $.' Betting Law, and P7 $$& Coc9fghting Law insofar as they are inconsistent
with it=.
TOPICS UNDER THE SYLLABUSI
C0a>te 1I Ea"bl!n# an/ Bett!n#
PD 1.3*
RA 8*:7
PD (:+
PD ((8
C0a>te *I OCenses A#a!nst De$en$&
an/ Eoo/ C%sto"s
PD 12.+
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
C0a>te 1I Ea"bl!n# an/ Bett!n#
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
EAMBLINE an# game or scheme whether
$pon chance or s2ill wherein wagers consisting
o" mone# articles or val$e or representative o"
val$e are at sta2e or made
MAINTAINER person who sets $p and
"$rnishes the means with which to carr# on the
gam!ling game or scheme
CONDUCTOR person who manages or carries
on the gam!ling game or scheme
NOTEI
1. 0n P< 1>J2 pla#ing "or mone# is not a
necessar# element to the game "or one to
commit a crime. Hhen the law names the
games p$nishing an# person who ta2es part
therein its p$rpose is to prohi!it a!sol$tel#
those games.
2. ' mere !#stander or spectator is not
criminall# lia!le !eca$se he does not directl#
or indirectl# ta2e part.
3. ' game or scheme is p$nisha!le even i"
winning depends $pon s2ill as long as
wagers &consisting o" mone# articles o"
val$e or representative o" val$e) are at sta2e
or made.
PENALTY ACTS PUNISHABLE
Prision
correccional,
medi$m or 5ne
ranging "rom
P1JJJ to P>JJJ
0n case o"
recidivism, Prision
mayor medi$m or
5ne ranging "rom
P8JJJ to P1JJJJ
1. 'n# person who shall /!e$tl& o !n/!e$tl& ta6es >at in an# illegal or
$na$thorized activities or games o",
a. Coc25ghting 9$eteng 9ai*alai or horse racing to incl$de !oo2ie
operations and game 5-ing n$m!ers !ingo and other "orms o" lotteries
!. Cara # cr$z pompiang and the li2e
c. ?*11 and an# game $sing dice
d. 4lac2 9ac2 l$c2# nine po2er and its derivatives monte !accarat c$a9o
pangg$ig$e and other card games
e. Pa2 +$e high and low mah9ong domino and other games $sing plastic
tiles and the li2e
". ;lot machines ro$lette pin!all and other mechanical contraptions and
devices
g. <og racing !oat racing car racing and other "orms o" races
h. 4as2et!all !o-ing volle#!all !owling pingpong and other "orms o"
individ$al or team contests to incl$de game 5-ing point shaving and
other machinations
i. 4an2ing or percentage game or an# other game or scheme whether
$pon chance or s2ill wherein wagers consisting o" mone# articles o"
val$e or representative o" val$e are at sta2e or made
2. 'n# person who 6no1!n#l& >e"!ts an# "orm o" gam!ling in an inha!ited or
$ninha!ited place or in an# !$ilding vessel or other means o" transportation
owned or controlled !# him
Prision
correccional
ma-im$m 5ne o"
P>JJJ
1. 'n# person who shall 2nowingl# permit gam!ling in a place with rep$tation o"
a gam!ling place or that prohi!ited gam!ling is "re+$entl# carried on therein
or in a p$!lic or government !$ilding or !aranga# hall
2. 3aintainer or cond$ctor o" a!ove gam!ling schemes
Prison mayor
medi$m with
temporar#
a!sol$te
dis+$ali5cation or
5ne o" P>JJJ
0" maintainer cond$ctor !an2er o" gam!ling schemes; pla#er promoter
re"eree $mpire 9$dge or coach in case o" game 5-ing point shaving and
machination is a government o/cial
Prision
correccional
medi$m or 5ne
P7JJ to P2JJJ
'n# person who 2nowingl# and witho$t law"$l p$rpose possess lotter# list
paper or other matter containing letters 5g$res signs or s#m!ols
pertaining to or in an# manner $sed in the games o" 9$eteng 9ai*alai or
horse racing !oo2ies and similar games o" lotteries and n$m!ers which
have ta2en place or a!o$t to ta2e place
%emporar#
a!sol$te
dis+$ali5cation
4aranga# o/cial who with 2nowledge o" e-istence o" gam!ling ho$seBplace in
his 9$risdiction "ails to a!ate or ta2e action
7. Proo" that game too2 place or is a!o$t to
ta2e place is not necessar#; !$rden o"
evidence is shi"ted to acc$sed to show that
his possession is law"$l or is not connected
with 9$eteng game; !$t proo" to the contrar#
!# prosec$tion is necessar# when 9$eteng
lists pertain to games pla#ed on dates other
than the date o" the raid.
8. P< 81A has o$tlawed pin!all and slot
machines and other similar devices and
n$lli5ed all permits andBor licenses to
operate the same.
ELEMENTS K KNOWINELY PERMITTINE
EAMBLINE TO BE CARRIED ON IN A PLACE
OWNED OR CONTROLLED BY THE
O99ENDERI
1. %hat a #a"bl!n# #a"e 1as $a!e/ on in
an inha!ited or $ninha!ited place or in an#
!$ilding vessel or other means o"
transportation.
*. %hat the >la$e< !$ilding vessel or other
means o" transportation is o1ne/ o
$ontolle/ !# the ofender.
+. %hat the oCen/e >e"!tte/ the carr#ing
on o" s$ch game 2nowing that it is a
gam!ling game.
LOTTERY ;cheme "or the distri!$tion o" prizes
!# chance among persons who have paid or
agreed to pa# a val$a!le consideration "or the
chance to o!tain a prize.
ELEMENTS K LOTTERY"
1. Consideration
*. Chance
+. PrizeBadvantageBine+$alit# in amo$nt or
val$e which is in the nat$re o" prize
NOTEI 0n a $!"!nal case &Olsen)
*(
there is no
lotter# where a person gets the "$ll val$e "or his
mone# and the winning o" price is merel#
incidental. 4$t in a $!@!l case &El Debate)
*2
i"
the ind$cement to win prize is the reason "or the
p$rchase then even i" "$ll val$e "or mone# is
received it is still lotter#.
ILLEEAL NUMBER EAMES an# "orm o" illegal
gam!ling activit# which $ses n$m!ers or
com!inations thereo" as "actors in giving o$t
9ac2potsBprizesBret$rns. 0t incl$des games s$ch
as 9$eteng and masiao.
NOTEI (.'. A2@? increased penalties "or illegal
27
+, v. Olsen '1 Phil. '&-
25
2l 7ebate v. ?opacio $$ Phil. /.%
n$m!er games amending certain provisions o"
P< 1>J2.
R.A. 8*:7
ACT INCREASINE THE PENALTIES 9OR
ILLEEAL NUMBERS EAMES
PARTICIPATION
PENALTYI
IMPRISONMENT
'cts as 4ettor 3J AJ da#s
'cts as personnel or
staf
'llows his vehicle
ho$se !$ilding or
land to !e $sed in
s$ch operation
> #rs and 1 da# @
#rs
'cts as collector or
agent
@ #rs and 1 da# 1J
#rs
'cts as coordinator
controller or
s$pervisor
1J #rs and 1 da# 12
#rs
'cts as maintainer
manager or operator
12 #rs and 1 da# 17
#rs
'cts as 5nancier or
capitalist
17 #rs and 1 da# 1>
#rs
'cts as 5nancier or
coddler
1> #rs and 1 da# 1@
#rs
EOBERNMENT
O99ICIAL AND;OR
EMPLOYEE
PENALTY
0" collector agent;
coordinator controller
s$pervisor;
maintainer manager
operator 5nancier or
capitalist
1. 12 #rs and 1 da#
2J #rs
2. Gine, P 33 P83
3. Perpet$al and
a!sol$te
dis+$ali5cation
"rom p$!lic o/ce
Eocal Government
O/cial, Caving
6no1le/#e o"
e-istence o" the
operation within his
9$risdiction !$t "ails to
a!ate or ta2e action
or toleates the
same
Perpet$al and
a!sol$te
dis+$ali5cation "rom
p$!lic o/ce
Eaw :n"orcer, Gails to
apprehend
perpetrators
'dministrative Penalt#,
;$spension or
<ismissal
ART. 18.. IMPORTATION< SALE AND
POSSESSION O9 LOTTERY TICKETS OR
ADBERTISEMENTS
ACTS PUNISHABLEI
1. 4# !">ot!n# into the Philippines "rom an#
"oreign place or port an# lotter# tic2et or
advertisement.
2. 4# sell!n# o /!st!b%t!n# the same in
$onn!@an$e 1!t0 t0e !">ote.
3. 4# >ossess!n#< 6no1!n#l& an/ 1!t0
!ntent to %se lotter# tic2ets or
advertisements.
7. 4# sell!n# o /!st!b%t!n# t0e sa"e
1!t0o%t $onn!@an$e with the importer.
NOTESI
%he possession o" an# lotter# tic2et or
advertisement is prima facie evidence o"
intent to sell distri!$te or $se the same.
%he lotter# tic2ets need not !e gen$ine as
long as the# have the appearance thereo".
P.D. No. (:+
BETTINE< EAME)9IOINE OR POINT)
SHABINE AND MACHINATIONS IN SPORT
CONTESTS
<!epealed 3rt. (&)=
BETTINE !etting mone# or an# o!9ect or
article o" val$e or representative o" val$e $pon
the res$lt o" an# game races and other sports
contests
EAME)9IOINE an# arrangement com!ination
scheme or agreement !# which the res$lt o" an#
game races or sports contests shall !e
predicted andBor 2nows other than on the !asis
o" the honest pla#ing s2ill or a!ilit# o" the
pla#ers or participants
POINT)SHABINE an# s$ch arrangement
com!ination scheme or agreement !# which the
s2ill or a!ilit# o" an# pla#er or participant in a
game races or sports contests to ma2e points or
scores shall !e limited deli!eratel# in order to
inK$ence the res$lt thereo" in "avor o" one or the
other team pla#er or participant therein
EAME MACHINATION an# other "ra$d$lent
deceit"$l $n"air or dishonest means method
manner or practice emplo#ed "or the p$rpose o"
inK$encing the res$lt o" an# game races or
sports contests
ART. 18:. ILLEEAL BETTINE ON HORSE
RACES
ACTS PUNISHEDI 'DURINE PERIODS NOT
ALLOWED BY LAW,
1. 4# bett!n# on 0ose races
*. 4# "a!nta!n!n# o e">lo&!n# a total!Fe
or other device or scheme "or !etting on
races or realizing pro5t there"rom.
TOTALISER machine "or registering and
indicating the n$m!er and nat$re o" !ets made
on horse races.
NOTEI
%he penalt# is higher "or a person who
emplo#s a totalizer or other device.
Corse races are not allowed on, &a) =$ne 12th
o" each #ear &!) <ec 3Jth o" each #ear &c)
'n# registration or voting da#s and &d) Col#
%h$rsda# and Good Grida#.
%he race held on the same da# and at the
same place is p$nisha!le as a separate
ofense.
6o lia!ilit# i" there is no !etting or $se o"
totalizer.
P.D. ((8
COCK9IEHTINE LAW of 187(
<!epealed 3rt. (&&=
HOLDINE O9 COCK9IEHTS Coc25ghting shall
!e allowed onl# in licensed coc2pits d$ring,
1. ;$nda#s
*. Eegal Colida#s
+. <$ring local 5estas "or not more than 3 da#s
(. Provincial cit# or m$nicipal agric$lt$re
commercial or ind$strial "air carnival or
e-position "or a similar period o" three da#s
$pon resol$tion s$!9ect to approval o" Chie"
o" Consta!$lar# or his a$thorized
representativeVnot allowed within month o"
local 5esta o" "or more than two occasions a
#ear in same cit# or m$nicipalit#
2. E:CE#T" <ecem!er 3J =$ne 12 6ovem!er
3J Col# %h$rsda# Good Grida# :lection or
(e"erend$m <a# and d$ring (egistration
<a#s "or s$ch election or re"erend$m
COCK9IEHTINE 9OR ENTERTAINMENT O9
TOURISTS OR 9OR CHARITABLE PURPOSESI
Chie" o" Consta!$lar# or his a$thorized
representative ma# also allow the holding o"
coc25ghting "or,
1. :ntertainment o" "oreign dignitaries
2. %o$rists
3. 4ali2!a#an
7. Gor s$pport o" national "$nd*raising
campaigns "or charita!le p$rposes as ma#
!e a$thorized !# the O/ce o" the President
$pon resol$tion o" a provincial !oard cit# or
m$nicipal co$ncil
NOTEI
1. Permitting gam!ling o" an# 2ind in coc2pit is
p$nished $nder the same <ecree &Owner
manager or lessee o" coc2pit that permits
gam!ling shall !e criminall# lia!le)
2. ;pectators in coc25ght are not lia!le $nless
he participates as !ettor.
3. 4etting in Corse (aces is allowed d$ring
periods provided !# law !$t !etting in
coc25ghts is prohi!ited at all times.
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
C0a>te *I OCenses A#a!nst De$en$&
an/ Eoo/ C%sto"s
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
ART. *33. ERABE SCANDAL
ELEMENTSI
1. %hat the ofender >efo"s an a$t;s;
2. %hat s$ch actBs !e 0!#0l& s$an/alo%s as
ofending a#a!nst /e$en$& or good
c$stoms;
3. %hat the highl# scandalo$s cond$ct /oes
not e?>essl& fall within an# other article
o" the (PC; and
7. %hat the actBs complained o" !e committed
in a >%bl!$ >la$e or within the >%bl!$
6no1le/#e or view.
ERABE SCANDAL consists o" acts which are
ofensive to decenc# and good c$stoms which
having !een committed p$!licl# and th$s give
rise to p$!lic scandal to persons who have
accidentall# witnessed the acts.
DECENCY propriet# o" cond$ct; proper
o!servance o" the re+$irement o" modest# good
taste etc.
CUSTOMS esta!lished $sage social
conventions carried on !# tradition and en"orced
!# social disapproval o" an# violation thereo"
NOTEI
%he p$!lic view is not re+$ired. 0t is s$/cient
i" committed in p$!lic place.
Gor !eing committed within the p$!lic
2nowledge it ma# occ$r even in a private
place; the n$m!er o" people who sees it is
not material e-cept when seen !# onl# one
other person at night th$s negating the
degree o" p$!licit# re+$ired.
%he essence o" grave scandal is p$!licit#
and that the acts committed are not onl#
contrar# to morals and good c$stoms !$t
m$st li2ewise !e o" s$ch character as to
ca$se p$!lic scandal to those witnessing it.
ART. *31. IMMORAL DOCTRINES< OBSCENE
PUBLICATIONS AND EOHIBITIONS AND
INDECENT SHOWS
PERSONS LIABLEI
1. %hose who >%bl!$l& e?>o%n/ o >o$la!"
/o$t!nes o>enl& $onta& to p$!lic
morals.
*. '$thors of obs$ene l!teat%e p$!lished
with their 2nowledge in an# "orm.
+. E/!tos >%bl!s0!n# s%$0 obs$ene
literat$re.
(. Owners or operators o" esta!lishments
sell!n# obs$ene l!teat%e.
2. %hose who e?0!b!t !n/e$ent or immoral
pla#s scenes acts or shows in theaters
"airs cinemas or an# other place.
.. %hose who sell< /!st!b%te< o e?0!b!t
>!nts engraving sc$lpt$res or literat$re
which are ofensive to morals.
TOBSCENE LITERATURE OR IMMORAL OR
INDECENT PLAYS< SCENES OR ACTSUI
1. %hose wBc glori"# criminals or condone
crimes;
2. %hose wBc serve no other p$rpose !$t to
satis"# the mar2et "or violence l$st or
pornograph#;
3. %hose wBc ofend against an# race or
religion;
7. %hose wBc tend to a!et the tra/c and the
$se o" prohi!ited dr$gs; and
8. %hose that are contrar# to law p$!lic order
morals good c$stoms esta!lished policies
law"$l orders decrees and edicts.
TEST O9 OBSCENITYI
Hhether the tendenc# o" the matter has a
tendenc# to deprave or corr$pt those whose
minds are open to s$ch immoral inK$ences. '
matter can also !e considered o!scene i" it
shoc2s the ordinar# and common sense o" men
as indecenc#.
2>
OBSCENE K something ofensive to chastit#
decenc# or delicac#
26
+, v. Kottinger, $- Phil. '-/
NOTEI
P$!licit# is an essential element.
3ere n$dit# in paintings and pict$res is not
o!scene.
Pict$res wB slight degree o" o!scenit# having
no artistic val$e and !eing intended "or
commercial p$rposes "all within this article.
%he a$thor o" o!scene literat$re is lia!le
onl# when it is p$!lished with his 2nowledge.
'nd in ever# case the editor p$!lishing it is
lia!le.
%he p$rpose o" the law in p$nishing o!scene
p$!lications and e-hi!itions is to protect the
morals o" the p$!lic.
ART. *3*. BAERANTS AND PROSTITUTES
Note, (.'. 1J18@ has decriminalaized vagranc#
!# amending 'rt. 2J2 to p$nish prostit$ties onl#.
Ipon efectivit# all pending cases shall !e
dismissed and all those serving time "or
vagranc# shall !e released.
PROSTITUTES - Homen who ha!it$all# ind$lge in
&1) se-$al interco$rse or &2) lascivio$s cond$ct
"or mone# or pro5t.
SITUATION CRIME
0" "enced and with
prohi!ition o" entr#
%respass %o <welling
0" "enced and entered
to h$ntB5sh
'ttempted %he"t
0" not "enced and with
no prohi!ition o" entr#
Magranc#
P.D. 12.+.
MENDICANCY LAW O9 187:
PERSONS LIABLEI
1. MENDICANT %hose with no visi!le and
legal means o" s$pport or law"$l
emplo#ment and ph#sicall# a!le to wor2 !$t
neglects to appl# himsel" to law"$l calling
and instead $ses !egging as means o" living
&higher penalt# i" convicted 2 or more times)
*. 'n# person who abets "en/!$an$& !#
giving alms on p$!lic roads sidewal2s par2s
and !ridges e-cept i" given thro$gh
organized agencies operating $nder
reg$lations o" 3inistr# o" P$!lic 0n"ormation
NOTEI
1. Giving alms thro$gh organized agencies
operating $nder the r$les and reg$lations o"
the 3inistr# o" P$!lic 0n"ormation is not a
violation o" the 3endicanc# Eaw.
2. ' vagrant witho$t visi!le means o" s$pport
ma# !ecome a mendicant i" he $ses !egging
as a means o" living.
3. Un/e R.A. 8+(( >esons belo1
e!#0teen '1:, &eas of a#e shall !e
e-empt "rom prosec$tion "or the crime o"
vagranc# and prostit$tion $nder ;ection 2J2
o" the (evised Penal Code o" mendicanc#
$nder Presidential <ecree 6o. 18>3 and
sni/ng o" r$g!# $nder Presidential <ecree
6o. 1>1A s$ch prosec$tion !eing
inconsistent with the Inited 6ations
Convention on the (ights o" the Child.
.. CRIMES AEAINST PUBLIC MORALS
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7. C!"es Co""!tte/ b&
P%bl!$ OD$es
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C0a>te 1I Pel!"!na& Po@!s!ons
C0a>te *I Malfeasan$e an/
M!sfeasan$e !n OD$e
Se$. 1 K Deel!$t!on of D%t&
Se$. * K B!be&
RA +318
RA 73:3
RA 8+7*
C0a>te +I 9a%/s an/ Ille#al
E?a$t!ons an/ Tansa$t!ons
C0a>te (I Mal@esat!on of P%bl!$
9%n/s o Po>et&
C0a>te 2I In4/el!t& of P%bl!$ OD$es
Se$. 1 K In4/el!t& !n t0e $%sto/& of
>!sones
Se$. * K In4/el!t& !n t0e $%sto/& of
/o$%"ent
Se$. + K Re@elat!on of se$ets
C0a>te .I Ot0e OCenses o
Ie#%la!t!es b& P%bl!$ OD$es
Se$. 1 K D!sobe/!en$e< ef%sal of
ass!stan$e< an/ "alteat"ent
of >!sones
Se$. * K Ant!$!>at!on< >olon#at!on
an/ aban/on"ent of t0e /%t!es
an/ >o1es of >%bl!$ oD$e
Se$. + K Us%>at!on of >o1es an/
%nla1f%l a>>o!nt"ents
Se$. ( R Ab%ses a#a!nst $0ast!t&
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
C0a>te 1I Pel!"!na& Po@!s!ons
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ART. *3+. WHO ARE PUBLIC O99ICERS
RELUISITESI
%o !e a p$!lic o/cer one m$st !e *
1. %a2ing part in the per"ormance o" p$!lic
"$nctions in the Government or per"orming
p$!lic d$ties as an emplo#ee agent or
s$!ordinate o/cial o" an# ran2 or class in
the government or an# o" its !ranches; and
2. %hat his a$thorit# to ta2e part in the
per"ormance o" p$!lic "$nctions or to
per"orm p$!lic d$ties m$st !e *
a. 4# direct provision o" the law or
b. 4# pop$lar election or
$. 4# appointment !# competent a$thorit#.
NOTEI
P$!lic o/cers incl$de ever# p$!lic
servant "rom the lowest to the highest ran2
provided that the# e-ercise p$!lic "$nctions.
' government la!orer is not a p$!lic
o/cer. Cowever temporar# per"ormance !#
a la!orer o" p$!lic "$nctions ma2es him a
p$!lic o/cer.
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
C0a>te *I Malfeasan$e an/
M!sfeasan$e !n OD$e
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MAL9EASA
NCE
Per"ormance o" some act
which o$ght not to !e done
MIS9EASA
NCE
0mproper per"ormance o"
some act which might law"$ll#
!e done
NON9EASA
NCE
Omission o" an act which
o$ght to !e per"ormed
MIS9EASANCEI
1. Fnowingl# rendering $n9$st 9$dgment
2. (endering 9$dgment thro$gh negligence
3. (endering $n9$st interloc$tor# order
7. 3alicio$s dela# in the administration o"
9$stice
NON9EASANCEI
1. <ereliction o" d$t# in prosec$tion o" ofenses
MAL9EASANCEI
1. <irect !ri!er#
2. 0ndirect !ri!er#
SECTION 1. K DERELICTION O9 DUTY
ART. *3(. KNOWINELY RENDERINE AN
UNGUST GUDEMENT
ELEMENTSI
1. %hat the ofender is a 5%/#e;
2. %hat he renders a 5%/#"ent in the case
s$!mitted to him "or decision;
3. %hat the 9$dgment !s %n5%st; and
7. %hat the 9$dge 6no1s t0at t0e /e$!s!on is
$n9$st.
NOTEI
' 5%/#"ent is a 5nal consideration
and determination !# a co$rt o" competent
9$risdiction o" the iss$es s$!mitted to it in an
action or proceeding.
'n %n5%st 5%/#"ent is one which is
contrar# to law or not s$pported !# the
evidence or !oth.
6o lia!ilit# i" error in good "aith
'n $n9$st 9$dgment ma# res$lt "rom,
1. :rror &wB ba/ fa!t0)
*. Ill)1!ll or revenge
+. B!be&
%here m$st !e evidence that the
decision rendered is $n9$st. 0t is not
pres$med.
'!$se o" discretion or mere error o"
9$dgment cannot li2ewise serve as !asis "or
rendering an $n9$st 9$dgment in the a!sence
o" proo" or an allegation o" !ad "aith.
ART. *32. GUDEMENT RENDERED THROUEH
NEELIEENCE
ELEMENTSI
2. %hat he renders 9$dgment in a $ase
s%b"!tte/ to him "or decision;
3. %hat the 9$dgment is manifetl! %n5%st;
and
7. %hat it is d$e to !ne?$%sable ne#l!#en$e
or ignorance.
MANI9ESTLY UNGUST GUDEMENT mani"estl#
contrar# to law that even a person having
meager 2nowledge o" law cannot do$!t the
in9$stice.
ART. *3.. UNGUST INTERLOCUTORY ORDER
ELEMENTSI
1. %hat the ofender is a 5%/#eH and
2. %hat he per"orms an# o" the "ollowing acts,
a. Kno1!n#l& en/es an $n9$st
interloc$tor# order or decree or
!. (enders a "an!festl& %n5%st
!ntelo$%to& order or decree
thro$gh !ne?$%sable ne#l!#en$e or
ignorance.
INTERLOCUTORY ORDER * one iss$ed !# the
co$rt deciding a collateral or incidental matter;
it is not a 5nal determination o" the iss$es o" the
action or proceeding
ART. *37. MALICIOUS DELAY IN THE
ADMINISTRATION O9 GUSTICE
ELEMENTSI
2. %hat there is a >o$ee/!n# !n 0!s $o%t;
3. %hat he /ela&s t0e a/"!n!stat!on o"
9$stice; and
7. %hat the dela# is "al!$!o%s that is the
dela# is ca$sed !# the 9$dge with deli!erate
intent to inKict damage on either part# in the
case.
NOTEI 3ere dela# witho$t malice is not
p$nisha!le.
ART. *3:. PROSECUTION O9 O99ENSESH
NEELIEENCE AND TOLERANCE
ACTS PUNISHABLEI
1. 4# "al!$!o%sl& efa!n!n# "rom instit$ting
prosec$tion against violators o" the law
2. 4# malicio$sl# toleat!n# the commission o"
ofenses
ELEMENTS O9 DERELICTION O9 DUTY IN
THE PROSECUTION O9 O99ENSESI
1. %hat the ofender is a p$!lic o/cer or o/cer
o" the law who has a d$t# to ca$se the
prosec$tion o" or to prosec$te ofenses;
2. %hat there is dereliction o" the d$ties o" his
o/ce that is 2nowing the commission o"
the crime he does not ca$se the prosec$tion
o" the criminal or 2nowing that a crime is
a!o$t to !e committed he tolerates its
commission;
3. %hat the ofender acts with malice and
deli!erate intent to "avor the violator o" the
law.
NOTEI
1. PREBARICACION is the negligence and
tolerance in the prosec$tion o" an ofense.
2. %here m$st !e a d$t# on the part o" the
p$!lic o/cer to prosec$te or move "or the
prosec$tion o" the ofender. Cowever a
5scal is $nder no comp$lsion to 5le an
in"ormation !ased $pon a complaint i" he is
convinced that the evidence !e"ore him is
ins$/cient to warrant 5ling an action in
co$rt.
3. %he crime m$st !e proved 5rst !e"ore an
o/cer can !e convicted o" dereliction o"
d$t#. 0" the g$ilt o" the law*violator is not
proved the person charged with the
dereliction o" d$t# is not lia!le.
7. N3alicio$sl#O signi5es deli!erate evil intent;
a dereliction o" d$t# ca$sed !# poor
9$dgment or honest mista2e is not
p$nisha!le.
8. ' p$!lic o/cer who har!ors conceals or
assists in the escape o" an ofender when it
is his d$t# to prosec$te him is lia!le as
principal in the crime o" dereliction o" d$t# in
the prosec$tion o" ofenses. Ce is not an
accessor#.
>. 0" gi"tBpromise is a consideration "or his
cond$ct crime is direct !ri!er#.
ART. *38. BETRAYAL O9 TRUST BY AN
ATTORNEY OR SOLICITOR K REBELATION O9
SECRETS
ACTS PUNISHABLEI
1. Ca$sing damage to client either
a. 4# an# "al!$!o%s bea$0 o"
pro"essional d$t# or
!. 4# !ne?$%sable ne#l!#en$e or
ignorance.
* <amage is necessar#
2. Re@eal!n# an& of t0e se$ets of 0!s
$l!ent learned !# him in his pro"essional
capacit#.
* <amage is 6O% necessar#.
3. Un/eta6!n# t0e /efense o" the opposing
part# in the same case witho$t the consent
o" his 1st client a"ter having $nderta2en the
de"ense o" a client or having received
con5dential in"ormation "rom said client.
SECTION *. K BRIBERY
ART. *13. DIRECT BRIBERY
ACTS PUNISHABLEI
1. 4# a#ee!n# to per"orm or !# >efo"!n#
in consideration o" an# ofer promise gi"t or
present* an a$t $onst!t%t!n# a $!"e in
connection with the per"ormance o" his
o/cial d$ties
- 'cceptance o" the ofer or promise is
eno$gh to cons$mmate the crime. 0"
the ofer is not accepted onl# the
person ofering the gi"t is lia!le "or
attempted corr$ption o" a p$!lic
o/cer.
- gi"t m$st have a val$e or !e capa!le
o" pec$niar# estimation. 0t co$ld !e
in the "orm o" mone# propert# or
services.
2. 4# a$$e>t!n# a gi"t in consideration o" the
e-ec$tion o" an a$t 10!$0 /oes not
$onst!t%te a $!"e in connection with the
per"ormance o" his o/cial d$t#
3. 4# a#ee!n# to efa!n< o b& efa!n!n#<
fo" /o!n# so"et0!n# 10!$0 !t !s 0!s
oD$!al /%t& to /o in consideration o" a gi"t
or promise
ELEMENTSI
1. %hat the ofender !e a >%bl!$ oD$e;
2. %hat the ofender a$$e>ts an oCe o
>o"!se or receives a gi"t or present !#
himsel" or thro$gh another;
3. %hat s$ch ofer or promise !e accepted or
gi"tBpresent e$e!@e/ !# the p$!lic o/cer *
a.Hith a view to committing some crime;
O(
!. 0n consideration o" an e-ec$tion o" an
act which does not constit$te a crime
!$t the act m$st !e $n9$st; O(
c.%o re"rain "rom doing something which is
his o/cial d$t# to do;
7. %hat the act which the ofender agrees to
per"orm or which he e?e$%tes be
$onne$te/ 1!t0 t0e >efo"an$e o" his
o/cial d$ties.
TEMPORARY PER9ORMANCE O9 PUBLIC
9UNCTIONS MAKE THE PERSON A PUBLIC
O99ICER
Gor p$rposes o" this article temporar#
per"ormance o" p$!lic "$nctions is s$/cient to
constit$te a person a p$!lic o/cer. ' private
person ma# commit this crime onl# in the case
in which c$stod# o" prisoners is entr$sted to him
BRIBERY EOISTS WHEN THE EI9T ISI
1. Mol$ntaril# ofered !# a private
person
2. ;olicited !# the p$!lic o/cer and
vol$ntaril# delivered !# the private person
3. ;olicited !# the p$!lic o/cer !$t
the private person delivers it o$t o" "ear o"
the conse+$ences sho$ld the p$!lic o/cer
per"orm his "$nctions. %he crime !# the giver
is not corr$ption o" p$!lic o/cials d$e to his
invol$ntariness.
DIRECT BRIBERY<
+
RD
Pa.
PREBARICACION
4oth consist o" omissions to do an act re+$ired
to !e per"ormed.
' #!ft o >o"!se is
given in consideration
o" the omission
Not ne$essa&
ADDITIONAL ELEMENT
9OURTH ELEMENT, %he act which the p$!lic
o/cer agrees to per"orm m$st !e $onne$te/
1!t0 t0e >efo"an$e of oD$!al /%t!es. 0t is
eno$gh that the act is part o" the esta!lished
proced$re o" a governmental agenc#.
BRIBERY 'ART. *13, ROBBERY 'ART.
*8(,
Hhen the victim has
committed a crime and
gives mone#Bgi"t to avoid
arrest or prosec$tion.
Hhen the victim did
not commit a crime
and he is intimidated
with arrest andBor
prosec$tion to
deprive him o" his
personal propert#.
Mictim parts with his
mone# or propert#
vol$ntaril#.
Mictim is deprived o"
his mone# or
propert# !# "orce or
intimidation.
ART. *11. INDIRECT BRIBERY
ELEMENTSI
1. %hat the ofender is a >%bl!$ oD$eH
*. %hat he a$$e>ts #!fts; and
+. %hat the said gi"ts are ofered to him b&
eason o" his o/ce.
NOTEI
%he article $ses the words Ngi"tO and not
NpromiseO and NacceptO not 9$st NreceiveO.
%he gi"t is given in anticipation o" "$t$re
"avor "rom the p$!lic o/cer.
%here m$st !e clear intention on the part
o" the p$!lic o/cer to ta2e the gi"t ofered
and consider the propert# as his own "or that
moment. 3ere ph#sical receipt
$naccompanied !# an# other sign
circ$mstance or act to show s$ch
acceptance is not s$/cient to convict the
o/cer.
%here is no atte">te/ o f%state/
!n/!e$t b!be&.
DIRECT BRIBERY INDIRECT
BRIBERY
0n !oth p$!lic o/cer receives a gi"t.
%here is an a#ee"ent
!etween the p$!lic
o/cer and the giver.
Is$all# no s$ch
agreement.
O/cer agrees to
per"orm or re"rain "rom
doing an a$t.
Not ne$essa& that
the o/cer do an act as
long as he accepts gi"ts
!# reason o" his o/ce.
ART. *11)A. LUALI9IED BRIBERY
ELEMENTS,
1. %hat the ofender is a p$!lic o/cer
ent%ste/ 1!t0 law en"orcement;
2. %hat he efa!ns "rom arrestingB prosec$ting
an ofender "or crime p$nisha!le !#
recl)ion 1er1et)a andLor death and
3. In $ons!/eat!on o" an# ofer promise or
gi"t.
ART. *1*. CORRUPTION O9 PUBLIC
O99ICIALS
ELEMENTS"
1. %hat the ofender "a6es oCes o
>o"!ses o #!@es #!fts o >esents to a
p$!lic o/cer; and
2. %hat the ofers or promises are made or the
gi"ts or presents given to a p$!lic o/cer
$nder circ$mstances that will "a6e t0e
>%bl!$ oD$e l!able fo /!e$t b!be& o
!n/!e$t b!be&.
NOTEI
%he ofender is the giver o" the gi"t or the
oferor o" the promise. %he act ma# or ma#
not !e accomplished.
Inder PD 7(8 givers o" !ri!es and
other gi"ts as well as accomplices in !ri!er#
and other gra"t cases are immune "rom
prosec$tion i" the# vol$ntaril# give an#
in"ormation a!o$t an# commission o" direct
indirect and +$ali5ed !ri!er# and an#
corr$ption o" p$!lic o/cials provided that,
1. %he in"ormation m$st re"er to
cons$mmated violations o" an# o" the
a!ove*mentioned provisions o" law
r$les and reg$lations
2. 0n"ormation and testimon# are
necessar# "or the conviction o" the
acc$sed p$!lic o/cer
3. ;$ch in"ormation and testimon# are
not in possession o" the ;tate.
7. ;$ch in"ormation and testimon# can
!e corro!orated on its material
points
8. 0n"ormant or witness has not !een
previo$sl# convicted o" a crime
involving moral t$rpit$de
R.A. NO. +318
ANTI)ERA9T AND CORRUPT PRACTICES
ACT
PUBLIC O99ICER ) elective and appointive
o/cials and emplo#ees permanent or
temporar# whether in the classi5ed or
$nclassi5ed or e-empt service receiving
compensation even nominal "rom the
government
RECEIBINE ANY EI9T * incl$des the act o"
accepting directl# or indirectl# a gi"t "rom a
person other than a mem!er o" the p$!lic
o/cerSs immediate "amil# in !ehal" o" himsel" or
o" an# mem!er o" his "amil# or relative within
the "o$rth civil degree either !# consang$init#
or a/nit# even on the occasion o" a "amil#
cele!ration or national "estivit# li2e Christmas i"
the val$e o" the gi"t is $nder the circ$mstances
mani"estl# e-cessive.

PERSONS LIABLEI
1. 'n# >%bl!$ oD$e who shall per"orm an# o"
the "ollowing acts,
a. Pes%a/!n#< !n/%$!n# o !nM%en$!n#
another p$!lic o/cer to per"orm an act
constit$ting a @!olat!on of %les an/
e#%lat!ons d$l# prom$lgated !# competent
a$thorit# or an ofense in connection with the
o/cial d$ties o" the latter or allowing himsel" to
!e pers$aded ind$ced or inK$enced to commit
s$ch violation or ofense.
NOTEI Pers$asion need not !e s$ccess"$l. %he
gravamen o" the ofense is the pers$asion.
!. <irectl# or indirectl# e=%est!n# o
e$e!@!n# an& #!ft< >esent< s0ae<
>e$enta#e< o bene4t "or himsel" or "or an#
other person in connection with an# $onta$t o
tansa$t!on !etween the government and an#
other part# wherein the >%bl!$ oD$e !n 0!s
oD$!al $a>a$!t& 0as to !nte@ene $nder the
law.
c. <irectl# or indirectl# e=%est!n# o
e$e!@!n# an& #!ft< >esent< o ot0e
>e$%n!a& o "ate!al bene4t "or himsel" or
"or another "rom an# person "or whom the
p$!lic o/cer in an# manner or capacit# has
sec$red or o!tained or will sec$re or o!tain an#
Government >e"!t o l!$ense in
consideration "or the help given or to !e given.
d. 'ccepting or having an# mem!er o" his family
a$$e>t e">lo&"ent in a private enterprise
which has pending o/cial !$siness with him
d$ring the pendenc# thereo" or within one year
a"ter its termination.
NOTEI %he act is mala prohibita.
e. Ca$sing an# %n/%e !n5%& to an& >at&
incl$ding the Government or giving an# private
part# an& %n1aante/ bene4ts< a/@anta#e<
o >efeen$e in the discharge o" his o/cial
administrative or 9$dicial "$nction thro$gh
manifest partialit# evident !ad "aith or gross
ineGcusable negligence. %his provision shall
appl# to o/cers and emplo#ees o" o/ces or
government corporations charged with the grant
o" licenses or permits or other concessions.
NOTEI
- %he !est de"ense is that the partialit#
was not mani"est. %hat the partialit# is
mani"est is a heav# !$rden on the
prosec$tion. &=$stice Peralta).
- 'nother de"ense is the 'rias
doctrine
2?
. %he de"ense applies in a case
where the acc$sed is an approving o/cer
and is on trial "or signing an $n9$st contract.
%he de"ense is that the approving o/cer
relied on the prior signat$res o" his
s$!ordinates and had no reason to
s$spect wrong*doing and was swamped
with a lot o" doc$ments on that da# that
he signed.
- %here is no attempted or "r$strated
stage o" the crime de5ned in ;ec. 3&e) o" (.'.
6o. 3J1A.
". Ne#le$t!n# o ef%s!n# a"ter d$e demand or
re+$est witho$t s$/cient 9$sti5cation to a$t
1!t0!n a easonable t!"e on an& "atte
>en/!n# befoe 0!" "or the >%>ose of
obta!n!n# directl# or indirectl# "rom an# person
interested in the matter some >e$%n!a& o
"ate!al bene4t or advantage or "or the
p$rpose o" "avoring his own interest or giving
$nd$e advantage in "avor o" or discriminating
27
3rias v. ,andiganbayan, (.% ,C!3 '%& <(&.&=
against an# other interested part#.
g. :ntering on !ehal" o" the Government into
an# $onta$t o tansa$t!on manifetl! and
grol! /!sa/@anta#eo%s to the same
whether or not the public o@cer profted or will
proft there!#.
NOTEI 0n determining whether the contract was
mani"estl# and grossl# disadvantageo$s it is not
merel# consideration o" the pec$niar# amo$nt
involved. &=$stice Peralta)
h. <irectl# or indirectl# having 4nan$!al o
>e$%n!a& !nteest !n an& b%s!ness<
$onta$t o tansa$t!on in connection with
which he !nte@enes o ta6e >at in his o/cial
capacit# or in which he is >o0!b!te/ b& t0e
$onst!t%t!on or !# an# law "rom having an#
interest.
NOTEI
- 'ct$al intervention is re+$ired.
- Inder the Code o" Pro"essional
Cond$ct the p$!lic o/cer 3I;% divest his
interest.
i. <irectl# or indirectl# !ecoming interested "or
personal gain or having a material interest in
an# transaction or act re+$iring the a>>o@al of
a boa/< >anel< o #o%> of 10!$0 0e !s a
"e"be and which e-ercises discretion in s$ch
approval even if he votes against the same or
does not participate in the action o" the !oard
committee panel or gro$p.
0nterest "or personal gain shall !e
pres$med against those p$!lic o/cers
responsi!le "or the approval o" mani"estl#
$nlaw"$l ine+$ita!le or irreg$lar
transactions or acts !# the !oard panel
or gro$p to which the# !elong.
9. Fnowingl# approving or granting an# license
permit privilege or !ene5t in "avor o" an#
person not +$ali5ed "or or not le#all& ent!tle/
to s%$0 l!$ense permit privilege or
advantage or o" a mere representative or
d$mm# o" one who is not so +$ali5ed or entitled.
2. D!@%l#!n# @al%able !nfo"at!on of a
$on4/ent!al $0aa$te< ac+$ired !# his o/ce
or !# him on acco$nt o" his o/cial position to
$na$thorized persons or releasing s$ch
in"ormation in advance o" its a$thorized release
date.
2. 'n# person having fa"!l& or cloe 1eronal
relation with an# p$!lic o/cial who shall
capitalize or e-ploit or ta2e advantage o" s$ch
"amil# or close personal relation !# directl# or
indirectl# re+$esting or receiving an# present
gi"t or material or pec$niar# advantage "rom
an# person having some !$siness transaction
application re+$est or contract with the
government in which s$ch p$!lic o/cial has to
intervene &;ec. 7)
3. 'n# person who shall 6no1!n#l& !n/%$e o
$a%se an# p$!lic o/cial to commit an# o" the
ofenses $nder &'). &;ec. 7)
7. ;po$se or an# relative !# consang$init# or
a/nit# within the 'rd civil degree o" the
President of the Philippines, the 4ice#President,
the President of the ,enate, or ,pea9er o" the
Co$se o" (epresentatives who shall intervene
directl# or indirectl# in an# !$siness transaction
contract or application with the government.
NOTE 'EOCEPTIONS,I
%his prohi!ition shall 6O% appl# to,
1. 'n# person who >!o to t0e ass%">t!on o"
o/ce o" an# o" the a!ove o/cials to whom he is
related has !een alea/& /eal!n# with the
government along the same line o" !$siness or
an# transaction contract or application alread#
e-isting or pending at the time o" s$ch
ass$mption o" p$!lic o/ce;
2. 'n# application 5led !# him the a>>o@al of
10!$0 !s not dicretionar! on the part o" the
o/cial&s) concerned !$t depends $pon
compliance with re+$isites provided !# law or
r$les or reg$lations iss$ed p$rs$ant to law;
3. 'n# act law"$ll# per"ormed in an oD$!al
$a>a$!t& or in the e-ercise o" a >ofess!on.
&;ec. 8)
7. 'n# mem!er o" Congress d$ring the term "or
which he has !een elected who shall ac+$ire or
receive an# personal pec$niar# interest in an#
speci5c !$siness enterprise which shall !e
directl! and 1artic)larl! fa@oe/ o
bene4te/ !# an# la1 o esol%t!on a)t5ored
!# him previo$sl# approved or adopted !#
Congress d$ring his term.
-. 3ny public o@cer who recommended the
initiation in Congress o" the enactment or
adoption o" an# law or resol$tion and ac+$ires or
receives s$ch interest d$ring his inc$m!enc#.
NOTEI Inlaw"$l "or s$ch mem!er o" Congress or
other p$!lic o/cer who having s$ch interest
prior to the approval o" s$ch law or resol$tion
a$thored or recommended !# him contin$es "or
3J da#s a"ter s$ch approval to retain s$ch
interest.
>. 'n# p$!lic o/cer who shall fa!l to 4le a tr$e
detailed and sworn statement o" assets and
lia!ilities &SALN, within '% days a"ter ass$ming
o/ce and therea"ter on or !e"ore the 18th da# o"
'pril "ollowing the close o" ever# calendar #ear
as well as $pon the e-piration o" his term o"
o/ce or $pon his resignation or separation "rom
o/ce &;ec. ?).
P!"a fa$!e e@!/en$e of an/ /!s"!ssal /%e
to %ne?>la!ne/ 1ealt0 'Se$. :,
1. 0" a p$!lic o/cial has !een "o$nd to have
ac+$ired d$ring his inc$m!enc# whether in
his name or in the name o" other persons an
amo$nt o" propert# andBor mone# manifestly
o$t o" proportion to his salar# and to his
other law"$l income.
2. Properties in the name o" the spo$se and
dependents o" s$ch p$!lic o/cial ma# !e
ta2en into consideration when their
ac+$isition thro$gh legitimate means cannot
!e satis"actoril# shown.
3. 4an2 deposits in the name o" or
mani"estl# e-cessive e-pendit$res inc$rred
!# the p$!lic o/cial his spo$se or an# o"
their dependents incl$ding !$t not limited to
activities in an# cl$! or association or an#
ostentatio$s displa# o" wealth incl$ding
"re+$ent travel a!road o" a non*o/cial
character !# an# p$!lic o/cial when s$ch
activities entail e-penses evidently o$t o"
proportion to legitimate income.
NOTEI Competent co$rt is the ;andigan!a#an
&;ec. 1J).
EENERAL RULEI Prescriptive period is 12
&eas &;ec. 11).
EOCEPTIONSI Insolicited gi"ts or presents o"
small or insigni5cant val$e ofered or given as a
mere ordinar# to2en o" gratit$de o" "riendship
according to local c$stoms or $sage shall !e
e-cepted "rom the provisions o" this act &;ec.
17).
NOTEI
* 6o p$!lic o/cer shall !e allowed to resign or
retire pending an investigation.
* ;$spension while pending in co$rt a"ter @al!/
!nfo"at!on &cannot !e a$tomatic) and loss o"
!ene5ts i" convicted !# 5nal 9$dgment;
ma-im$m d$ration o" preventive s$spension is
AJ da#s; ac+$ittal reinstatement and salaries
and !ene5ts which he "ailed to receive
* %he co$rts are not !o$nd !# the statement o"
assets and lia!ilities 5led.
* Penalt# o" "or"eit$re cannot !e applied
retroactivel#.
C0a>te +I 9a%/s an/ !lle#al
tansa$t!ons an/ e?a$t!ons
ART. *1+. 9RAUDS AEAINST THE PUBLIC
TREASURY AND SIMILAR O99ENSES
A. 9RAUDS AEAINST PUBLIC TREASURY
ELEMENTSI
1. %hat the ofender !e a >%bl!$ oD$e;
2. %hat he sho$ld have ta6en a/@anta#e o"
his o/ce that is he !nte@ene/ in the
transaction in his oD$!al $a>a$!t&H
3. %hat he entered into an a#ee"ent with
an# interested part# or spec$lator or made
$se o" an# other s$0e"e with regard to &a)
"$rnishing s$pplies &!) the ma2ing o"
contracts or &c) the ad9$stment or
settlement o" acco$nt relating to a >%bl!$
>o>et& o f%n/s; and
7. %hat the acc$sed had !ntent to /efa%/
t0e #o@en"ent.
NOTEI
%he p$!lic o/cer m$st act in his o/cial
capacit#.
%he "elon# is $ons%""ate/ b& "eel&
ente!n# !nto an a#ee"ent with an#
interested part# or spec$lator o b& "eel&
"a6!n# %se of an& s$0e"e to de"ra$d the
Government.
B. ILLEEAL EOACTIONS
ELEMENTSI
1. %he ofender is a >%bl!$ oD$e ent%ste/
1!t0 t0e $olle$t!on o" ta-es licenses "ees
and other imposts; and
2. %hat he is #%!lt& of an# o" the "ollowing acts
or omissions;
a. De"an/!n# directl# or indirectl#
the pa#ment o" s$ms diferent "rom
or la#e t0an t0ose a%t0o!Fe/
!# law or
!. 9a!l!n# @ol%nta!l& to !ss%e a
e$e!>t as provided !# law "or an#
s$m o" mone# collected !# him
o/ciall# or
c. Colle$t!n# or receiving directl# or
indirectl# !# wa# o" pa#ment or
otherwise things or o!9ects o" a
nat$re /!Ceent fo" t0at
>o@!/e/ b& la1.
NOTEI
3ere demand o" a larger or diferent
amo$nt is s$/cient to cons$mmate the
crime. %he essence is the improper
collection and damage to the government is
not re+$ired.
0" s$ms are received witho$t demanding
the same a "elon# $nder this article is not
committed. Cowever i" the s$m is given as
a sort o" gi"t or grati5cation the crime is
indirect !ri!er#.
Hhen there is deceit in demanding larger
"ees the crime committed is esta"a.
%his "elon# ma# !e comple-ed with
malversation. :-. ' ta- collector who
collected a s$m larger than that a$thorized
!# law and spent all o" them is g$ilt# o" two
crimes namel#, &1) illegal e-action "or
demanding a greater amo$nt; and &2)
malversation "or misappropriating the
amo$nt collected.
O/cers and emplo#ees o" the 40( or
C$stoms are not covered !# this article
since the# are covered !# the 60(C or the
'dministrative Code.
ART. *1(. OTHER 9RAUDS
ELEMENTS"
*. %hat he ta2es a/@anta#e of 0!s oD$!al
>os!t!on; and
+. %hat 0e $o""!ts an& of t0e fa%/s or
deceits en$merated in art. 318 and 31>.
&esta"a swindling)
NOTEI %he penalt# $nder this 'rticle is in
addition to the penalties prescri!ed in the
articles violated
ART *12. PROHIBITED TRANSACTIONS
ELEMENTSI
1. %hat the ofender is an a>>o!nt!@e p$!lic
o/cer;
*. %hat he !ecomes inteeste/ directl# or
indirectl# in an# transaction o" e-change or
spec$lation;
+. %hat the transaction ta6es >la$e 1!t0!n
t0e te!to& s$!9ect to his 9$risdiction; and
(. %hat he !ecomes interested in the
transaction d$ring his !n$%"ben$&.
NOTEI
%he transaction m$st !e o" e-change or
spec$lation.
:-amples o" transactions o" e-change or
spec$lation are !$#ing and selling stoc2s
commodities land etc. wherein one hopes
to ta2e advantage o" an e-pected rise or "all
in price "or gain or pro5t and not merel#
as investment
P$rchasing o" stoc2s or shares in a
compan# is simple investment and not a
violation o" the article. Cowever reg$larl#
!$#ing sec$rities "or resale is spec$lation.
ART. *1.. POSSESSION O9 PROHIBITED
INTERESTS BY A PUBLIC O99ICER
PERSONS LIABLEI
1. P$!lic o/cer who !ecame interested in an#
contract or !$siness in which it is his o/cial
d$t# to intervene.
2. :-perts ar!itrators and private acco$ntants
who too2 part in an# contract or transaction
connected with the estate or propert# in the
approval distri!$tion or ad9$dication o"
which the# had acted.
3. G$ardians and e-ec$tors with respect to
propert# !elonging to their wards or the
estate.
NOTEI
'ct$al "ra$d is not necessar#.
0ntervention m$st !e !# virt$e o" p$!lic
o/ce held.
'ct is p$nished !eca$se o" the possibility
that "ra$d ma# !e committed or that the
o/cer ma# place his own interest a!ove that
o" the Government or o" the part# which he
represents.
Const!t%t!onal >o0!b!t!ons e?!st
- Congress, cannot personall# appear as
co$nsel; cannot !e interested 5nanciall#
in an# "ranchise or special privilege
granted !# government; cannot
intervene in an# matter !e"ore o/ce o"
Government
- :-ec$tive cannot hold an# other o/ce
- Constit$tional Commissions cannot
hold an# other o/ce or engage in
practice o" pro"ession or management o"
!$siness or !e 5nanciall# interested in a
contract with or "ranchiseBprivilege !#
the government
R.A. 73:3
AN ACT DE9ININE AND PENALISINE THE
CRIME O9 PLUNDER
ILL)EOTTEN WEALTH, 'n# asset propert#
!$siness enterprise or material possession o" an#
person ac+$ired !# him directl# or indirectl#
thro$gh d$mmies nominees agents
s$!ordinates andBor !$siness associates !# an#
$o"b!nat!on o se!es o" the "ollowing means
or similar schemes,
'. %hro$gh misappropriation,
conversion, misuse or malversation o" p$!lic
"$nds or raids on the p$!lic treas$r#.
4. B& e$e!@!n# directl# or indirectl#
an# commission gi"t share percentage
2ic2!ac2s or an# other "orm o" >e$%n!a&
bene4t "rom an# person andBor entit# in
connection with an# #o@en"ent $onta$t or
pro9ect or !# reason o" the o/ce or position o"
the p$!lic o/cer concerned;
C. 4# t0e !lle#al o fa%/%lent
$on@e&an$e or disposition o" assets belon#!n#
to t0e Nat!onal Eo@en"ent or an# o" its
s$!divisions agencies or instr$mentalities or
government*owned or controlled corporations
and their s$!sidiaries;
<. 4# obtaining, receiving or accepting,
directly or indirectly, an# shares o" stoc2 e+$it#
or an# other "orm o" !nteest o >at!$!>at!on
incl$ding the promise o" "$t$re emplo#ment in
an# !$siness enterprise or $nderta2ing.
:. 4# esta!lishing agricultural, industrial
or commercial mono1olie or other
$o"b!nat!ons< andBor implementation o"
decrees and orders intended to !ene5t partic$lar
persons or special interests;
G. 4# ta2ing %n/%e a/@anta#e o"
o/cial position a$thorit# relationship
connection or inK$ence to $n9$stl# enrich himsel"
or themselves at the e-pense and to the damage
or pre9$dice o" the Gilipino people and the
(ep$!lic o" the Philippines.
PLUNDER IS A CRIME O9 MALUM IN SE
Pl$nder is a crime o" malum in se !eca$se the
constit$tive crimes are mala in se. %he elements
o" mens rea m$st !e proven in a prosec$tion "or
pl$nder. %he legislative declaration in (.'. ?>8A
that pl$nder is a heino$s ofense implies that it is
mal$m in se. Gor when the acts p$nished are
inherentl# immoral or inherentl# wrong the# are
mala in se and it does not matter that s$ch acts
are p$nished in a special law.
PERSONS LIABLEI
'. 'n# p$!lic o/cer who !# himsel" or
in connivance with mem!ers o" his "amil#
relatives !# a/nit# or consang$init# !$siness
associates and s$!ordinates or other persons
amasses acc$m$lates or ac+$ires ill*gotten
wealth thro$gh a combination or series o" overt
or criminal acts as descri!ed $nder a!ove in the
aggregate amo$nt or total val$e o" at least -%
MELLEO" P2,O, shall !e g$ilt# o" the crime o"
pl$nder &as amended !# (' ?>8A).
4. 'n# person who participated with the
said p$!lic o/cer in the commission o" pl$nder.
GURISDICTION, ;andigan!a#an
RULE O9 EBIDENCE, Gor p$rposes o"
esta!lishing the crime o" pl$nder it shall not !e
necessar# to prove each and ever# criminal act
done it !eing s$/cient to esta!lish !e#ond
reasona!le do$!t a pattern o" overt or criminal
acts indicative o" the overall $nlaw"$l scheme or
conspirac#.
PRESCRIPTION, /% years. Cowever the right o"
the ;tate to recover properties $nlaw"$ll#
ac+$ired !# p$!lic o/cers
"rom them or "rom their nominees or trans"erees
shall not !e !arred !# prescription laches or
estoppel.
TCOMBINATIONO re"ers to at least two &2) acts
"alling $nder diferent categories o" en$meration
provided in sec. 1 par. &d).
:-ample, raids on the p$!lic treas$r# in sec. 1
par. &d) and "ra$d$lent conve#ance o" assets
!elonging to the national government $nder sec.
1 par. &d) s$!par. &3).
TSERIESO re"er to two &2) or more overt or
criminal acts "alling $nder the same categor# o"
en$meration "o$nd in sec. 1 par. &d) sa#
misappropriation malversation and raids on the
p$!lic treas$r# all o" which "alls $nder sec. 1
par. &d) s$!par. &1). OMeril# had the legislat$re
intended a technical or distinctive meaning "or
Ncom!inationO and NseriesO it wo$ld have ta2en
greater pains in speciall# providing "or it in the
law.
2@
O
R.A. 8+7*
HUMAN SECURITY ACT
#enalt! for Fail)re to Deliver S)1ect to t5e
#ro1er ;)dicial A)t5orit! 'it5in T5ree Da!.
* %he penalt# o" ten &1J) #ears and one da# to
twelve &12) #ears o" imprisonment shall !e
imposed $pon an# police or law en"orcement
personnel who has apprehended or arrested
detained and ta2en c$stod# o" a person charged
with or s$spected o" the crime o" terrorism or
conspirac# to commit terrorism and "ails to
28
2strada v. ,andiganbayan, '1& ,C!3 '&$ </%%(=
deliver s$ch charged or s$spected person to the
proper 9$dicial a$thorit# within the period o"
three da#s. &;ec. 2J)
In8delit! in t5e C)tod! of Detained
#eron. * 'n# p$!lic o/cer who has direct
c$stod# o" a detained person or $nder the
provisions o" this 'ct and who !# his deli!erate
act miscond$ct or ine-c$sa!le negligence
ca$ses or allows the escape o" s$ch detained
person shall !e g$ilt# o" an ofense and shall
s$fer the penalt# o",
&a) 12 #ears and 1 da# to 2J #ears o"
imprisonment i" the detained person has alread#
!een convicted and sentenced in a 5nal
9$dgment o" a competent co$rt; and
&!) > #ears and 1 da# to 12 #ears o"
imprisonment i" the detained person has not
!een convicted and sentenced in a 5nal
9$dgment o" a competent co$rt. &;ec. 77)
#enalt! for Fale or 9ntr)t5f)l Statement
or Mire1reentation of Material Fact in
;oint A<davit. * 'n# "alse or $ntr$th"$l
statement or misrepresentation o" material "act
in the 9oint a/davits re+$ired respectivel# in
;ection 12 and ;ection 32 o" this 'ct shall
constit$te a criminal ofense and the a/ants
shall s$fer individ$all# the penalt# o" 1J #ears
and 1 da# to 12 #ears o" imprisonment &;ec. 7?)
#enalt! for F)rni5ing Fale Evidence=
Forged Doc)ment= or S1)rio) Evidence. *
%he penalt# o" twelve &12) #ears and one da# to
twent# &2J) #ears o" imprisonment shall !e
imposed $pon an# person who 2nowingl#
"$rnishes "alse testimon# "orged doc$ment or
sp$rio$s evidence in an# investigation or hearing
$nder this 'ct.
7amages for +nproven Charge of ?errorism. *
Ipon ac+$ittal an# person who is acc$sed o"
terrorism shall !e entitled to the pa#ment o"
damages in the amo$nt o" P8JJJJJ.JJ "or ever#
da# that he or she has !een detained or deprived
o" li!ert# or arrested witho$t a warrant as a res$lt
o" s$ch an acc$sation. %his is witho$t pre9$dice to
the right o" the ac+$itted acc$sed to 5le criminal
or administrative charges against those
responsi!le "or charging him with the case o"
terrorism.
'n# o/cer emplo#ee personnel or person who
dela#s the release or re"$ses to release the
amo$nts awarded to the individ$al ac+$itted o"
the crime o" terrorism shall s$fer the penalt# o"
si- &>) months o" imprisonment. &;ec 7@)
C0a>te (I Mal@esat!on of P%bl!$
9%n/s o Po>et&
ART. *17. MALBERSATION O9 PUBLIC
9UNDS OR PROPERTY
ELEMENTSI
1. %hat the ofender !e a >%bl!$ oD$e &or
private person i" entr$sted with p$!lic "$nds
or i" in connivance with p$!lic o/cers);
2. %hat he had the $%sto/& o $ontol of
f%n/s o >o>et& &i" not acco$nta!le "or
the "$nds crime committed is the"t or
+$ali5ed the"t);
3. %hat those "$nds or propert# were >%bl!$
f%n/s o >o>et& &even i" private "$nds
the# !ecome p$!lic i" attached seized
deposited or commingled with p$!lic "$nds);
and
7. %hat he,
a. A>>o>!ate/ the "$nds or propert#
!. Too6 o "!sa>>o>!ate/ them
c. Consented or thro$gh a!andonment
or negligence >e"!tte/ an& ot0e
>eson to ta6e s$ch p$!lic "$nds or
propert#.

NOTESI
1. 0t is not necessar# that the ofender pro5ted
!# his malversation. Cis !eing remiss in the
d$t# o" sa"e2eeping p$!lic "$nds violates the
tr$st reposed.
2. P$!lic "$nds ta2en need not !e
misappropriated.
3. 0t can !e committed either with malice or
through negligence or imprudence altho$gh
the penalt# is the same. 6egligence o" the
acco$nta!le p$!lic o/cer m$st !e positivel#
and clearl# shown to !e ine-c$sa!le.
7. 0n determining whether the ofender is a
p$!lic o/cer what is controlling is the
nat$re o" his o/ce and not the designation *
contemplates p$!lic o/cer who receives
mone# or propert# "rom government "or
which he is !o$nd to acco$nt m$st have
a$thorit# to collect or receive
8. %he "$nds or propert# m$st !e received in an
oD$!al $a>a$!t&. Otherwise the crime
committed is esta"a.
CIRCUMSTANCES MAKINE A PRIBATE
INDIBIDUAL LIABLE
1. when the# are in conspirac# with p$!lic
o/cers; and
*. when the# have charge o" national
provincial or m$nicipal "$nds reven$es or
propert# in an# capacit#.
+. %hose who are accessor# or accomplice
to a p$!lic o/cer
(. <epositor# or administrator o" p$!lic
"$nds or propert#
NOTES
1. Hhen malversation is not committed
thro$gh negligence lac2 o" criminal intent or
good "aith is a de"ense.
2. %he "ail$re o" a p$!lic o/cer to have an#
d$l# "orthcoming p$!lic "$nds or propert#
$pon demand !# an# a$thorized o/cer
shall !e prima "acie evidence that he has p$t
s$ch missing "$nds or propert# to personal
$se. Cowever i" at the ver# moment when
the shortage is discovered the acco$nta!le
o/cer is noti5ed and he immediatel# pa#s
the amo$nt "rom his poc2et the
pres$mption does not arise.
3. (et$rning the em!ezzled "$nds is not an
e-empting circ$mstance !$t onl# mitigating.
7. ' person whose negligence made possi!le
the commission o" malversation !# another
can !e held lia!le as a principal !#
indispensa!le cooperation.
MALBERSATION
'ART. *17,
ESTA9A WITH ABUSE
O9 CON9IDENCE
'ART. +12,
G$nds or propert#
$s$all# >%bl!$
G$ndsBpropert# are
alwa#s >!@ate
Ofender is $s$all# a
p$!lic o/cer who is
a$$o%ntable "or the
p$!lic "$ndsBpropert#
Ofender is a private
individ$al or even a
p$!lic o/cer who is
not a$$o%ntable "or
Crime is committed !#
a>>o>!at!n#<
ta6!n#< o
"!sa>>o>!at!n#;$o
nsent!n#< o t0o%#0
aban/on"ent o
ne#l!#en$e<
>e"!tt!n# an# other
person to ta2e the
Crime is committed !#
"!sa>>o>!at!n#<
$on@et!n#< o
/en&!n# 0a@!n#
e$e!@e/ mone#
goods or other
personal propert#
%he "act that the o!ligation to deposit
the collections o" the Cit# %reas$rerSs O/ce
is not covered !# appellantSs o/cial 9o!
description is o" no legal conse+$ence in a
prosec$tion "or 3alversation. Hhat is
essential is that appellant had c$stod# or
control o" p$!lic "$nds !# reason o" the
d$ties o" his o/ce
2A
.
ART. *1:. 9AILURE O9 ACCOUNTABLE
O99ICER TO RENDER ACCOUNT 9AILURE O9
ACCOUNTABLE O99ICER TO RENDER
ACCOUNT
ELEMENTS"
1. %hat the ofender is a >%bl!$ oD$e
whether in the service or separated
there"rom;
*. %hat he m$st !e an a$$o%ntable oD$e
fo >%bl!$ f%n/s o >o>et&H
+. %hat he is e=%!e/ !# law or reg$lation to
en/e a$$o%nts to the Commission on
'$dit or to a provincial a$ditor; and
(. %hat he fa!ls to do so "or a period o" t1o
"ont0s afte s%$0 a$$o%nts s0o%l/ be
en/ee/.
NOTEI <emand and misappropriation are not
necessar#.
ART. *18. 9AILURE O9 A RESPONSIBLE
PUBLIC O99ICER TO RENDER ACCOUNTS
BE9ORE LEABINE THE COUNTRY
ELEMENTSI
1. %hat the ofender is a >%bl!$ oD$e;
2. %hat he m$st !e an a$$o%ntable oD$e
fo >%bl!$ f%n/s o >o>et&; and
3. %hat he m$st have %nla1f%ll& left &or !e
on the point o" leaving) the Philippines
1!t0o%t se$%!n# fo" t0e Co""!ss!on
on A%/!t a $et!4$ate showing that his
acco$nts have !een 5nall# settled.
NOTEI %he act o" leaving the Philippines m$st
!e $na$thorized or not permitted !# law.
ART. **3. ILLEEAL USE O9 PUBLIC 9UNDS
OR PROPERTY
ELEMENTS O9 TECHNICAL MALBERSATIONI
*. %hat there is >%bl!$ f%n/ o >o>et&
%n/e 0!s a/"!n!stat!onH
+. %hat s$ch p$!lic "$nd or propert# has !een
a>>o>!ate/ b& la1 o o/!nan$e
&witho$t this it is simple malversation); and
(. %hat he a>>l!es t0e sa"e to a >%bl!$ %se
ot0e t0an fo 10!$0 s$ch "$nd or
propert# has !een a>>o>!ate/ !# law or
ordinance.
NOTEI
29
People v. 0ipol, $-$ Phil. 1)& </%%'=
%o disting$ish this article with 'rt 21?
&malversation) in illegal $se o" p$!lic "$nds
or propert# the ofender does not derive
any personal gain the "$nds are merel#
devoted to some other p$!lic $se.
'!sence o" damage is onl# a mitigating
circ$mstance.
ILLEEAL USE O9
9UNDS OR PROPERTY
'ART. **3,
MALBERSATION
'ART. *17,
Ofender is an acco$nta!le p$!lic o/cers.
Ofender does not
derive an# personal
gain or pro5t.
Ofender in certain
cases pro5ts "rom the
proceeds o" the crime.
%he p$!lic "$nd or
propert# is applied to
another p$!lic $se.
%he p$!lic "$nd or
propert# is applied to
personal $se.
ART. **1. 9AILURE TO MAKE DELIBERY O9
PUBLIC 9UNDS OR PROPERTY
ACTS PUNISHABLEI
1. 4# "ailing to ma2e pa#ment !# a
p$!lic o/cer who is $nder o!ligation to
ma2e s$ch pa#ment "rom Government "$nds
in his possession
2. 4# re"$sing to ma2e deliver# !# a
p$!lic o/cer who has !een ordered !#
competent a$thorit# to deliver an# propert#
in his c$stod# or $nder his administration
&m$st !e malicio$s)
ELEMENTS O9 9AILURE TO MAKE PAYMENTI
1. %hat the >%bl!$ oD$e has government
"$nds or propert# in his possession.
2. %hat he is %n/e obl!#at!on to either,
a. ma2e >a&"ent "rom s$ch "$nds or
!. to /el!@e >o>et& !n 0!s $%sto/& or
administration when ordered !#
competent a$thorit#; and
3. %hat he "al!$!o%sl& fa!ls o ef%ses to do
so.
NOTEI Penalt# is !ased on val$e o"
"$ndsBpropert# to !e delivered.
ART. ***. O99ICERS INCLUDED IN THE
PRECEDINE PROBISIONS
PERSONS LIABLE UNDER ART. *17 TO **1I
1. Private individ$al who in an# capacit# have
charge o" an# national provincial or
m$nicipal "$nds reven$e or propert#.
2Gample, a withholding ta- agent
2. 'dministrator or depositar# o" "$nds or
propert# that has !een attached seized or
deposited !# p$!lic a$thorit# even i" owned
!# a private individ$al.
NOTEI
;herifs and receivers "all $nder the term
NadministratorO
=$dicial administrator not covered !# this
article.&'ppointed to administer estate o"
deceased and not in charge o" propert#
attached impo$nded or placed in deposit !#
p$!lic a$thorit#)
Private propert# is incl$ded i" it is
atta$0e/< se!Fe/ o /e>os!te/ !# >%bl!$
a%t0o!t&.
C0a>te 2I In4/el!t& of P%bl!$ OD$es
SECTION 1. K IN9IDELITY IN THE
CUSTODY O9 PRISONERS
ART. **+. CONNIBINE WITH OR
CONSENTINE TO EBASION
ELEMENTSI
1. %hat the ofender is a >%bl!$ oD$e &on
d$t#);
2. %hat he is $0a#e/ 1!t0 t0e $on@e&an$e
o $%sto/& of a >!sone either detention
prisoner or prisoner !# 5nal 9$dgment;
3. %hat s$ch prisoner es$a>e/ fo" 0!s
$%sto/&; and
7. %hat he was !n connivance with the
prisoner in the latter1s escape.
DETENTION PRISONER * ' person !ecomes a
detention prisoner "rom the moment he is
boo9ed. %his re"ers to the accomplishment of
the boo9ing sheet and 5lling o$t o" a "orm where
he is 5nger printed. Grom that time on he is
alread# a detention prisoner even if he is not yet
incarcerated.
%he release o" a detention prisoner who
co$ld not !e delivered to 9$dicial a$thorities
within the time 5-ed !# law is not in5delit#
in the c$stod# o" a prisoner. 6either is mere
lenienc# or la-it# in the per"ormance o" d$t#
constit$tes o" in5delit#.
%here is real and actual evasion o"
service o" sentence when the c$stodian
permits the prisoner to o!tain a rela-ation o"
his imprisonment.
ART. **(. EBASION THROUEH NEELIEENCE
ELEMENTSI
0- %hat the ofender is a >%bl!$ oD$eH
*- %hat he is charged with the $on@e&an$e o
$%sto/& of a >!sone either detention
prisoner or prisoner !# 5nal 9$dgment; and
/- %hat s$ch prisoner es$a>es thro$gh his
negligence-
NOTEI
%he article p$nishes a de5nite la-it#
which amo$nts to deli!erate non*
per"ormance o" a d$t#.
%he "act that the p$!lic o/cer
recaptured the prisoner who had
escaped "rom his c$stod# does not aford
him complete e-c$lpation.
%he lia!ilit# o" an escaping prisoner,
a. i" he is a prisoner !# 5nal 9$dgment
he is lia!le "or evasion o" service &'rt.
18?)
!. i" he is a detention prisoner he does
not inc$r criminal lia!ilit# &$nless he
cooperated with the ofender).
%he negligent p$!lic o/cer s$fers the
same penalt# regardless o" whether the
prisoner is a convict or merel# a
detention prisoner.
ART. **2. ESCAPE O9 PRISONER UNDER
THE CUSTODY O9 A PERSON NOT A PUBLIC
O99ICER
ELEMENTSI
1. %hat the ofender is a >!@ate person;
*. %hat the conve#ance or c$stod# o" a
prisoner or person $nder arrest is con5ded
to him; 'He 0as $%sto/&,
+. %hat the prisoner or person $nder aest
es$a>es; and
(. %hat the ofender $onsents to the escape o"
the prisoner or person $nder arrest or that
the escape ta2es place thro$gh his
ne#l!#en$e.
NOTEI %his article is not applica!le i" a private
person made the arrest and he consented to the
escape o" the person he arrested.
SECTION *. K IN9IDELITY O9 THE
CUSTODY O9 DOCUMENTS
ART. **.. REMOBAL< CONCEALMENT< OR
DESTRUCTION O9 DOCUMENTS
ELEMENTS O9 IN9IDELITY IN CUSTODY O9
DOCUMENTSI
1. T0at t0e oCen/e be a >%bl!$ oD$eH
2. %hat he absta$ts< /esto&s o $on$eals a
doc$ment or papers;
3. %hat the said doc$ment or paper sho$ld
have !een ent%ste/ to s$ch p$!lic o/cer
!# reason o" his o/ce; and
7. T0at /a"a#e< whether serio$s or not to a
third part# or to the p$!lic interest sho$ld
have !een ca$sed.
NOTEI
%he doc$ment m$st !e complete and
one !# which a right co$ld !e
esta!lished or an o!ligation co$ld !e
e-ting$ished.
NPapersO wo$ld incl$de chec2s
promissor# notes and paper mone#.
' post o/ce o/cial who retained the
mail witho$t "orwarding the letters to
their destination is g$ilt# o" in5delit# in
the c$stod# o" papers.
(emoval o" a doc$ment or paper m$st
!e "or an illicit purpose. %here is illicit
p$rpose when the intention o" the
ofender is to,
a. tamper with it
!. to pro5t !# it or
c. to commit an# act constit$ting a
!reach o" tr$st in the o/cial care
thereo".
(emoval is cons$mmated $pon removal
or secreting awa# o" the doc$ment "rom
its $s$al place. 0t is immaterial whether
or not the illicit purpose of the o:ender
has been accomplished.
0n5delit# in the c$stod# o" doc$ments
thro$gh destr$ction or concealment does
not reFuire proof of an illicit purpose.
<elivering the doc$ment to the wrong
part# is in5delit# in the c$stod# thereo".
ART. **7. O99ICER BREAKINE SEAL
ELEMENTSI
2. %hat he is $0a#e/ 1!t0 t0e $%sto/& o"
papers or propert#;
3. %hat these papers or propert# ae seale/
b& proper a$thorit#; and
7. %hat 0e bea6s the seals or permits them to
!e !ro2en.
0t is the !rea2ing o" the seals and not the
opening o" a closed envelope which is
p$nished.
<amage or intent to ca$se damage is
not necessary* damage is presumed.
ART. **:. OPENINE O9 CLOSED
DOCUMENTS
ELEMENTSI
1. %hat the ofender is a >%bl!$ oD$er;
2. %hat an# closed papers doc$ments or
o!9ects are ent%ste/ to his c$stod#;
3. %hat 0e o>ens o >e"!ts to !e opened
said closed papers doc$ments or o!9ects;
and
7. %hat he does not 0a@e >o>e a$thorit#.
NOTEI <amage is not necessar#.
SECTION +. K REBELATION O9 SECRETS
ART. **8. REBELATION O9 SECRETS BY AN
O99ICER
ELEMENTS O9 PAR. 1 'SECRETS >NO?N @$
REASON OF (IS OFFICIA& CA#ACIT$,I
1. %hat the ofender is a p$!lic o/cer;
2. %hat he 2nows o" a secret !# reason o" his
o/cial capacit#;
3. %hat he reveals s$ch secret witho$t
a$thorit# or 9$sti5a!le reasons; and
7. %hat damage great or small !e ca$sed to
the p$!lic interest.
;ecret m$st afect p$!lic interest not
secrets o" a private individ$al.
:spionage "or the !ene5t o" another
;tate is not contemplated !# the article.
0" regarding militar# secrets or secrets
afecting state sec$rit# the crime ma#
!e espionage.
ELEMENTS O9 PAR. * '?RONGF9&&$
DE&IAERING #A#ERS OR CO#IES OF #A#ERS
OF ?(IC( (E MA$ (AAE C(ARGE AND
?(IC( S(O9&D NOT @E #9@&IS(ED,I
2. %hat he has charge o" papers;
3. %hat those papers sho$ld not !e p$!lished;
7. %hat he delivers those papers or copies
thereo" to a third person;
8. %hat the deliver# is wrong"$l; and
>. %hat damage !e ca$sed to p$!lic interest.
NOTEI
C(ARGE means c$stod# or control. 0" he
is merel# entr$sted with the papers and
not with the c$stod# thereo" he is not
lia!le $nder this article.
0" the papers contain secrets which
sho$ld not !e p$!lished and the p$!lic
o/cer having charge thereo" removes
and delivers them wrong"$ll# to a third
person the crime is revelation o" secrets.
On the other hand i" the papers do not
contain secrets their removal "or an
illicit p$rpose is in5delit# in the c$stod#
o" doc$ments.
<amage is essential to the act
committed.
ART. *+3. PUBLIC O99ICER REBEALINE
SECRETS O9 PRIBATE INDIBIDUAL
ELEMENTSI
2. %hat he 2nows o" the secret o" a private
individ$al !# reason o" his o/ce; and
3. %hat he reveals s$ch secrets witho$t
a$thorit# or 9$sti5a!le reason.
6O%:,
(evelation to one person is s$/cient.
0" the ofender is an attorne# he is
properl# lia!le $nder 'rt. 2JA &!etra#al
o" tr$st !# an attorne#).
<amage to private individ$al is not
necessar#.
=========================
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C0a>te .I Ot0e oCenses o
!e#%la!t!es b& P%bl!$ OD$es
=========================
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SECTION 1. K DISOBEDIENCE< RE9USAL
O9 ASSISTANCE< AND MALTREATMENT O9
PRISONERS
ART. *+1. OPEN DISOBEDIENCE
ELEMENTSI
1. %hat the ofender is a 9$dicial or e-ec$tive
o/cer;
2. %hat there is a 9$dgment decision or order o"
s$perior a$thorit#;
3. %hat s$ch 9$dgment decision or order was
made within the scope o" the 9$risdiction o"
the s$perior a$thorit# and iss$ed with all the
legal "ormalities; and
7. %hat the ofender witho$t an# legal
9$sti5cation openl# re"$ses to e-ec$te the
said 9$dgment decision or $nder which he is
d$t# !o$nd to o!e#.
ART. *+*. DISOBEDIENCE TO ORDER O9
SUPERIOR O99ICERH WHEN SAID ORDER
WAS SUSPENDED BY IN9ERIOR O99ICER
ELEMENTSI
2. %hat an order is iss$ed !# his s$perior "or
e-ec$tion;
3. %hat he has "or an# reason s$spended the
e-ec$tion o" s$ch order;
7. %hat his s$perior disapproves the s$spension
o" the e-ec$tion o" the order; and
8. %hat the ofender diso!e#s his s$perior
despite the disapproval o" the s$spension.
6O%:, ' p$!lic o/cer is not lia!le i" the order o"
the s$perior is illegal.
ART. *++. RE9USAL O9 ASSISTANCE
ELEMENTSI
(. %hat the ofender is a p$!lic o/cer;
/. %hat a competent a$thorit# demands "rom
the ofender that he lend his cooperation
towards the administration o" 9$stice or other
p$!lic service; and
'. %hat the ofender "ails to do so malicio$sl#.
%his "elon# involves a re+$est "rom one
p$!lic o/cer to another.
<amage to the p$!lic interest or third
part# is essential.
<emand is necessar#.
<emand m$st !e "rom competent
a$thorit#
ART. *+(. RE9USAL TO DISCHAREE
ELECTIBE O99ICE
ELEMENTSI
1. %hat the ofender is elected !# pop$lar
election to a p$!lic o/ce;
2. %hat he re"$ses to !e sworn in or discharge
the d$ties o" said o/ce;
3. %hat there is no legal motive "or s$ch re"$sal
to !e sworn in or to discharge the d$ties o"
said o/ce.
0" the elected person is dis+$ali5ed his
re"$sal to !e sworn in or to discharge the
d$ties o" the o/ce is 9$sti5ed.
(e"$sal to discharge the d$ties o" an
appointive o/ce is not covered !# this
article.
ART. *+2. MALTREATMENT O9 PRISONERS
ELEMENTSI
1. %hat the ofender is a p$!lic o/cer or
emplo#ee;
2. %hat he has charge o" a prisoner or
detention prisoner &otherwise the crime is
ph#sical in9$ries); and
3. %hat he maltreats s$ch prisoner in either o"
the "ollowing manners,
a. !# overdoing himsel" in the
correction or handling o" a prisoner
or detention prisoner $nder his
charge either
i. !# the imposition o"
p$nishments not a$thorized !# the
reg$lations or
ii. !# inKicting s$ch p$nishments
&those a$thorized) in a cr$el and
h$miliating manner or
!. !# maltreating s$ch prisoner to
e-tort a con"ession or to o!tain some
in"ormation "rom the prisoner.
6O%:,
%he p$!lic o/cer m$st have act$al
charge o" the prisoner in order to !e held
lia!le &not merel# !# legal 5ction).
Ofended part# m$st !e a, &1) convict !#
5nal 9$dgment or &2) detention prisoner.
3altreatment sho$ld not !e d$e to
personal gr$dge otherwise lia!le "or
ph#sical in9$ries onl#.
Ofender ma# also !e held lia!le "or
ph#sical in9$ries or damage ca$sed.
&Penalt# provided in 'rticle 238 is imposed
in addition to penalt# "or in9$r# or damage
ca$sed)
SECTION *. K ANTICIPATION<
PROLONEATION AND ABANDONMENT O9
THE DUTIES AND POWERS O9 PUBLIC
O99ICE
ART. *+.. ANTICIPATION O9 DUTIES O9 A
PUBLIC O99ICE
ELEMENTSI
1. %hat the ofender is entitled to hold a p$!lic
o/ce or emplo#ment either !# election or
appointment;
2. %hat the law re+$ires that he sho$ld 5rst !e
sworn in andBor sho$ld 5rst give a !ond;
3. %hat he ass$mes the per"ormance o" the
d$ties and powers o" s$ch o/ce; and
7. %hat he has not ta2en his oath o" o/ce
andBor given the !ond re+$ired !# law.
ART. *+7. PROLONEINE PER9ORMANCE O9
DUTIES AND POWERS
ELEMENTS,
1. %hat the ofender is holding a p$!lic o/ce;
2. %hat the period provided !# law reg$lations
or special provisions "or holding s$ch o/ce
has alread# e-pired; and
3. %hat he contin$es to e-ercise the d$ties and
powers o" s$ch o/ce.
NOTEI O/cers contemplated are those who
have !een s$spended separated declared over*
aged or dismissed.
ART. *+:. ABANDONMENT O9 O99ICE OR
POSITION
ELEMENTS,
2. %hat he "ormall# resigns "rom his position;
3. %hat his resignation has not #et !een
accepted; and
7. %hat he a!andons his o/ce to the detriment
o" the p$!lic service.
%here m$st !e "ormal or written
resignation.
%he ofense is +$ali5ed i" the p$rpose
!ehind the a!andonment is to evade the
discharge o" d$ties consisting o"
preventing prosec$ting or p$nishing an#
o" the crimes against national sec$rit#
&e.g. treason espionage) in which case
the penalt# is higher.
'4'6<O63:6% OG
OGG0C: O( PO;0%0O6
&'(%. 23@)
<:(:E0C%0O6 OG <I%L
&'(%. 2J@)
Committed !# an#
p$!lic o/cer
Committed onl# !#
p$!lic o/cers who
have the d$t# to
instit$te prosec$tion
%here is act$al
a!andonment thro$gh
resignation to evade
the discharge o" d$ties.
P$!lic o/cer does not
a!andon his o/ce !$t
merel# "ails to
prosec$te a violation
o" the law.
SECTION +. K USURPATION O9 POWERS
AND UNLAW9UL APPOINTMENTS
ART. *+8. USURPATION O9 LEEISLATIBE
POWERS
ELEMENTS,
1. %hat the ofender is an e-ec$tive or 9$dicial
o/cer; and
2. %hat he &a) ma2es general r$les or
reg$lations !e#ond the scope o" his
a$thorit# or &!) attempts to repeal a law or
&c) s$spends the e-ec$tion thereo".
ART. *(3. USURPATION O9 EOECUTIBE
9UNCTIONS
ELEMENTS,
1. %hat the ofender is a 9$dge; and
2. %hat he &a) ass$mes a power pertaining to
the e-ec$tive a$thorities or &!) o!str$cts
e-ec$tive a$thorities in the law"$l e-ercise o"
their powers.
6O%:, Eegislative o/cers are not lia!le "or
$s$rpation o" e-ec$tive "$nctions
ART. *(1. USURPATION O9 GUDICIAL
9UNCTIONS
ELEMENTS,
1. %hat the ofender is an o/cer o" the
e-ec$tive !ranch o" the government; and
*. %hat he &a) ass$mes 9$dicial powers or &!)
o!str$cts the e-ec$tion o" an# order or
decision rendered !# an# 9$dge within his
9$risdiction.
ART. *(*. DISOBEYINE RELUEST 9OR
DISLUALI9ICATION
ELEMENTS,
2. %hat a proceeding is pending !e"ore s$ch
p$!lic o/cer;
3. %hat there is a +$estion !ro$ght !e"ore the
proper a$thorit# regarding his 9$risdiction
which is not #et decided;
7. %hat he has !een law"$ll# re+$ired to re"rain
"rom contin$ing the proceeding; and
8. %hat he contin$es the proceeding.
ART. *(+. ADDRESSINE ORDERS OR
RELUESTS BY EOECUTIBE O99ICER TO ANY
GUDICIAL AUTHORITY
ELEMENTS,
1. %hat the ofender is an e-ec$tive o/cer;
2. %hat he addresses an# order or s$ggestion
to an# 9$dicial a$thorit#; and
3. %hat the order or s$ggestion relates to an#
case or !$siness coming within the e-cl$sive
9$risdiction o" the co$rts o" 9$stice.
6O%:, Eegislative or 9$dicial o/cers are not
lia!le $nder this article.
ART. *((. UNLAW9UL APPOINTMENTS
ELEMENTS,
*. %hat he nominates or appoints a person to a
p$!lic o/ce;
+. %hat s$ch person lac2s the legal +$ali5cation
there"or; and
(. %hat the ofender 2nows that his nominee or
appointee lac2s the +$ali5cation at the time
he made the nomination or appointment.
6O%:,
3ere recommending even i" with the
2nowledge that the person
recommended is not +$ali5ed is not a
crime. Ce m$st nominate.
%here m$st !e a law providing "or the
+$ali5cations o" a person to !e
nominated or appointed to a p$!lic
o/ce.
SECTION (. K ABUSES AEAINST CHASTITY
ART. *(2. ABUSES AEAINST CHASTITY

WAYS O9 COMMITTINE ABUSES AEAINST
CHASTITYI
1. 4# soliciting or
ma2ing immoral or indecent advances to a
woman interested in matters pending !e"ore
the ofending o/cer "or decision or with
respect to which he is re+$ired to s$!mit a
report to or cons$lt with a s$perior o/cer;
*. 4# soliciting or
ma2ing immoral or indecent advances to a
woman $nder the ofender1s c$stod#;
+. 4# soliciting or
ma2ing immoral or indecent advances to the
wi"e da$ghter sister or relative within the
same degree !# a/nit# o" an# person in
c$stod# o" the ofending warden or o/cer
ELEMENTS,
2. %hat he solicits or ma2es immoral or
indecent advances to a woman; and
3. %hat s$ch woman m$st !e
a. interested in matters pending !e"ore
the ofender "or decision or with
respect to which he is re+$ired to
s$!mit a report to or cons$lt with a
s$perior o/cer or
b. $nder the c$stod# o" the ofender
who is a warden or other p$!lic
o/cer directl# charged with care and
c$stod# o" prisoners or person $nder
arrest or
$. the wi"e da$ghter sister or relative
within the same degree !# a/nit# o"
the person in the c$stod# o" the
ofender.
6O%:,
%he mother o" the person in the c$stod#
o" the p$!lic o/cer is not incl$ded.
%o solicit means to propose earnestl# and
persistentl# something $nchaste and
immoral to a woman.
%he crime is cons$mmated !# mere
proposal.
Proo" o" solicitation is not necessar#
when there is se-$al interco$rse.
7. CRIMES COMMITTED BY PUBLIC
O99ICERS
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:. C!"es A#a!nst Pesons
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C0a>te 1I Dest%$t!on of L!fe
Se$. 1 ) Pa!$!/e< M%/e< Ho"!$!/e
Se$. * ) Infant!$!/e an/ Abot!on
Se$. + ) D%el
C0a>te *I P0&s!$al In5%!es
R.A. 8*.*
R.A. 8772
R.A. :3(8
R.A. 7.13
R.A. 8+((
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C0a>te 1I Dest%$t!on of L!fe
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
SECTION ONE ) PARRICIDE< MURDER<
HOMICIDE
ART. *(.. PARRICIDE
ELEMENTSI
1. %hat a >eson !s 6!lle/;
2. %hat the deceased is 2illed b& t0e a$$%se/;
3. %hat the deceased is the
a. "ather mother or child whether
legitimate or illegitimate or
b. legitimate other ascendant or
other descendant or
$. legitimate spouse o" the acc$sed.
RELATIONSHIP O9 THE O99ENDER WITH
THE BICTIM IS THE ESSENTIAL ELEMENT
1. (e+$ired to determine legitimac# o"
relationship
2. %he "ollowing are e-cl$ded &i.e. the acc$sed
will not !e g$ilt# o" parricide) 'E'0C
a. 'doptive relationship &adopting
parent*adopted child)
!. Child less than 3 da#s old
&in"anticide)
c. (elationship !# a/nit# &in*laws)
d. 0llegitimate other
ascendantBdescendant
e. Common*law spo$se
NOTESI
1. (elationship m$st !e alleged and proved. 0"
not alleged it can onl# !e considered as an
ordinar# aggravating circ$mstance.
2. P$nished !# reclusion perpetua to death
3. Onl# relatives !# !lood and in direct line
&e-cept spo$se) are considered
7. 3arriages among 3$slims or among
mem!ers o" ethnic c$lt$ral comm$nities
recognized &'rt. 33 Gamil# Code)
8. Parricide thro$gh rec2less impr$dence
a. (ec2less impr$dence p$nished !#
arresto mayor in its ma-. period to
prision correccional in its med. period
!. ;imple impr$dence or negligence
p$nished !# arresto mayor in its
med.*ma-. periods
.. Pa!$!/e b& "!sta6e, e-ists !eca$se
2nowledge o" relationship is not re+$ired in
parricide
7. Parricide b& o"!ss!on &in relation to 'rt.
2?> 2
nd
par. '!andoning a minor)
:. ;tranger cooperating in parricide is onl#
g$ilt# o" homicide or m$rder as the case
ma# !e.
PARRICIDE IS NOT PUNISHABLE BY
REC&9SION #ER#ET9A TO DEATH WHENI
1. 0t is committed thro$gh negligence &'rt.
3>8)
*. Committed !# mista2e &'rt. 27A)
+. Committed $nder e-ceptional
circ$mstances &'rt. 27?)
ART. *(7. DEATH OR PHYSICAL INGURIES
IN9LICTED UNDER EOCEPTIONAL
CIRCUMSTANCES
ELEMENTSI
1. A le#all& "a!e/ >eson o >aent
s%>!ses 0!s s>o%se o /a%#0te &the
latter m$st !e $nder 1@ and living with
them) in the a$t of $o""!tt!n# se?%al
!nte$o%se 1!t0 anot0e >eson;
*. CeBshe 6!lls an& o bot0 o" them or inKicts
$pon an# or !oth o" them an# se!o%s
>0&s!$al !n5%& in the act or immediatel#
therea"ter; and
+. Ce has not >o"ote/ o fa$!l!tate/ t0e
>ost!t%t!on of 0!s 1!fe o /a%#0te or
that he 0as not $onsente/ to the in5delit#
o" the other spo$se.
NOTEI %he article does not de5ne a crime !$t
grants a sing$lar mitigating circ$mstance and
provides "or the penalt# o" destierro &as a "orm
o" protection "or the acc$sed) instead o" the
severe penalt# prescri!ed "or parricide
homicide or ph#sical in9$ries
DE9INITIONSI
1. Legally married e-cl$des common*law
relationship
*. Eegitimac# o" parent not re+$ired as long as
a. <a$ghter is minor $nmarried and
living with her parents
+. ,urprise means Nto come $p s$ddenl# and
$ne-pectedl#O
(. En the act of committing seGual intercourse
with another person is satis5ed i"
circ$mstances show reasona!l# that the
carnal act is !eing committed or has 9$st
!een committed
2. Emmediately thereafter means the discover#
escape p$rs$it and the 2illing m$st all "orm
parts o" one contin$o$s act
GUSTI9ICATION 9OR ART. *(7I BURST O9
PASSION
%he 2illing m$st !e the pro-imate res$lt o" the
o$trage overwhelming the acc$sed; and not
inK$enced !# e-ternal "actors
PHYSICAL INGURIES MUST BE SERIOUS
0" the ph#sical in9$ries are less serio$s or slight
it is an a!sol$tor# ca$se th$s no criminal
lia!ilit#
NOTESI
Bot0 1!@es an/ 0%sban/s are entitled to
the !ene5ts o" this article
;e-$al interco$rse does not incl$de
preparator# acts
6o criminal lia!ilit# i" ph#sical in9$ries are
inKicted $pon third persons &i.e. those other
than the wi"eBda$ghter and the paramo$r)
ART. *(:. MURDER
ELEMENTSI
1. %hat a >eson !s 6!lle/;
2. %hat the deceased is 2illed b& t0e a$$%se/
3. %hat the 2illing was attended !# an# o" the
"ollowing =%al!f&!n# $!$%"stan$es,
a. with treacher# ta2ing advantage o"
s$perior strength with the aid o"
armed men or emplo#ing means to
wea2en the de"ense or o" means or
persons to ins$re or aford imp$nit#
!. in consideration o" price reward or
promise
c. !# means o" in$ndation 5re poison
e-plosion shipwrec2 stranding o"
vessel derailment or assa$lt $pon a
street car or locomotive "all o"
airship !# means o" motor vehicles
or with the $se o" an# other means
involving great waste or r$in
d. on occasion o" an# o" the calamities
en$merated in the preceding
paragraph or o" an earth+$a2e
er$ption o" a volcano destr$ctive
c#clone epidemic or an# other p$!lic
calamit#
e. with evident premeditation or
". with cr$elt# !# deli!eratel# and
inh$manel# a$gmenting the s$fering
o" the victim or o$traging or sco/ng
at his person or corpse* and
7. %he 2illing is not >a!$!/e o !nfant!$!/e.
3$rder is the $nlaw"$l 2illing o" an# person
which is not parricide or in"anticide provided
that an# o" the en$merated circ$mstances are
present
NOTESI
1. Intent to 6!ll essential in all
circ$mstances :QC:P% treacher#
*. p$nished !# reclusion perpetua to death
+. victim m$st !e 2illed in order to
cons$mmate the crime; i" victim 0; 6O%
2illedVeither attempted or "r$strated
m$rder
(. Tea$0e& present when the act
constit$ting the "elon# is s$dden and
$ne-pected to the point o" incapacitating the
victim to repel or escape it
%he means methods or "orm o"
attac2 m$st !e conscio$sl# adopted
!# the ofender
Present when an ad$lt person attac2s
a child o" tender #ears
2. 6ot eno$gh that s$perior strength is present;
it m$st !e ta2en advantage o"
'lso applies when act is committed
on occasion o" a p$!lic calamit#
.. 'rmed men m$st ta2e part in the
commission o" the crime directl# or indirectl#
'cc$sed m$st avail himsel" o" their
aid or rel# $pon them
7. Person who received the price reward or
promise is a principal !# direct participation;
person who gave s$ch price reward or
promise is a principal !# ind$ction. 4O%C are
g$ilt# o" m$rder.
:. %reacher# and premeditation are inherent in
m$rder !# poison and th$s cannot !e
considered as aggravating.
RULES 9OR APPLICATION O9 LUALI9YINE
CIRCUMSTANCES
1. 3$rder will e-ist with onl# one o" the
circ$mstances; others m$st !e considered as
generic aggravating
2. Hhen other circ$mstances are a!sor!ed or
incl$ded in one +$ali"#ing circ$mstance
the# cannot !e considered as generic
aggravating
3. 'n# o" the circ$mstances m$st !e alleged in
order to +$ali"# the crime to m$rder
* Otherwise it is onl# a generic
aggravating
OUTRAEINE OR SCO99INE AT HIS PERSON
OR CORPSEI LUALI9YINE CIRCUMSTANCE
NOT MENTIONED IN ART. 1(
1. O$traging, to commit an e-tremel# vicio$s
or deepl# ins$lting act
*. ;co/ng, to 9eer implies a showing o"
irreverence
ART. *(8. HOMICIDE
ELEMENTSI
1. %hat a >eson 1as 6!lle/;
2. %hat the a$$%se/ 6!lle/ 0!" 1!t0o%t an&
5%st!f&!n# $!$%"stan$es;
3. %hat the acc$sed had the !ntent!on to 6!ll
which is >es%"e/; and
7. %hat the 2illing was not atten/e/ !# an# o"
the =%al!f&!n# $!$%"stan$es o" m$rder
or !# that o" parricide or in"anticide
NOTESI
(. Ho"!$!/e is the $nlaw"$l 2illing o" an#
person which is neither parricide m$rder
nor in"anticide
/. Cons$mmated when victim is 2illed;
otherwise attempted or "r$strated
'. Pres$mption o" intent to 2ill
a. Hith respect to crimes o"
personal violence the penal law
loo2s partic$larl# to the material
res$lts "ollowing the $nlaw"$l act
and holds the aggressor
responsi!le "or all the
conse+$ences thereo".
!. :vidence o" intent to 2ill is
important onl# in attempted or
"r$strated homicide
!. 0ntent to 2ill is concl$sivel#
pres$med when the victim dies
!!. Generall# shown !# the 2ind o"
weapon $sed the parts o" the
victim1s !od# at which it was
aimed and !# the wo$nds inKicted
4$t p$rpose o" the acc$sed
ma# also !e considered
!!!. %he element o" intent to 2ill is
incompati!le with impr$dence or
negligence
0ntent to 2ill m$st !e proved
!e#ond reasona!le do$!t
!@. 6o attempted or "r$strated
homicide thro$gh impr$dence or
negligence; crime wo$ld !e
ph#sical in9$ries thro$gh rec2less
impr$dence
's an e-ception see
'ccidental Comicide &item >)
$. Hhen two diferent persons inKicted the
wo$nds which ca$sed the death !oth are
g$ilt# o" homicide
a. %he !$rden to prove otherwise is
on each o" the de"endants
!. Proo" o" conspirac# is not
necessar#
c. 'lso applies when it was not
shown which wo$nds were
inKicted !# each person
-. Hhen de"ense is not allowed to e-c$lpate
a. (e"$sal o" victim to !e operated
!. Hhen the act o" mortall#
wo$nding and the "act o" s$icide
!# the victim conc$r
1. Ise o" $nlicensed 5rearm is considered as an
aggravating circ$mstance and not as a
separate crime
). P$nished !# reclusion temporal
ACCIDENTAL HOMICIDE is the death o" a
person !ro$ght a!o$t !# a law"$l act per"ormed
with proper care and s2ill and witho$t homicidal
intent
:.g. 0" in a game the r$les have !een
violated and death res$lted determine
intent to 2ill,
!. 0" with intent to 2ill it is intentional
homicide
!!. 0" witho$t intent to 2ill it is
homicide thro$gh negligence
CORPUS DELICTI
0n all crimes against persons in which the death
o" the victim is an elements o" the ofense there
m$st !e satis"actor# evidence o"
1. %he "act o" death and
2. %he identit# o" the victim
* does not re"er to the !od# o" the victim !$t
to the act$al commission o" the crime
charged
ART. *23. PENALTY 9OR 9RUSTRATED
PARRICIDE< MURDER< OR HOMICIDE
Co$rts ma# impose a penalt# two degrees
lower "or "r$strated parricide m$rder or
homicide.
Co$rts ma# impose a penalt# three degrees
lower "or attempted parricide m$rder or
homicide.
%his r$le is permissiveVnot mandator#
'n attempt on or a conspirac# against the
li"e o" the Chie" :-ec$tive etc. is p$nisha!le
!# death.
ART. *21. DEATH CAUSED IN A
TUMULTUOUS A99RAY
ELEMENTS
1. %hat there !e se@eal >esons;
2. %hat the# /!/ not $o">ose #o%>s
o#an!Fe/ "or the common p$rpose o"
assa$lting and attac2ing each other
reciprocall#;
3. %hat these several persons =%aelle/ an/
assa%lte/ one another in a $onf%se/ an/
t%"%lt%o%s "anne;
7. %hat so"eone 1as 6!lle/ in the co$rse o"
the afra#;
8. %hat it $annot be as$eta!ne/ 10o
a$t%all& 6!lle/ the deceased; and
>. %hat the person or persons 10o !nM!$te/
se!o%s >0&s!$al !n5%!es o 10o %se/
@!olen$e can be !/ent!4e/.
NOTESI
0- TUMULTUOUS A99RAY
a. %$m$lt$o$s &as $sed in 'rt. 183)
means that the dist$r!ance is ca$sed
!# at least "o$r persons who are
armed or are provided with means o"
violence
!. %here m$st !e no $nit# o" p$rpose
oand intention among the persons
who $sed violence
*- PERSONS LIABLE"
a. Person or persons who inKicted
serio$s ph#sical in9$ries
!. 0" it is not 2nown who inKicted
serio$s ph#sical in9$ries on the
deceased all persons who $sed
violence $pon the person o" the
victim
/- Hhen there are 2 identi5ed gro$ps o"
men who assa$lted each other there is
no t$m$lt$o$s afra#.
7- %he person 2illed need not !e a
participant in the afra#.
B- <oes not appl# when the person who
inKicted the "atal wo$nd is 2nown; in that
case the crime will !e homicide $nder
'rt. 27A.
ART. *2*. PHYSICAL INGURIES IN9LICTED IN
A TUMULTUOUS A99RAY
ELEMENTS
1. %hat there is a t$m$lt$o$s afra# as re"erred
to in the preceding article;
*. %hat a participant or some participants
thereo" s$fer serio$s ph#sical in9$ries or
ph#sical in9$ries o" a less serio$s nat$re
onl#;
+. %hat the person responsi!le there"or cannot
!e identi5ed; and
(. %hat all those who appear to have $sed
violence $pon the person o" the ofended
part# are 2nown.
6O%:;,
1. Persons lia!le, Onl# those who have $sed
violence on the person o" the ofended
part#.
Penalt# will !e one degree lower than
that provided "or the ph#sical in9$r#
inKicted
2. 0n9$red part# m$st !e a participant o" the
t$m$lt$o$s afra# &as opposed to the
preceding article
3. 0" the one who ca$sed ph#sical in9$ries is
2nown he will !e lia!le "or ph#sical
in9$ries act$all# committed.
7. ;light ph#sical in9$ries not incl$ded
ART. *2+. EIBINE ASSISTANCE TO SUICIDE
ACTS PUNISHABLEI
1. 'ssisting another to commit s$icide whether
the s$icide is cons$mmated or not.
2. Eending his assistance to another to commit
s$icide to the e-tent o" doing the 2illing
himsel".
NOTES,
1. 0" the s$icide is not cons$mmated
a. Gor the 5rst p$nisha!le act, arresto
ma#or in its medi$m and ma-im$m
periods
b. Gor the second p$nisha!le act, one or
two degrees lower than that provided "or
cons$mmated s$icide
2. 'n attempt to commit s$icide is an act
!$t it is not p$nisha!le !# law
a. ' person who attempts to commit
s$icide is not criminall# lia!le.
b. ' pregnant woman who tried to commit
s$icide !# means o" poison !$t instead
o" d#ing the "et$s in her wom! was
e-pelled is not lia!le "or a!ortion
i. in order to inc$r criminal lia!ilit# "or
the res$lt not intended one m$st
!e committing a "elon#
ii. $nintentional a!ortion is
p$nisha!le onl# when it is ca$sed
!# violence not !# poison &'rt.
28?)
3. 'ssistance to s$icide is diferent "rom
merc#*2illing
a. :$thanasia or merc#*2illing is the
practice o" painlessl# p$tting to death a
person s$fering "rom some inc$ra!le
disease. 0n this case the person does not
want to die. ' doctor who resorts to
e$thanasia ma# !e held lia!le "or m$rder
ART. *2(. DISCHAREE O9 9IREARMS
ELEMENTSI
1. %hat the ofender discharges a 5rearm
against or at another person; and
*. %hat the ofender has no intention to 2ill that
person.
6O%:;,
1. %he ofender m$st shoot at another with
an# 5rearm witho$t intention o" 2illing him
a. %he p$rpose o" the ofender ma# !e to
intimidate or "righten the ofended part#
!. 0" the 5rearm is not discharged at a
person the act is not p$nished $nder
this article
c. ' discharge towards the ho$se o" the
ofended part# not 2nowing in what part
o" the ho$se the people inside were is
onl# alarm $nder 'rt. 188.
d. 0t is s$/cient that the g$n was initiall#
aimed at or against the ofended part#
even i" it was not pointed at the ofended
part# when it 5red
e. 0" there1s intent to 2ill it ma# !e
"r$strated or attempted parricide
m$rder or homicide
*. :ssential to prove that the discharge o"
5rearm was directed precisel# against
the ofended part#
+. i" the illegal discharge inKicts serio$s or
less serio$s ph#sical in9$ries to the
ofended part# there will !e a comple-
crime o" illegal discharge o" 5rearm wB
serio$s or less serio$s ph#sical in9$ries
SECTION TWO ) IN9ANTICIDE AND
ABORTION
ART. *22. IN9ANTICIDE
ELEMENTSI
1. %hat a child was 2illed;
*. %hat the deceased child was less than three
da#s &?2 ho$rs) o" age; and
+. %hat the acc$sed 2illed the said child.
0n"anticide is the 2illing o" an# child less than
three da#s o" age whether the 2iller is parent or
grandparent an# other relative o" the child or a
stranger
NOTESI
1. %he child m$st !e !orn alive and can s$stain
an independent li"e when it is 2illed
a. 4$rden o" proo" is $pon the
prosec$tion
2. Penalt# is that o" either parricide or m$rder
depending on the relationship o" the acc$sed
with the victim
3. 3itigating circ$mstance o" concealing
dishonor
a. 'pplica!le onl# to the mother and
maternal grandparents
!. <elin+$ent mother m$st !e o" good
rep$tation
ART. *2.. INTENTIONAL ABORTION
ELEMENTSI
1. %hat there is a pregnant woman;
2. %hat an# o" the "ollowing wa#s is committed
a. violence is e-erted or
!. dr$gs or !everages administered
witho$t violence $pon and witho$t
consent o" the pregnant woman or
c. dr$gs or !everages administered
with the consent o" the pregnant
woman;
3. %hat as a res$lt o" the $se o" violence or
dr$gs or !everages $pon her or an# other
act o" the acc$sed the "et$s dies either in
the wom! or a"ter having !een e-pelled
there"rom;
7. %hat the a!ortion is intended
ABORTION is the wil"$l 2illing o" the "oet$s in
the $ter$s or the violent e-p$lsion o" the "oet$s
"rom the maternal wom! which res$lts in the
death o" the "oet$s
6O%:;,
1. Goet$s m$st die in cons$mmated a!ortion;
otherwise determine i" there is intent to
a!ort
a. 0" with intention "r$strated
intentional a!ortion
!. 0" witho$t intention ph#sical in9$ries
2. Hhen in"anticide &as opposed to a!ortion), i"
the "oet$s
a. Co$ld s$stain an independent li"e
a"ter separation "rom maternal
wom! and
!. 0s 2illed
3. %he person who intentionall# ca$sed the
a!ortion is lia!le
a. 0" the womanBmother permitted she
will !e lia!le $nder 'rt. 28@;
otherwise she is not lia!le
ART. *27. UNINTENTIONAL ABORTION
ELEMENTSI
1. %hat there is a pregnant woman;
*. %hat violence is $sed $pon s$ch pregnant
woman witho$t intending an a!ortion;
+. %hat the violence is intentionall# e-erted;
and
(. %hat as a res$lt o" the violence the "et$s
dies either in the wom! or a"ter having !een
e-pelled there"rom
NOTESI
1. Can onl# !e committed !# violence
a. Miolence or act$al ph#sical "orce
&as opposed to threats or mere
administering o" s$!stance with
no intention to commit a!ortion)
m$st !e $sed
*. 0ntention ma# !e in"erred "rom the condition
o" the pregnant woman &i.e. whether
pregnanc# is noticea!le)
+. 3a# !e committed thro$gh impr$dence
(. 3a# !e comple-ed with homicide and
parricide
2. 0" there1s no intent to ca$se a!ortion and
there1s no violence committed then there1s
no a!ortion o" an# 2ind
ART. *2:. ABORTION PRACTICED BY THE
WOMAN HERSEL9 OR BY HER PARENTS
ELEMENTSI
1. %hat there is a pregnant woman who has
s$fered an a!ortion;
2. %hat the a!ortion is intended; and
3. %hat the a!ortion is ca$sed !#
a. the pregnant woman hersel"
b. an# other person with her consent
or
$. an# o" her parents with her consent
"or the p$rpose o" concealing her
dishonor.
NOTESI
1. 3itigating circ$mstance &as disting$ished
"rom in"anticide) "or the p$rpose o"
concealing dishonor
a. Onl# applica!le to the pregnant
woman and not to the parents o" the
pregnant woman
2. 0" the p$rpose o" the woman1s parents was
6O% to conceal dishonor then the# will !e
lia!le "or intentional a!ortion $nder 'rt. 28>
ART. *28. ABORTION PRACTICED BY A
PHYSICIAN OR MIDWI9E AND DISPENSINE
O9 ABORTIBE
ELEMENTSI
1. %hat there is a pregnant woman who has
s$fered an a!ortion;
*. %hat the a!ortion is intended;
+. %hat the ofender who m$st !e a ph#sician
or midwi"e ca$ses or assists in ca$sing the
a!ortion; and
(. %hat said ph#sician or midwi"e ta2es
advantage o" his or her scienti5c 2nowledge
or s2ill.
6O%:;,
1. %he ta2ing advantage o" scienti5c
2nowledge or s2ill "or the destr$ction o"
h$man li"e 9$sti5es the imposition o" the
ma-im$m penalt#
ELEMENTS AS TO PHARMACISTSI
1. %hat the ofender is a pharmacist.
*. %hat there is no proper prescription "rom a
ph#sician.
+. %hat the ofender dispenses an# a!ortive.
6O%:;,
1. %he efect o" 2nowledge that the a!ortive
wo$ld !e $sed to ca$se a!ortion,
a. Hitho$t 2nowledge p$nisha!le
$nder this article
!. Hith 2nowledge p$nisha!le as an
accomplice in the crime o" a!ortion
2. 6ot necessar# "or the a!ortive to !e act$all#
$sed; the act constit$ting the ofense is
dispensing the a!ortive wBo proper
prescription
SECTION THREE ) DUEL
ART. *.3. RESPONSIBILITY O9
PARTICIPANTS IN A DUEL
ACTS PUNISHABLE
1. Filling one1s adversar# in a d$el
*. 0nKicting $pon the adversar# serio$s
ph#sical in9$ries
+. 3a2ing com!at altho$gh no ph#sical in9$ries
have !een inKicted
PERSONS LIABLE
1. PRINCIPALS person who 2illed or inKicted
ph#sical in9$ries $pon his adversar# or !oth
com!atants in an# other cases.
*. ACCOMPLICES seconds
NOTESI
1. ' d$el is a "ormal or reg$lar com!at
previo$sl# concerted !etween two
parties in the presence o" two or more
seconds o" law"$l age on each side who
ma2e the selection o" arms and 5- all the
other conditions o" the 5ght
2. 0ntent to 2ill is disregardedVso penalt#
will !e that "or ph#sical in9$ries onl# as
opposed to those inKicted "or
"r$stratedBattempted homicide
ART. *.1. CHALLENEINE TO A DUEL
ACTS PUNISHABLEI
1. Challenging another to a d$el.
*. 0nciting another to give or accept a
challenge to a d$el.
+. ;co/ng at or decr#ing another p$!licl# "or
having re"$sed to accept a challenge to 5ght
a d$el.
PERSONS LIABLE
1. Challengers and
2. 0nstigators
%here m$st !e intention to have a "ormal d$el
&as opposed to light threats $nder 'rt. 2@8
par. 2)
=========================
==========JJJJJJJ=
C0a>te *I P0&s!$al In5%!es
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
CRIMES PUNISHABLE,
'. 3$tilation
4. ;erio$s ph#sical in9$ries
C. 'dministering in9$rio$s s$!stance or
!everages
<. Eess serio$s ph#sical in9$ries
:. ;light ph#sical in9$ries and maltreatment
ART. *.*. MUTILATION
TWO '*, KINDSI
1. CASTRATION, 0ntentionall# m$tilating
another !# depriving him totall# or partiall#
o" some essential organ "or reprod$ction.
*. MAYHEM OR OTHER INTENTIONAL
MUTILATION, 0ntentionall# ma2ing other
m$tilation i.e. lopping clipping of an# part
o" the !od# o" the ofended part# other than
the essential organ "or reprod$ction to
deprive him o" that part o" his !od#.
%here m$st !e intentional m$tilation ofender
m$st have the intent to deprive the ofended
part# o" a part o" his !od#
i" there1s no intention then crime will !e
considered as serio$s ph#sical in9$ries
PHYSICAL INGURIES DISTINEUISHED 9ROMI
1. ATTEMPTED OR 9RUSTRATED HOMICIDE
a. 'ttempted homicide ma# !e
committed even i" no ph#sical
in9$ries are inKicted
b. 0ntent to 2ill is not present in the
crime o" ph#sical in9$ries
*. MUTILATION
a. 0ntention to lop or clip of some
part o" the !od# is present in
m$tilation
ART. *.+. SERIOUS PHYSICAL INGURIES
HOW COMMITTEDI
1. Ho$nding;
*. 4eating;
+. 'ssa$lting; or
(. 'dministering in9$rio$s s$!stances
SERIOUS PHYSICAL INGURIES AREI
1. Hhen the in9$red person !ecomes insane
im!ecile impotent or !lind in conse+$ence
o" the ph#sical in9$ries inKicted.
*. Hhen the in9$red person
a. loses the $se o" speech or the power to
hear or to smell
!. loses an e#e a hand "oot arm or leg or
loses the $se o" an# s$ch mem!er or
loses the $se o" an# s$ch mem!er;
c. !ecomes incapacitated "or the wor2 in
which he had !een ha!it$all# engaged
+. Hhen the in9$red person
a. !ecomes de"ormed
!. loses an# other mem!er o" his !od#
c. loses the $se thereo" or
d. !ecomes ill or incapacitated "or the
per"ormance o" the wor2 in which he had
!een ha!it$all# engaged in "or more
than AJ da#s
(. Hhen the in9$red person !ecomes ill or
incapacitated "or la!or "or more than 3J
da#s &!$t not more than AJ da#s).
PARAERAPH 1
1. 0mpotenc# incl$des ina!ilit# to cop$late and
sterilit#; no intent to deprive &as opposed to
castration)
*. Complete !lindness &as opposed to
paragraph 2 loss o" an e#e onl#)
PARAERAPH * &mentions principal mem!ers o"
the !od#)
1. Eoss o" power to hear o" !oth ears &as
opposed to paragraph 3 loss o" one ear
onl#)
2. Eoss o" $se o" hand or incapacit# "or $s$al
wor2 m$st !e permanent
a. %his m$st !e proven !# clear and
concl$sive evidence
3. 6ote that the ofended part# m$st have an
avocation or wor2 at the time o" the in9$r#
Xalso in paragraph &3)Y
a. Hor2 incl$des st$dies or preparation
"or a pro"ession
b. 3eans incapacit# "or a certain 2ind o"
wor2 onl# !$t not "or all
PARAERAPH +
1. <e"ormit# means ph#sical $gliness or
permanent and de5ning a!normalit#. 0t
m$st !e conspic$o$s and visi!le &i.e.
depending on what part o" the !od#)
a. 0" scar is $s$all# covered then
it1s not considered conspic$o$s
or visi!le
!. Eoss o" teeth ma# !e considered
as de"ormit#
i. 0n9$r# m$st !e that which cannot
!e repaired !# the action o" nat$re
ii. :QC:P%0O6;, old menBwomen and
children
*. Eoss o" 5ngers ma# "all $nder paragraph 2 i"
it res$lts in the loss o" the $se o" the hand
itsel"
+. Covers an# mem!er which is not a principal
mem!er o" the !od#
PARAERAPH (
1. 'n# 2ind o" la!or is incl$ded
*. Cospitalization "or more than 3J da#s ma#
mean either illness or incapacit# "or la!or "or
more than 3J da#s
+. %here m$st !e evidence o" the length o"
period o" illness or capacit# when the
categor# o" the ofense o" serio$s ph#sical
in9$ries
%he a!sence thereo" ma2es the
ofense onl# slight ph#sical
in9$ries
(. Eessening o" e/cienc# in wor2 is not
incapacit#
LUALI9IED SERIOUS PHYSICAL INGURIES
1. 0n relation to persons mentioned parricide
and circ$mstances mentioned in m$rder
higher penalties wil !e inKicted
2. <O:; 6O% incl$de in9$ries ca$sed !#
e-cessive chastisement o" a parent $pon his
child
NOTESI
1. 0t can !e committed !# rec2less impr$dence
or !# simple impr$dence or negligence
2. %here m$st !e no intent to 2ill; otherwise
crime wo$ld !e "r$stratedBattempted
m$rder parricide or homicide
3. 3edical attendance is not important in
serio$s ph#sical in9$ries
ART. *.(. ADMINISTERINE INGURIOUS
SUBSTANCE OR BEBERAEES
ELEMENTSI
1. %hat the ofender inKicted $pon another
person an# serio$s ph#sical in9$r#;
*. %hat it was done !# 2nowingl# administering
to him an# in9$rio$s s$!stances or
!everages or !# ta2ing advantage o" his
wea2ness o" mind or cred$lit#; and
+. Ce had no intent to 2ill.
NOTESI
1. 'dministering, introd$cing into the !od#
2. 0" there is intent to 2ill it is "r$strated m$rder
the in9$rio$s s$!stance to !e considered as
poison
3. Fnowledge applies to the in9$rio$s nat$re o"
the s$!stance or !everage
7. N!# ta2ing advantage o" his wea2ness o"
mind or cred$lit#O ma# ta2e place in the
case o" witchcra"t magnetism and the li2e
ART. *.2. LESS SERIOUS PHYSICAL
INGURIES
ELEMENTSI
1. %hat the ofended part# is incapacitated "or
la!or or needs medical attendance "or 1J
da#s or more &!$t not more than 3J da#s);
and
*. %hat the ph#sical in9$ries m$st not !e those
descri!ed in the preceding articles.
LUALI9IED LESS SERIOUS PHYSICAL
INGURIES
1. Gine not not e-ceeding P82JJ in addition to
arresto ma#or when
a. %here is a mani"est intent to
ins$lt or ofend the in9$red
person or
!. %here are circ$mstances adding
ignomin# to the ofense
&a) and &!) are considered as
i. Ordinar# aggravating
circ$mstance in serio$s ph#sical
in9$ries
ii. ;lander !# deed in slight ph#sical
in9$ries
2. ' higher penalt# when the victim is either
a. %he ofender1s parents
ascendants g$ardians c$rators
or teachers
!. Persons o" ran2 or persons in
a$thorit# provided the crime is
not direct assa$lt
6O%:;,
1. 3edical attendance or incapacit# "or la!or is
re+$ired
a. when there1s no incapcait# "or la!or
or medical attendance needed it will
!e considered onl# as slight ph#sical
in9$ries
i. i" in9$ries were healed within 3J
da#s slight ph#sical in9$ries
ii. i" in9$ries were healed onl# a"ter 3J
da#s serio$s ph#isical in9$ries &as
illness "or more than 3J da#s)
2. %his article applies even i" there was no
incapacit# !$t the medical treatment was "or
more than 1J da#s
3. %here m$st !e proo" as to the period o"
re+$ired medical attendance
ART. *... SLIEHT PHYSICAL INGURIES AND
MALTREATMENT
THREE '+, KINDS,
1. Ph#sical in9$ries which incapacitated the
ofended part# "or la!or "rom one &1) to nine
&A) da#s or re+$ired medical attendance
d$ring the same period.
*. Ph#sical in9$ries which did not prevent the
ofended part# "rom engaging in his ha!it$al
wor2 or which did not re+$ire medical
attendance &:-. !lac2 e#e).
+. 0ll*treatment o" another !# deed witho$t
ca$sing an# in9$r#. &e.g. slapping the "ace
witho$t ca$sing dishonor)
NOTESI
1. PRESUMPTION
a. 0n the a!sence o" proo" as to the
period o" the ofended part#1s
incapacit# "or la!or or o" the
re+$ired medical attendance the
crime committed is pres$med as
slight ph#sical in9$ries
!. Hhen there is no evidence to
esta!lish the gravit# or d$ration
o" act$al in9$r# or to show the
ca$sal relationship to death the
ofense is slight ph#sical in9$ries
*. SUPERBENINE EBENT
a. Hhen the charge contained in the
in"ormation 5led was "or slight
ph#sical in9$ries !eca$se it was
!elieved that the wo$nd s$fered
wo$ld re+$ire medical attendance "or
eight &@) da#s onl# !$t d$ring
preliminar# investigation it was "o$nd
that the healing wo$ld re+$ire more
than thirt# &3J) da#s this
s$pervening event can still !e the
s$!9ect o" amendment or o" a new
charge witho$t placing the acc$sed
in do$!le 9eopard#
3J
ART. *..)A. RAPEH *..)B. PENALTIES
SIMPLE RAPE 'UNDER PARAERAPH 1,I
A. ELEMENTSI
1. %he oCen/e !s a "an;
2. %he ofender 0a/ $anal
6no1le/#e of a 1o"an;
3. ;$ch act is accomplished &an# one o"
the "ollowing),
a. thro$gh fo$e< t0eat o
!nt!"!/at!on;
30
People v. Manolong, .- Phil. ./&
!. when the oCen/e/ >at& !s
/e>!@e/ of eason or ot0e1!se
%n$ons$!o%s;
c. !# means o" fa%/%lent
"a$0!nat!on or #a@e ab%se of
a%t0o!t&; or
d. when the oCen/e/ >at& !s %n/e
1* &eas of a#e 'stat%to& a>e,
or is /e"ente/ even tho$gh none
o" the circ$mstances mentioned
a!ove !e present
4. PENALTIES IMPOSED
31
1. recl$sion perpet$a
2. recl$sion perpet$a to death when,
a. victim !ecame insane !# reason or
on the occasion o" rape; or
!. the rape is attempted and a homicide
is committed !# reason or on the
occasion thereo".
3. <eath when,
a. homicide is committed;
!. victim is $nder 1@ #ears old and
ofender is,
i. parent
ii. ascendant
iii. step*parent
iv. g$ardian
v. relative !# consang$init# or
a/nit# within the 3rd civil
degree
vi. common law spo$se o"
victim1s parent;
c. $nder the c$stod# o" the police or
militar# a$thorities or an# law
en"orcement or penal instit$tion;
d. committed in "$ll view o" the spo$se
parent or an# o" the children or other
relatives within the 3rd degree o"
consang$init#;
e. victim is a religio$s engaged in
legitimate religio$s vocation or
calling and is personall# 2nown to !e
s$ch !# the ofender !e"ore or at the
time o" the commission o" the crime;
". a child !elow ? #ears old;
g. ofender 2nows he is aRicted with
C0M or '0<; or an# other se-$all#
transmissi!le disease and the vir$s is
transmitted to the victim;
h. ofender is a mem!er o" the 'GP or
para*militar# $nits thereo" or the
P6P or an# law en"orcement agenc#
or penal instit$tion when the
31
Pursuant to !.3. &'$1 <3ct Prohibiting the Emposition of 7eath
Penalty in the Phiippines= the penalty of reclusion perpetua
without eligibility for parole shall be imposed, in lieu of death
penalty
ofender too2 advantage o" his
position to "acilitate the commission
o" the crime;
i. !# reason or on occasion o" the rape
the victim s$fered permanent
ph#sical m$tilation or disa!ilit#;
9. the ofender 2new o" the pregnanc#
o" the ofended part# at the time o"
the commission o" the crime; and
2. the ofender 2new o" the mental
disa!ilit# emotional disorder andBor
ph#sical handicap o" the ofended
part# at the time o" the commission
o" the crime.
RAPE THROUEH SEOUAL ASSAULT 'UNDER
PARAERAPH *,
A. ELEMENTSI
1. the oCen/e '"an o 1o"an,
$o""!ts an a$t of se?%al assa%lt
*. the act is committed b& !nset!n#,
a. his penis into another person1s
mo$th or anal ori5ce; or
!. an# instr$ment or o!9ect into the
genital or anal ori5ce o" another
person
+. the act is committed $nder an# o"
the circ$mstances mentioned $nder
paragraph 1
B. PENALTIES IMPOSEDI
1. Prision mayor in general
2. Prision mayor to reclusion temporal when,
a. there was $se o" deadl# weapon or
!. committed !# two or more persons.
3. !eclusion temporal when the victim has
!ecome insane
7. !eclusion temporal to reclusion perpetua
rape is attempted and homicide is
committed
8. !eclusion perpetua homicide is committed
!# reason or on occasion o" rape
>. !eclusion temporal committed with an# o"
the 1J aggravating circ$mstances
mentioned in this article
NOTESI
1. T0e ( $!$%"stan$esI
a. Ising "orce or intimidation, the
degree s$/cient to overcome
resistance
!. 'ccording to Peo>le @. Las P!Vas<
G.
32
the test is whether reasona!le
"ear is prod$ced in the mind o" the
victim
!!. Mer!al re"$sal alone won1t do; there
32
.!. "o. (''$$$, Debruary /%, /%%/
m$st !e a ph#sical str$ggle that1s
mani"est and tenacio$s
!!!. %he "orce need not !e irresista!le;
"orce or violence necessar# is
relative depending on the age
size and strength o" the parties
and their relation to each other
!@. Hhere resistance wo$ld !e "$tile
ofering none at all does not
amo$nt to consent
@. 0ntimidation eno$gh that it
prod$ces "ear in the victim; m$st
!e viewed in light o" the victim1s
perception and 9$dgment at the
time o" rape
@!. 3oral ascendanc# or inK$ence has
!een held to !e a s$!stit$te in a
long line o" cases
33
* in this case
not necessar# that victim p$t $p a
determined resistance
!. Ofended part# is deprived o"
reason or otherwise $nconscio$s
!. <eprivation need not !e complete
!!. 0nterco$rse with a dea"*m$te
woman wll onl# !e considered rape
i" she1s also !e prove to !e an
im!ecile
!!!. 6ot considered rape where consent
is ind$ced !# the administration o"
dr$gsBli+$or which incites her
passions and doesn1t deprive her o"
will power
c. 4# means o" "ra$d$lent
machination or grave a!$se o"
a$thorit#
d. when the ofended part# is $nder
12 #ears o" age or is demented
even tho$gh none o" the
circ$mstances mentioned a!ove
!e present &;tat$tor# rape)
!. Consent and character &e.g.
prostit$te) o" the ofended part# is
immaterial
*. TWO '*, STAEESI
a. CONSUMMATED
!. Penetration is necessar#
!!. 0t is eno$gh that the la!ia ma9ora
!e penetrated even the slightest
!!!. Penis need not !e erect still
considered rape i" acc$sed
repeatedl# tried to insert the penis
in the vagina even i" in vain
b. ATTEMPTED
33
People v. 7ichoson, .!. "o. ((.&.1#.&, Debruary (&,
/%%(* People v. BaCona, .!. "o. ('''$'#$$, March /, /%%%*
People v. PaniFue, '(1 ,C!3 )-) <(&&&=* People v. PereC,
'%) ,C!3 /)1 <(&&&=
!. %he ofender has alread#
per"ormed overt acts with the
intention to have carnal 2nowledge
o" the ofended part# !$t which
was not cons$mmated some ca$se
or accident other than his own
spontaneo$s desistance
!!. %here m$st !e intent to have
carnal 2nowledge o" the woman
against her will
c. there can !e no "r$strated rape
!eca$se an# penetration o" the
"emale organ is s$/cient.
NClearl# in the crime o" rape
"rom the moment the ofender
has carnal 2nowledge o" his
victim he act$all# attains his
p$rpose and "rom that moment
also all the essential elements o"
the ofense have !een
accomplished. 6othing more is
le"t to !e done !# the ofender
!eca$se he has per"ormed the
last act necessar# to prod$ce the
crime. %h$s the "elon# is
cons$mmated.O
37
3. Comicide committed N!# reason o"O &i.e. Nin
the co$rse o"O or N!eca$se o"O) rape is a
special comple- crime
a. (ape m$st come !e"ore intent to
2ill or act o" 2illing
!. <oes not appl# when the intent
to 2ill or 2illing act preceded the
rape act &i.e. when victim was in
the point o" death when she was
ravaged)
c. 0ncl$des death o" victim thro$gh
;%< given !# the acc$sed who
raped her
7. Character o" the woman is immaterial
a. %estimon# o" victim alone is
eno$gh "or conviction
8. Gingers co$nts as No!9ectsO $nder rape
thro$gh se-$al assa$lt
>. 0ndemnit# and <amages
a. 'warding o" Php8JJJJ as
indemnit# is mandator# $pon
5nding o" the "act o" rape
!. 3oral damages ma# !e
a$tomaticall# awarded in rape
cases wBo need o" proo"
?. 3$ltiple (ape
a. :ach ofender is responsi!le not
34
People v. Orita ;.!. "o. ..)/$, 3pril ', (&&%A
onl# "or the rape he personall#
committed !$t also "or those
committed !# the others
ART. *..)C. E99ECT O9 PARDON.
E99ECT O9 MARRIAEE
3arriage e-ting$ishes not onl# the penal action
!$t li2ewise the penalt# imposed and onl# as
to the principal
ART. *..)D. PRESUMPTIONS
EBIDENCE WHICH MAY BE ACCEPTED
1. 'n# ph#sical overt act mani"esting
resistance against the act o" rape in an#
degree "rom the ofended part#
2. Hhere the ofended part# is so sit$ated as to
render himBher incapa!le o" giving consent
R.A. 8*.*
ANTI K BIOLENCE AEAINST
WOMEN AND CHILDREN ACT O9 *33(
BIOLENCE AEAINST WOMEN AND THEIR
CHILDREN< DE9INED
- (e"ers to an# act or a series o" acts
committed !# an# person against a woman
who is his wi"e "ormer wi"e or against a
woman with whom the person has or had a
se-$al or dating relationship or with whom
he has a common child or against her child
whether legitimate or illegitimate within or
witho$t the "amil# a!ode which res$lt in or
is li2el# to res$lt in ph#sical se-$al
ps#chological harm or s$fering or economic
a!$se incl$ding threats o" s$ch acts !atter#
assa$lt coercion harassment or ar!itrar#
deprivation o" li!ert#. It !n$l%/es< b%t !s
not l!"!te/ to< '1, >0&s!$al< '*, se?%al<
'+, >s&$0olo#!$al an/ '(, e$ono"!$
@!olen$e.
DE9INITION O9 TERMS
AEAINST WHOM COMMITTED
1. a woman
'. who is his wi"e
4. who is his "ormer wi"e
or
C. with whom the person
has or had a se-$al or
dating relationship or
<. with whom he has a
common child
2. the woman1s child
a. whether legitimate or
illegitimate within or
witho$t the "amil#
a!ode
%he violence committee m$st res$lt in or is li2el#
to res$lt in ph#sical se-$al ps#chological harm
or s$fering or economic a!$se incl$ding threats
o" s$ch acts !atter# assa$lt coercion
harassment or ar!itrar# deprivation o" li!ert#. 0t
incl$des !$t is not limited to,
a. Ph#sical Miolence, re"ers to acts that
incl$de !odil# or ph#sical harm;
!. ;e-$al violence, re"ers to an act
which is se-$al in na
c. t$re committed against a woman or
her child
c. Ps#chological violence, re"ers to acts
or omissions ca$sing or li2el# to
ca$se mental or emotional s$fering
o" the victim;
2.
d. :conomic a!$seT
re"ers to acts that
ma2e or attempt to
ma2e a woman
5nanciall# dependent
PUNISHABLE ACTS 'Se$. 2,I
1. Ca%s!n# >0&s!$al 0a" to the woman or
her child;
2. T0eaten!n# to ca$se the woman or her
child ph#sical harm;
3. Atte">t!n# to $a%se the woman or her
child ph#sical harm;
7. Placing the woman or her child !n fea of
!""!nent >0&s!$al 0a";
8. 'ttempting to compel or compelling the
woman or her child to en#a#e !n $on/%$t
which the woman or her child has the !#0t
to /es!st fo" o /es!st fo" $on/%$t
10!$0 t0e 1o"an o 0e $0!l/ 0as t0e
!#0t to en#a#e in or attempting to
est!$t o est!$t!n# the womanSs or her
childSs fee/o" of "o@e"ent o $on/%$t
!# "orce or threat o" "orce ph#sical or other
harm or threat o" ph#sical or other harm or
intimidation directed against the woman or
child. %his shall incl$de !$t not limited to
the "ollowing acts committed with the
p$rpose or efect o" controlling or restricting
the womanSs or her childSs movement or
cond$ct,
a. %hreatening to /e>!@e or act$all#
depriving the woman or her child o"
$%sto/& to herBhis "amil#;
b. De>!@!n# or threatening to deprive the
woman or her children o" 4nan$!al
s%>>ot legall# d$e her or her "amil# or
deli!eratel# providing the womanSs
children ins$/cient 5nancial s$pport;
$. <epriving or threatening to deprive the
woman or her child o" a le#al !#0tH
/. Preventing the woman in engaging in an#
le#!t!"ate >ofess!on< o$$%>at!on<
b%s!ness o a$t!@!t& or controlling the
victimSs own mone# or properties or
solel# controlling the con9$gal or
common mone# or properties;
>. 0nKicting or threatening to !nM!$t >0&s!$al
0a" on oneself fo t0e >%>ose of
$ontoll!ng her actions or decisions;
?. Ca$sing or attempting to ca$se the woman
or her child to en#a#e !n an& se?%al
a$t!@!t& 10!$0 /oes not $onst!t%te a>e<
!# "orce or threat o" "orce ph#sical harm or
thro$gh intimidation directed against the
woman or her child or herBhis immediate
"amil#;
@. :ngaging in p$rpose"$l 2nowing or
e$6less $on/%$t< >esonall& o t0o%#0
anot0e t0at ala"s o $a%ses
s%bstant!al e"ot!onal o >s&$0olo#!$al
/!stess to the woman or her child. %his
shall incl$de !$t not !e limited to the
"ollowing acts,
a. ;tal2ing or "ollowing the woman or her
child in p$!lic or private places;
!. Peering in the window or lingering
o$tside the residence o" the woman or
her child;
c. :ntering or remaining in the dwelling or
on the propert# o" the woman or her
child against herBhis will;
d. <estro#ing the propert# and personal
!elongings or inKicting harm to animals
or pets o" the woman or her child; and
e. :ngaging in an# "orm o" harassment or
violence;
A. Ca%s!n# "ental o e"ot!onal an#%!s0<
>%bl!$ !/!$%le o 0%"!l!at!on to t0e
1o"an o 0e $0!l/ incl$ding !$t not
limited to repeated ver!al and emotional
a!$se and denial o" 5nancial s$pport or
c$stod# o" minor children o" access to the
womanSs childBchildren.
BENUE
'. General ($le, (%C designated as Gamil#
Co$rt has original and e-cl$sive 9$risdiction
4. 0n the a!sence o" &'), (%C where an# o" the
elements is committed at the option o"
complainant
PROTECTION ORDERS< DE9INED 'Se$. :,
- Order iss$ed $nder this act "or the p$rpose
o" preventing "$rther acts o" violence against
a woman or her child speci5ed in ;ection 8
o" this 'ct and granting other necessar#
relie". %he relie" granted $nder a protection
order serves the p$rpose o" sa"eg$arding the
victim "rom "$rther harm minimizing an#
disr$ption in the victimSs dail# li"e and
"acilitating the opport$nit# and a!ilit# o" the
victim to independentl# regain control over
her li"e. %he provisions o" the protection
order shall !e en"orced !# law en"orcement
agencies.
PROTECTION ORDERS ISSUED UNDER
THIS ACT
BARANEAY
PROTECTION
ORDER
TEMPORAR
Y
PROTECTI
ON ORDER
PERMANENT
PROTECTION
ORDER
0ss$ed !#
p$nong
!aranga# a"ter
e- parte
determination
o" the !asis o"
the application
which orders
perpetrator to
desist "rom
committing
acts $nder
;ection 8 &1)
and &2) o" this
'ct.
0ss$ed !#
the co$rt
on the date
o" 5ling o"
the
application
a"ter e-
parte
determinati
on that
s$ch order
sho$ld !e
iss$ed.
0ss$ed !# the
co$rt a"ter
notice and
hearing. %he
co$rt shall
sched$le a
hearing on the
iss$ance o" a
PPO prior to or
on the date o"
e-piration o"
the %PO.
4PO1s shall !e
efective "or 18
da#s.
%PO1s shall
!e efective
"or 3J da#s.
;hall !e
efective $ntil
revo2ed !# a
co$rt.
PROTECTION ORDERS THAT MAY BE ISSUED
UNDER THIS ACTI
1. BARANEAY PROTECTION ORDER 'BPO,
Protection order iss$ed !# the P$nong
4aranga# ordering the perpetrator to desist
"rom committing acts $nder ;ection 8 &1)
and &2) o" this 'ct. ' P$nong 4aranga# who
receives applications "or a 4PO shall iss$e
the protection order to the applicant on the
date o" 5ling a"ter e- parte determination o"
the !asis o" the application. 4POs shall !e
efective "or 5"teen &18) da#s.
*. TEMPORARY PROTECTION ORDER 'TPO,
Protection order iss$ed !# the co$rt on the
date o" 5ling o" the application a"ter e-
parte determination that s$ch order sho$ld
!e iss$ed. ' co$rt ma# grant in a %PO an#
some or all o" the relie"s mentioned in this
'ct and shall !e efective "or thirt# &3J) da#s.
%he co$rt shall sched$le a hearing on the
iss$ance o" a PPO prior to or on the date o"
the e-piration o" the %PO.
+. PERMANENT PROTECTION ORDER 'PPO,
Protection order iss$ed !# the co$rt a"ter
notice and hearing. ' PPO shall !e efective
$ntil revo2ed !# a co$rt $pon application o"
the person in whose "avor the order was
iss$ed.
'R.A. 8772,
ANTI K CHILD PORNOERAPHY ACT O9
*338
CHILD re"ers to
a. a person !elow
eighteen &1@) #ears o" age or over !$t is
$na!le to "$ll# ta2e care o" himsel"Bhersel"
"rom a!$se neglect cr$elt# e-ploitation or
discrimination !eca$se o" a ph#sical or
mental disa!ilit# or condition.
b. a person
regardless o" age who is presented depicted
or portra#ed as a child as de5ned herein;
and
$. comp$ter*
generated digitall# or man$all# cra"ted
images or graphics o" a person who is
represented or who is made to appear to !e
a child as de5ned herein.
CHILD PORNOERAPHY re"ers to an# p$!lic or
private representation !# whatever means o" a
child engaged in real or sim$lated e-plicit se-$al
activities or an# representation o" the se-$al
parts o" a child "or primaril# se-$al p$rposes.
CHILD PORNOERAPHY MATERIALS re"ers to
the means and methods !# which child
pornograph# is carried o$t,
1. As to fo"I
a. B!s%al /e>!$t!on not onl# images
o" real children !$t also digital image
comp$ter image or comp$ter*
generated image.
Xe.g. &i) $ndeveloped 5lm and
videotapes; &ii) stored data andBor
images capa!le o" conversion into a
vis$al image; &iii) photograph 5lm
video pict$re digital image or
pict$re comp$ter image or pict$re;
&iv) drawings cartoons sc$lpt$res or
paintings depicting childrenY;
b. A%/!o e>esentat!on o" a person
who is or is represented as !eing a
child and who is engaged in or is
represented as !eing engaged in
e-plicit se-$al activit# or an a$dio
representation that advocates
enco$rages or co$nsels an# se-$al
activit# with children which is an
ofense $nder this 'ct.
&e.g. a$dio recordings and live a$dio
transmission conve#ed thro$gh
whatever medi$m incl$ding real*time
internet comm$nications);
$. W!tten te?t o "ate!al that
advocates or co$nsels e-plicit se-$al
activit# with a child and whose
dominant characteristic is the
description "or a se-$al p$rpose o"
an e-plicit se-$al activit# with a
child.
*. As to $ontentI
a. 0t incl$des representation o" a person
who is appears to !e or is
represented as !eing a child the
dominant characteristic o" which is
the depiction "or a se-$al p$rpose
o",
!. the se-$al organ or the anal
region or a representation
thereo";
!!. the !reasts or a representation
o" the !reasts o" a "emale
person.
EOPLICIT SEOUAL ACTIBITY incl$des act$al or
sim$lated
1. se-$al interco$rse or lascivio$s act
incl$ding !$t not limited to contact
involving genital to genital oral to genital
anal to genital or oral to anal whether
!etween persons o" the same or opposite
se-;
*. !estialit#;
+. mast$r!ation;
(. sadistic or masochistic a!$se;
2. lascivio$s e-hi!ition o" the genitals
!$ttoc2s !reasts p$!ic area andBor an$s; or
.. $se o" an# o!9ect or instr$ment "or lascivio$s
acts
PROHIBITED ACTS
A. %o hire emplo# $se pers$ade ind$ce or
coerce a child to >efo" in the $eat!on o
>o/%$t!on o" an# "orm o" child
pornograph#;
B. %o >o/%$e< /!e$t< "an%fa$t%e o
$eate an# "orm o" child pornograph#;
C. %o >%bl!s0 oCe< tans"!t< sell<
/!st!b%te< boa/$ast< a/@et!se<
>o"ote< e?>ot o !">ot an# "orm o"
child pornograph#;
D. %o >ossess an& fo" of $0!l/
>ono#a>0& with the !ntent to sell<
/!st!b%te< >%bl!s0< o boa/$astI
Provided. %hat possession o" three &3) or
more articles o" child pornograph# o" the
same "orm shall !e prima "acie evidence o"
the intent to sell distri!$te p$!lish or
!roadcast;
E. %o 2nowingl# will"$ll# and intentionall#
provide a @en%e fo t0e $o""!ss!on o"
prohi!ited acts as !$t not limited to dens
private rooms c$!icles cinemas ho$ses or
in esta!lishments p$rporting to !e a
legitimate !$siness;
9. Gor 4l" /!st!b%tos< t0eates an/
tele$o""%n!$at!on $o">an!es !#
themselves or in cooperation with other
entities to /!st!b%te an& fo" of $0!l/
>ono#a>0&;
E. Gor a >aent< le#al #%a/!an or person
having c$stod# or control o" a child to
2nowingl# >e"!t t0e $0!l/ to en#a#e<
>at!$!>ate o ass!st in an# "orm o" child
pornograph#;
H. %o engage in the l%!n# o #oo"!n# of a
$0!l/;
I. %o engage in >an/e!n# of an& fo" of
$0!l/ >ono#a>0&H
G. %o 1!lf%ll& a$$ess an& fo" of $0!l/
>ono#a>0&;
K. To $ons>!e to $o""!t an& of t0e
>o0!b!te/ a$ts state/ !n t0!s se$t!on.
L. %o >ossess an# "orm o" child pornograph#.
SYNDICATED CHILD PORNOERAPHY
0" carried o$t !# a #o%> of + o "oe >esons
conspiring or con"ederating with one
another.
'R.A. :3(8,
ANTI K HASINE LAW
HASINE is an initiation rite or practice as a
>ee=%!s!te fo a/"!ss!on !nto
"e"bes0!> !n a faten!t&< soo!t& o
o#an!Fat!on !# placing the recr$it neoph#te
or applicant in some e"baass!n# o
0%"!l!at!n# s!t%at!ons s%$0 as fo$!n# 0!"
to /o "en!al< s!ll&< fool!s0 an/ ot0e s!"!la
tas6s or activities or otherwise s$!9ecting him
to ph#sical or ps#chological s$fering or in9$r#;
4I% it e-cl$des those tests and proced$re
emplo#ed "or prospective reg$lar mem!ers o"
the 'rmed Gorces o" the Philippines &'GP) and
Philippine 6ational Police &P6P) as approved !#
the ;ecretar# o" 6ational <e"ense and the
6ational Police Commission d$l# recommended
!# the Chie" o" ;taf o" 'GP and the <irector
General o" P6P
TOREANISATIONW shall incl$de, an# cl$! o" the
'GP P6P Philippine 3ilitar# 'cadem# &P3') or
o/cer and cadet corps o" the CitizenSs 3ilitar#
%raining &C3%) and CitizenSs 'rm# %raining &C'%)
PROCEDURE 9OR ALLOWED HASINE
'. Hritten notice m$st !e given to the school
a$thorities or head o" organization seven &?)
da#s prior to the cond$ct o" initiation
4. %he written notice m$st indicate,
a. %hat the
period o"
initiation
activities will
not e-ceed
three &3) da#s
!. %he names o"
those to !e
s$!9ected to
s$ch activities
and
c. 'n
$nderta2ing
that no
ph#sical
violence !e
emplo#ed
C. %wo &2) representatives o" the school or
organization m$st !e assigned to !e present
d$ring the initiation; the# shall ens$re that
no ph#sical harm will !e inKicted
WHO ARE LIABLE
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#RIMA FACIE EBIDENCE O9 PARTICIPATION
AS PRINCIPAL
%he presence o" an# person d$ring the hazing
$nless he prevented the commission o" the acts
p$nisha!le herein
%he a!ove*mentioned lia!ilities shall appl# to
the president manager director or other
responsi!le o/cer o" a corporation engaged
in hazing as a re+$irement "or emplo#ment
in the manner provided herein.
'n# person charged $nder this provision shall
not !e entitled to the mitigating
circ$mstance that there was no intention to
commit so grave a wrong.
R.A. 7.13
SPECIAL PROTECTION O9 CHILDREN
AEAINST CHILD ABUSE< EOPLOITATION
AND DISCRIMINATION ACT
CRIMES PUNISHABLE
CHILD PROSTITUTION AND OTHER SEOUAL
ABUSE
WHO ARE CHILDREN EOPLOITED IN
PROSTITUTION AND OTHER SEOUAL ABUSE
Children whether male or "emale who "or
mone# pro5t or an# other consideration or d$e
to the coercion or inK$ence o" an# ad$lt
s#ndicate or gro$p ind$lge in se-$al interco$rse
or lascivio$s cond$ct
WHO ARE LIABLE
1. %hose who engage in or promote "acilitate
or ind$ce child prostit$tion
&e.g. acting as proc$rer o" or ta2ing
advantage o" inK$ence or relationship to
proc$re a child prostit$te ind$cing a person
to !e a client o" child prostit$te threatening
or $sing violence towards or giving monetar#
consideration or goods to a child to engage
him in prostit$tion);
*. %hose who commit the act o" se-$al
interco$rse or lascivio$s cond$ct with a child
e-ploited in prostit$tion or s$!9ected to other
se-$al a!$se;
+. %hose who derive pro5t or advantage
there"rom. &e.g. as managerBowner o" the
esta!lishment where child prostit$tion ta2es
place);
ATTEMPT TO COMMIT CHILD PROSTITUTION
1. 'n# person not !eing a relative o" the child
is "o$nd alone with the said child in a hidden
or secl$ded area $nder circ$mstances which
lead a reasona!le person to !elieve that the
child is a!o$t to !e e-ploited in prostit$tion
and other se-$al a!$se; and
2. 'n# person who receives services "rom a
child in a sa$na parlor or !ath massage
clinic health cl$! and other similar
esta!lishments
CHILD TRA99ICKINE
'n# person who shall engage in trading and
dealing with children incl$ding !$t not
limited to the act o" !$#ing and selling o" a
child "or mone# or "or an# other
consideration or !arter
ATTEMPT TO COMMIT CHILD TRA99ICKINE
1. Hhen a child travels alone to a "oreign
co$ntr# witho$t valid reason there"or and
witho$t clearance iss$ed !# the <epartment
o" ;ocial Hel"are and <evelopment or written
permit or 9$sti5cation "rom the childSs
parents or legal g$ardian;
2. Hhen a person agenc# esta!lishment or
child*caring instit$tion recr$its women or
co$ples to !ear children "or the p$rpose o"
child tra/c2ing; or
3. Hhen a doctor hospital or clinic o/cial or
emplo#ee n$rse midwi"e local civil registrar
or an# other person sim$lates !irth "or the
p$rpose o" child tra/c2ing; or
7. Hhen a person engages in the act o" 5nding
children among low*income "amilies
hospitals clinics n$rseries da#*care
centers or other child*d$ring instit$tions
who can !e ofered "or the p$rpose o" child
tra/c2ing
OBSCENE PUBLICATIONS AND INDECENT
SHOWS
1. 'n# person who shall hire emplo# $se
pers$ade ind$ce or coerce a child to
per"orm in o!scene e-hi!itions and indecent
shows whether live or in video or model in
o!scene p$!lications or pornographic
materials or to sell or distri!$te the said
materials or
2. 'n# ascendant g$ardian or person
entr$sted in an# capacit# with the care o" a
child who shall ca$se andBor allow s$ch child
to !e emplo#ed or to participate in an
o!scene pla# scene act movie or show or
in an# other acts covered here$nder
OTHER ACTS O9 ABUSE
1. 'n# person who shall commit an# other acts
o" child a!$se cr$elt# or e-ploitation or to
!e responsi!le "or other conditions
pre9$dicial to the childSs development
2. 'n# person who shall 2eep or have in his
compan# a minor twelve &12) #ears or $nder
or who in ten &1J) #ears or more his 9$nior in
an# p$!lic or private place hotel motel
!eer 9oint discothe+$e ca!aret pension
ho$se sa$na or massage parlor !each
andBor other to$rist resort or similar places
&this provision shall not appl# to an# person
who is related within the "o$rth degree o"
consang$init# or a/nit# or an# !ond
recognized !# law local c$stom and tradition
or acts in the per"ormance o" a social moral
or legal d$t#)
3. 'n# person who shall ind$ce deliver or ofer
a minor to an# one prohi!ited !# this 'ct to
2eep or have in his compan# a minor as
provided in the preceding paragraph
7. 'n# person owner manager or one
entr$sted with the operation o" an# p$!lic or
private place o" accommodation whether "or
occ$panc# "ood drin2 or otherwise
incl$ding residential places who allows an#
person to ta2e along with him to s$ch place
or places an# minor herein descri!ed
8. 'n# person who shall $se coerce "orce or
intimidate a street child or an# other child to,
a. 4eg or $se !egging as a means o"
living;
!. 'ct as cond$it or middlemen in
dr$g tra/c2ing or p$shing; or
c. Cond$ct an# illegal activities
SANCTIONS 9OR ESTABLISHMENTS OR
ENTERPRISES
'll esta!lishments and enterprises which
promote or "acilitate an# o" the acts p$nisha!le
$nder this 'ct shall !e,
1. immediatel# closed
2. their a$thorit# or license to operate
cancelled
3. witho$t pre9$dice to the owner or
manager thereo" !eing prosec$ted
and
7. a sign with the words Tof limitsT shall
!e conspic$o$sl# displa#ed o$tside
the esta!lishments or enterprises !#
the <epartment o" ;ocial Hel"are and
<evelopment &<;H<) "or s$ch period
which shall not !e less than one &1)
#ear as the <epartment ma#
determine &%he $na$thorized removal
o" s$ch sign shall !e p$nisha!le)
WHEN DEEMED TO PROMOTE OR
9ACILITATE ANY O9 THE ACTS PUNISHABLEI
i" the acts constit$ting the same occ$r in the
premises o" said esta!lishment
%he same pres$mption appl# to an enterprise
s$ch as a sa$na travel agenc# or recr$itment
agenc# which,
a. promotes the a"orementioned acts as
part o" a to$r "or "oreign to$rists;
!. e-hi!its children in a lewd or
indecent show;
c. provides child masse$rs "or ad$lts o"
the same or opposite se- and said
services incl$de an# lascivio$s
cond$ct with the c$stomers; or
d. solicits children or activities
constit$ting the a"orementioned acts
WORKINE CHILDREN
Children !elow 5"teen &18) #ears o" age shall not
!e emplo#ed e-cept,
a. Hhen a child wor2s directl# $nder the
sole responsi!ilit# o" his parents or
legal g$ardian and where onl#
mem!ers o" the emplo#erSs "amil#
are emplo#ed, Provided however
%hat his emplo#ment neither
endangers his li"e sa"et# and health
and morals nor impairs his normal
development, Provided "$rther %hat
the parent or legal g$ardian shall
provide the said minor child with the
prescri!ed primar# andBor secondar#
ed$cation; or
!. Hhen a childSs emplo#ment or
participation in p$!lic .
entertainment or in"ormation thro$gh
cinema theater radio or television is
essential, Provided %he emplo#ment
contract concl$ded !# the childSs
parent or g$ardian with the e-press
agreement o" the child concerned i"
possi!le and the approval o" the
<epartment o" Ea!or and
:mplo#ment, Provided %hat the
"ollowing re+$irements in all
instances are strictl# complied with,
i. %he emplo#er shall ens$re the
protection health sa"et# and
morals o" the child;
ii. %he emplo#er shall instit$te
meas$res to prevent the childSs
e-ploitation or discrimination
ta2ing into acco$nt the s#stem
and level o" rem$neration and
the d$ration and arrangement o"
wor2ing time; and
iii. %he emplo#er shall "orm$late and
implement s$!9ect to the
approval and s$pervision o"
competent a$thorities a
contin$ing program "or training
and s2ill ac+$isition o" the child
0n the a!ove e-ceptional cases, the
emplo#er shall 5rst sec$re a wor2 permit
"rom the <epartment o" Ea!or and
:mplo#ment &<OE:) which shall ens$re
o!servance o" the a!ove re+$irement
R.A. 8+((
GUBENILE GUSTICE AND WEL9ARE ACT O9
*33.
CHILD re"ers to a person $nder the age o" 1@
#ears.
CHILD AT RISK re"ers to a child who is
v$lnera!le to and at the ris2 o" committing
criminal ofenses !eca$se o" personal "amil#
and social circ$mstances s$ch as !$t not
limited to the "ollowing,
a. !eing a!$sed !# an# person thro$gh
se-$al ph#sical ps#chological
mental economic or an# other
means and the parents or g$ardian
re"$se are $nwilling or $na!le to
provide protection "or the child;
!. !eing e-ploited incl$ding se-$all# or
economicall#;
c. !eing a!andoned or neglected and
a"ter diligent search and in+$ir# the
parent or g$ardian cannot !e "o$nd;
d. coming "rom a d#s"$nctional or
!ro2en "amil# or witho$t a parent or
g$ardian;
e. !eing o$t o" school;
". !eing a streetchild;
g. !eing a mem!er o" a gang;
h. living in a comm$nit# with a high
level o" criminalit# or dr$g a!$se;
and
i. living in sit$ations o" armed conKict.
CHILD IN CON9LICT WITH THE LAW re"ers to
a child who is alleged as acc$sed o" or
ad9$dged as having committed an ofense $nder
Philippine laws
YOUTH DETENTION HOME re"ers to a 27*ho$r
child*caring instit$tion managed !# accredited
local government $nits &EGIs) and licensed
andBor accredited nongovernment organizations
&6GOs) providing short*term residential care "or
children in conKict with the law who are awaiting
co$rt disposition o" their cases or trans"er to
other agencies or 9$risdiction
GUBENILE GUSTICE AND WEL9ARE SYSTEM
re"ers to a s#stem dealing with children at ris2
and children in conKict with the law which
provides child*appropriate proceedings
incl$ding programs and services "or prevention
diversion reha!ilitation re*integration and
a"tercare to ens$re their normal growth and
development.
OUTLINE O9 THE SYSTEM
A. INITIAL CONTACT WITH)THE CHILD re"ers
to the apprehension or ta2ing into c$stod# o"
a child in conKict with the law !# law
en"orcement o/cers or private citizens. 0t
incl$des the time when the child alleged to
!e in conKict with the law receives a
s$!poena $nder ;ection 3&!) o" ($le 112 o"
the (evised ($les o" Criminal Proced$re or
s$mmons $nder ;ection >&a) or ;ection A&!)
o" the same ($le in cases that do not re+$ire
preliminar# investigation or where there is
no necessit# to place the child alleged to !e
in conKict with the law $nder immediate
c$stod#.
B. DIBERSION re"ers to an alternative child*
appropriate process o" determining the
responsi!ilit# and treatment o" a child in
conKict with the law on the !asis o" hisBher
social c$lt$ral economic ps#chological or
ed$cational !ac2gro$nd witho$t resorting to
"ormal co$rt proceedings
DIBERSION PROERAM re"ers to the program
that the child in conKict with the law is re+$ired
to $ndergo a"ter heBshe is "o$nd responsi!le "or
an ofense witho$t resorting to "ormal co$rt
proceedings.
%he "ollowing children in conKict with law shall
$ndergo diversion programs,
a. Hhere the imposa!le penalt# "or the
crime committee is not more than si-
&>) #ears imprisonment or
!. 0n victimless crimes where the
imposa!le penalt# is not more than
si- &>) #ears imprisonment
4$t where the imposa!le penalt# "or
the crime committed e-ceeds si- &>)
#ears imprisonment diversion
meas$res ma# !e resorted to onl# !#
the co$rt
C. PROSECUTION
%he prosec$tor shall cond$ct a preliminar#
investigation in the "ollowing instances,
a. when the child in conKict with the
law does not +$ali"# "or diversion;
!. when the child hisBher parents or
g$ardian does not agree to
diversion as speci5ed in ;ections
2? and 2@;
c. when considering the assessment
and recommendation o" the social
wor2er the prosec$tor
determines that diversion is not
appropriate "or the child in
conKict with the law
Ipon serving the s$!poena and the a/davit o"
complaint the prosec$tor shall noti"# the P$!lic
'ttorne#Ss O/ce &P'O) o" s$ch service as well
as the personal in"ormation and place o"
detention o" the child in conKict with the law.
Ipon determination o" pro!a!le ca$se !# the
prosec$tor the in"ormation against the child
shall !e 5led !e"ore the Gamil# Co$rt within
"ort#*5ve &78) da#s "rom the start o" the
preliminar# investigation.
D. COURT PROCEEDINES
1. Children detained in a Lo$th
<etention Center pending trial
ma# !e released on !ail or
recognizance
2. Hhere the ma-im$m penalt#
imposed !# law "or the ofense
with which the child in conKict
with the law is charged is
imprisonment o" not more than
twelve &12) #ears regardless o"
the 5ne or 5ne alone regardless
o" the amo$nt and !e"ore
arraignment o" the child in
conKict with the law the co$rt
shall determine whether or not
diversion is appropriate
3. Hhen the acc$sed who was a
child at the time o" the
commission o" the ofense is
"o$nd g$ilt# the co$rt shall,
a. <etermine and ascertain an# civil
lia!ilit#
!. Place the child $nder s$spended
sentence witho$t need o" application
&i.e. a$tomaticall#) instead o"
prono$ncing 9$dgment o" conviction
%he a$tomatic s$spension applies even i"
acc$sed is alread# o" legal age at the
time o" prono$ncement o" g$ilt
E. REHABILITATION AND REINTEERATION
6o child shall !e received in an# reha!ilitation or
training "acilit# witho$t a valid order iss$ed !#
the co$rt a"ter a hearing "or the p$rpose
INTERBENTION re"ers to a series o" activities
which are designed to address iss$es that
ca$sed the child to commit an ofense.
RESTORATIBE GUSTICE re"ers to a principle
which re+$ires a process o" resolving conKicts
with the ma-im$m involvement o" the victim
the ofender and the comm$nit#.
YOUTH REHABILITATION CENTER re"ers to a
27*ho$r residential care "acilit# managed !# the
<epartment o" ;ocial Hel"are and <evelopment
&<;H<) EGIs licensed andBor accredited 6GOs
monitored !# the <;H< which provides care
treatment and reha!ilitation services "or children
in conKict with the law. (eha!ilitation services
are provided $nder the g$idance o" a trained
staf where residents are cared "or $nder a
str$ct$red therape$tic environment with the end
view o" reintegrating them into their "amilies and
comm$nities as sociall# "$nctioning individ$als.
Ph#sical mo!ilit# o" residents o" said centers
ma# !e restricted pending co$rt disposition o"
the charges against them.
AEE AND DETERMINATION
AEE CRIMINAL
RESPONSIBILITY
Z 18 #ears &less
than or e+$al to 18
#ears)
'!sol$te irresponsi!ilit#
e-empting circ$mstance
[18 !$t \1@ &more
than or e+$al to 18
!$t less than or
e+$al to 1@ #ears)
Conditional
responsi!ilit#
a. Hitho$t discernment
not criminall#
lia!le; s$!9ect to an
intervention program
!. Hith discernment
criminall# lia!le
3inor delin+$ent ;entence is s$spended
[1@ !$t \?J &more
than or e+$al to 1@
!$t less than or
e+$al to ?J #ears)
G$ll responsi!ilit#
[?J &more than or
e+$al to ?J #ears)
3itigated responsi!ilit# no
imposition o" death penalt#
e-ec$tion o" death sentence
ma# !e s$spended and
comm$ted
P.D .3+
C0!l/ an/ Yo%t0 Welfae Co/e
PUNISHABLE ACTS
Criminal lia!ilit# shall attach to an# parent who,
1. Conceals or a!andons the child with
intent to ma2e s$ch child lose his civil
stat$s.
2. '!andons the child $nder s$ch
circ$mstances as to deprive him o" the
love care and protection he needs.
3. ;ells or a!andons the child to another
person "or val$a!le consideration.
7. 6eglects the child !# not giving him the
ed$cation which the "amil#Ss station in
li"e and 5nancial conditions permit.
8. Gails or re"$ses witho$t 9$sti5a!le
gro$nds to enroll the child as re+$ired
!# 'rticle ?2.
>. Ca$ses a!ates or permits the tr$anc# o"
the child "rom the school where he is
enrolled. T%r$anc#T as here $sed means
a!sence witho$t ca$se "or more than
twent# schoolda#s not necessaril#
consec$tive.
?. 0t shall !e the d$t# o" the teacher in
charge to report to the parents the
a!sences o" the child the moment these
e-ceed 5ve schoolda#s.
@. 0mproperl# e-ploits the child !# $sing
him directl# or indirectl# s$ch as "or
p$rposes o" !egging and other acts
which are inimical to his interest and
wel"are.
A. 0nKicts cr$el and $n$s$al p$nishment
$pon the child or deli!eratel# s$!9ects
him to indignation and other e-cessive
chastisement that em!arrass or
h$miliate him.
1J. Ca$ses or enco$rages the child to lead
an immoral or dissol$te li"e.
11. Permits the child to possess handle or
carr# a deadl# weapon regardless o" its
ownership.
12. 'llows or re+$ires the child to drive
witho$t a license or with a license which
the parent 2nows to have !een illegall#
proc$red. 0" the motor vehicle driven !#
the child !elongs to the parent it shall
!e pres$med that he permitted or
ordered the child to drive.
:. CRIMES AEAINST PERSONS
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
8. C!"es A#a!nst Pesonal
l!bet& an/ Se$%!t&
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
C0a>te 1I C!"es a#a!nst L!bet&
Se$. 1 ) Ille#al /etent!on
Se$. * ) K!/na>>!n# of "!nos
C0a>te *I C!"es a#a!nst Se$%!t&
Se$. 1 ) Aban/on"ent of 0el>less
>esons an/ e?>lo!tat!on of
"!nos
Se$. * ) Tes>ass to /1ell!n#
Se$. + ) T0eats an/ Coe$!on
C0a>te +I D!s$o@e& an/ Re@elat!on
of Se$ets
R.A. 8+7*
R.A. (*33
R.A. 8*3:
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
C0a>te 1I C!"es a#a!nst L!bet&
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
SECTION 1. ) ILLEEAL DETENTION
ARTICLE *.7. KIDNAPPINE AND SERIOUS
ILLEEAL DETENTION
ELEMENTSI
1. %hat the oCen/e is a 1rivate !n/!@!/%al;
2. %hat he 6!/na>s o /eta!ns anot0e or in
an# other manner deprives the latter o"
li!ert#;
3. %hat the act o" detention or 2idnapping m$st
be !lle#alH and
7. %hat in the commission o" the ofense an# o"
the follo1!n# $!$%"stan$es are present
&detention !ecomes serio$s),
a. that the 2idnappingBdetention lasts "or
"oe t0an + /a&s<
!. committed !# s!"%lat!n# >%bl!$
a%t0o!t&
c. that an& se!o%s >0&s!$al !n5%!es ae
!nM!$te/ $pon the person 2idnapped or
detained or threats to 2ill him are made
or
d. that the person 2idnapped or detained is
a "!no &eGcept if parent is the
o:ender) "emale or a p$!lic o/cer.
6ote, 0" an# o" these are present
p$rpose o" detention is immaterial
DEATH is imposed in the "ollowing instances,
Xdeath penalt# s$spendedY
1. i" 2idnapping is committed "or the p$rpose o"
e-torting ransom either "rom the victim or
"rom an# other person even i" none o" the
a"orementioned circ$mstances are present
in the commission o" the ofense; and
2. when the victim is 2illed or dies as a
conse+$ence o" the detention or is raped or
is s$!9ected to tort$re or deh$manizing acts.
NOTESI
0t is tr$e that "or 2idnapping to ta2e
place it is not necessar# that the victim !e
placed in an enclos$re; neither is it
necessar# that the detention !e prolonged
or permanent. Cowever the essence o"
2idnapping is the act$al deprivation o" the
victimSs li!ert# co$pled with ind$!ita!le
proo" o" the intent o" the acc$sed to efect
s$ch deprivation
38
.
%he victim1s lac2 o" consent is also a
"$ndamental element o" 2idnapping and
serio$s illegal detention. %he invol$ntariness
o" the seiz$re and detention is the ver#
essence o" the crime. 'ltho$gh the victim
ma# have incept$all# consented to go with
the ofender to a place !$t the victim is
therea"ter prevented with the $se o" "orce
"rom leaving the place where he was !ro$ght
to with his consent and is detained against
his will the ofender is g$ilt# o" 2idnapping
and serio$s illegal detention
3>
.
'ct$al demand "or ransom is not
necessar#
Hhen detention is "or p$rpose o"
e-torting ransom it1s not necessar# that one
or an# o" the "o$r circ$mstances en$merated
in &7) are present
:ssential that there !e act$al
con5nement or restriction o" the person o"
the ofended part#
<etention is illegal when not ordered !#
competent a$thorit# or not permitted !# law
<etention "or more than 3 da#s not
necessar# when an# o" the other
circ$msances are present
;pecial comple- crime o" 2idnapping
with m$rder or homicide where the person
2idnapped is 2illed in the co$rse o" the
detention regardless o" whether the 2illing
was p$rposel# so$ght or was erel# an
a"tertho$gh
Hhen m$rder and not 2idnapping * when
the victim is ta2en "rom one place to another
solel# "or the p$rpose o" 2illing him the
crime committed is m$rder
0" Primar# and $ltimate p$rpose is to 2ill
and detention was onl# incidental
;peci5c intent is determinative o"
whether the crime committed is m$rder or
2idnapping
3$st !e alleged in in"ormation and
proven !# prosec$tion
ILLEEAL
DETENTION
ARBITRARY
DETENTION
Committed !# a
>!@ate individ$al
who $nlaw"$ll#
2idnaps detains or
otherwise deprives a
person o" li!ert#.
Committed !# a
>%bl!$ o/cer or
emplo#ee who has
d$t# $nder law to
detain a person who
detains a person
35
People v. Obeso, .!. "o. (-//.-, October /$, /%%'
36
People v. Pic9rell .!. "o. (/%$%&, October /', /%%'
witho$t legal gro$nd
Crime is against
personal li!ert# and
sec$rit#
Crime against the
"$ndamental law o"
the ;tate
COH:M:( i" s$ch p$!lic o/cer has no d$t# to
detain a person &e.g. sanitar# inspector or cler2)
and he detains a person he is lia!le $nder this
article
ART. *.:. SLIEHT ILLEEAL DETENTION
ELEMENTS,
1. %hat the ofender is a 1rivate >eson;
2. %hat he 6!/na>s o /eta!ns another or in
an# other manner deprives the li!ert# or he
"$rnishes the place "or the perpet$ation o"
the detention;
3. %hat the act o" detention or 2idnapping m$st
be !lle#al;
7. %hat the crime is committed 1!t0o%t the
attendance o" an# o" the $!$%"stan$es
en$merated in 'rt. 2>?.
NOTEI 0" the participation is to "$rnish the place
"or the crime he is raised to a real co*principal.
4$t i" the cooperation is !# an# other act than
"$rnishing the place penalt# is one degree
lower.
PRIBILEEED MITIEATINE CIRCUMSTANCE
'BOLUNTARY RELEASE,I
0" the ofender,
1. vol$ntaril# releases the person so 2idnapped
or detained within 3 da#s "rom the
commencement o" the detention;
2. witho$t having attained the p$rpose
intended; and
3. !e"ore the instit$tion o" criminal proceedings
against him.
NOTEI
T0ee e=%!s!tes "%st $on$%
3$st !e shown !# the ofender that he was
in a position to prolong the detention "or
more than 3 da#s and #et he released the
person detained wBin that time
Mol$ntar# release is not considered
privileged mitigating i" the victim is a woman
&considered serio$s illegal detention)
ART. *.8- UNLAW9UL ARREST
ELEMENTS,
1. %hat the ofender aests o /eta!ns
anot0e person;
2. %hat the p$rpose o" the ofender is to
/el!@e 0!" to t0e >o>e a%t0o!t!esH
and
3. %hat the arrest or detention !s not
a%t0o!Fe/ b& la1 o t0ee !s no
easonable #o%n/ t0eefo.
NOTEI
Ofender is an# person. :ither a p$!lic
o/cer or private individ$al ma# !e
lia!le.
- P$!lic o/cer either has no a$thorit# to
arrest or detain a person or has not
acted in his o/cial capacit#
'rrestB detention re"ers to warrantless
arrests.
DELAY IN THE
DELIBERY O9
DETAINED
PERSONS TO THE
PROPER GUDICIAL
AUTHORITIES 'ART
1*2,
UNLAW9UL
ARREST
the detention is "or
some legal gro$nd
the detention is not
a$thorized !# law.
ARBITRARY
DETENTION
UNLAW9UL
ARREST
the detention is "or
some legal gro$nd
the detention is not
a$thorized !# law.
SECTION *. K KIDNAPPINE O9 MINORS
ART. *73. KIDNAPPINE AND 9AILURE TO
RETURN A MINOR
ELEMENTS,
1. %hat the ofender is ent%ste/ 1!t0 t0e
$%sto/& o" a minor person ; and
2. %hat 0e /el!beatel& fa!ls to restore the
said minor to his parents.
NOTEI this ma# also !e committed !# the
mother or "ather o" the child. Hhen committed
!# a parent penalt# is arresto ma#or.
:ssential element which +$ali5es the crime,
ofender is entr$sted with the c$stod# o" the
minor
KIDNAPPINE N
9AILURE TO
RETURN A MINOR
'ART. *73,
KIDNAPPINE AND
SERIOUS ILLEEAL
DETENTION 'ART.
*.7,
P$nishes the
deli!erate "ail$re !#
the person having
the c$stod# o" the
minor to restore the
minor to
parentsBg$ardian
Ofender is not
entr$sted with the
c$stod# o" the victim
ART. *71. INDUCINE A MINOR TO ABANDON
HIS HOME
ELEMENTSI
1. %hat the minor !s l!@!n# !n t0e 0o"e o" his
parents or g$ardians or the person entr$sted
with his c$stod#; and
2. %hat the ofender !n/%$es a "!no to
aban/on s$ch home.
NOTEI
0nd$cement m$st !e act$al committed
with criminal intent and determined !# a
will to ca$se damage.
%he minor sho$ld not leave his home o"
his own "ree will.
3itigated i" committed !# the "ather or
mother o" the victim.
Nto ind$ceO = to inK$ence to prevail on
to move !# pers$asion to incite !#
motives
%he minor need not act$all# a!andon his
home or home o" g$ardian. 3ere
commission o" an# act which tends to
inK$ence pers$ade or prevail on a minor
to a!andon his home is what constit$tes
a crime.
3itigated i" committed !# the "ather or
mother o" the victim. applies to 'rts.
2?J and 2?1
SECTION +. K SLABERY AND SERBITUDE
ART. *7*. SLABERY
ELEMENTS,
1. %hat the oCen/e >%$0ases< sells<
6!/na>s o /eta!ns a 0%"an be!n#H an/
*. %hat the p$rpose o" the ofender is to
ensla@e s%$0 0%"an !eing.
LUALI9YINE CIRCUMSTANCE i" the p$rpose
is some immoral tra/c &2G. Prostit$tion).
NOTEI p$rpose m$st !e to ensla@e the victim;
otherwise it is 2idnapping or illegal
detention
SLABERY providing services wBo rem$neration
whatsoever
3?
ART. *7+. EOPLOITATION O9 CHILD LABOR
ELEMENTS,
1. %hat the ofender eta!ns a "!no in his
service;
2. %hat it is a#a!nst t0e 1!ll o" the minor; and
3. %hat it is %n/e t0e >ete?t of
e!"b%s!n# himsel" o" a /ebt !n$%e/ b&
an ascendant g$ardian or person entr$sted
with the c$stod# o" s$ch minor.
NOTEI 0nde!tedness is not a gro$nd "or
detention.
At. *7(. Se@!$es en/ee/ %n/e
$o">%ls!on !n >a&"ent of /ebt
Ele"entsI
1. %hat the oCen/e $o">els a /ebto to
1o6 fo him either as ho$sehold servant
or "arm la!orer;
2. %hat it is a#a!nst t0e /ebtoAs will; and
3. %hat the >%>ose !s to e=%!e o enfo$e
t0e >a&"ent o" a de!t.
6O%:, <e!tor*Creditor relationship m$st e-ist
otherwise crime committed is coercion
SERBICES
RENDERED UNDER
COMPUSION IN
PAYMENT O9 DEBT
'At. *7(,
EOPLOITATION O9
CHILD LABOR
'At. *7+,
<oes not disting$ish
whether the victim is
a minor or not
Mictim is a minor
<e!tor is compelled
to wor2 "or ofender
3inor is compelled to
render services "or
de!t o"
parentBg$ardian
Eimited to ho$sehold
and "arm wor2.
;ervice not limited to
ho$sehold and "arm
wor2
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
C0a>te *I C!"es a#a!nst se$%!t&
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
37
!eyes v. 3lo>ado, .!. "o. L#-1)(, 3ugust /$, (&(%
SECTION 1. K ABANDONMENT O9
HELPLESS PERSONS AND EOPLOITATION
O9 MINORS
ART. *72. ABANDONMENT O9 PERSON IN
DANEER AND ABANDONMENT O9 ONEAS
OWN BICTIM
ACTS PUNISHABLEI
1. 4# "ailing to render assistance to an# person
whom the ofender 5nds in an $ninha!ited
place wo$nded or in danger o" d#ing when
he can render s$ch assistance witho$t
detriment to himsel" unless such omission
shall constitute a more serious o:ense;
ELEMENTSI
a. %hat place is not !n0ab!te/.
b. %he acc$sed "o$nd there a person 1o%n/e/
o !n /an#e of /&!n#.
$. %he acc$sed $an en/e ass!stan$e
witho$t detriment to himsel".
/. %he acc$sed fa!ls to render assistance.
2. 4# fa!l!n# to 0el> or render assistance to
another whom the ofender has
accidentall! 1o%n/e/ o !n5%e/;
3. 4# fa!l!n# to /el!@e a $0!l/ %n/e 7
whom the ofender has fo%n/ aban/one/
to the a$thorities or to his "amil# or !#
"ailing to ta2e him to a sa"e place. &ma# !e
applied to a lost child).
ART. *7.. ABANDONINE A MINOR
ELEMENTS,
1. %hat the ofender has the $%sto/& o" a
child;
*. %hat the child is %n/e 7 #ears o" age;
+. %hat he aban/ons s$ch child; and
(. %hat he has no !ntent to 6!ll t0e $0!l/
when the latter is a!andoned.
NOTEI
'!andonment m$st !e conscio$s
deli!erate and permanent.
W$ali"#ing circ$mstances,
a. death o" the minor; or
!. li"e was in danger !eca$se o" the
a!andonment.
Parent g$ilt# o" a!andoning their children
shall !e deprived o" parental a$thorit#.
0ntent to 2ill cannot !e pres$med "rom
the death o" the child
* ;$ch pres$mption applies onl# to
crimes against persons 6O% to
crimes against sec$rit#
ART. *77. ABANDONMENT O9 MINOR BY
PERSON ENTRUSTED WITH HIS CUSTODYH
INDI99ERENCE O9 PARENTS
ACTS PUNISHABLEI
1. 4# /el!@e!n# a "!no to a >%bl!$
!nst!t%t!on or other persons 1;o $onsent
o" the one who ent%ste/ s$ch minor to the
care o" the ofender or in the a!sence o"
that one witho$t the consent o" the proper
a$thorities;
ELEMENTSI
a. Ofender has charge o" the rearing or
ed$cation o" a minor;
%o rear means to !ring to mat$rit# !#
ed$cating no$rishing etc.
!. Ce delivers said minor to a p$!lic instit$tion
or other persons.; and
c. %hat the one who entr$sted s$ch child to the
ofender has not consented to s$ch act; or i"
the one who entr$sted s$ch child to the
ofender is a!sent the proper a$thorities
have not consented to it.
*. 4# ne#le$t!n# 0!s $0!l/en b& not #!@!n#
t0e" e/%$at!on which their station in li"e
re+$ires and 5nancial condition permits;
ELEMENTSI
a. %hat the ofender is a parent;
!. %hat he neglects his children !# not giving
them ed$cation; and
c. %hat his station in li"e re+$ires s$ch
ed$cation and his 5nancial condition permits
it.
NOTEI
O!ligation to ed$cate children
terminates i" mother and children re"$se
witho$t good reason to live with
acc$sed.
Gail$re to give ed$cation m$st !e d$e to
deli!erate desire to evade s$ch
o!ligation.
ABANDONMENT O9
MINOR BY PERSON
ENTRUSTED WITH
HIS CUSTODYH
INDI99ERENCE O9
PARENTS
'ART. *77,
ABANDONMENT O9
MINOR 'ART. *7.,
C$stod# o" ofender is
speci5c "or rearing
or ed$cation o" minor
C$stod# stated in
general terms
3inor $nder 1@
#ears o" age
3inor $nder ? #ears
o" age
3inor is delivered to a
p$!lic instit$tion or
other person
3inor is a!andoned in
s$ch a wa# to deprive
him o" care and
protection
ARTICLE *7:. EOPLOITATION O9 MINORS
ACTS PUNISHABLEI
1. 4# ca$sing an# !o# or girl $nder 1> to
per"orm an# dangero$s "eat o" !alancing
ph#sical strength or contortion the ofender
!eing an# person.
2. 4# emplo#ing children $nder 1> who are not
the children or descendants o" the ofender
in e-hi!itions o" acro!at g#mnast rope*
wal2er diver or wild*animal tamer or circ$s
manager or engaged in a similar calling.
3. 4# emplo#ing an# descendant $nder 12 in
dangero$s e-hi!itions en$merated in the
ne-t preceding paragraph the ofender
!eing engaged in an# o" said callings.
7. 4# delivering a child $nder 1> grat$ito$sl# to
an# person "ollowing an# o" the callings
en$merated in paragraph 2 or to an#
ha!it$al vagrant or !eggar the ofender
!eing an ascendant g$ardian teacher or
person entr$sted in an# capacit# with the
care o" s$ch child.
8. 4# ind$cing an# child $nder 1> to a!andon
the home o" its ascendants g$ardians
c$rators or teachers to "ollow an# person
engaged in an# o" the callings mentioned in
paragraph 2 or to accompan# an# ha!it$al
vagrant or !eggar the ofender !eing an#
person.
EOPLOITATION O9
MINORS
'ART. *7:< PAR 2,
INDUCINE A MINOR
TO ABANDON HIS
HOME
'ART. *71,
P$rpose o" ind$cing a
minor to a!andon his
home is to "ollow an#
person engaged in
the callings
mentioned
6o s$ch p$rpose
Mictim is $nder 1>
#ears o" age
Mictim is $nder 1@
LUALI9YINE CIRCUMSTANCEI 0" the deliver#
o" the child to an# person "ollowing an# o" the
callings o" acro!at rope*wal2er diver or wild*
animal trainer or circ$s manager or to an#
ha!it$al vagrant o" !eggar is made in
consideration o" an# price compensation or
promise.
Ofender shall !e deprived o" parental
a$thorit# or g$ardianship
:-ploitation o" minor m$st !e o" s$ch a
nat$re as to endanger his li"e or sa"et#
At. *78. A//!t!onal >enalt!es fo ot0e
oCenses
%he ofender is lia!le not onl# "or the
a!andonment or e-ploitation !$t also "or all its
conse+$ences. 0" as a res$lt ph#sical in9$ries or
death res$lted another crime is committed !#
a$thorit# o" 'rticle 2?A.
SECTION *. K TRESPASS TO DWELLINE
ART. *:3. LUALI9IED TRESPASS TO
DWELLINE
ELEMENTSI
1. %hat the ofender is a >!@ate >eson;
*. %hat he entes t0e /1ell!n# of another;
and
+. %hat s$ch entrance is a#a!nst t0e latteAs
1!ll.
LUALI9YINE CIRCUMSTANCEI 0" the ofense is
committed !# means o" violence or intimidation.
NOTEI
%here m$st !e an opposition on the part
o" the owner o" the ho$se to the entr# o"
the acc$sed.
3ere a!sence o" his consent or
permission is not eno$gh.
Prohi!ition ma# !e e-press or implied
<welling, an# !$ilding or str$ct$re
e-cl$sivel# devoted "or rest and com"ort
depends $pon $se; ma#!e a room;
implied prohi!ition depending on
circ$mstances
0mplied prohi!ition is present considering
the "ollowing sit$ation. 2G. Gelon# was
committed late at night and ever#one1s
asleep or entrance was made thro$gh
the window.
Prohi!ition m$st e-ist prior to or at the
time o" entrance
Prohi!ition is not necessar# when
violence or intimidation is emplo#ed !#
the ofender.
* Miolence or intimidation ma# ta2e
place immediatel# a"ter the entrance
Prohi!ition is not necessar# when
violence or intimidation is emplo#ed !#
the ofender.
Hhen there is no overt act o" the crime
intended to !e committed &2G. the"t) the
crime is trespass to dwelling.
%respass may be committed even by the
owner o" the dwelling against the act$al
occ$pant thereo".
0" the ofender is a p$!lic o/cer the
crime committed is violation o" domicile
$nder 'rt. 12@
NOT APPLICABLE TOI
1. Hhere the entrance is "or the p$rpose o"
preventing harm to himsel" the occ$pants or
a third person.
2. Hhere the p$rpose is to render some
service to h$manit# or 9$stice.
3. Hhen the acc$sed entered the dwelling
thro$gh the window he had no intent to 2ill
an# person inside. Cis intention to 2ill came
to his mind when he was !eing arrested !#
the occ$pants thereo". Cence the crime o"
trespass to dwelling is a separate and
distinct ofense "rom "r$strated homicide.
ART. *:1. OTHER 9ORMS O9 TRESPASS
ELEMENTS,
1. %hat the ofender entes t0e $lose/
>e"!ses or the "enced estate of anot0eH
PREMISES signi5es a distinct and de5nite
localit# which is 4?e/
*. %hat the entrance is made while either o"
them is )nin5abitedH
+. %hat the >o0!b!t!on to enter !e "an!fest;
and
(. %hat the trespasser has not se$%e/ t0e
>e"!ss!on o" the owner or the careta2er
thereo".
LUALI9IED
TRESPASS TO
DWELLINE 'ART.
*:3,
OTHER 9ORMS O9
TRESPASS 'ART. *:1,
person
Ofender is an# "orm
o" person
%he ofender enters a
dwelling ho$se
Ofender enters
closed premises or
"enced estate
0nha!ited Ininha!ited
'ct constit$ting the
crime is entering the
dwelling against will
o" owner
:ntering o" closed
premises witho$t
permission
Prohi!ition "rom
entering ma# !e
e-press or implied
Prohi!ition m$st !e
mani"est
SECTION +. K THREATS AND COERCION
ART. *:*- ERABE THREATS
ACTS PUNISHABLEI
1. 4# t0eaten!n# anot0e with the inKiction
$pon his person honor or propert# or that o"
his "amil# o" an# wrong amounting to a
crime and demanding money or imposing
any other condition even tho$gh not
$nlaw"$l and the ofender atta!ne/ 0!s
>%>ose.
2. 4# ma2ing s$ch threat 1!t0o%t the ofender
atta!n!n# 0!s >%>ose.
3. 4# threatening another with the inKiction
$pon his person honor or propert# or that o"
his "amil# o" an# wrong amo$nting to a
crime the t0eat not be!n# s%b5e$t to a
$on/!t!on.
ELEMENTS O9 ACT NO. 1I
(. %hat the ofender threatens another person
with the inKiction $pon the latter1s person
honor or propert# or $pon the latter1s
"amil# o" an# wrong
2. %he wrong amo$nts to a crime
.. %here is demand "or mone# o" that an# other
condition is imposed even i" not $nlaw"$l
7. %hat the ofender attains his p$rpose
ELEMENTS O9 ACT NO. +I
1. %hat the ofender threatens another person
with the inKiction $pon the latter1s person
honor or propert# or $pon the latter1s
"amil# o" an# wrong
2. %he wrong amo$nts to a crime
3. %he threat is not s$!9ect to a condition
NOTEI
'ggravating circ$mstances, &1) i" made in
writing or &2) made thro$gh a middleman.
%he crime is "r$strated i" the threat was not
received !# the person !eing threatened.
Cons$mmated as soon as the threats
come to the 2nowledge o" the person
threatened
%hreat m$st not made in heat o" anger
!eca$se s$ch threat wo$ld !e p$nished as
NOther Eight %hreatsO
Grave threats ma# !e committed !# indirect
challenge to a g$n 5ght even i" complainant
was a!sent when challenge was made; it is
s$/cient that threats came to 2nowledge o"
ofended part#
%hreats made in connection with the
commission o" other crimes are a!sor!ed !#
the latter
%he ofender in grave threats does not
demand the deliver# on the spot o" the
mone# or other personal propert# as2ed !#
him
%hat1s ro!!er# !# intimidation
:ssential that there !e intimidation, that
there1s a promise o" some "$t$re harm or
in9$r#
'ct threatened to !e done m$st !e wrong
ART. *:+. LIEHT THREATS
ELEMENTSI
1. %hat the ofender ma2es a t0eat to
$o""!t a 1on#;
2. %hat the wrong /oes not constitute a crime;
3. %hat there is a /e"an/ fo "one& or that
other con/!t!on is imposed even tho$gh
not $nlaw"$l.
7. %hat the oCen/e 0as e!t0e atta!ne/ o
not atta!ne/ his p$rpose
NOTEI
0n light threats the wrong threatened does
not amo$nt to a crime.
(e+$ires that there !e a demand o" mone#
or that other condition !e imposed
Bla$6"a!l!n# ma# !e p$nished $nder this
provision.
ART. *:(. BOND 9OR EOOD BEHABIOUR
%he person ma2ing the threats $nder the 2
preceding articles &grave and light threats)
ma# also !e re+$ired !# the co$rt to give
!ail conditioned $pon the promise not to
molest the person threatened.
ART. *:( ART. +2
4ond "or good
!ehavior
4ond to 2eep the
peace
Onl# "or grave threats
and light threats
'pplication not to
partic$lar cases onlt
0t is an additional
penalt#
<istinct penalt#
0" he shall "aill to give
!ail he shall !e
sentenced to
destierro
0" he "ailes to give the
!ond he shall !e
detained "or a period
not e-ceeding >
months i" prosec$ted
"or grave or less grave
"elon# or 3J da#s i"
prosec$ted "or light
"elon#
ART. *:2. OTHER LIEHT THREATS
ACTS PUNISHABLEI
1. 4# threatening another with a weapon &even
i" there1s no +$arrel) or !# drawing a
weapon in a +$arrel $nless it !e in law"$l
sel"*de"ense.
2. 4# orall# threatening another in the heat o"
anger with some harm constit$ting a crime
witho$t persisting in the idea involved in the
threat.
3. 4# orall# threatening another with harm not
constit$ting a "elon#.
NOTEI
6o demand "or mone# or condition involved
%hreat is not deli!erate
%hat which ordinaril# are grave threats ma#
!e considered $nder this article i" made in
the heat o" anger
Hhere threats are directed to a person who1s
a!sent and $ttered in a temporar# 5t o"
anger the ofense is onl# light threats
ART. *:.. ERABE COERCIONS
TWO WAYS O9 COMMITTINE ERABE
COERCION
1. 4# preventing another !# means o" violence
threats or intimidation "rom doing
something not prohi!ited !# law.
2. 4# compelling another !# means o" violence
threats or intimidation to do something
against his will whether it !e right or wrong.
ELEMENTS,
1. %hat a person
a. prevented another "rom doing
something not prohi!ited !# law or
!. compelled another him to do
something against his will !e it right or
wrong
2. that the prevention or comp$lsion is efected
!# violence threats or intimidation
3. Hitho$t a$thorit# o" law or not in the
e-ercise o" an# law"$l right
WHEN PREBENTINE NOT CONSIDERED
COERCIONI
1. Hhen a p$!lic o/cer prevents the
ceremonies o" a religio$s gro$p $nder 'rt.
132
2. Hhen a person prevents the meeting o" a
legislative assem!l# $nder 'rt. 173
3. Hhen a person prevents a mem!er o"
Congress "rom attending meetings
e-pressing his opinions or casting his vote
thro$gh the $se o" "orce or intimidation
WHEN COMPELLINE NOT COERCIONI
1. Hhen a p$!lic o/cer compels a person to
change his residence $nder 'rt. 12?
2. Hhen a person 2idnaps his de!tor to compel
him to pa# $nder 'rt. 2>?
AEERABATINE CIRCUMSTANCESI
1. Miolation o" the e-ercise o" the
right o" s$frage
2. Compelling another to per"orm a
religio$s act or
3. Preventing another "rom
e-ercising s$ch right or "rom doing s$ch act
&as amended !# ('. ?@AJ).
NOTEI %he thing prevented "rom e-ec$tion
m$st not !e prohi!ited !# law. Otherwise there
will !e no coercion.
Owner o" a thing has no right to prevent
inter"erence when s$ch inter"erence is
necessar# to avert greater damage
Coercion is cons$mmated even i" the
ofended part# did not accede to the
p$rpose o" the coercion
ERABE COERCION ILLEEAL
DETENTION
0ntent to deprive the
ofended part# o" his
li!ert# is not clear
0ntent to deprive
li!ert# present
ERABE COERCION MALTREATMENT O9
PRISONERS
0" the ofended part#
is 6O% a prisoner
e-tracting
in"ormation $sing
"orce or intimidation
is coercion
0" the ofended part#
is a prisoner
e-tracting
in"ormation $sing
"orce or intimidation
is maltreatment
ERABE COERCION UNGUST BEOATION
'ct o" preventing !#
"orce was made at
the time the
ofended part# was
doing or a!o$t to do
the act prevented
'ct o" preventing !#
"orce was alread#
done when the
violence was e-erted
ART. *:7. LIEHT COERCIONS
ELEMENTS O9 PAR. 1,
1. %hat the ofender m$st !e a $e/!to of t0e
oCen/e/ part#;
*. %hat he se!Fes an#thing !elonging to his
de!tor;
+. %hat the seiz$re o" the thing !e
accomplished !# means o" @!olen$e o a
/!s>la& of "ate!al fo$e prod$cing
intimidation; and
(. %hat the p$rpose o" the ofender is to a>>l&
t0e sa"e to t0e >a&"ent o" the de!t.
ELEMENTS O9 PAR. * 'UNGUST BEOATION,
'n# other coercion or $n9$st ve-ation
Paragraph 2 o" 'rt. 2@? covers un>ust
veGation. 0t incl$des an# h$man cond$ct
which altho$gh not prod$ctive o" some
ph#sical or material harm wo$ld however
$n9$stl# anno# or ve- an innocent person.
Eight coercion $nder the 1st paragraph o"
this article will onl# !e $n9$st ve-ation i" the
3rd element &emplo#ing violence or
intimidation) is a!sent.
ART. *::. OTHER SIMILAR COERCIONS K
'COMPULSORY PURCHASE O9
MERCHANDISE AND PAYMENT O9 WAEES
BY MEANS O9 TOKENS,
ACTS PUNISHABLE"
1. 4# fo$!n# o $o">ell!n# directl# or
indirectl# or 2nowingl# permitting the
"orcing or compelling o" the laboe o
e">lo&ee of t0e oCen/e to >%$0ase
"e$0an/!se o $o""o/!t!es o" an# 2ind
"rom him.
2. B& >a&!n# t0e 1a#es /%e 0!s laboe o
e">lo&ee !# means o" to2ens or o!9ects
other than the legal tender c$rrenc# o" the
Philippines $nless e-pressl# re+$ested !#
s$ch la!orer or emplo#ee.
ELEMENTS O9 NO. 1I
1. %hat the ofender is an# person agent or
o/cer o" an# association or corporation.
2. %hat he or s$ch 5rm or corporation has
emplo#ed la!orers or emplo#ees
3. %hat he "orces or compels directl# or
indirectl# or 2nowingl# permits to !e "orced
or compelled an# o" his or its la!orers or
emplo#ees to p$rchase merchandise or
commodities o" an# 2ind "rom him or "rom
said 5rm or corporation.
ELEMENTS O9 NO. *I
1. %hat the ofender pa#s the wages d$e a
la!orer or emplo#ee emplo#ed !# him !#
means o" to2ens or o!9ects
2. %hat those to2ens or o!9ects are other than
the legal tender c$rrenc# o" the Philippines.
3. %hat s$ch emplo#ee or la!orer does not
e-pressl# re+$est that he !e paid !# means
o" to2ens or o!9ects.
ART. *:8. 9ORMATION< MAINTENANCE< AND
PROHIBITION O9 COMBINATION O9 CAPITAL
OR LABOR THROUEH BIOLENCE OR
THREATS
ELEMENTS,
1. %hat the ofender emplo#s violence or
threats in s$ch a degree as to compel or
"orce the la!orers or emplo#ers in the "ree
and legal e-ercise o" their ind$str# or wor2;
and
2. %hat the p$rpose is to organize maintain or
prevent coalitions o" capital or la!or stri2e
o" la!orers or loc2o$t o" emplo#ees.
3. %he act shall not constit$te a more serio$s
ofense.
NOTEI peace"$l pic2eting is not prohi!ited;
m$st !e con5ned strictl# and in good "aith to
gaining in"ormation and to peace"$l
pers$asion and arg$ment
* emplo#ing violence or ma2ing threats !#
pic2eters ma# ma2e them lia!le "or coercion
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
C0a>te +I D!s$o@e& an/ e@elat!on
of se$ets
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
ART. *83- DISCOBERINE SECRETS THROUEH
SEISURE O9 CORRESPONDENCE
ELEMENTS,
1. %hat the ofender is a >!@ate !n/!@!/%al or
even a p$!lic o/cer not in the e-ercise o"
his o/cial "$nction;
2. %hat he se!Fes t0e >a>es or letters o"
another;
3. %hat t0e >%>ose !s to /!s$o@e t0e
se$ets o" s$ch another person; and
7. %hat ofender is !nfo"e/ of t0e $ontents
or the papers or letters seized.
NOTEI
SEISE * to place in the control o" someone a
thing or to give him the possession thereo" and
it is 6O% necessar# that in the act there !e
"orce or violence.
%his article is not applica!le to parents with
respect to their minor children or to spo$ses
with respect to the papers or letters o" either
o" them.
Contents o" the correspondence need not be
secret. T0e 1)r1oe of t0e oCen/e
>e@a!ls.
W$ali"#ing circ$mstance, Hhen the ofender
reveals the contents o" s$ch papers or
letters to a 3rd person.
%his article does not re+$ire that the
ofended part# !e pre9$diced.
DISCOBERINE
SECRETS
THROUEH SEISURE
O9
CORRESPONDENCE
'ART. *83,
PUBLIC O99ICER
REBEALINE
SECRETS O9
PRIBATE
INDIBIDUAL
'ART. *+3,
Private individ$al
who seizes the
papers or letters o"
another to discover
the latter1s secrets.
P$!lic o/cer comes
to 2now o" secret o"
an# private individ$al
!# reason o" his
o/ce.
6ot necessar# that
there !e a secret
P$!lic o/cer comes
to 2now o" secret o"
an# private individ$al
!# reason o" his
o/ce.
0" there was not
necessar# to !e
revealed
(eveals secret
witho$t 9$sti5a!le
means
ART. *81. REBEALINE SECRETS WITH
ABUSE O9 O99ICE
ELEMENTSI
1. %hat the ofender is a "ana#e< e">lo&ee
or servant;
*. %hat he leans t0e se$ets of 0!s
>!n$!>al or master in s$ch capacit#; and
+. %hat 0e e@eals s%$0 se$ets.
NOTEI <amage is not re+$ired !# this article.
;ecret m$st !e learned !# reason o" their
emplo#ment
ART. *8*. REBELATION O9 INDUSTRIAL
SECRETS
ELEMENTS,
1. %hat the ofender is a >eson !n $0a#e
emplo#ee or wor2man o" a man$"act$ring or
ind$strial esta!lishment;
2. %hat the man$"act$ring or ind$strial
esta!lishment has a se$et of t0e !n/%st&
which the ofender has learned;
3. %hat the oCen/e e@eals s%$0 se$etsH
and
7. %hat 1re2)dice !s $a%se/ to the owner.
NOTEI
Pre9$dice is an essential element o" this
ofense.
%he revelation o" the secret might !e made
a"ter the emplo#ee or wor2man had ceased
to !e connect connected with the
esta!lishment.
R.A. (*33
ANTI)WIRE TAPPINE ACT
PERSONS LIABLEI
1. 'n# person not be!n# a%t0o!Fe/ b& all
t0e >at!es to an# private comm$nication
or spo2en word,
a. ta>s an# wire or ca!le; or
!. $ses an# other /e@!$e or arrangement to
secretl# overhear intercept or record s$ch
comm$nication or spo2en word !# $sing a
device commonl# 2nown as a dictaphone or
dictagraph or wal2ie*tal2ie or tape recorder
or however otherwise descri!ed.
2. 'n# person whether or not a participant in
the a!ove*mentioned acts,
a. 6no1!n#l& >ossesses an# tape record wire
record disc record or an# other s$ch record
or copies thereo" o" an# comm$nication or
spo2en word; or
!. e>la&s the same "or an# other personBs; or
c. $o""%n!$ates t0e $ontents thereo"
either ver!all# or in writing to an# other
person; or
d. f%n!s0es tans$!>t!ons thereo" whether
complete or partial to an# other person.
3 peace o@cer i e4em1t from liabilit! if
his acts were done under lawful order of the
court. Cowever he can onl# $se the
recording "or the case "or which it was validl#
re+$ested.
0n"ormation o!tained in violation o" the 'ct is
inadmissi!le in evidence in an# hearing or
investigation.
'n e4tenion 15one is not one of t0ose
>o0!b!te/ $nder (.'. 72JJ. %here m$st !e
either a ph#sical interr$ption thro$gh the
wiretap or the deli!erate installation o" a
device or arrangement in order to overhear
intercept or record the spo2en words.
R.A. 8+7*
HUMAN SECURITY ACT *337
SURBEILLANCE O9 SUSPECTS 'Se$. 7,
%he provisions o" (ep$!lic 'ct 6o. 72JJ
&'nti*wire %apping Eaw) to the contrar#
notwithstanding a police or law en"orcement
o/cial and the mem!ers o" his team ma#
%>on a 1!tten o/e of t0e Co%t of
A>>eals< l!sten to< !nte$e>t an/ e$o/<
1!t0 t0e %se of an& "o/e< fo"< 6!n/ o
t&>e of ele$ton!$ o ot0e s%@e!llan$e
e=%!>"ent o !nte$e>t!n# an/ ta$6!n#
/e@!$es< o 1!t0 t0e %se of an& ot0e
s%!table 1a&s an/ "eans fo t0at
>%>ose< an# comm$nication message
conversation disc$ssion or spo2en or
written words !etween mem!ers o" a
5%/!$!all& /e$lae/ an/ o%tla1e/
teo!st o#an!Fat!on< asso$!at!on< o
#o%> of >esons o of an& >eson
$0a#e/ 1!t0 o s%s>e$te/ of t0e $!"e
of teo!s" o $ons>!a$& to $o""!t
teo!s".
Provided %hat s$rveillance interception and
recording o" comm$nications !etween
law#ers and clients doctors and patients
9o$rnalists and their so$rces and con5dential
!$siness correspondence shall not !e
a$thorized
RESTRICTION O9 TRABEL 'Se$. *.,
0n cases where e@!/en$e of #%!lt !s not
ston#< an/ t0e >eson $0a#e/ 1!t0 t0e
$!"e of teo!s" o $ons>!a$& to
$o""!t teo!s" !s ent!tle/ to ba!l an/
!s #ante/ t0e sa"e the co$rt $pon
application !# the prosec$tor shall limit the
right o" travel o" the acc$sed to within the
m$nicipalit# or cit# where he resides or where
the case is pending in the interest o" national
sec$rit# and p$!lic sa"et# consistent with
'rticle 000 ;ection > o" the Constit$tion.
%ravel o$tside o" said m$nicipalit# or cit#
witho$t the a$thorization o" the co$rt shall
!e deemed a violation o" the terms and
conditions o" his !ail which shall then !e
"or"eited as provided $nder the ($les o"
Co$rt.
Ce or she ma# also !e placed $nder ho$se
arrest !# order o" the co$rt at his or her $s$al
place o" residence.
Hhile $nder ho$se arrest he or she ma# not
$se telephones cellphones e*mails
comp$ters the internet or other means o"
comm$nications with people o$tside the
residence $ntil otherwise ordered !# the
co$rt.
%he restrictions a!ovementioned shall !e
terminated $pon the ac+$ittal o" the acc$sed
or o" the dismissal o" the case 5led against
him or earlier $pon the discretion o" the co$rt
on motion o" the prosec$tor or o" the
acc$sed.
EOAMINATION O9 BANK DEPOSITS AND
DOCUMENTSI
1. GUDICIAL
AUTHORISATION 'Se$. *7,
%he provisions o" (ep$!lic 'ct 6o. 17J8 as
amended to the contrar# notwithstanding
the 5%st!$es of t0e Co%t of A>>eals
/es!#nate/ as a s>e$!al $o%t to handle
anti*terrorism cases a"ter satis"#ing
themselves o" the e-istence o" pro!a!le
ca$se in a hearing called "or that p$rpose
that
&1) a person charged with or s$spected o" the
crime o" terrorism or conspirac# to commit
terrorism
&2) o" a 9$diciall# declared and o$tlawed terrorist
organization association or gro$p o" persons
and
&3) o" a mem!er o" s$ch 9$diciall# declared and
o$tlawed organization association or gro$p o"
persons
3a# a$thorize in writing an# police or law
en"orcement o/cer and the mem!ers o"
hisBher team d$l# a$thorized in writing !# the
anti*terrorism co$ncil to,
&a) e-amine or ca$se the e-amination o" the
deposits placements tr$st acco$nts assets and
records in a !an2 or 5nancial instit$tion; and
&!) gather or ca$se the gathering o" an# relevant
in"ormation a!o$t s$ch deposits placements
tr$st acco$nts assets and records "rom a !an2
or 5nancial instit$tion. the !an2 or 5nancial
instit$tion concerned shall not re"$se to allow
s$ch e-amination or to provide the desired
in"ormation when so ordered !# and served with
the written order o" the Co$rt o" 'ppeals
*. APPLICATION
'SEC. *:,
%he written order o" the Co$rt o" 'ppeals
a$thorizing the e-amination o" !an2 deposits
placements tr$st acco$nts assets and
records,
&1) o" a person charged with or s$spected o" the
crime o" terrorism or conspirac# to commit
terrorism
&2) o" an# 9$diciall# declared and o$tlawed
terrorist organization association or gro$p o"
persons or
&3) o" an# mem!er o" s$ch organization
association or gro$p o" persons in a !an2 or
5nancial instit$tion and the gathering o" an#
relevant in"ormation a!o$t the same "rom said
!an2 or 5nancial instit$tion
shall onl# !e granted !# the a$thorizing
division o" the Co$rt o" 'ppeals $pon an e-
parte application to that efect o" a police or
o" a law en"orcement o/cial who has !een
d$l# a$thorized in writing to 5le s$ch e- parte
application !# the 'nti*%errorism Co$ncil
created in ;ection 83 o" this 'ct to 5le s$ch
e- parte application and $pon e-amination
$nder oath or a/rmation o" the applicant and
the witnesses he ma# prod$ce to esta!lish
the "acts that will 9$sti"# the need and
$rgenc# o" e-amining and "reezing the !an2
deposits placements tr$st acco$nts assets
and records,
&1) o" the person charged with or s$spected o"
the crime o" terrorism or conspirac# to commit
terrorism
&2) o" a 9$diciall# declared and o$tlawed terrorist
organization association or gro$p o" persons or
&3) o" an# mem!er o" s$ch organization
association or gro$p o" persons.
UNAUTHORISED REBELATION O9
CLASSI9IED MATERIALS 'Se$. (.,
'n# person police or law en"orcement agent
9$dicial o/cer or civil servant who not !eing
a$thorized !# the Co$rt o" 'ppeals to do so
reveals in an# manner or "orm an# classi5ed
in"ormation $nder this 'ct.
R.A. 8*3:
ANTI)TRA99ICKINE IN PERSONS ACT O9
*33+
Se$t!on (. Act of Tra<cCing in #eron- * 0t
shall !e $nlaw"$l "or an# person nat$ral or
9$ridical to commit an# o" the "ollowing acts,
&a) %o recr$it transport trans"er; har!or
provide or receive a person !# an# means
incl$ding those done $nder the prete-t o"
domestic or overseas emplo#ment or training or
apprenticeship "or the p$rpose o" prostit$tion
pornograph# se-$al e-ploitation "orced la!or
slaver# invol$ntar# servit$de or de!t !ondage;
&!) %o introd$ce or match "or mone# pro5t or
material economic or other consideration an#
person or as provided "or $nder (ep$!lic 'ct 6o.
>A88 an# Gilipino woman to a "oreign national
"or marriage "or the p$rpose o" ac+$iring
!$#ing ofering selling or trading himBher to
engage in prostit$tion pornograph# se-$al
e-ploitation "orced la!or slaver# invol$ntar#
servit$de or de!t !ondage;
&c) %o ofer or contract marriage real or
sim$lated "or the p$rpose o" ac+$iring !$#ing
ofering selling or trading them to engage in
prostit$tion pornograph# se-$al e-ploitation
"orced la!or or slaver# invol$ntar# servit$de or
de!t !ondage;
&d) %o $nderta2e or organize to$rs and travel
plans consisting o" to$rism pac2ages or activities
"or the p$rpose o" $tilizing and ofering persons
"or prostit$tion pornograph# or se-$al
e-ploitation;
&e) %o maintain or hire a person to engage in
prostit$tion or pornograph#;
&") %o adopt or "acilitate the adoption o" persons
"or the p$rpose o" prostit$tion pornograph#
se-$al e-ploitation "orced la!or slaver#
invol$ntar# servit$de or de!t !ondage;
&g) %o recr$it hire adopt transport or a!d$ct a
person !# means o" threat or $se o" "orce "ra$d
deceit violence
coercion or intimidation "or the p$rpose o"
removal or sale o" organs o" said person; and
&h) %o recr$it transport or adopt a child to
engage in armed activities in the Philippines or
a!road.
Se$t!on 2. Act t5at #romote Tra<cCing in
#eron. * %he "ollowing acts which promote or
"acilitate tra/c2ing in persons shall !e $nlaw"$l,
&a) %o 2nowingl# lease or s$!lease $se or allow
to !e $sed an# ho$se !$ilding or esta!lishment
"or the p$rpose o" promoting tra/c2ing in
persons;
&!) %o prod$ce print and iss$e or distri!$te
$niss$ed tampered or "a2e co$nseling
certi5cates registration stic2ers and certi5cates
o" an# government agenc# which iss$es these
certi5cates and stic2ers as proo" o" compliance
with government reg$lator# and pre*depart$re
re+$irements "or the p$rpose o" promoting
tra/c2ing in persons;
&c) %o advertise p$!lish print !roadcast or
distri!$te or ca$se the advertisement
p$!lication printing !roadcasting or distri!$tion
!# an# means incl$ding the $se o" in"ormation
technolog# and the internet o" an# !roch$re
K#er or an# propaganda material that promotes
&d) %o assist in the cond$ct o" misrepresentation
or "ra$d "or p$rposes o" "acilitating the
ac+$isition o" clearances and necessar# e-it
doc$ments "rom government agencies that are
mandated to provide pre*depart$re registration
and services "or departing persons "or the
p$rpose o" promoting tra/c2ing in persons;
&e) %o "acilitate assist or help in the e-it and
entr# o" persons "romBto the co$ntr# at
international and local airports territorial
!o$ndaries and seaports who are in possession
o" $niss$ed tampered or "ra$d$lent travel
doc$ments "or the p$rpose o" promoting
&") %o con5scate conceal or destro# the
passport travel doc$ments or personal
doc$ments or !elongings o" tra/c2ed persons in
"$rtherance o" tra/c2ing or to prevent them
"rom leaving the co$ntr# or see2ing redress "rom
the government or appropriate agencies; and
&g) %o 2nowingl# !ene5t "rom 5nancial or
otherwise or ma2e $se o" the la!or or services
o" a person held to a condition o" invol$ntar#
servit$de "orced la!or or slaver#.
Se$t!on .. D)ali8ed Tra<cCing in #eron. *
%he "ollowing are considered as +$ali5ed
tra/c2ing,
&a) Hhen the tra/c2ed person is a child;
&!) Hhen the adoption is efected thro$gh
(ep$!lic 'ct 6o. @J73 otherwise 2nown as the
T0nter*Co$ntr# 'doption 'ct o" 1AA8T and said
adoption is "or the p$rpose o" prostit$tion
pornograph# se-$al e-ploitation "orced la!or
slaver# invol$ntar# servit$de or de!t !ondage;
&c) Hhen the crime is committed !# a s#ndicate
or in large scale. %ra/c2ing is deemed
committed !# a s#ndicate i" carried o$t !# a
gro$p o" three &3) or more persons conspiring or
con"ederating with one another. 0t is deemed
committed in large scale i" committed against
three &3) or more persons individ$all# or as a
gro$p;
&d) Hhen the ofender is an ascendant parent
si!ling g$ardian or a person who e-ercises
a$thorit# over the tra/c2ed person or when the
ofense is committed !# a p$!lic o/cer or
emplo#ee;
&e) Hhen the tra/c2ed person is recr$ited to
engage in prostit$tion with an# mem!er o" the
militar# or law en"orcement agencies;
&") Hhen the ofender is a mem!er o" the
militar# or law en"orcement agencies; and
&g) Hhen !# reason or on occasion o" the act o"
tra/c2ing in persons the ofended part# dies
!ecomes insane s$fers m$tilation or is aRicted
with C$man 0mm$node5cienc# Mir$s &C0M) or the
'c+$ired 0mm$ne <e5cienc# ;#ndrome &'0<;).
8. CRIMES AEAINST PERSONAL LIBERTY
AND SECURITY
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
13. C!"es A#a!nst Po>et&
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
C0a>te 1I Robbe& !n Eeneal
Se$. 1 ) Robbe& 1!t0 @!olen$e o
!nt!t"!/at!on of >esons
Se$. * ) Robbe& b& t0e %se of fo$e
%>on t0!n#s
C0a>te *I B!#an/a#e
C0a>te +I T0eft
PD 1.1*
C0a>te (I Us%>at!on
C0a>te 2I C%l>able Insol@en$&
C0a>te .I S1!n/l!n# an/ Ot0e
De$e!ts
BP **
C0a>te 7I C0attel Mot#a#e
C0a>te :I Ason an/ Ot0e C!"es
In@ol@!n# Dest%$t!ons
PD 1.1+
C0a>te 8I Mal!$!o%s M!s$0!ef
C0a>te 13I E?e">t!on fo" C!"!nal
L!ab!l!t& !n C!"es a#a!nst Po>et&
RA .2+8
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
C0a>te 1I Robbe& !n Eeneal
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
ROBBERY is the ta2ing o" personal propert#
!elonging to another with intent to gain !# means
o" violence against or intimidation o" an# person
or $sing "orce $pon an#thing.
ARTICLE *8+. WHO ARE EUILTY O9
ROBBERY
ELEMENTS
1. %here m$st !e Pesonal >o>et&
belon#!n# to anot0e
*. Unla1f%l ta6!n# o" that propert#
+. %a2ing was 1!t0 Intent to #a!n 'an!"%s
l%$an/!,
(. %hat there is &a) violence against or
intimidation o" person or &!) "orce $pon
an#thing
DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN E99ECTS O9
EMPLOYMENT O9 BIOLENCE OR
INTIMIDATION AND USE O9 9ORCE UPON
THINES
BIOLENCE AEAINST
OR INTIMIDATION O9
PERSONS
9ORCE UPON
ANYTHINE
?(EN RO@@ER$
Al1a&s< 10ene@e
@!olen$e a#a!nst o
!nt!"!/at!on of an&
>eson !s >esent
Onl# when "orce is
$sed to either,
a. enter the !$ilding
or
!. to !rea2 doors
wardro!es chests
or an# other 2ind
o" loc2ed or sealed
"$rnit$re or
receptacle inside
the !$ilding or to
"orce them open
o$tside a"ter
ta2ing the same
"rom !$ilding
@ASIS OF #ENA&T$
a. es%lt of t0e
@!olen$e %se/<
an/
b. e?!sten$e of
!nt!"!/at!on
Bal%e of >esonal
>o>et& !s
!""ate!al
Hhen committed in an
inha!ited ho$se
p$!lic !$ilding or
edi5ce devoted to
religio$s worship,
a. val$e o" the
propert# ta2en
and
!. whether or not
ofenders carr#
arms
Hhen committed in an
$ninha!ited
!$ilding,
* Mal$e o" the
propert# ta2en
NOTESI
1. Inlaw"$l ta2ing is complete when
a. Hith violenceBintimidation, propert#
m$st at least !e in the possession o"
the ofender
!. Hith "orce, propert# m$st !e ta2en
o$t o" the !$ilding
2. 0ntent to gain is pres$med "rom $nlaw"$l
ta2ing and m$st conc$r with Npersonal
propert# !elonging to anotherO
3. Hhen violenceBintimidation m$st ta2e place
a. General ($le, !e"ore ta2ing is
complete
!. :-ception, when violence res$lts in
homicide rape intentional
m$tilation or an# o" the serio$s
ph#sical in9$ries $nder 'rt. 2>3 par.
1 and 2 ro!!er# will !e comple-ed
with an# o" those crimes even i" the
ta2ing was alread# complete when
the violence was $sed !# the
ofender
7. N:ntranceO as an element
1. Gen
eral
r$le
,
nec
ess
ar#
2. :-c
epti
on,
'. when the ro!!er# is committed by
brea9ing wardro!es chests or an#
other 2ind o" loc2ed or sealed
"$rnit$re or receptacle inside an
inha!ited ho$se a p$!lic !$ilding or
an edi5ce devoted to religio$s
worship or by ta9ing s$ch "$rnit$re
or o!9ects awa# to !e !ro2en or
"orced open o$tside X'rt. 2AA
s$!division &!)Y; and
4. when the ro!!er# in an $ninha!ited
!$ilding other than a p$!lic !$ilding
or edi5ce devoted to religio$s
worship is committed by brea9ing
an# wardro!e chest or an# sealed or
closed "$rnit$re or receptacle or by
removing a closed or sealed
receptacle even i" the same !e
!ro2en open elsewhere X'rt. 3J2 par.
7 and 8Y
8. Prohi!itive articles ma# !e the s$!9ect
matter o" ro!!er#
>. %a2ing need not !e immediatel# a"ter the
intimidation
SECTION 1 K ROBBERY WITH BIOLENCE
AEAINST OR INTIMIDATION O9 PERSONS
ART *8(. ROBBERY WITH BIOLENCE
AEAINST OR INTIMIDATION O9 PERSONS
ACTS PUNISHABLE
1. 4# reason or on occasion o" the ro!!er#
homicide is committed;
*. 'ccompanied wB rape or intentional
m$tilation or arson;
+. 4# reason or on occasion o" ro!!er# an# o"
the ph#sical in9$ries res$lting in insanit#
im!ecilit# impotenc# or !lindness is
inKicted &'rt. 2>3 par. 1); or serio$s ph#sical
in9$ries res$lting in the loss o" the $se o"
speech or the power to hear or to smell or
the loss o" an e#e hand "oot arm leg or
the loss o" the $se o" an# s$ch mem!er or
incapacit# "or wor2 in wBc victim is ha!it$all#
engaged is inKicted &'rt. 2>3 par. 2);
(. Carried to a degree clearl# $nnecessar# "or
the crime;
2. 0n the co$rse o" its e-ec$tion inKicts $pon
an# person not responsi!le "or the
commission o" ro!!er# an# o" the ph#sical
in9$ries res$lting to de"ormit# loss o" an#
part o" the !od# or the $se thereo" or illness
or incapacit# "or the per"ormance o" the
wor2 "or ] AJ da#s or ] 3J da#s &'rt. 2>3
par. 3 and 7); or
.. <oes not ca$se an# serio$s ph#sical in9$ries
de5ned in 'rt. 2>3 or emplo#ment o"
intimidation onl#.
NOTESI
1. %he crime de5ned in this article is a special
comple- crime
*. NOn the occasionO and N!# reasonO o" the
ro!!er# means Nin the co$rseO or N!eca$se
o"O ro!!er#
PARAERAPH 1I ROBBERY WITH HOMICIDE
a. Comicide is $nderstood in its generic sense
&i.e. incl$ding parricide and m$rder)
!. Comicide ma# precede or ma# occ$r a"ter
ro!!er#; and need not !e committed in the
place o" ro!!er#
c. COH:M:( intent to ta2e personal propert#
!elonging to another with intent to gain
m$st precede the 2illing
d. N'n# personO ma# !e 2illed; the 2illing o" a
co*ro!!er is still covered
e. Participation and lia!ilit#
i. Principals
'll who participated as principals in
the ro!!er# are principals in
ro!!er# with homicide altho$gh
the# did not act$all# ta2e part in
the 2illing $nless it clearl# appears
the# endeavored to prevent the
same
3@
ii. 'ccessor#, 6ecessit# o" 2nowledge
%here is an iss$e regarding the
penalt# imposa!le against an
accessor#. Hitho$t 2nowledge o"
the 2illing committed d$ring
ro!!er#. =$rispr$dence
3A
provides
that s$ch an accessor# co$ld not
have prevented the same hence
sho$ld !e an accessor# onl# to the
crime o" simple ro!!er#; 'rt. 83 o"
the (PC provides that the penalt#
"or an accessor# is the penalt#
lower !# two degrees than that
prescri!ed !# law "or the
cons$mmated "elon#. ;ince
ro!!er# cannot !e disintegrated
"rom the special comple- crime o"
ro!!er# with homicide there is an
iss$e on the !asis o" s$ch an
accessor#1s penalt#
". <isting$ished "rom Cighwa# (o!!er#
Conviction "or highwa# ro!!er# re+$ires
proo" that several acc$sed were
organized "or the p$rpose o" committing
it indiscriminatel#
PARAERAPH *I ROBBERY WITH RAPE
a. 0t is important to determine the primar#
o!9ective or intent o" acc$sed
!. 0ntent to gain "rom personal propert# o"
another m$st precede the rape
c. (ape is committed on the occasion o"
ro!!er# even i" committed in another place
within the ho$se
d. Hhen rape and homicide co*e-ist in the
commission o" ro!!er# rape is considered as
an aggravating circ$mstance onl# to
(o!!er# with Comicide
e. %here is no (o!!er# with attempted rape
". 'dditional rapes committed on the same
occasion o" ro!!er# will not increase the
penalt#
PARAERAPH (I ROBBERY WITH
UNNECESSARY BIOLENCE AND
INTIMIDATION
a. %here are two cases provided,
i. Hhen the violence or intimidation was
carried to a degree clearl#
$nnecessar# or
ii. Hhen ph#sical in9$ries covered !# s$!.
3 and 7 o" 'rt. 2>3 were inKicted $pon
an# person not responsi!le "or the
38
People v. CarroCo, '$/ ,C!3 1%% </%%%=* People v.
0ernandeC, .!. "o. ('&1&), June (-, /%%$
39
People v. 7oble, (($ ,C!3 ('(* People v. 3driano y
,anguesa, &- ,C!3 (%)
commission o" ro!!er#
!. Miolence or intimidation in the 5rst case
need not !e present !e"ore or at the e-act
moment when the o!9ect is ta2en
i. 3a# !e committed at an# time !e"ore
the owner is 5nall# deprived o" his
propert#
PARAERAPH .I ROBBERY WITH BIOLENCE
OR INTIMIDATION IN OTHER CASES
a. 'cts done either !# their own nat$re or !#
reason o" the circ$mstances $nder which
the# are e-ec$ted m$st inspire "ear in the
person against whom the# are directed
i. o!9ective "right &d$e to some act on
the part o" the acc$sed) and 6O%
s$!9ective "right &"ear arising "rom the
mere temperamental timidit# o" the
ofended part#)
THREATS TO EOTORT MONEY
DISTINEUISHED 9ROM ROBBERY THRU
INTIMIDATION
THREATS TO
EOTORT MONEY
ROBBERY THRU
INTIMIDATION
Conditional or "$t$re
intimidation
'ct$al and immediate
intimidation
0ntimidation ma# !e
thro$gh an
intermediar#
0ntimidation is personal
0ntimidation ma# re"er
to person honor or
propert# o" the
ofended part#
0ntimidation is directed
onl# to the ofended
part#
Gain is not immediate Gain is immediate
ROBBERY WITH BIOLENCE DISTINEUISHED
9ROM ERABE COERCION
ROBBERY WITH
BIOLENCE
ERABE COERCION
Miolence is $sed
0ntent to gain 6o intent to gain
ROBBERY DISTINEUISHED 9ROM BRIBERY
ROBBERY BRIBERY
%he owner o" the
propert# didn1t commit
a crime !$t is
intimidated to deprive
him o" his propert#
%he owner o" the
propert# has
committed a crime and
gives mone# as wa# to
avoid arrest or
prosec$tion
<eprived o" mone#
thr$ "orce or
intimidation; neither
vol$ntar# nor m$t$al
Giving o" mone# is in a
sense vol$ntar#
E?a">leI 'cc$sed a sanitar# inspector
demands pa#ment o" an amo$nt with threats
o" arrest and prosec$tion a"ter inspection in
the ofended part#1s store. %he crime
committed is ro!!er# !eca$se the principal
distinction "rom !ri!er# is the vol$ntariness
o" the transaction on the part o" the owner o"
the propert# Peo>le @. 9ans!s$o< XE.R.
No. *1+83< Ma$0 *.< 18*(Y
ART. *82. ROBBERY WITH PHYSICAL
INGURIES< COMMITTED IN AN UNINHABITED
PLACE AND BY A BAND< OR WITH THE USE
O9 9IREARM ON A STREET< ROAD OR ALLEY
'LUALI9IED ROBBERY,
INSTANCES LUALI9YINE ROBBERY WITH
BIOLENCE AEAINST OR INTIMIDATION O9
PERSONS
1. in an $ninha!ited place or
*. !# a !and or
+. !# attac2ing a moving train street car
motor vehicle or airship or
(. !# entering the passenger1s compartments
in a train or in an# manner ta2ing the
passengers thereo" !# s$rprise in the
respective conve#ances or
2. on a street road highwa# or alle# and the
intimidation is made with the $se o"
5rearms whether licensed or $nlicensed.
NOTEI %his article will not appl# to the special
comple- crimes o" ro!!er# wB homicide wB rape
or wB serio$s ph#sical in9$ries $nder paragraph 1
o" 'rt. 2>3
m$st !e alleged in the in"ormation and
proved d$ring trial
cannot !e ofset !# generic mitigating
circ$mstances
ART. *8.. DE9INITION O9 A BAND AND
PENALTY INCURRED BY MEMBERS THEREO9
ROBBERY IS DEEMED COMMITTED BY A
BANDI
Hhen at least ( armed male"actors ta2e part
RELUISITES 9OR LIABILITY 9OR THE ACTS
O9 THE OTHER MEMBERS O9 THE BANDI
1. %hat the a$$%se/ 1as a "e"be of t0e
ban/;
*. %hat he was >esent at t0e $o""!ss!on
of a ro!!er# !# that !and;
+. %hat the ot0e "e"bes of t0e ban/
$o""!tte/ an assa%lt; and
(. %hat he /!/ not atte">t to >e@ent the
assa$lt.
NOTESI
1. 0" the ro!!er# and assa$lt was committed !#
a !and and or in conspirac# &even i" it was
"or ro!!er# onl#) all participants are lia!le;
$nless,
a. %he acc$sed prevented the assa$lt or
attempted to prevent; or
!. %he acc$sed is a principal !#
ind$cement as to the commission o"
ro!!er# I6E:;; he ordered s$ch
2illing or the commission o" other
crimes
2. Proo" o" conspirac# is not necessar# when
"o$r or more armed persons committed
ro!!er#
3. 0" rape was committed !# one mem!er o"
the !and wBo the 2nowledge o" the others
he alone is g$ilt# o" ro!!er# with rape
ART *87. ATTEMPTED AND 9RUSTRATED
ROBBERY COMMITTED UNDER CERTAIN
CIRCUMSTANCES
ATTEMPTED OR 9RUSTRATED ROBBERY
WITH HOMICIDE
1. %he term NhomicideO is $sed in its generic
sense
2. %he crime is a special comple- crime
3. 'ttempted or "r$strated ro!!er# with serio$s
ph#sical in9$ries is not covered; it is $nder
'rt. 7@
7. %here m$st !e overt acts pointing to ro!!er#
ART *8:. EOECUTION O9 DEEDS BY MEANS
O9 BIOLENCE OR INTIMIDATION
ELEMENTSI
1. %hat the ofender has intent to de"ra$d
another;
*. %hat the ofender compels him to sign
e-ec$te or deliver an# p$!lic instr$ment or
doc$ment; and
+. %hat the comp$lsion is !# means o" violence
or intimidation
%his article is not applica!le i" the doc$ment is
void
<isting$ished "rom grave coercion
Hhen the ofended part# is $nder o!ligation to
sign e-ec$te or deliver the doc$ment $nder the
law or when there is no intent to de"ra$d it is
grave coercion
NP$!licO descri!es instr$ment onl#; hence
article applies to private or commercial
doc$ments
INSTRUMENT DOCUMENT
' mere written
statement
'n# written statement
!# which a right is
esta!lished or an
o!ligation
e-ting$ished; a writing
or instr$ment !# which
a "act ma# !e proven
and a/rmed
SECTION * K ROBBERY BY THE USE O9
9ORCE UPON THINES
TWO '*, INSTANCESI
1. Ofender entered,
a. 'n inha!ited ho$se or p$!lic
!$ilding or edi5ce devoted to
religio$s worship &'rt. 2AA) or
!. 'n $ninha!ited place or in a
private !$ilding &'rt. 3J2)
2. 0" there was no entrance the ofender !ro2e
a wardro!e chest or an# other 2ind o"
loc2ed or closed or sealed "$rnit$re or
receptacle in the ho$se or !$ilding or he
too2 it awa# to !e !ro2en or "orced open
o$tside
ART *88. ROBBERY IN AN INHABITED
HOUSE OR PUBLIC BUILDINE OR EDI9ICE
DEBOTED TO WORSHIP
SUBDIBISION 'A,
A. ELEMENTS
1. %hat the ofender entee/
a. an inha!ited ho$se or
!. p$!lic !$ilding or
c. edi5ce devoted to religio$s worship;
2. %hat the entrance was eCe$te/ b& an# o"
the "ollowing means,
a. %hro$gh an opening not intended "or
entrance or egress
!. 4# !rea2ing an# wall roo" or Koor or
!rea2ing an# door or window
c. 4# $sing "alse 2e#s pic2loc2s or
similar tools or
d. 4# $sing an# 5ctitio$s name or
pretending the e-ercise o" p$!lic
a$thorit#; and
3. %hat once inside the !$ilding the oCen/e
too6 >esonal >o>et& belon#!n# to
anot0e 1!t0 !ntent to #a!n.
B. %here m$st !e intention to ta2e personal
propert# in entering the !$ilding
C. %he ofender m$st enter the !$ilding in
which the ro!!er# was committed &i.e.
whole !od# o" the c$lprit m$st !e inside the
!$ilding)
D. Enhabited house is an# shelter ship or vessel
constit$ting the dwelling o" one or more
persons even tho$gh the inha!itants thereo"
are temporaril# a!sent there"rom when the
ro!!er# is committed
E. Public building is ever# !$ilding owned !#
the Government or !elonging to a private
person !$t $sed or rented !# the
Government altho$gh temporaril#
$nocc$pied !# the same
9. Dalse 9eys are gen$ine 2e#s stolen "rom the
owner or an# 2e#s other than those intended
!# the owner "or $se in the loc2 "orci!l#
opened !# the ofender &'rt. 3J8)
E. Pic9loc9 or similar tools are those speciall#
adopted to the commission o" ro!!er# &'rt.
3J7)
H. Hhen the "alse 2e# is $sed to open wardro!e
or loc2ed receptacle or drawer or inside
door it is onl# the"t
I. Ising o" 5ctitio$s name or pretending the
e-ercise o" p$!lic a$thorit# m$st !e the
e/cient ca$se o" the opening !# the
ofended part# o" the door o" his ho$se to
the acc$sed
G. %he "o$r means descri!ed m$st !e resorted
to !# ofender to enter not to get o$t
SUBDIBISION 'B,
A. ELEMENTS
1. %hat the ofender is inside a dwelling ho$se
p$!lic !$ilding or edi5ce devoted to
religio$s worship regardless o" the
circ$mstances $nder which he entered it;
and
2. %hat the ofender ta2es personal propert#
!elonging to another with intent to gain
$nder an# o" the "ollowing circ$mstances,
a. !# the !rea2ing o" doors wardro!es
chests or an# other 2ind o" loc2ed or
sealed "$rnit$re or receptacle or
!. !# ta2ing s$ch "$rnit$re or o!9ects
awa# to !e !ro2en or "orced open
o$tside the place o" the ro!!er#.
4. :ntrance need not !e efected !# an# o"
the means mentioned in s$!division &a)
C. N<oorsO re"er onl# to Ndoors lids or
opening sheetsO o" "$rnit$re or other
porta!le receptacles not to inside doors
o" ho$se or !$ilding
<. Hhen sealed !o- is ta2en o$t "or the
p$rpose o" !rea2ing it crime is alread#
cons$mmated ro!!er#. %here is no need
to act$all# open it inside the !$ilding
"rom where it was ta2en.
:. <isting$ished "rom esta"a or the"t
1. 0" the !o- was con5ded into the c$stod#
o" acc$sed and he ta2es the mone#
contained therein the crime is esta"a
2. 0" the !o- was "o$nd o$tside o" the
!$ilding and the acc$sed "orced it open
the crime is the"t
ART +33. ROBBERY IN AN UNINHABITED
PLACE AND BY A BAND
Penalt# in previo$s article will !e the ma-im$m
period i",
1. (o!!er# with "orce $pon things m$st !e
committed in an $ninha!ited place and !# a
!and
the inha!ited ho$se p$!lic
!$ilding or edi5ce devoted to
religio$s worship 3I;% !e
located in an $ninha!ited place
'; OPPO;:< %O, (o!!er# with violence
against or intimidation o" persons m$st !e
committed in an $ninha!ited place or !# a
!and
ART +31. WHAT IS AN INHABITED HOUSE<
PUBLIC BUILDINE< OR BUILDINE DECLARED
TO RELIEIOUS WORSHIP AND THEIR
DEPENDENCIES
RELUISITES 9OR DEPENDENCIES
'll interior co$rts corrals wareho$ses granaries
or enclosed places m$st !e,
1. Cont!#%o%s to the !$ilding;
*. Caving an !nte!o entan$e $onne$te/
therewith and
+. Gorming >at of t0e 10ole
place is still considered inha!ited
even i" the occ$pant is a!sent
when ro!!er# occ$red
ART. +3*. ROBBERY IN AN UNINHABITED
PLACE OR IN A PRIBATE BUILDINE
ELEMENTSI
1. %hat the ofender entee/ an %n!n0ab!te/
>la$e o a b%!l/!n# which was not a
dwelling ho$se not a p$!lic !$ilding or not
an edi5ce devoted to religio$s worship;
*. %hat an# o" the "ollowing circ$mstances was
present,
a. %hat entrance was efected thro$gh an
opening not intended "or entrance or
egress
!. ' wall roo" Koor or o$tside door or
window was !ro2en
c. %he entrance was efected thro$gh the
$se o" "alse 2e#s pic2loc2s or other
similar tools
d. ' door wardro!e chest or an# sealed or
closed "$rnit$re or receptacle was
!ro2en; or
e. ' closed or sealed receptacle was
removed even i" the same !e !ro2en
open elsewhere; and
+. %hat with intent to gain the ofender too2
there"rom personal propert# !elonging to
another
NOTESI
1. Ininha!ited place means an $ninha!ited
!$ilding
2. 4$ilding incl$des an# 2ind o" str$ct$re "or
storage or sa"e2eeping o" personal propert#
3. (o!!er# in a store
a. 'rt. 2AA i" the store is $sed as a
dwelling; or i" the store is a
dependenc# o" an inha!ited
ho$se with an interior entrance
connected therewith
!. 'rt. 3J2 i" the store is not $sed
as a dwelling
7. ta2ing o" mail matter or large cattle in an#
2ind o" ro!!er# ma2es the penalt# higher !#
one degree
8. penalt# is !ased on val$e o" propert# ta2en
ART. +3+. ROBBERY O9 CEREALS< 9RUITS<
OR 9IREWOOD IN AN UNINHABITED PLACE
OR PRIBATE BUILDINE
NOTESI
1. Hhen the ro!!er# descri!ed in 'rts. 2AA
and 3J2 consists in the ta2ing o" cereals
"r$its or 5rewood the penalt# is one
degree lower.
a. Onl# when ro!!er# is committed !# the
$se o" "orce $pon things
2. %he pala# m$st !e 2ept !# the owner as
NseedlingO or ta2en "or that p$rpose !#
the ro!!ers
a. <oes not incl$de ta2ing sac2s o" h$lled
rice &!igas) "alls $nder 'rt. 3J2
ART. +3(. POSSESSION O9 PICKLOCKS OR
SIMILAR TOOLS
ELEMENTS
1. %hat the oCen/e 0as !n 0!s >ossess!on
>!$6lo$6s o s!"!la tools;
*. %hat s$ch >!$6lo$6s o s!"!la tools ae
s>e$!all& a/o>te/ to the commission o"
ro!!er#; and
+. %hat the oCen/e /oes not 0a@e la1f%l
$a%se fo s%$0 >ossess!on
A$t%al %se of t0e >!$6lo$6s o s!"!la tools
!s not ne$essa&
l!ab!l!t& of a lo$6s"!t0 !s 0!#0e t0an
t0at of a "ee >ossesso
ART. +32. 9ALSE KEYS
WHAT CONSTITUTE
1. Pic2loc2s or similar tools
*. Gen$ine 2e#s stolen "rom the owner; and
+. 'n# 2e# other than those intended !# owner
"or $se in the loc2 "orci!l# opened !# the
ofender.
If t0e 6e& 1as ent%ste/ to t0e oCen/e
an/ 0e %se/ !t to steal< $!"e !s not
obbe& b%t t0eft.
Possess!on of false 6e&s !n '*, an/ '+, ae
not >%n!s0able
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
C0a>te *I B!#an/a#e
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
ART. +3.. WHO ARE BRIEANDS K PENALTY
ELEMENTSI
1. %here are at least ( a"e/ >esons
*. %he# fo"e/ a ban/ of obbes
+. %he p$rpose is an# o" the "ollowing,
a. to commit ro!!er# in the highwa# or
b. to 2idnap persons "or the p$rpose o"
e-tortion or to o!tain ransom or
$. to attain !# means o" "orce and
violence an# other p$rpose
NOTESI
1. %he e-istence o" an# o" the p$rpose
mentioned is s$/cient &i.e. mere "ormation)
to convict
2. 0" an# o" the mem!ers carries $nlicensed
5rearm all are pres$med highwa# ro!!ers or
!rigands
3. 'rms carried need not necessaril# !e
5rearmsVas long as the# are deadl#
weapons
BRIEANDAEE DISTINEUISHED 9ROM
ROBBERY BY A BAND
BRIEANDAEE ROBBERY BY A BAND
P$rposes are those
en$merated a!ove
P$rpose is onl# to
commit ro!!er# not
necessaril# in highwa#
'greement to commit
ro!!er# not limited to
one occasion
'greement is to
commit onl# a
partic$lar ro!!er#
3ere "ormation o" a
!and is s$/cient to
convict
0t is necessar# to prove
act$al commission o"
ro!!er#
4oth re+$ire that the ofenders "orm a !and o"
ro!!ers
THINES TO PROBEI
1. that there is an organization o" more than 3
armed persons "orming a !and o" ro!!ers
2. that the p$rpose o" the !and is an# o" those
en$merated
3. that the# went $pon the highwa# or roamed
$pon the co$ntr# "or that p$rpose
7. that the acc$sed is a mem!er o" the !and
ART. +37. AIDINE AND ABETTINE A BAND
O9 BRIEANDS
ELEMENTSI
1. %hat there is a ban/ of b!#an/s;
2. %hat the oCen/e 6no1s t0e ban/ to !e
o" !rigands; and
3. %hat the ofender does an# o" the "ollowing
acts,
a. he in an# manner aids a!ets or protects
s$ch !and o" !rigands or
b. he gives them in"ormation o" the
movements o" the police or other peace
o/cers o" the Government or
$. he ac+$ires or receives the propert#
ta2en !# s$ch !rigands.
PRESUMPTION O9 LAW AS TO KNOWLEDEE
'n# person per"orming an# o" the acts provided
in this article has per"ormed them
2nowingl# $nless the contrar# is proven
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
C0a>te +I T0eft
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
ART. +3:. WHO ARE LIABLE 9OR THE9T
ELEMENTSI
1. %hat there !e ta6!n# of >esonal
>o>et&;
*. %hat said >o>et& belon#s to anot0e;
+. %hat the ta2ing !e done 1!t0 !ntent to
#a!n;
(. %hat the ta2ing !e done 1!t0o%t t0e
$onsent of t0e o1ne; and
2. %hat the ta2ing !e accomplished witho$t the
$se o" violence against or intimidation o"
persons or "orce $pon things.
PERSONS LIABLE
1. %hose who,
a. with intent to gain
!. !$t witho$t violence against
or intimidation o" persons nor
"orce $pon things
c. ta2e personal propert# o"
another
d. witho$t the latter1s consent.
2. %hose who,
a. having "o$nd lost propert#
!. "ail to deliver the same to the
local a$thorities or its owner.
(etention o" mone#Bpropert# "o$nd is
the"t. Hhat is p$nished is retention
or "ail$re to ret$rn with intent to
gain.
%he ofender1s 2nowledge o" the
identit# o" the owner o" the propert#
is not re+$ired. Cis 2nowledge that
the property is lost is eno$gh.
3. %hose who,
a. a"ter having malicio$sl#
damaged the propert# o"
another
!. remove or ma2e $se o" the
"r$its or o!9ect o" the damage
ca$sed !# them.
Filling the cattle o" another which
destro#ed his&ofender1s) propert#
and getting meat "or himsel" is the"t
7. %hose who
a. enter an
enclosed
estate or a
5eld where
!. trespass is
"or!idden
or which
!elongs to
another
and
c. witho$t
the
consent o"
its owner
h$nt 5sh
or gather
"r$its
cereals or
other "arm
prod$cts
Gishing sho$ld not !e in the 5shpond
or 5sher# within the 5eld or estate;
otherwise it is +$ali5ed the"t $nder
'rt. 31J.
NOTESI
1. Inlaw"$l ta2ing cons$mmates the"t even
in the a!sence o" the opport$nit# to dispose
o" the personal propert# ta2en. %he
pres$med ina!ilit# o" the ofenders to "reel#
dispose o" the stolen propert# does not
negate the "act that the owners have alread#
!een deprived o" their right to possession
$pon the completion o" the ta2ing. Peo>le
@. B!llan%e@a< XE.R. No. 1.31::< G%ne
*1< *337Y< overt$rning the r$ling in People
v. <i^o 78 O.G. 377> 1@ Ge!r$ar# 1A7@ and
People v. Glores C.' >2 O.G. 2>77 1A>7
holding that the determinative "act o"
cons$mmation o" the"t is the a!ilit# o" the
ofender to dispose "reel# o" the articles
stolen)
%a2ing is cons$mmated the moment
the ofender has "$ll possession o"
the thing even i" he did not have an
opport$nit# to dispose o" the same; it
does not re+$ire the Nta2ing awa# or
carr#ing awa#O
a. $nless the thing to !e ta2en is
N!$l2#O it is cons$mmated onl#
when the ofender is a!le to place it
$nder his control and in s$ch a
sit$ation as he co$ld dispose o" it at
once; in the case o" N!$l2#O goods
the a!ilit# to dispose "reel# is
restricted
7J
2. %he Nta2ingO m$st !e accompanied !# the
intention at the time o" the ta2ing o"
withholding the thing with character o"
permanenc#
71
3. 0ntent to gain is pres$med "rom the $nlaw"$l
ta2ing
a. :-cept i" the person ta2es the
thing "rom another !elieving in
good "aith to !e his own
7. Consent &o" owner) contemplated in the
40
People v. Dlores, C.3., 1/ O. /1$$
41
People v. !ico, et al. C.3., -% O.. '(%'* Peple v. alang,
et al. C.3., $' O.. -))
element o" the"t re"ers to consent "reel#
given and not merel# implied "rom silence o"
the owner
a. 'llegation o" lac2
o" consent is
indispensa!le
DISTINEUISHED 9ROM ESTA9A
THE9T ESTA9A
0" onl# material
possession &i.e.
c$stod# o" o!9ect) was
given to the acc$sed
and it is act$all# ta2en
!# him with no intent
to ret$rn
0" 9$ridical possession is
trans"erred &:-. !# a
contract o" !ailment) to
the acc$sed and he
ta2es the propert# with
intent to gain
DISTINEUISHED 9ROM ROBBERY
THE9T ROBBERY
0" violence or
intimidation is
committed a"ter ta2ing
is complete
0" violence or
intimidation committed
a"ter ta2ing is complete
res$lts in homicide
rape intentional
m$tilation or serio$s
ph#sical in9$ries as a
special comple- crime
Gorce is a!sor!ed Gorce is emplo#ed to
enter
;$/cient that consent
on the part o" the
owner is lac2ing
6ecessar# that there
sho$ld !e a ta2ing
against the will o" the
owner
8. 0n the"t o" lost propert# it is necessar# to
prove,
a. %ime o" the seiz$re o" the things
!. %hat it was lost propert#
!elonging to another and
c. %hat the acc$sed having had the
opport$nit# to ret$rn or deliver
the lost propert# to its owner or
to the local a$thorities re"rained
"rom doing so
>. 6o "r$strated the"t
?. 'ct$al or real gain is not necessar#; eno$gh
that on ta2ing the propert# the acc$sed was
act$ated !# the desire or intent to gain
@. Inless "orce $pon things is $sed to enter a
!$ilding it is the"t and not ro!!er# :QC:P% it
is ro!!er# when a "$rnit$re chest or other
loc2edBsealed receptacle is !ro2en in the
ho$se or !$ilding or ta2en there"rom and
!ro2en o$tside
A. Hhen a person possesses part o" recentl#
stolen propert# he is pres$med to !e the
thie" o" all $nless he has a satis"actor#
e-planation o" his possession
1J. %he"t is 6O% a contin$ing ofense
ART +38. PENALTIES
BASIS
1. %he val$e andBor the nat$re o" the thing
ta2en or
2. %he circ$mstances or ca$ses that impelled
the c$lprit to commit the crime
0" there is no evidence o" the val$e o"
the propert# stolen the co$rt sho$ld,
a. impose the minim$m penalt#
involving the val$e o" P8.JJ
!. ta2e 9$dicial notice o" its val$e
ART +13. LUALI9IED THE9T
CIRCUMSTANCES
1. 0t is committed !# a /o"est!$ se@ant or
2. Committed with #a@e ab%se of
$on4/en$e or
3. %he >o>et& stolen is a,
a. motor vehicle
!. mail matter
c. large cattle
d. cocon$t "rom the premises o" a
plantation &whether still in the tree or
deposited on the gro$nd)
e. 5sh "rom a 5shpond or 5sher#
7. Committed on the o$$as!on of $ala"!t!es<
@e0!$%la a$$!/ent an/ $!@!l
/!st%ban$e.
NOTESI
1. NGrave a!$se o" con5denceO
necessitates a high degree o" con5dence
!etween the ofender and the ofended
part#. &:-. g$ests).
2. %he"t is +$ali5ed i" it is committed !# one
who has access to the place where
stolen propert# is 2ept. &:-. sec$rit#
g$ards tellers)
3. %he"t !# la!orer is onl# simple the"t; not
all the"t !# ho$semate is +$ali5ed the"t
7. 6ovation theor# applies onl# when
there1s contract$al relationship !etween
the acc$sed and complainant
8. Earge cattle animal m$st !e ta2en alive
OTHER CIRCUMSTANCES
1. %he"t o" motor vehicle
a. 'nti*Carnapping 'ct o" 1A?2 &(.'.
>83A)
2. %he"t o" large cattle
a. 'nti*Cattle
($stling
Eaw o"
1A?7
ART +11. THE9T O9 THE PROPERTY O9 THE
NATIONAL LIBRARY AND NATIONAL
MUSEUM
0t has a 5-ed penalt# regardless o" its val$e
P.D. 1.1* N ITS IMPLEMENTINE
RULES AND REEULATIONS
ANTI)9ENCINE LAW
I. 9ENCINE
1. 9ENCINE 'n act with intent to gain o"
!$#ing selling receiving possessing
2eeping or in an# other manner dealing in
an#thing o" val$e which a person 2nows or
sho$ld have 2nown to !e derived "rom the
proceeds o" the crime o" ro!!er# or the"t.
2. 9ENCE ' person who commits the act o"
"encing. ' "ence who receives stolen
propert# as a!ove*provided is not an
accessor# !$t a principal in the crime
de5ned in and p$nished !# the 'nti*Gencing
Eaw.
II. PRESUMPTION O9 9ENCINE
3ere possession o" an# good article
item o!9ect or an#thing o" val$e which has
!een the s$!9ect o" ro!!er# or thiever# shall
!e prima "acie evidence o" "encing.
III. DUTY TO OBTAIN CLEARANCE OR
PERMIT TO SELL 'AS AN EOCEPTION,
a.
!.
c.
d.
'n# person who &a) "ails to sec$re the
clearance or permit re+$ired !# this
section or &!) violates an# o" the
provisions o" the r$les and
reg$lations to !e prom$lgated to
carr# o$t this section shall $pon
conviction !e p$nished as a "ence
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
C0a>te (I Us%>at!on
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
ART. +1*. OCCUPATION O9 REAL PROPERTY
OR USURPATION O9 REAL RIEHTS IN
PROPERTY
ELEMENTS
1. %hat the ofender
a. ta2es
possession
o" an# real
propert#
or
!. $s$rps an#
real rights
in
propert#;
*. %hat the eal >o>et& o eal !#0ts
belon# to anot0e;
+. %hat @!olen$e a#a!nst o !nt!"!/at!on o"
persons is %se/ b& t0e oCen/e !n
o$$%>&!n# real propert# o %s%>at!on of
real rights in propert#; and
(. %hat there is !ntent to #a!n
DISTINEUISHED 9ROM THE9T OR ROBBERY
USURPATION THE9T OR ROBBERY
Occ$pation or
$s$rpation
%a2ing or asportation
0nvolves real propert#
or real right
0nvolves personal
propert#
0ntent to gain
NOTESI
1. MiolenceBintimidation m$st !e the means
$sed in occ$p#ing real propert# or $s$rping
real right !elonging to another
2. Criminal action is not a !ar to civil action "or
"orci!le entr#
At. +1+. Alte!n# bo%n/a!es o lan/"a6s
ELEMENTS
1. %hat there !e !o$ndar# mar2s or
mon$ments o" towns provinces or estates
or an# other "a6s !nten/e/ to
/es!#nate t0e bo%n/a!es o" the same;
and
*. %hat the oCen/e altes said !o$ndar#
mar2s.
Intent to #a!n o fa%/%lent !ntent !s
not ne$essa&H "ee alteat!on !s
s%D$!ent
'lter has a general and inde5nite
meaning; to ma2e diferent witho$t
changing into something else
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
C0a>te 2I C%l>able Insol@en$&
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
ART. +1(. 9RAUDULENT INSOLBENCY
ELEMENTSI
1. Ofender is a de!tor; that is he has
o!ligations d$e and pa#a!le;
*. Ofender a!sconds with his propert#; and
+. %hat there !e pre9$dice to his creditors.
A$t%al >e5%/!$e !s e=%!e/H "ee
!ntent!on to >e5%/!$e !s not
s%D$!ent
o "a& !n@ol@e eal >o>et&
INSOLBENCY LAW 9RAUDULENT
INSOLBENCY
%hat the criminal act
sho$ld have !een
committed a"ter the
instit$tion o"
insolvenc#
proceedings !e"ore
the Eaw applies
6o re+$irement; not
necessar# that
de"endant sho$ld have
!een ad9$dged
!an2r$pt or insolvent
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
C0a>te .I S1!n/l!n# an/ Ot0e
De$e!ts
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
ART. +12. SWINDLINE 'ESTA9A,
ELEMENTS< IN EENERAL
1. A$$%se/ /efa%/e/ anot0e
a. !# a!$se
o"
con5dence
or
!. !# means
o" deceit;
and
2. %hat /a"a#e o >e5%/!$e $a>able of
>e$%n!a& est!"at!on !s $a%se/ to the
ofended part# or third person.
%he element o" damage or pre9$dice ma#
consist in,
a. %hat the
ofended
part#
!eing
deprived o"
his mone#
or
propert#
as a res$lt
o" the
de"ra$dati
on
b. <ist$r!anc
e in
propert#
rights or
$. %emporar#
pre9$dice
WAYS O9 COMMITTINE ESTA9A
A. Estafa W!t0 %nfa!t0f%lness o ab%se of
$on4/en$e
1. Alte!n# t0e s%bstan$e
Ele"entsI
a. Ofender has an oneo%s
obl!#at!on to /el!@e something o"
val$e;
!. %hat he altes !ts s%bstan$e<
=%ant!t&< o =%al!t&; and
c. %hat /a"a#e o >e5%/!$e !s
$a%se/ to another.
when there1s no agreement as to
the +$alit# o" the thing to !e
delivered the deliver# o" the
thing not accepta!le to the
complainant is not esta"a
crime ma# arise even tho$gh the
o!ligation is !ased on an immoral
or illegal consideration
*. B& "!sa>>o>!at!on o
$on@es!on
*.1. Ele"ents
a. %hat mone# goods or other personal
propert# !e received !# the ofender
!n t%st or on $o""!ss!on or fo
a/"!n!stat!on or $nder an# other
o!ligation involving the /%t& to
"a6e /el!@e& of< o to et%n the
same;
b. %hat there !e "!sa>>o>!at!on o
$on@es!on o" s$ch mone# or
propert# !# the ofender or /en!al
on 0!s >at of s%$0 e$e!>t;
$. %hat s$ch misappropriation or
conversion or denial is to t0e
>e5%/!$e of anot0e; and
/. %hat there is a /e"an/ "a/e b&
t0e oCen/e/ >at& to the ofender.
*.*. NOTESI
a. =$ridical possession &right o"
possession which ma# !e set $p
against its owner) is trans"erred
i. 's opposed to &a) trans"er
o" material possession
which res$lts in the"t or &!)
trans"er o" ownership which
res$lts in civil lia!ilit# onl#
ii. 0t is pres$med that the
possession o" and title to
the thing delivered remains
in the owner when the
deliver# o" a chattel has not
the efect o" trans"erring
the 9$ridical possession
thereo" or title thereto
iii. 0ncl$des +$asi*contracts
and certain contracts o"
!ailment &deposit lease
commodat$m !$t not
m$t$$m Xloan o" mone#Y)
iv. Criminal lia!ilit# "or esta"a
is not afected !#
s$!se+$ent novation o"
contract a"ter esta"a has
alread# !een cons$mmated
or inc$rred or a"ter criminal
in"ormationBcomplaint has
alread# !een 5led
!. Se$on/ ele"entI 3 wa#s o"
committing esta"a wB a!$se o"
con5dence, 3isappropriation
conversion denial
i. Mia11ro1riation is to
ta2e something "or one1s
own !ene5t
ii. Converion is to $se or
dispose o" another1s
propert# as i" it were one1s
own
c. T0!/ ele"entI Pre9$dice re"ers
to NanotherO or an# third person
and not merel# to the owner
i. ' partner ma# !e lia!le "or
esta"a i" he misappropriates
the share o" another
partner in pro5ts or i" he
receives mone#Bpropert#
"or a speci5c p$rpose and
later misappropriates it
d. 9o%t0 ele"entI <emand is not
re+$ired !# law; !$t it is
necessar# to provide
circ$mstantial evidence i" there
is "ail$re to acco$nt $pon
demand
<emand is not dispensed with
even i",
i. the ofender cannot !e
located;
4I% in Peo>le @. B!lle#as
X2. O.E. 11< 18+:Y i" the
ofender is in hiding it is a
clear indication o" a
premeditated intention to
a!scond with the thing
received and the ofender
co$ld not have complied
with the demand even i"
made hence demand is
not necessar# or
ii. there was an agreement
$pon speci5c time "or
deliver# or ret$rn o" the
things received;
4I% in Peo>le @. L!bea
X(: O.E. 2+32Y i" the
receipt signed !# the
acc$sed stip$lated a
speci5ed date "or the ret$rn
o" the thing s$ch speci5ed
date is in itsel" a demand
dispensing with the need
"or a s$!se+$ent demand to
!e made
e. %here is no esta"a thro$gh
negligence
ESTA9A WITH ABUSE O9 CON9IDENCE BS.
THE9T
ESTA9A WITH ABUSE
O9 CON9IDENCE
THE9T
Ofender receives the
thing "rom the
ofended part#
Ofender ta2es the
thing
0" in receiving the
thing the ofender
ac+$ired not onl#
material !$t also
9$ridical possession o"
the thing
0" in receiving the
thing the ofender
ac+$ired onl# material
or transitor#
possession while the
9$ridical possession
remains with the
ofended part#
TEST TO DISTINEUISH ESTA9A 9ROM
THE9T, Hhether or not the owner e-pects the
immediate ret$rn o" the thing he delivered to
the acc$sed,
a. i" #es it is
the"t;
!. otherwise it is
esta"a;
$nless the ofender is a servant
domestic or emplo#ee where
c$stod# is onl# precario$s and "or a
temporar# p$rpose or "or a short
period hence 9$ridical or
constr$ctive possession remains with
the owner &Constr$ctive possession
is when the owner still has $nder his
control and management and s$!9ect
to his disposition the thing even i"
act$al ph#sical possession is alread#
trans"erred)
DISTINEUISHED 9ROM MALBERSATION
ESTA9A WITH ABUSE
O9 CON9IDENCE
MALBERSATION
Ofenders are entr$sted with "$nds or propert#
Contin$ing ofense
'lwa#s involves private
"$nds
0nvolves p$!lic "$nds
or propert#
individ$al or a p$!lic
o/cer not acco$nta!le
"or p$!lic "$nds
Ofender is a p$!lic
o/cer acco$nta!le "or
p$!lic "$nds
Committed !#
misappropriating
converting den#ing
having received mone#
Committed !#
appropriating ta2ing or
misappropriating or
consenting or thro$gh
a!andonment or
negligence permitting
another to ta2e
+. B& ta6!n# %n/%e
a/@anta#e of t0e
s!#nat%e of t0e oCen/e/
>at& !n blan6
+.1. Ele"ents
a. %hat the >a>e 1!t0 t0e
s!#nat%e of t0e oCen/e/
>at& !e !n blan6;
!. %hat the oCen/e/ >at& s0o%l/
0a@e /el!@ee/ !t to oCen/e;
c. %hat a!ove the signat$re o" the
ofended part# a doc$ment is
1!tten b& t0e oCen/e
1!t0o%t a%t0o!t& to do so; and
d. %hat the doc$ment so written
$eates a l!ab!l!t& of< o
$a%ses /a"a#e to the ofended
part# or an# third person.
3.2. 0" the paper with signat$re in
!lan2 was stolen the crime is
"alsi5cation i" the ofender made it
appear that the victim participated in
a transaction when in "act he did not
so participate.
B. B& "eans of /e$e!t
1. Ele
"e
nts
a. %hat there m$st !e a false
>etense< fa%/%lent a$t o
fa%/%lent "eans
!. %hat s$ch "alse pretense "ra$d$lent
act or "ra$d$lent means m$st !e
"a/e o e?e$%te/ >!o to o
s!"%ltaneo%sl& 1!t0 t0e
$o""!ss!on of t0e fa%/;
c. %hat the oCen/e/ >at& "%st
0a@e el!e/ on the "alse pretense
"ra$d$lent act or "ra$d$lent means
that is he was !n/%$e/ to >at
1!t0 0!s "one& o >o>et&
be$a%se of the "alse pretense
"ra$d$lent act or "ra$d$lent means;
and
d. %hat as a res$lt thereo" the
oCen/e/ >at& s%Cee/ /a"a#e.
ESTA9A BY MEANS
O9 DECEIT
THE9T
0nvolves !oth material
or ph#sical possession
and 9$ridical
possession
0nvolves onl# material
or ph#sical possession
'lwa#s involves deceit 3a# or ma# not involve
deceit
*. T1
o
1a
&s
of
$o
"
"!t
t!n
#I
a. 4# means o" "alse pretense or
"ra$d$lent act or
!. %hro$gh "ra$d$lent means
B.1. 4# means o" false
>etense o fa%/%lent
a$t
1. 4# $sing 5ctitio$s name or "alsel#
pretending to possess power
inK$ence +$ali5cations propert#
credit agenc# !$siness or imaginar#
transactions or !# means o" other
similar deceits
a. 0t is indispensa!le that the
element o" deceit &i.e. the "alse
statement or "ra$d$lent
representation) !e made prior to
or at least sim$ltaneo$sl# with
the deliver# o" the thing s$ch
that the deceit $ses constit$tes
the ver# ca$se or the onl# motive
which ind$ces the complainant to
part with the thing
2. 4# alte!n# the +$alit# 5neness or
weight o" an#thing pertaining to his
art or !$siness
3. B& >eten/!n# to 0a@e b!be/ an#
Government emplo#ee witho$t
pre9$dice to the action "or cal$mn#
which the ofended part# ma# deem
proper to !ring against the ofender
7. 4# >ost/at!n# a $0e$6 or iss$ing a
chec2 in pa#ment o" an o!ligation
when the ofender had no "$nds in
the !an2 or his "$nds deposited
therein were not s$/cient to cover
the amo$nt o" the chec2
a. Prima "acie evidence o" deceit,
"ail$re to deposit the amo$nt
necessar# to cover chec2 within
three &3) da#s "rom receipt o"
notice "rom !an2 o" dishonor "or
ins$/cienc# o" "$nds
!. %he chec2 iss$ed m$st !e
gen$ine and not "alsi5ed;
otherwise it is esta"a !# means
o" "alse pretense or thro$gh
"alsi5cation
c. %he o!ligation covered !# the
chec2 m$st !e contracted at the
time o" the iss$ance and deliver#
o" the chec2; otherwise &i.e. i" "or
a pre*e-isiting o!ligation) there
is no esta"a
d. %he acc$sed m$st !e a!le to
o!tain something "rom the
ofended part# !# means o" the
chec2 damage done against the
ofended part
e. %here is no esta"a i" the
postdated chec2s are iss$ed and
intended merel# as a sec$rit#
BOUNCINE CHECKS LAW 'B.P. **, PLUS
ADMINISTRATIBE CIRCULAR NO. 1*)*333
REI PENALTY 9OR BIOLATION O9 B.P. **
AND ADMINISTRATIBE CIRCULAR NO. 1+)
+331 REI CLASSI9ICATION O9 AC 1*)*333
TWO WAYS O9 COMMITTINEI
A. BY KNOWINELY MAKINE OR DRAWINE
AND ISSUINE ANY CHECK WITH
INSU99ICIENT 9UNDS OR CREDIT
ELEMENTSI
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B. BY 9AILINE TO KEEP SU99ICIENT 9UNDS
IN OR CREDIT WITH THE DRAWEE BANK
ELEMENTSI
1. %hat a person 0as s%D$!ent f%n/s
!n o $e/!t 1!t0 the drawee !an2
when he ma2es or draws and iss$es a
chec2;
2. %hat he fa!ls to 6ee> s%D$!ent
f%n/s o to "a!nta!n a $e/!t to
$o@e the "$ll amo$nt o" the chec2 i"
presented 1!t0!n a >e!o/ of 83
/a&s fo" t0e /ate a>>ea!n#
thereon; and
3. %hat the chec2 is /!s0onoe/ !# the
drawee !an2.
NOTESI
(. %he gravamen o" 4P 22 is the
iss$ance o" a chec2; hence the
act is malum prohibitum
/. 0t is no de"ense that,
a. Inder the 5rst wa# o" violating 4P22
the drawer ordered the !an2 to stop
pa#ment i" the chec2 wo$ld have
!een dishonored "or ins$/cient "$nds
had the order not !een made; $nless
the order was made "or a valid reason
&e.g. wrong pa#ee)
!. Inder the second wa# o" violating
4P22 the drawer had s$/cient "$nds
in or credit with the drawee !an2
!eca$se the drawer is o$ght to 2eep
s$/cient "$nds or maintain a credit to
cover the chec2
'. Prima facie evidence o" 2nowledge
o" ins$/cienc# o" "$nds, when
presented within AJ da#s "rom the
date o" the chec2;
E?$e>tI when the ma2er or drawer &a)
pa#s the holder thereo" the amo$nt d$e
thereon or &!) ma2es arrangements "or
pa#ment in "$ll !# the drawee o" s$ch
chec2 within 5ve &8) !an2ing da#s a"ter
receiving notice o" dishonor
$. 'n ac+$ittal or conviction o" the
drawer $nder the (evised Penal
Code is not a !ar to his
prosec$tion or conviction $nder
4P 22 !eca$se the latter law
re+$ires the additional "act o" the
drawer1s 2nowledge o" lac2 o"
ins$/cienc# o" "$nds
SC ADMIN. CIRCULAR 1*)*333I
(. %he circ$lar provides that in a
4P22 conviction the 9$dge in his
discretion ma# impose 5ne alone
witho$t imprisonment.
/. %he 5ne sho$ld !e not less than
!$t nor more than do$!le the amo$nt o"
the dishonored chec2s.
'. %he circ$lar is not a penal law
hence there is no retroactivit# in "avor o"
the acc$sed. %he circ$lar applies onl# to
cases pending at its efectivit#. E;o!a v-
GalveF (*++/)G
$. %he circ$lar merel# la#s down a
r$le o" pre"erence. 0t does not amend
4P22. 0t merel# $rges the co$rts to ta2e
into acco$nt not onl# the p$rpose o" the
law !$t also the circ$mstances o" the
acc$sedVwhether he acted in good "aith
or on clear mista2e o" "aith witho$t taint
o" negligence. %h$s imprisonment ma#
still !e imposed. E;o!a v- GalveF
(*++/)G
DISTINEUISHED ESTA9A BY POSDATINE A
CHECK 9ROM BOUNCINE CHECKS LAW
ESTA9A BY
POSTDATINE A CHECK
XART. +12< PAR. *'D,Y
BOUNCINE CHECKS
LAW
'B.P. **,
Ofender emplo#ed
deceit
6o deceit emplo#ed;
malum prohibitum
Pa#ee or person $sing
receiving the chec2
m$st !e de"ra$ded or
damaged &damage
!eing the !asis o"
penalt#)
6o damage necessar#
<oes not cover chec2s
iss$ed "or a pre*
e-isting o!ligation
3a# !e iss$ed to cover
"or pre*e-isting
o!ligation
8. 4# an# o" the "ollowing acts committed at
a hotel, inn, restaurant, boarding house,
lodging house, or apartment ho$se,
a. 4# o!taining "ood re"reshment or
accommodation therein witho$t
pa#ing there"or with intent to
de"ra$d the proprietor or manager
thereo"
!. 4# o!taining credit therein !# the
$se o" an# "alse pretense
c. 4# a!andoning or s$rreptitio$sl#
removing an# part o" his !aggage
"rom therein a"ter o!taining credit
"ood re"reshment or
accommodation therein witho$t
pa#ing there"or
B.*. %hro$gh
fa%/%lent "eans
1. 4# ind$cing another to sign an#
doc$ment
ELEMENTSI
a. %hat the oCen/e !n/%$e/ t0e
oCen/e/ >at& to s!#n a
/o$%"ent
b. %hat /e$e!t be e">lo&e/ to
ma2e him sign the doc$ment
$. %hat the oCen/e/ >at&
>esonall& s!#ne/ the
doc$ment
/. %hat >e5%/!$e be $a%se/
2. 4# resorting to some fa%/%lent
>a$t!$e to ins$re s$ccess in a
#a"bl!n# #a"e
3. 4# e"o@!n#< $on$eal!n# o
/esto&!n# /o$%"ents
ELEMENTSI
a. %hat there !e co$rt record o/ce
5les doc$ments or an# other
papers;
b. %hat the oCen/e e"o@e/<
$on$eale/< o /esto&e/ an# o"
them
$. %hat the ofender 0a/ !ntent to
/efa%/ anot0e
DISTINEUISHED 9ROM 9ALSI9ICATION
ESTA9A BY INDUCINE
ANOTHER TO SIEN
ANY DOCUMENT
9ALSI9ICATION
3isrepresentations as
to the character o" the
doc$ments e-ec$ted
Ofended part# was
willing and read# "rom
the !eginning to sign
the doc$ment in the
!elie" it contained
statements made !#
him; !$t the ofender
in preparing the
doc$ment attri!$ted
statements diferent
"rom those made !#
the ofended part#
DISTINEUISHED 9ROM MALICIOUS
MISCHIE9
ESTA9A BY MALICIOUS
DESTROYINE
DOCUMENTS
XART. +12< PAR. +'C,Y
MISCHIE9
'ART. +*7,
0ntent to de"ra$d 0ntent to de"ra$d is not
re+$ired
DISTINEUISHED 9ROM IN9IDELITY IN
CUSTODY O9 DOCUMENTS
ESTA9A BY
REMOBINE<
CONCEALINE< OR
DESTROYINE
DOCUMENTS
XART. +12< PAR.
+'C,Y
IN9IDELITY IN
CUSTODY 'ART.
**.,
;imilar in the manner o" committing the ofense
individ$al or even a
p$!lic o/cer who is not
o/ciall# entr$sted with
the doc$ments
Ofender is a p$!lic
o/cer who is o/ciall#
entr$sted with the
doc$ment
0ntent to de"ra$d 0ntent to de"ra$d is
not re+$ired
Co">le? $!"e of estafa an/ t0eft
0t is committed when the"t is emplo#ed as a
necessar# means to commit esta"a. People vs.
L$sa# X>J Phil. 8A@Y ill$strates, ' owns
pawnshop tic2ets which he entr$sted to 4 "or
sa"e2eeping. ' "orgot a!o$t the incident and a
wee2 later C too2 the tic2et "rom 4 and re"$sed
to ret$rn it despite insistent demands made !#
4. %hen C redeemed 9ewels $sing the tic2et
witho$t 2nowledge and consent o" ' and 4. C
committed the"t as a necessar# means to
commit esta"a C too2 the tic2et with intent to
gain and witho$t the consent o" either ' or 4; C
then $sed a 5ctitio$s name to redeem the
9ewels there!# committing esta"a.
NOTEI <amage ca$sed witho$t deceit or
witho$t a!$se o" con5dence gives rise onl# to
civil lia!ilit#
ART +1.. OTHER 9ORMS O9 SWINDLINE
NOTEI %here m$st !e act$al damage not
merel# intent to ca$se damage in view o" the
!asis o" the penalt# which is the Nval$e o" the
damage ca$sedO as provided in the provision
1. BY CONBEYINE< SELLINE<
ENCUMBERINE< OR MORTEAEINE ANY
REAL PROPERTY< PRETENDINE TO BE
THE OWNER O9 THE SAME.
ELEMENTSI
a. %hat the thing !e
!""o@able s$ch as a parcel
o" land or a !$ilding;
!. %hat the oCen/e< 10o !s
not t0e o1ne o" said
propert# e>esente/ t0at
0e !s t0e o1ne thereo";
c. %hat the ofender sho$ld have
e?e$%te/ an a$t of
o1nes0!> &selling leasing
enc$m!ering or mortgaging
the real propert#);
d. %hat the act !e "a/e to t0e
>e5%/!$e of t0e o1ne o
a t0!/ >eson.
NOTEI
a. Claim o" ownership is diferent "rom
pretense o" ownership, the "ormer
cannot !e said to have pretended to
!e the owner even i" his claim is
de"ective hence not lia!le $nder
this article
!. <isting$ished "rom esta"a !# "alsel#
pretending to possess propert#
ESTA9A BY SELLINE<
ENCUMBERINE< OR
MORTEAEINE ANY
REAL PROPERTY<
PRETENDINE TO BE
OWNER
'ART. +1.< PAR.1,
ESTA9A BY 9ALSELY
PRETENDINE TO
POSSESS
PROPERTY XART.
+12< PAR. *'A,Y
0nvolves onl# real
propert#
0nvolves either
personal or real
propert#
%he ofender e-ercises
or e-ec$tes as part o"
the "alse
representation some
act o" dominion or
ownership over the
propert#
;$ch e-ercise or
e-ec$tion need not !e
present
*. BY DISPOSINE O9 REAL PROPERTY AS
9REE 9ROM ENCUMBRANCE< ALTHOUEH
SUCH ENCUMBRANCE BE NOT
RECORDED
ELEMENTSI
a. %hat the thing disposed o" !e
eal >o>et&;
b. %hat the oCen/e 6ne1
t0at t0e eal >o>et& 1as
en$%"bee/ whether the
enc$m!rance is recorded or
not.
$. %hat there m$st !e e?>ess
e>esentat!on b& t0e
oCen/e that the eal
>o>et& !s fee fo"
en$%"ban$e; and
/. %hat the act o" disposing o"
the real propert# !e "a/e to
t0e /a"a#e of anot0e.
NOTEI
a. %he enc$m!rance
m$st !e legall#
constit$ted
notwithstanding the
provision Naltho$gh
s$ch enc$m!rance !e
not recordedO
b. %he ofended art#
m$st have !een
deceived i.e. he
wo$ld not have
granted the loan had
he 2nown that the
propert# was alread#
enc$m!ered
$. 0" personal propert# is
involved appl# 'rt.
31A
+. BY WRONE9ULLY TAKINE BY THE
OWNER O9 HIS PERSONAL PROPERTY
9ROM ITS LAW9UL POSSESSOR
ELEMENTSI
a. %hat the oCen/e !s
t0e o1ne of
>esonal >o>et&;
b. %hat said personal
propert# is !n t0e
la1f%l >ossess!on
of anot0e;
$. %hat the oCen/e
1on#f%ll& ta6es !t
"rom its law"$l
possessor; and
/. %hat >e5%/!$e !s
t0eeb& $a%se/ to
t0e >ossesso o
t0!/ >eson.
NOTEI
a. %he act is p$nisha!le as the"t
when the owner o" a propert#
too2 it witho$t the consent o" the
law"$l possessor then charged
the possessor with the val$e o"
the propert# !eca$se there is
intent to gain
!. NHrong"$l ta2ingO does not
incl$de violence,
!. Hith intent to gain ro!!er#
!!. Hitho$t intent to gain grave
coercion
(. BY EOECUTINE A 9ICTITIOUS CONTRACT
TO THE PREGUDICE O9 ANOTHER
DISTINEUISHED 9ROM 9RAUDULENT
INSOLBENCY
ESTA9A BY
EOECUTINE ANY
9ICTITIOUS
CONTRACT
'ART. +1.< PAR. (,
9RAUDULENT
INSOLBENCY 'ART.
+1.,
Ofender sim$lates a
conve#ance o" his
propert#
%he conve#ance is real
and made "or a
consideration
2. BY ACCEPTINE ANY COMPENSATION
9OR SERBICES
%his crime re+$ires "ra$d; otherwise
solution indebiti res$lts "or which a civil
o!ligation arises
0" the mone# in pa#ment o" a de!t and
delivered to a wrong person and re"$sed
or "ailed to ret$rn the mone# to the
owner therea"ter it is esta"a !# denial o"
receipt o" mone# $nder 'rt. 318 1&!)
.. BY SELLINE OR MORTEAEINE OR
ENCUMBERINE REAL PROPERTY OR
PROPERTIES WITH WHICH THE
O99ENDER EUARANTEED THE
9UL9ILMENT O9 HIS OBLIEATION AS
SURETY
ELEMENTSI
a. %hat the oCen/e !s a s%et& in a
!ond given in a criminal or civil
action;
!. %hat he g$aranteed the "$l5llment o"
s$ch o!ligation 1!t0 0!s eal
>o>et& o >o>et!es;
c. %hat he sells< "ot#a#es< o< !n
an& ot0e "anne en$%"bes
said real propert#;
d. %hat s$ch sale mortage or
enc$m!rance is
i. witho$t e-press a$thorit# "rom
the co$rt or
ii. made !e"ore the cancellation o"
his !ond or
iii. !e"ore !eing relieved "rom the
o!ligation contracted !# him.
ART. +17. SWINDLINE A MINOR
ELEMENTSI
1. %hat the ofender ta6es a/@anta#e of t0e
!ne?>e!en$e o e"ot!ons o feel!n#s o"
a minor;
*. %hat he !n/%$es s%$0 "!no
a. to ass$me an o!ligation or
!. to give release or
c. to e-ec$te a trans"er o" an#
propert# right;
+. %hat the consideration is
a. some loan o" mone#
!. credit or
c. other personal propert#; and
(. %hat the transaction is to the detriment o"
s$ch minor.
NOTES,
1. It !s s%D$!ent t0at t0e oCen/e ta6es
a/@anta#e of t0e !ne?>e!en$e o
e"ot!ons of t0e "!no
2. 'ct$al proo" o" deceit or misrepresentation is
not necessar#
3. (eal propert# is not incl$ded
ART. +1:. OTHER DECEITS
PUNISHABLE ACTS
1. 4# de"ra$ding or damaging another !# an#
other deceit not mentioned in preceding
articles; and
*. 4# interpretating dreams ma2ing "orecasts
"ort$ne*telling or !# ta2ing advantage o" the
cred$lit# o" the p$!lic in an# other similar
manner "or pro5t or gain.
NOTEI <amage to the ofended part# is re+$ired
SCOPE K an# other 2ind o" conceiva!le deceit
ma# "all $nder this article
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
C0a>te 7I C0attel Mot#a#e
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
ART. +18. REMOBAL< SALE OR PLEDEE O9
MORTEAEED PROPERTY
ACTS PUNISHABLE
1. KNOWINELY REMOBINE MORTEAEED
PERSONAL PROPERTY
1.1. ELEMENTSI
a. %hat personal propert# is
"ot#a#e/ %n/e t0e C0attel
Mota#e La1;
!. %hat the oCen/e 6no1s that s$ch
propert# is so mortgaged;
c. %hat 0e e"o@es s$ch mortgaged
personal to an# province or cit# other
than the one in which it was located
at the time o" the e-ec$tion o" the
mortgage;
d. %hat the e"o@al !s >e"anent;
and
e. %hat there is no 1!tten $onsent o"
the mortgagee or his e-ec$tors
administrator or assignees to s$ch
removal.
NOTEI
a. %he ofender need not !e the
mortgagor; it ma# !e Nan# personO
b. P$rpose is to protect mortgagee who
sho$ld !e a!le to have a read#
access to and eas# reach o" the
propert# s$!9ect o" mortgage
$. Chattel mortgage m$st !e registered
/. (emoval m$st !e co$pled with intent
to de"ra$d
e. Giling a civil action "or collection
instead "or "oreclos$re o" chattel
mortgage relieves the acc$sed o"
criminal responsi!ilit#
*. SELLINE OR PLEDEINE PERSONAL
PROPERTY ALREADY PLEDEED
*.1ELEMENTSI
a. %hat personal propert# is alread#
pledged $nder the terms o" the
Chattel 3ortgage Eaw;
!. %hat the ofender who is the
mortgagor o" s$ch propert# sells or
pledges the same or an# part
thereo"; and
c. %hat there is no consent o" the
mortgagee written on the !ac2 o" the
mortgage and noted on the record
thereo" in the o/ce o" the register o"
deeds
NOTEI
a. <amage to mortgagee is not
essential
i. 0" damage accr$es it ma# give
rise to esta"a !# means o"
deceit
DISTINEUISHED 9ROM ESTA9A BY
DISPOSINE O9 ENCUMBERED PROPERTY
'ART. +1.,
SELLINE OR ESTA9A BY
PLEDEINE
PERSONAL
PROPERTY ALREADY
PLEDEED
'ART. +18< PAR.*,
DISPOSINE O9
ENCUMBERED
PROPERTY 'ART. +1.<
PAR. *,
4oth involve the selling o" mortgaged propert#
Personal propert# is
involved &e-cept i"
ho$se is s$!9ect to
chattel mortgage)
(eal propert# is
involved
Committed !# the
mere "ail$re to o!tain
the consent o" the
mortgagee in writing
even i" the ofender
sho$ld in"orm the
p$rchaser that the
thing sold is
mortgaged
0t is s$/cient that the
real propert#
mortgaged !e sold as
"ree even tho$gh the
vendor ma# have
o!tained the consent o"
the mortgagee in
writing
Consent o" mortgagee
is material; 2nowledge
as to enc$m!rance is
no
Consent o" mortgagee
is immaterial
P$rpose is to protect
the mortgagee
P$rpose is to protect
the p$rchaser
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
C0a>te :I Ason an/ Ot0e C!"es
In@ol@!n# Dest%$t!on
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
ARSON is the malicio$s destr$ction o" propert#
!# 5re
THREE '+, CATEEORIES O9 THE CRIME O9
ARSON
'. <estr$ctive 'rson &'rt. 32J as amended !#
(.'. ?>8A)
4. ;imple 'rson &;ec. 1 P.<. 1>13)
C. Other cases o" arson &;ec. 3 P.<. 1>13)
ART. +*3. DESTRUCTIBE ARSON 'AS
AMENDED BY R.A 7.28,
%he penalt# o" recl$sion perpet$a to death shall
!e imposed $pon,
1. 'n# person who shall !$rn
a. One or more !$ildings or edi5ces
conse+$ent to one single act or
sim$ltaneo$s acts o" !$rning
!. 4$ilding o" p$!lic or private ownership
generall# open to p$!lic or where people
$s$all# gather or congregate "or a
p$rpose regardless o" whether the
ofender had 2nowledge that there are
persons present or whether !$ilding is
inha!ited or not
c. %rain or locomotive ship or vessel
airship or airplane "or transportation or
conve#ance p$!lic $se leis$re or
entertainment
d. 4$ilding "actor# wareho$se and an#
app$rtenance thereto "or service o"
p$!lic $tilities
e. 'n# !$ilding to concealBdestro#
incriminator# evidence conceal
!an2r$ptc# de"ra$d creditors or collect
"rom ins$rance
". 'rsenal militar# storeho$se or powder
"actor# and the li2e archives or general
m$se$m o" the Government
g. 'n# "actor#Bstoreho$se o" inKamma!le or
e-plosive materials in an $ninha!ited
place
2. %wo &2) or more persons or a gro$p o"
persons
a. 0rrespective o" the a!ovementioned
+$ali"#ing circ$mstances and
b. (egardless o" whether the p$rpose is
merel# to !$rn or destro# or as an overt
act to commit another violation o" law
THREE '+, STAEES
1. Atte">te/, ofender commences the
commission o" the crime directl# !#
overt acts !$t he does not per"orm all
acts o" e-ec$tion &i.e. was not a!le to
light 5re) d$e to timel# intervention o"
another. 0t is not necessar# that there !e
a 5re &e.g. placing rags soa2ed in
gasoline !eside the wooden wall o"
!$ilding)
2. Cons%""ate/I ofender was a!le to light
5re and to !$rn at least a part o" !$ilding
&e.g. charring o" the wood where!# the 5!er
o" the wood is destro#ed);
:-cept when the contents o" a !$ilding was
set on 5re no part o" the !$ilding need !e
!$rned
P.D. 1.1+
ANTI)ARSON LAW
P.<. 1>13 e-pressl# repealed or amended 'rts.
32J*32>&4); P.<. 1?77 then revived 'rt. 32J; (.'.
?>8A amended the provisions o" 'rt. 32J; the
provisions o" P.<. 1>13 inconsistent with (.'.
?>8A is repealed
'. SIMPLE ARSON '%n/e Se$. 1,
>%n!s0able b& #riion Ma!or against,
1. 'n# person who !$rns or sets 5re to the
propert# o" another
*. 'n# person who sets 5re to his own propert#
$nder circ$mstances which e?>ose to
/an#e t0e l!fe o >o>et& of anot0e
4. OTHER CASES O9 ARSON '%n/e Se$. +,
>%n!s0able b& Recl)ion Tem1oral to
Recl)ion #er1et)a< i" propert# !$rned !e
an# o",
1. 'n# !$ilding $sed as o/ces o" the
government or an# o" its agencies
2. 'n# inha!ited ho$se or dwelling;
0t is not re+$ired that the ho$se !e
occ$pied !# one or more persons and
the ofender 2new it when the ho$se
was !$rned
3. 'n# ind$strial esta!lishment ship#ard oil
well or mine sha"t plat"orm or t$nnel;
7. 'n# plantation "arm past$reland growing
crop grain 5eld orchard !am!oo grove or
"orest;
8. 'n# rice mill s$gar mill cane mill or mill
central; and
>. 'n# railwa# or !$s station airport whar" or
wareho$se.
SPECIAL AEERABATINE circ$mstances in arson
&penalt# imposed in ma-im$m period)I
1. 0" committed with !ntent to #a!n;
*. 0" committed "or the bene4t of anot0e;
+. 0" the ofender is motivated !# s>!te o
0ate/ towards the owner or occ$pant o" the
propert# !$rned; or
(. 0" committed !# a s&n/!$ate.
#RIMA FACIE EBIDENCE O9 EUILT
1. 0" the 5re started sim$ltaneo$sl# in more than
one part o" the !$ilding or esta!lishment
2. 0" s$!stantial amo$nt o" Kamma!le
s$!stances or materials are stored within the
!$ilding not o" the ofender nor "or ho$sehold
$se
3. 0" gasoline 2erosene petrole$m or other
Kamma!le or com!$sti!le s$!stances or
materials soa2ed therewith or containers
thereo" or an# mechanical electrical
chemical or electronic contrivance designed
to start a 5re or ashes or traces o" an# o" the
"oregoing are "o$nd in the r$ins or premises
o" the !$rned !$ilding or propert#
7. 0" the !$ilding or propert# is ins$red "or
s$!stantiall# more than its act$al val$e at the
time o" the iss$ance o" this polic#
8. 0" d$ring the li"etime o" the corresponding 5re
ins$rance polic# more than two 5res have
occ$rred in the same or other premises
owned or $nder control o" the ofender andBor
ins$red
>. 0" shortl# !e"ore the 5re a s$!stantial portion
o" the efects ins$red and stored in a !$ilding
or propert# had !een withdrawn "rom the
premises e-cept in the ordinar# co$rse o"
!$siness
?. 0" a demand "or mone# or other val$a!le
consideration was made !e"ore the 5re in
e-change "or the desistance o" the ofender or
"or the sa"et# o" the person or propert# o" the
victim
WHERE BOTH BURNINE AND DEATH OCCUR
%o determine what crimeBs wasBwere perpetrated
it is important to as$eta!n t0e "a!n ob5e$t!@e
o" the male"actor which ma# !e,
a. the !$rning o" the !$ilding or edi5ce and
death res$lts !# reason or on the occasion o"
arson the crime is simpl# arson and the
res$lting homicide is a!sor!ed;
!. to 2ill a partic$lar person
!. who ma# !e in a !$ilding or edi5ce and
5re is resorted to as the "eans to
a$$o">l!s0 s$ch goal the crime is
m$rder onl#;
!!. and in "act the ofender has alread#
done so !$t 5re is resorted to as a
"eans to $o@e %> the 2illing then
there are two separate and distinct
crimes committed &1) homicideBm$rder
and &2) arson.
CONSPIRACY TO COMMIT ARSON
Penalt# o" prision mayor in its minim$m period
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
C0a>te 8I Mal!$!o%s M!s$0!ef
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
MALICIOUS MISCHIE9 is the wil"$l damaging
o" another1s propert# "or the sa2e o" ca$sing
damage d$e to hate revenge or other evil
motive
ART. +*7. WHO ARE LIABLE 9OR MALICIOUS
MISCHIE9
ELEMENTS O9 MALICIOUS MISCHIE9
1. %hat the ofender /el!beatel& ca$sed
damage to the propert# o" another;
*. %hat s$ch act /oes not constit$te arson or
other crimes involving destr$ction; and
+. %hat the act o" damaging another1s propert#
!e committed "eel& fo t0e sa6e of
/a"a#!n# !t
NOTEI
1. %here is no
malicio$s mischie" thro$gh negligence
!eca$se $nder the 5rst element the
ofender sho$ld act $nder the imp$lse o"
speci5c desire to inKict in9$r# to another
*. Pres$ppos
es hate revenge or other evil motive o" the
ofender or the mere pleas$re o" destro#ing
+. <amage
incl$des not onl# loss !$t also dimin$tion
&e.g. de"acing another1s ho$se)
(. 0" there1s
no malice as when damage res$lted "rom a
crime or onl# incidental to the commission o"
another crime there1s onl# civil lia!ilit#
2. 0ntent to
gain !# removing or ma2ing $se o" the "r$its
or o!9ects a"ter damaging the propert#
ma2es it the"t
ART. +*:. SPECIAL CASES O9 MALICIOUS
MISCHIE9
LUALI9IED MALICIOUS MISCHIE9I
1. Ca$sing damage to obst%$t per"ormance
of >%bl!$ f%n$t!ons.
2. Ising >o!sono%s o $oos!@e s$!stance.
3. ;preading !nfe$t!on or contagion among
$attle.
7. <amage to propert# o" "ational Museum or
"ational Library, or to an# archive or
registr# waterwor2s road promenade or
an# other thing $sed in common !# the
p$!lic.
1
st
CASE O9 LUALI9IED MALICIOUS
MISCHIE9 DISTINEUISHED 9ROM SEDITION
'ltho$gh !oth involve the intent to o!str$ct the
per"ormance o" p$!lic "$nctions the element o"
p$!lic and t$m$lt$o$s $prising is not present in
this article.
ART. +*8. OTHER MISCHIE9S
BASIS O9 PENALTY
3ischie"s not incl$ded in 'rt. 32@ are p$nished
according to the val$e o" the damage ca$sed.
:ven i" the amo$nt cannot !e estimated the
penalt# o" arresto menor or 5ne not e-ceeding
P2JJ is 5-ed !# law. :-ample, scattering
h$man e-crement in p$!lic !$ilding 2illing o"
cow as an act o" revenge &val$e o" damage
cannot !e estimated); a servant who released
!ird "rom cage as act o" hate against owner
&val$e o" the !ird as !asis)
ART. ++3. DAMAEE AND OBSTRUCTION TO
MEANS O9 COMMUNICATION
6O%:,
1. 0t is committed !# damaging an# railwa#
telegraph or telephone lines
a. telegraph or telephone lines m$st
pertain to a railwa# s#stem
2. 'n# derailment o" cars collision or other
accident which was a res$lt o" the damage
done shall ca$se "or a higher imposa!le
penalt#.
3. %he o!9ect is to merel# ca$se damage; as
opposed to Crimes involving <estr$ction
&'rt. 327) where the o!9ect is to ca$se
destr$ction
7. Hhen person or persons are 2illed
a. 0" there is no intent to 2ill it is the
comple-ed crime o" damage to
means o" comm$nication with
homicide &in relation to 'rt. 7@)
!. 0" there is intent to 2ill and
damaging the railwa#s was $sed
to accomplish the criminal
p$rpose it is m$rder
ART. ++1. DESTROYINE OR DAMAEINE
STATUES< PUBLIC MONUMENTS< OR
PAINTINES
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
C0a>te 13I E?e">t!ons fo"
C!"!nal L!ab!l!t& !n C!"es a#a!nst
Po>et&
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
ART. ++*. PERSONS EOEMPT 9ROM
CRIMINAL LIABILITY
NOTEI
A. CRIMES INBOLBED IN THE EOEMPTION
'TEM,
1. %he"t
2. ;windling &esta"a) and
3. 3alicio$s mischie"
B. PERSONS EOEMPTED
1. ;po$ses ascendants and
descendants or relatives !# a/nit#
in the same line.
2. %he widowed spo$se with respect to
the propert# which !elonged to the
deceased spo$se !e"ore the same
passed into the possession o"
another.
3. 4rothers and sisters and !rothers*in*
law and sisters*in*law i" living
together at the time o" the
commission o" the crime
C. ;tep"atherBmother adopted "atherBmother
nat$ral children common*law spo$se
conc$!ine paramo$r incl$ded
D. <oes not appl# to strangers participating in
the commission o" the crime
E. <oes not appl# to ro!!er# or esta"a thro$gh
"alsi5cation
9. %here is onl# civil lia!ilit#
E. 'pplica!le on the relationship !etween the
ofended part# and the ofender onl#
H. (eason, pres$med co*ownership o" the
propert# !etween the parties
R.A. .2+8
ANTI)CARNAPPINE ACT O9 187*
CARNAPPINE is the ta2ing with intent to gain
o" a motor vehicle !elonging to another witho$t
the latterSs consent or !# means o" violence
against or intimidation o" persons or !# $sing
"orce $pon things.
MOTOR BEHICLE is an# vehicle propelled !#
an# power other than m$sc$lar power $sing the
p$!lic highwa#s !$t e-cepting road rollers
trolle# cars street*sweepers sprin2lers lawn
mowers !$lldozers graders "or2*li"ts
amphi!ian tr$c2s and cranes i" not $sed on
p$!lic highwa#s vehicles which r$n onl# on rails
or trac2s and tractors trailers and traction
engines o" all 2inds $sed e-cl$sivel# "or
agric$lt$ral p$rposes. %railers having an#
n$m!er o" wheels when propelled or intended
to !e propelled !# attachment to a motor
vehicle shall !e classi5ed as separate motor
vehicle with no power rating.
DE9ACINE OR TAMPERINE WITH a serial
n$m!er is the erasing scratching altering or
changing o" the original "actor#*inscri!ed serial
n$m!er on the motor vehicle engine engine
!loc2 or chassis o" an# motor vehicle. Hhenever
an# motor vehicle is "o$nd to have a serial
n$m!er on its motor engine engine !loc2 or
chassis which is diferent "rom that which is
listed in the records o" the 4$rea$ o" C$stoms "or
motor vehicles imported into the Philippines
that motor vehicle shall !e considered to have a
de"aced or tampered with serial n$m!er.
REPAINTINE is changing the color o" a motor
vehicle !# means o" painting. %here is repainting
whenever the new color o" a motor vehicle is
diferent "rom its color as registered in the Eand
%ransportation Commission.
BODY)BUILDINE is a 9o! $nderta2en on a motor
vehicle in order to replace its entire !od# with a
new !od#.
REMODELINE is the introd$ction o" some
changes in the shape or "orm o" the !od# o" the
motor vehicle.lawphi(M
DISMANTLINE is the tearing apart piece !#
piece or part !# part o" a motor vehicle.
OBERHAULINE is the cleaning or repairing o"
the whole engine o" a motor vehicle !#
separating the motor engine and its parts "rom
the !od# o" the motor vehicle.
REEISTRATION RELUIREMENTS
1. :ver# owner or possessor o" $nregistered
motor vehicle or parts thereo" in 2noc2 down
condition shall within one #ear a"ter the
approval o" this 'ct and in his name or in the
name o" the real owner register with the
Eand %ransportation Commission &now Eand
%ransportation Commission or E%O)
a. the motor vehicle engine
!. engine !loc2 and
c. chassis
%herea"ter i" not registered those shall !e
considered as $nta-ed importation or coming
"rom an illegal so$rce or carnapped and
shall !e con5scated in "avor o" the
Government
2. 'll owners o" motor vehicles in all cities and
m$nicipalities are re+$ired to register their
cars with the local police witho$t pa#ing an#
charges
3. :ver# sale trans"er conve#ance
s$!stit$tion or replacement o" a motor
vehicle engine engine !loc2 or chassis o" a
motor vehicle shall !e registered with the
E%O.
3otor vehicles assem!led and re!$ilt or
repaired !# replacement with motor vehicle
engines engine !loc2s and chassis not
registered shall not !e iss$ed certi5cates o"
registration and shall !e considered as
$nta-ed imported motor vehicles or motor
vehicles carnapped or proceeding "rom
illegal so$rces
7. Original registration o" a motor vehicle
&whether newl# assem!led or re!$ilt or
ac+$ired "rom a registered owner)
a. %he person see2ing to
register shall within one
wee2 a"ter the completion o"
the assem!l# or re!$ilding 9o!
or the ac+$isition thereo"
"rom the registered owner
appl# to the Philippine
Consta!$lar# &now Philippine
6ational Police or P6P) "or
clearance o" the motor
vehicle "or registration with
the E%O
b. %he P6P shall veri"# whether
or not the motor vehicle or its
n$m!ered parts are in the list
o" carnapped motor vehicles
or stolen motor vehicle parts;
i" not incl$ded shall "orthwith
iss$e the certi5cate o"
clearance
$. %he E%O shall $pon
presentation o" the certi5cate
and a"ter veri5cation o" the
registration in the permanent
registr# register the motor
vehicle in accordance with
e-isting laws r$les and
reg$lations
PERMANENT REEISTRY
%he E%O shall 2eep a permanent registr# o"
motor vehicle engines engine !loc2s and
chassis o" all motor vehicles with partic$lars.
Copies o" the registr# and o" all entries made
thereon shall !e "$rnished the P6P and all E%O
regional provincial and cit# !ranch o/ces
DUTY O9 COLLECTOR O9 CUSTOMS
Hithin seven da#s a"ter the arrival o" the
imported motor vehicle or an# o" its parts
en$merated the Collector shall,
a. ma2e a report o" the shipment to the Eand
%ransportation Commission speci"#ing the
ma2e t#pe and serial n$m!ers i" an# o" the
motor vehicle engine engine !loc2 and
chassis or !od#
!. stating the names and addresses o" the
owner or consignee thereo".
0" the motor vehicle engine engine !loc2
chassis or !od# does not !ear an# serial
n$m!er the Collector o" C$stoms concerned
shall hold the motor vehicle engine engine
!loc2 chassis or !od# $ntil it is n$m!ered
!# the E%O.
DUTY O9 IMPORTERS< DISTRIBUTORS< AND
SELLERS
2eep a permanent record o" his stoc2s
o stating therein their t#pe ma2e and
serial n$m!ers and the names and
addresses o" the persons "rom whom
the# were ac+$ired and the names
and addresses o" the persons to
whom the# were sold
render an acc$rate monthl# report o" his
transactions in motor vehicles to the Eand
%ransportation Commission.
CLERANCE AND PERMIT
'n# person who shall $nderta2e to assem!le or
re!$ild or ca$se the assem!l# or re!$ilding o" a
motor vehicle shall 5rst sec$re a certi5cate o"
clearance "rom the Philippine Consta!$lar#,
Provided, %hat no s$ch permit shall !e iss$ed
$nless the applicant shall present a statement
$nder oath containing the t#pe ma2e and serial
n$m!ers o" the engine chassis and !od# i" an#
and the complete list o" the spare parts o" the
motor vehicle to !e assem!led or re!$ilt
together with the names and addresses o" the
so$rces thereo".
0n the case o" motor vehicle engines to !e
mo$nted on motor !oats motor !ancas and
other light water vessels the applicant shall
sec$re a permit "rom the Philippine Coast G$ard
which o/ce shall in t$rn "$rnish the E%O the
pertinent data concerning the motor vehicle
engines incl$ding their t#pe ma2e and serial
n$m!ers.
'n# person who owns or operates inter*island
shipping or an# water transportation with
la$nches !oats vessels or ships shall 1!t0!n
se@en /a&s s$!mit a report to the Philippine
Consta!$lar# on all motor vehicle motor vehicle
engines engine !loc2s chassis or !odies
transported !# it "or the motor vehicle motor
vehicle engine engine !loc2 chassis or !od# to
be loaded on board the launch, boat vessel or
ship.
PUNISHABLE ACTS
0t shall !e $nlaw"$l "or an# person to de"ace or
otherwise tamper with the original or registered
serial n$m!er o" motor vehicle engines engine
!loc2s and chassis.
PENAL PROBISIONS
a. 'n# person &in case o" a 9$ridical person
president or secretar# andBor mem!ers o"
the !oard o" directors or an# o" its o/cers
and emplo#ees who ma# have directl#
participated in the violation) who violates
an# provisions o" this 'ct
p$nished with imprisonment "or not
less than two #ears nor more than si-
#ears and a 5ne e+$al in amo$nt to
the ac+$isition cost o" the motor
vehicle motor vehicle engine or an#
other part involved in the violation
!. 'n# government o/cial or emplo#ee who
directl# commits the $nlaw"$l acts de5ned in
this 'ct or is g$ilt# o" gross negligence o"
d$t# or connives with or permits the
commission o" an# o" the said $nlaw"$l act,
in addition to the penalt# prescri!ed
in the preceding paragraph !e
dismissed "rom the service with
pre9$dice to his reinstatement and
with dis+$ali5cation "rom voting or
!eing voted "or in an# election and
"rom appointment to an# p$!lic o/ce
PENALTY 9OR CARNAPPINE
'n# person who is "o$nd g$ilt# o" carnapping
shall irrespective o" the val$e o" motor vehicle
ta2en !e p$nished,
a. !# imprisonment "or not less than 17
#ears and @ months and not more
than 1? #ears and 7 months when
the carnapping is committed witho$t
violence or intimidation o" persons or
"orce $pon things;
!. !# imprisonment "or not less than 1?
#ears and 7 months and not more
than 3J #ears when the carnapping
is committed !# means o" violence
against or intimidation o" an# person
or "orce $pon things; and
c. the penalt# o" li"e imprisonment to
death shall !e imposed when the
owner driver or occ$pant o" the
carnapped motor vehicle is 2illed in
the commission o" the carnapping
13. CRIMES AEAINST PROPERTY
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
11. C!"es A#a!nst C0ast!t&
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
C0a>te 1I A/%lte& an/ Con$%b!na#e
C0a>te *I Ra>e an/ A$ts of
Las$!@!o%sness
C0a>te +I Se/%$t!on< Co%>t!on of
M!nos an/ W0!te Sla@e Ta/e
C0a>te (I Ab/%$t!on
C0a>te 2I Po@!s!ons Relat!@e to t0e
Pe$e/!n# C0a>tes of T!tle 11
R.A. 8882
R.A. 7.13< AS AMENDED
R.A. 8*.*
R.A. 7:77
C0a>te 1I A/%lte& an/ Con$%b!na#e
ART. +++. WHO ARE EUILTY O9 ADULTERY
ELEMENTS,
1. %hat the 1o"an !s "a!e/ &even i"
marriage is s$!se+$entl# declared void);
2. %hat she has se-$al !nte$o%se 1!t0 a
"an not 0e 0%sban/; and
3. %hat as regards the man with whom she has
se-$al interco$rse 0e "%st 6no1 0e to
be "a!e/.
NOTEI
Carnal 2nowledge ma# !e proved !#
circ$mstantial evidence.
:ach se-$al interco$rse constit$tes a crime
o" ad$lter#.
It !s not a $ont!n%!n# oCense. 'n# act o"
in5delit# s$!se+$ent to condonation
constit$tes a new ofense that is s$!9ect to
criminal prosec$tion.
%he ofended part# m$st !e legall# married
to the ofender at the time o" 5ling the
complaint.
- 4$t even i" s$!se+$entl#
declared void there1s still
ad$lter# when the ad$ltero$s act
is committed !e"ore the marriage
is 9$diciall# declared n$ll and void
in a 5nal 9$dgment.
'c+$ittal o" one de"endant does not operate
as ac+$ittal o" the other.
<eath o" the ofended part# will not
terminate the proceedings. Cowever i" the#
die !e"ore a complaint is 5led then the case
cannot go on.
MITIEATINE CIRCUMSTANCES IN ADULTERY
'd$lter# is mitigated i" the ad$ltero$s wi"e
was a!andoned witho$t 9$sti5cation !# his
spo$se.
- Bot0 t0e 1!fe an/ 0e
>aa"o% are entitled to this
mitigating circ$mstance.
72
;heer necessit# as when a woman was le"t
helpless !# her h$s!and &altho$gh 9$sti5ed
"or it was in response to a d$t#) and in s$ch
a great need that she "o$nd hersel" in the
predicament o" committing ad$lter# "or the
sa2e o" her children mitigates her lia!ilit#.
73
PARDON BY THE O99ENDED PARTY
:-pressB implied pardon !ars prosec$tion "or
ad$lter#.
;e-$al interco$rse with the ofending spo$se
s$!se+$ent to the ad$ltero$s cond$ct
constit$tes an !">l!e/ >a/on.
RELUIREMENTS 9OR PARDON TO BE
E99ECTIBE 'ART. +((,I
1. %he pardon m$st come !e"ore the instit$tion
o" the criminal prosec$tion; and
2. 4oth ofenders m$st !e pardoned !#
ofended part#.
CONSENT IS A CAUSE 9OR DISMISSAL O9
COMPLAINT
- Prior consent is as efective as s$!se+$ent
consent to !ar the ofended part# "rom
prosec$ting the ofense.
- Hhen consent is given whether e-pressed
or implied h$s!and can no longer instit$te
the criminal complaint.
WHEN IS THERE CONSENTZ
1. Hhen the h$s!and does not inter"ere with
his wi"e1s ad$ltero$s relationship or has
"ailed to assert his rights.
2. Hhen the spo$ses sign an agreement that
the# ma# get an# mate and live as h$s!and
and wi"e witho$t an# inter"erence.
ART. ++(. CONCUBINAEE
42
People v. 3velino, C.3., $% O.., ,upp. ((, (&$
43

People v. 3lberto, et al., C.3., $) O.. /$'.
ELEMENTS,
1. %he "an "%st be "a!e/ &even i" the
marriage ma# !e s$!se+$entl# declared
void);
*. %hat he committed an# o" the "ollowing acts,
a. Feeping a mistress in the con2)gal
d'elling=
!. Caving se?%al !nte$o%se %n/e
s$an/alo%s $!$%"stan$es with a
woman who is not his wi"e
c. Co0ab!t!n# with her in an# other
place;
+. %hat as regards the woman s0e "%st
6no1 0!" to be "a!e/.
DE9INITION O9 TERMS
1. CONGUEAL DWELLINE means the home o"
the h$s!and and wi"e even i" the wi"e
happens to !e temporaril# a!sent on an#
acco$nt.
2. SCANDAL consists in an# reprehensi!le
wordBdeed that ofends p$!lic conscience
redo$nds to the detriment o" the "eelings o"
honest persons and gives occasion to the
neigh!ors1 spirit$al damage and r$in.
3. COHABIT means to dwell together in the
manner o" h$s!and and wi"e "or some
period o" time as disting$ished "rom
occasional transient interviews "or $nlaw"$l
interco$rse.
7. MISTRESS 0t is necessar# that the woman
is ta2en !# the acc$sed into the con9$gal
dwelling as a conc$!ine.
NOTEI
People in the vicinit# are the !est witnesses
to prove scandalo$s circ$mstances.
'd$lter# is more severel# p$nished than
conc$!inage. Inli2e ad$lter# $on$%b!na#e
!s a $ont!n%!n# $!"e.
ART. ++2. WHEN AND HOW RAPE IS
COMMITTED
NOTEI 'rt. 338 has !een repealed !# (.'. 6o.
@383 &'nti*(ape Eaw o" 1AA?).
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
C0a>te *I Ra>e an/ A$ts of
Las$!@!o%sness
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
ARTICLE ++.. ACTS O9 LASCIBIOUSNESS
ELEMENTS,
1. %hat the ofender commits an& a$t of
las$!@!o%sness o le1/nessH
*. %hat the act o" lascivio$sness is committed
a#a!nst a >eson of e!t0e se?; and
+. %hat it is done $nder an# o" the "ollowing
$!$%"stan$esI
a. !# $sing fo$e o !nt!"!/at!on or
b. when the oCen/e/ >at& !s
/e>!@e/ of eason or otherwise
%n$ons$!o%s or
$. !# means o" fa%/%lent
"a$0!nat!on o #a@e ab%se of
a%t0o!t& or
/. when the oCen/e/ >at& !s %n/e
1* #ears o" age or is /e"ente/.
LEWD ) is de5ned as o!scene l$st"$l indecent
or lechero$s. 0t signi5es the "orm o" immoralit#
which has relation to moral imp$rit#; or that
which is carried on a wanton manner.
NO ATTEMPTED OR 9RUSTRATED ACTS O9
LASCIBIOUSNESS
Grom the standpoint o" law there can !e no
"r$stration o" acts o" lascivio$sness. 6o matter
how "ar the ofender ma# have gone towards the
realization o" his p$rpose i" his participation
amo$nts to per"orming all acts o" e-ec$tion the
"elon# is necessaril# prod$ced as a
conse+$ence.
ACTS O9
LASCIBIOUSNESS
UNGUST BEOATION
%here is lewd design
which ma# !e in"erred
"rom the
circ$mstances
s$rro$nding the
commission o" the
crime s$ch as the
place time other
%he element o" lewd
design is not present.
e.g. the alleged
lascivio$s act was a
mere incident o" the
em!race or the act
was 9$st committed
merel# to satis"# a sill#
people1s presence and
the acts complained o".
whim.
ACTS O9
LASCIBIOUSN
ESS
ATTEMPTED RAPE
Ofender1s lascivio$s
acts do not indicate
intent to have se-$al
interco$rse.
'cts per"ormed !#
ofender clearl#
indicate that his
p$rpose was to lie with
the ofended part#.
%he lascivio$s acts are
the 5nal o!9ective
so$ght !# the ofender.
%he lascivio$s acts are
!$t preparator# acts to
the commission o"
rape.
3anner o" commission is the same
%he per"ormance o" lascivio$s character is
common to !oth
Ofended part# is a person o" either se-
ACTS O9
LASCIBIOUSN
ESS
ERABE COERCION
%he comp$lsion is
incl$ded in the
constr$ctive element
o" "orce.
%he comp$lsion is the
ver# act constit$ting
the ofense o" grave
coercion.
ACTS O9
LASCIBIOUSN
ESS
ABUSES AEAINST
CHASTITY
'ART. *(.,
%he ofender is in a
ma9orit# o" cases a
private individ$al.
%he ofender is a p$!lic
o/cer
0t is necessar# that
some act$al act o"
lascivio$sness sho$ld
have !een e-ec$ted.
' mere immoral or
indecent proposal
made earnestl# .
persistentl# is
s$/cient.
CASES ON ACTS O9 LASCIBIOUSNESS
1. 0n the a!sence o" convincing proo" that the
penis had slid into the "emale organ rape
was not committed. Hhere the victim merel#
stated that she was carried aro$nd the sala
with appellantSs penis Tto$chingT her vagina
it wo$ld not !e right to concl$de that the act
o" the penis Tto$chingT the vagina was an
entr# or penetration even slightl# o" the
la!ia ma9ora or the la!ia minora o" the
p$dend$m. %he appellant is g$ilt# o" acts o"
lascivio$sness and not rape.
77
2. %he appellant1s act o" directing 'nal#n to
remove her lower apparel constit$tes an act
o" lascivio$sness $nder 'rticle 33> o" the
44

People v. Palma, .!. "o. ($..1&#)$, 7ecember ((,
/%%'
(evised Penal Code and not rape.
78
C0a>te +I Se/%$t!on< Co%>t!on of
M!nos an/ W0!te Sla@e Ta/e
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
SEDUCTION - :nticing a woman to $nlaw"$l
se-$al interco$rse !# promise o" marriage or !#
other means o" pers$asion witho$t the $se o"
"orce.
ART. ++7. LUALI9IED SEDUCTION
* CLASSES O9 LUALI9IED SEDUCTIONI
1. ;ed$ction o" a virgin over 12 and $nder 1@
#ears o" age !# certain persons s$ch as a
person in a$thorit# priest teacher etc.; and
2. ;ed$ction o" a sister !# her !rother or
sed$ction o" a descendant !# her ascendant
regardless o" her age or rep$tation.
&0ncest$o$s ;ed$ction)
ELEMENTS O9 D9A&IFIED SED9CTION OF A
AIRGIN"
1. %hat the ofended part# is a virgin which is
pres$med i" she is $nmarried and o" good
rep$tation;
2. %hat she m$st !e over 12 and $nder 1@
#ears o" age;
3. %hat the ofender has se-$al interco$rse
with her; and
7. %hat there is a!$se o" a$thorit# con5dence
or relationship on the part o" the ofender
&person entr$sted with ed$cation or c$stod#
o" victim; person in p$!lic a$thorit# priest;
servant).
PERSONS LIABLEI
ABUSED
AUTHORITY
ABUSED
CON9IDENC
E
ABUSED
RELATIONSHIP
1. P$!lic 1. Priest 1.4rother who
45

People v. 3Fuino, .!. "o. ('&(.(, October /), /%%'
a$thorit#
2. G$ardi
an
3. %eache
r
7. Person
who in an#
capacit# is
entr$sted
with the
ed$cation or
c$stod# o"
the woman
sed$ced.
2. Co$s
e servant
3. <ome
stic &Person
living in the
same roo"
ma# !e
temporar#
or
permanent
as long as
in the same
ho$se.)
sed$ced his
sister.
2.'scendant
who sed$ced
his
descendant.
%heir
relationship
m$st !e !#
consang$init#
!$t need not
!e legitimate.
6O%:,
Penalt# "or +$ali5ed sed$ction o" a sister or
descendant is higher than +$ali5ed
sed$ction o" a virgin.
<eceit is not an element o" +$ali5ed
sed$ction !$t it is an element o" simple
sed$ction.
0n '!$se o" Con5dence acts are p$nished
!eca$se o" the character o" the person
committing the same and e-cess o" power
or a!$se o" con5dence.
' virgin is a virt$o$s woman o" good
rep$tation.
- %he ofended part# need not !e
virgin in the case o" incest$o$s
sed$ction.
'cc$sed charged with rape cannot !e
convicted o" +$ali5ed sed$ction $nder the
same in"ormation.
- 0" an# o" the circ$mstances in the
crime o" rape is present then
crime is not to !e p$nished $nder
this article.
0" no se-$al interco$rse the crime wo$ld
onl# !e acts o" lascivio$sness.
ART. ++:. SIMPLE SEDUCTION
ELEMENTS,
1. %hat the ofended part# is over 12 . $nder
1@ #Bo;
2. %hat she m$st !e o" good rep$tation single
or widow;
3. %hat the ofender has se-$al interco$rse
with her; and
7. %hat it is committed !# means o" deceit.
NOTESI
Mirginit# o" the victim is not re+$ired.
<eceit generall# ta2es the "orm o" an
$n"$l5lled promise to marr#.
%here is no contin$ing ofense o" sed$ction.
0" there is no se-$al interco$rse the crime
committed is onl# acts o" lascivio$sness.
%he man ma# !e willing and read# to marr#
the girl !$t simple sed$ction is still
committed when the man 2nows that the
ofended part# cannot legall# consent to
marriage !eca$se o" her minorit#.
THE 9OLLOWINE DO NOT CONSTITUTE
DECEITI
Promise o" material things.
Promise o" marriage !# a married man
whom the victim 2new to !e married.
Promise o" marriage a"ter se-$al interco$rse.
ART. ++8. ACTS O9 LASCIBIOUSNESS WITH
THE CONSENT O9 THE O99ENDED PARTY
ELEMENTS,
1. %hat the ofender commits acts o"
lascivio$sness or lewdness;
2. %hat the acts are committed $pon a woman
who is a virgin or single or a widow o" good
rep$tation $nder 1@ #ears o" age !$t over
12 #ears or a sister or descendant
regardless o" her rep$tation or age.
3. %hat the ofender accomplishes the acts !#
a!$se o" a$thorit# con5dence relationship
or deceit.
NOTESI
' male cannot !e the ofended part#.
0t is necessar# that the crime !e committed
$nder circ$mstances which wo$ld ma2e it
+$ali5ed or simple sed$ction had there !een
se-$al interco$rse.
Consent is o!tained !# a!$se o" a$thorit#
con5dence or relationship or !# means o"
deceit.
ACTS O9
LASCIBIOUSNESS WITH
CONSENT O9
O99ENDED PARTY
'ART. ++8,
ACTS O9
LASCIBIOUSNESS
'ART. ++.,
'cts are committed $nder 'cts are committed
circ$mstances which had
there !een carnal
2nowledge wo$ld
amo$nt to either +$ali5ed
or simple sed$ction.
_%here ma# !e consent
!$t there is a!$se o"
a$thorit# relationship
con5dence or deceit.
$nder
circ$mstances
which had there
!een carnal
2nowledge wo$ld
amo$nt to rape.
ART. +(3. CORRUPTION O9 MINORS
NOTESI
%he act p$nisha!le is the promotion or
"acilitating the prostit$tion or corr$ption o"
persons $nder age &$nder 1@) to satis"# the
l$st o" another.
' mere proposal will cons$mmate the
ofense. 0t is not necessar# that the $nchaste
acts shall have !een done to the minor.
Mictim m$st !e o" good rep$tation not a
prostit$te or a corr$pted person.
R.A. 7.13 PUNISHES CHILD PROSTITUTION
COMMITTED BYI
1. %hose who engage in or promote "acilitate
or ind$ce child prostit$tion which incl$de the
"ollowing,
a. 'cting as a proc$rer o" a child
prostit$te;
!. 0nd$cing a person to !e a client o" a
child prostit$te !# means o" written
or oral advertisements or other
similar means;
c. %a2ing advantage o" inK$ence or
relationship to proc$re a child as a
prostit$te;
d. %hreatening or $sing violence
towards a child to engage him as a
prostit$te;
e. Giving monetar# consideration
goods or other pec$niar# !ene5t to a
child with the intent to engage s$ch
child in prostit$tion.
2. %hose who commit the act o" se-$al
interco$rse or lascivio$s cond$ct with a child
e-ploited in prostit$tion or s$!9ected to
other se-$al a!$se;
3. %hose who derive pro5t or advantage
there"rom.
- eg. managerBowner o" the
esta!lishment where child
prostit$tion ta2es place;
7. 'n# person not !eing a relative o" the child
is "o$nd alone with the said child in a hidden
or secl$ded area $nder circ$mstances which
lead a reasona!le person to !elieve that the
child is a!o$t to !e e-ploited in prostit$tion
and other se-$al a!$se; and
8. 'n# person who receives services "rom a
child in a sa$na parlor or !ath massage
clinic health cl$! and other similar
esta!lishments.
CHILD TRA99ICKINE ) 0t is the act o" !$#ing
and selling a child "or mone# or "or an# other
consideration or !arter.
ART. +(1. WHITE SLABE TRADE
ACTS PENALISEDI
1. :ngaging in the !$siness o" prostit$tion;
2. Pro5ting !# prostit$tion; and
3. :nlisting the service o" women "or the
p$rpose o" prostit$tion.
NOTEI
One o" those a!ove*mentioned acts is
s$/cient to constit$te the ofense
Ca!it$alit# is not a necessar# element o" this
crime.
Ofender need not !e owner o" ho$se and
need not !e present at time o" raid; it
s$/ces that he maintains or engages in
!$siness
NInder an# prete-tO i" the real p$rpose is
prostit$tion it does not matter i" one
engages the services o" a woman ostensi!l#
as maid "or e-ample.
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
C0a>te (I Ab/%$t!on
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
ABDUCTION ) %he ta2ing awa# o" a woman
"rom her ho$se or the place where she ma# !e
"or the p$rpose o" carr#ing her to another place
with the intent to marr# or to corr$pt her.
ART. +(*. 9ORCIBLE ABDUCTION
ELEMENTS,
1. %hat the person a!d$cted is an# woman
regardless o" her age civil stat$s or
rep$tation;
2. %hat the a!d$ction is against her will; and
3. %hat the a!d$ction is with lewd designs.
6O%:;,
0" child is $nder 12 #ears the crime is
"orci!le a!d$ction even i" she vol$ntaril#
goes with her a!d$ctor.
%a2ing awa# m$st !e against the will o" the
woman. %his ma# !e accomplished !#
means o" deceit 5rst and then !# means o"
violence and intimidation.
'ct$al interco$rse is not necessar#. Eewd
designs ma# !e shown !# cond$ct o" the
acc$sed. 0ntent to sed$ce the girl is
s$/cient. Eewd design is present in a
h$rried marriage ceremon# !# "orce where
the marriage is merel# an arti5ce !# which
the acc$sed so$ght to escape the criminal
conse+$ences o" his acts.
%he h$s!and ma# not !e held lia!le "or the
a!d$ction o" his wi"e as lewd design is
wanting.
0" there are several de"endants it is eno$gh
that one o" them had lewd designs and the
others 2new a!o$t it.
6at$re o" crime, against li!ert# honor and
rep$tation and p$!lic order.
%here m$st !e onl# one comple- crime o"
"orci!le a!d$ction with rape. ;$!se+$ent
rapes committed sho$ld !e considered
independent o" the a!d$ction.
Conviction o" 'cts o" Eascivio$sness is not a
!ar to conviction o" "orci!le a!d$ction.
9ORCIBLE ABDUCTION B. ERABE COERCION
B. KIDNAPPINE
1. Presence o" lewd design ma2es it "orci!le
a!d$ction.
2. Hhen there is no lewd design it is coercion
provided that there is no deprivation o"
li!ert#.
3. %he crime is 2idnapping and serio$s illegal
detention i" there was deprivation o" li!ert#
with no lewd design.
7. 0" there was violent ta2ing o" the woman
motivated !# lewd design and the victim
was raped the crime committed is "orci!le
a!d$ction with rape instead o" 2idnapping
with rape. 'ttempt to rape is a!sor!ed in the
crime o" "orci!le a!d$ction.
9ORCIBLE ABDUCTION B. CORRUPTION O9
MINORS
1. 0" the minor was a!d$cted !# the acc$sed
with lewd design on his part he is lia!le "or
"orci!le a!d$ction.
2. 0" the p$rpose o" a!d$ction is to lend her to
illicit interco$rse with others the crime is
corr$ption o" minors.
9ORCIBLE ABDUCTION B. RAPE
1. 0" there was a!d$ction !$t the resistance o"
the woman to the alleged rape was not
tenacio$s the acc$sed wo$ld !e g$ilt# onl#
o" a!d$ction.
2. (ape ma# a!sor! "orci!le a!d$ction i" the
main o!9ective was to rape the victim.
CASE ON 9ORCIBLE ABDUCTION
1. %he Co$rt has previo$sl# r$led that i" the
victimSs consent was o!tained thro$gh
deceit and there was there"ore no valid
consent the crime is "orci!le a!d$ction as
the deceit ma# !e considered as
constr$ctive "orce. %he second element
lewd design was esta!lished !# the act$al
rapes.
7>

AEE AND REPUTATION O9 THE BICTIM IS
NOT NECESSARY INI
1. (ape
*. 'cts o" lascivio$sness against the will or
witho$t the consent o" the ofended part#
+. W$ali5ed sed$ction o" sister or
descendant
(. Gorci!le '!d$ction
ART. +(+. CONSENTED ABDUCTION
ELEMENTS,
1. %hat the ofended part# m$st !e a @!#!n
'not ne$essa!l& !n a "ate!al sense<
!n$l%/es @!t%o%s 1o"an of #oo/
e>%tat!on,;
*. %hat she m$st !e o@e 1* an/ %n/e 1:
#ears o" age;
+. %hat the ta2ing awa# o" the ofended part#
m$st !e 1!t0 0e $onsent< afte
sol!$!tat!on o $a5ole& "rom the ofender;
and
(. %hat the ta2ing awa# o" the ofended part#
m$st !e 1!t0 le1/ /es!#ns.
NOTEI
0" the virgin is $nder 12 #ears o" age the
crime committed is "orci!le a!d$ction even
i" the girl consented to the elopement.
%he a!d$ction o" the victim need not !e with
some character o" permanence.
Mictim need not !e ta2en "rom her ho$se. 0t
is s$/cient that the a!d$ctor was
instr$mental to her escape.
Re=%!es sol!$!tat!on o $a5ole&.
%here can !e consented a!d$ction with rape
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
46

People v. Caraang, .!. "o. ($.$/$#/), 7ecember
((, /%%'
C0a>te 2I Po@!s!ons elat!@e to t0e
>e$e/!n# $0a>te of T!tle Ele@en
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
ART. +((. PROSECUTION O9 ADULTERY<
CONCUBINAEE< SEDUCTION< ABDUCTION<
AND ACTS O9 LASCIBIOUSNESS
1. 'd$lter# and conc$!inage m$st !e
prosec$ted $pon $o">la!nt s!#ne/ b& t0e
oCen/e/ s>o%se.
2. ;ed$ction a!d$ction or acts o"
lascivio$sness m$st !e prosec$ted $pon
complaint signed !#,
a. ofended part#
!. !# her parents
c. grandparents or
d. legal g$ardians
_ 0n the order in which the# are named
a!ove.
E99ECT O9 MARRIAEE
EENERAL RULEI 3arriage in good "aith o"
the ofender with the ofended part#
e-ting$ishes the criminal action or remits
the penalt# alread# imposed $pon him. %his
applies as well to accomplices and
accessories*a"ter*the*"act.
EOCEPTIONI 0n case o" rape marriage
e-ting$ishes the criminal action onl# against
the principal !$t not to the accomplices and
accessories. %his r$le also does not appl# to
parties g$ilt# o" conc$!inage and ad$lter#.
NOTEI
(ape is now a crime against persons and
th$s ma# !e prosec$ted de o5cio or $pon
complaint o" an# person.
0n ad$lter# and conc$!inage !oth ofenders
m$st !e incl$ded in the complaint even i"
onl# one is g$ilt#.
Hhen the ofended part# is o" age and is in
complete possession o" her mental and
ph#sical "ac$lties she alone can 5le the
complaint &applies to crimes against
chastit#). Complaint m$st !e 5led in co$rt
and not in the 5scal.
PARDON IN CRIMES AEAINST CHASTITY
E?>ess o !">l!e/ >a/on !# the
ofended part# is a !ar to >ose$%t!on fo
a/%lte& o $on$%b!na#e. Cowever
pardon m$st e-tend to !oth ofenders and
m$st come !e"ore the instit$tion o" the
criminal action.
E?>ess >a/on !# the ofended part# or
other persons named in the law as the case
ma# !e is a !ar to >ose$%t!on fo
se/%$t!on< ab/%$t!on< a>e o a$ts of
las$!@!o%sness. Pardon in sed$ction m$st
also come !e"ore the instit$tion o" criminal
action.
PARDON BY PARENTS< ERANDPARENTS OR
EUARDIAN MUST BE ACCOMPANIED BY THE
EOPRESS PARDON O9 THE EIRL HERSEL9
- Pardon m$st !e granted directl# !# the
ofended part# and it is onl# when she is
dead or otherwise incapacitated to grant it
that her parents grandparents or g$ardian
ma# do so "or her.
7?
ART. +(2. CIBIL LIABILITY O9 PERSONS
EUILTY O9 CRIMES AEAINST CHASTITY.
PERSON EUILTY O9 RAPE< SEDUCTION OR
ABDUCTION< SHALL ALSO BE SENTENCEDI
1. %o indemni"# the ofended woman.
2. %o ac2nowledge the ofspring $nless the law
sho$ld prevent him "rom so doing.
3. 0n ever# case to s$pport the ofspring.
NOTESI
%he a/%ltee an/ $on$%b!ne in the case
provided "or in 'rticles 333 and 337 ma#
also !e sentenced in the same proceeding
or in a separate civil proceeding to
indemni"# "or damages ca$sed to the
ofended spo$se.
%here is no civil lia!ilit# "or 'cts o"
Eascivio$sness.
3oral damages ma# !e awarded to the
ofended part# and her parents "or
sed$ction a!d$ction rape other lascivio$s
acts &'rt. 221A Civil Code).
0n m$ltiple rapes !# m$ltiple ofenders all o"
them m$st s$pport ofspring. 6o one ma# !e
made to ac2nowledge his ofspring.
%he ofender in a rape case who is married is
no longer prohi!ited "rom ac2nowledging his
ofspring !eca$se since the child is
illegitimate the Gamil# Code a$tomaticall#
con"ers parental a$thorit# to the mother. Ce
can onl# !e sentenced to indemni"# the
victim and s$pport his ofspring. 'mo$nt and
terms o" s$pport sho$ld !e determined onl#
a"ter d$e notice . hearing.
Onl# indemnit# is allowed in rape o" a
married woman. %he de"endant cannot !e
sentenced to ac2nowledge and s$pport the
ofspring.
ART. +(.. LIABILITY O9 ASCENDANTS<
47

+.,. v. Luna, ( Phil. '1%
EUARDIANS< TEACHERS< OR OTHER
PERSONS ENTRUSTED WITH CUSTODY O9
O99ENDED PARTY
PERSONS WHO COOPERATE AS
ACCOMPLICES BUT ARE PUNISHED AS
PRINCIPALS IN RAPE< SEDUCTION<
ABDUCTION< ETCI
1. 'scendants;
2. G$ardians;
3. C$rators;
7. %eachers; and
8. 'n# other person who cooperates as
accomplice with a!$se o" a$thorit# or
con5dential relationship.
OTHER INSTANCE WHEN ACCOMPLICE IS
PUNISHED AS PRINCIPALI
;light illegal detention
R.A. 8882
ANTI)PHOTO AND BIDEO BOYEURISM ACT
*338
DE9INITION O9 TERMS 'Se$. +,
1. BROADCAST * to ma2e p$!lic !# an#
means a vis$al image with the intent that it
!e viewed !# a person or persons.
2. CAPTURE WITH RESPECT TO AN IMAEE *
means to videotape photograph 5lm record
!# an# means or !roadcast.
3. 9EMALE BREAST * means an# portion o"
the "emale !reast.
7. PHOTO OR BIDEO BOYEURISM * means
the a$t o" ta2ing photo or @!/eo coverage o"
a person or gro$p o" persons per"orming
se-$al a$t or an# similar activit# or o"
capt$ring an image o" the private area o" a
person or persons witho$t the latterSs
consent $nder circ$mstances in which s$ch
personBs hasBhave a reasona!le e-pectation
o" privac# or the a$t o" selling cop#ing
reprod$cing !roadcasting sharing showing
or e-hi!iting the photo or @!/eo coverage or
recordings o" s$ch se-$al a$t or similar
activit# thro$gh MC<B<M< internet cell$lar
phones and similar means or device witho$t
the written consent o" the personBs involved
notwithstanding that consent to record or
ta2e photo or @!/eo coverage o" same was
given !# s$ch persons.
8. PRIBATE AREA O9 A PERSON * means the
na2ed or $ndergarment clad genitals p$!lic
area !$ttoc2s or "emale !reast o" an
individ$al.
>. UNDER CIRCUMSTANCES IN WHICH A
PERSON HAS A REASONABLE
EOPECTATION O9 PRIBACY * means !elie"
that heBshe co$ld disro!e in privac# witho$t
!eing concerned that an image or a private
area o" the person was !eing capt$red; or
circ$mstances in which a reasona!le person
wo$ld !elieve that a private area o" the
person wo$ld not !e visi!le to the p$!lic
regardless o" whether that person is in a
p$!lic or private place.
PROHIBITED ACTS 'Se$. (,
1. %o ta2e photo or video coverage o" a person
or gro$p o" persons per"orming se-$al act or
an# similar activit# or to capt$re an image o"
the private area o" a personBs s$ch as the
na2ed or $ndergarment clad genitals p$!lic
area !$ttoc2s or "emale !reast witho$t the
consent o" the personBs involved and $nder
circ$mstances in which the personBs
hasBhave a reasona!le e-pectation o"
privac#;
*. %o cop# or reprod$ce or to ca$se to !e
copied or reprod$ced s$ch photo or @!/eo
or recording o" se-$al a$t or an# similar
activit# with or witho$t consideration;
+. %o sell or distri!$te or ca$se to !e sold or
distri!$ted s$ch photo or @!/eo or recording
o" se-$al a$t whether it !e the original cop#
or reprod$ction thereo"; or
(. %o p$!lish or !roadcast or ca$se to !e
p$!lished or !roadcast whether in print or
!roadcast media or show or e-hi!it the
photo or @!/eo coverage or recordings o"
s$ch se-$al a$t or an# similar activit#
thro$gh MC<B<M< internet cell$lar phones
and other similar means or device.
NOTEI
%he prohi!ition $nder paragraphs &2) &3) and
&7) shall appl# notwithstanding that consent
to record or to ta2e a photo or video
coverage o" the same was given !# s$ch
personBs. 'n# person who violates these
provision shall !e lia!le "or photo or video
vo#e$rism as de5ned herein.
EOEMPTIONS 'Se$. .,
- 6othing contained in this A$t however shall
render it $nlaw"$l or p$nisha!le "or an#
peace o/cer who is a$thorized !# a written
order o" the co$rt to $se the record or an#
cop# thereo" as evidence in an# civil
criminal investigation or trial o" the crime o"
photo or @!/eo @o&e%!s", Provided %hat
s$ch written order shall onl# !e iss$ed or
granted $pon written application and the
e-amination $nder oath or a/rmation o" the
applicant and the witnesses heBshe ma#
prod$ce and $pon showing that there are
reasona!le gro$nds to !elieve that photo or
@!/eo @o&e%!s" has !een committed or is
a!o$t to !e committed and that the
evidence to !e o!tained is essential to the
conviction o" an# person "or or to the
sol$tion or prevention o" s$ch crime.
INADMISSIBILITY O9 EBIDENCE 'Se$. 7,
- 'n# record photo or @!/eo or cop# thereo"
o!tained or sec$red !# an# person in
violation o" the preceding sections shall not
!e admissi!le in evidence in an# 9$dicial
+$asi*9$dicial legislative or administrative
hearing or investigation.
SPECIAL PROTECTION O9 CHILDREN
AEAINST CHILD ABUSE< EOPLOITATION
AND DISCRIMINATION ACT 'R.A. 7.13< AS
AMENDED,
CHILD PROSTITUTION AND OTHER ACTS O9
ABUSE
PUNISHABLE ACTS
1. CHILD PROSTITUTION AND OTHER
SEOUAL ABUSE 'Se$. 2,
WHO ARE LIABLEI
a. %hose who engage in or promote
"acilitate or ind$ce child
prostit$tion which incl$de !$t are
not limited to the "ollowing,
i. 'cting as a proc$rer o" a child
prostit$te;
ii. 0nd$cing a person to !e a client o" a
child prostit$te !# means o" written
or oral advertisements or other
similar means;
iii. %a2ing advantage o" inK$ence or
relationship to proc$re a child as
prostit$te;
iv. %hreatening or $sing violence
towards a child to engage him as a
prostit$te; or
v. Giving monetar# consideration goods
or other pec$niar# !ene5t to a child
with intent to engage s$ch child in
prostit$tion.
!. %hose who commit the act o"
se-$al interco$rse or lascivio$s
cond$ct with a child e-ploited in
prostit$tion or s$!9ect to other
se-$al a!$se; Po@!/e/< T0at
10en t0e @!$t!" !s %n/e 1*
&eas of a#e< t0e >e>etatos
s0all be >ose$%te/ %n/e
At. ++2< >aa#a>0 +< fo
a>e an/ At. ++. of A$t No.
+:12< as a"en/e/< t0e RPC<
fo a>e o las$!@!o%s $on/%$t<
as t0e $ase "a& beI Po@!/e/<
T0at t0e >enalt& fo
las$!@!o%s $on/%$t 10en t0e
@!$t!" !s %n/e 1* &eas of
a#e s0all be e$l%s!on
te">oal !n !ts "e/!%"
>e!o/; and
c. %hose who derive pro5t or
advantage there"rom whether as
manager or owner o" the
esta!lishment where the
prostit$tion ta2es place or o" the
sa$na disco !ar resort place o"
entertainment or esta!lishment
serving as a cover or which
engages in prostit$tion in
addition to the activit# "or which
the license has !een iss$ed to
said esta!lishment.
2. ATTEMPT TO COMMIT CHILD
PROSTITUTION 'Se$. .,
a. %here is an attempt to commit
child prostit$tion $nder ;ection 8
paragraph &a) hereo" when an#
person who not !eing a relative
o" a child is "o$nd alone with the
said child inside the room or
c$!icle o" a ho$se an inn hotel
motel pension ho$se apartelle
or other similar esta!lishments
vessel vehicle or an# other
hidden or secl$ded area $nder
circ$mstances which wo$ld lead a
reasona!le person to !elieve that
the child is a!o$t to !e e-ploited
in prostit$tion and other se-$al
a!$se.
!. %here is also an attempt to
commit child prostit$tion $nder
paragraph &!) o" ;ection 8 hereo"
when an# person is receiving
services "rom a child in a sa$na
parlor or !ath massage clinic
health cl$! and other similar
esta!lishments.
3. CHILD TRA99ICKINE 'Se$. 7,
'n# person who shall engage in trading and
dealing with children incl$ding !$t not
limited to the act o" !$#ing and selling o" a
child "or mone# or "or an# other
consideration or !arter.
7. ATTEMPT TO COMMIT CHILD
TRA99ICKINE 'Se$. :,
THERE IS AN ATTEMPT TO COMMIT
CHILD TRA99ICKINE UNDER SECTION 7
O9 THIS ACTI
a. Hhen a child travels alone to a
"oreign co$ntr# witho$t valid
reason there"or and witho$t
clearance iss$ed !# the
<epartment o" ;ocial Hel"are and
<evelopment or written permit or
9$sti5cation "rom the childSs
parents or legal g$ardian;
!. Hhen a person agenc#
esta!lishment or child*caring
instit$tion recr$its women or
co$ples to !ear children "or the
p$rpose o" child tra/c2ing;
c. Hhen a doctor hospital or clinic
o/cial or emplo#ee n$rse
midwi"e local civil registrar or
an# other person sim$lates !irth
"or the p$rpose o" child
tra/c2ing; or
d. Hhen a person engages in the
act o" 5nding children among low*
income "amilies hospitals clinics
n$rseries da#*care centers or
other child*d$ring instit$tions
who can !e ofered "or the
p$rpose o" child tra/c2ing.
COMPARE PROSECUTION 9OR ACTS O9
LASCIBIOUSNESS UNDER ART. ++. O9 THE
RPC AND RA 7.13< AS AMENDED
- Inder (' ?>1J the penalt# "or lascivio$s
cond$ct when the victim is $nder 12 #ears o"
age shall !e recl$sion temporal in its
medi$m period. On the other hand 'rt. 33>
o" the (PC provides a lighter penalt# o"
prision correctional "or acts o" lascivio$sness.
8. OBSCENE PUBLICATIONS AND INDECENT
SHOWS
'n# person who shall hire emplo# $se
pers$ade ind$ce or coerce a child to
per"orm in o!scene e-hi!itions and indecent
shows whether live or in video or model in
o!scene p$!lications or pornographic
materials or to sell or distri!$te the said
materials.
>. OTHER ACTS O9 NEELECT< ABUSE<
CRUELTY OR EOPLOITATION AND OTHER
CONDITIONS PREGUDICIAL TO THE
CHILD[S DEBELOPMENTI
a. 'n# person who shall commit an#
other acts o" child a!$se cr$elt#
or e-ploitation or to !e
responsi!le "or other conditions
pre9$dicial to the childSs
development incl$ding those
covered !# 'rticle 8A o"
Presidential <ecree 6o. >J3 as
amended !$t not covered !# the
(evised Penal Code as amended.
!. 'n# person who shall 2eep or
have in his compan# a minor 12
#ears or $nder or who in 1J #ears
or more his 9$nior in an# p$!lic or
private place hotel motel !eer
9oint discothe+$e ca!aret
pension ho$se sa$na or massage
parlor !each andBor other to$rist
resort or similar places. Provided
%hat this provision shall not appl#
to an# person who is related
within the "o$rth degree o"
consang$init# or a/nit# or an#
!ond recognized !# law local
c$stom and tradition or acts in
the per"ormance o" a social
moral or legal d$t#.
c. 'n# person who shall ind$ce
deliver or ofer a minor to an#
one prohi!ited !# this 'ct to 2eep
or have in his compan# a minor
as provided in the preceding
paragraph.
d. 'n# person owner manager or
one entr$sted with the operation
o" an# p$!lic or private place o"
accommodation whether "or
occ$panc# "ood drin2 or
otherwise incl$ding residential
places who allows an# person to
ta2e along with him to s$ch place
or places an# minor herein
descri!ed.
e. 'n# person who shall $se coerce
"orce or intimidate a street child
or an# other child to,
!. 4eg or $se !egging as a means o"
living;
!!. 'ct as cond$it or middlemen in dr$g
tra/c2ing or p$shing; or
!!!. Cond$ct an# illegal activities.
GURISPRUDENCE
1. %he implementing r$les ela!orated on this
de5nition when it de5ned a N$0!l/U as one
10o !s belo1 1: &eas of a#e o o@e
sa!/ a#e 10o< )1on eval)ation of a
6)ali8ed 15!ician= 1!c5ologit or
1!c5iatrit< !s fo%n/ to be !n$a>able of
ta6!n# $ae of 0eself f%ll& be$a%se of a
>0&s!$al o "ental /!sab!l!t& o
$on/!t!on or o" protecting hersel" "rom
a!$se.
7@
2. Inder ;ection 8&!) 'rticle 000 o" (.'. ?>1J in
relation to (.'. @383 i" the victim o" se-$al
a!$se is !elow 12 #ears o" age the ofender
sho$ld not !e prosec$ted "or se-$al a!$se !$t
"or stat$tor# rape $nder 'rt. 2>>*'&1)&d) o" the
(PC and penalized with recl$sion perpet$a.
0" the victim is 12 #ears or older the ofender
sho$ld !e charged with either se-$al a!$se
$nder ;ection 8&!) o" (.'. ?>1J or rape
$nder 'rt. 2>>*' &e-cept paragraph 1XdY) o"
the (PC.
COH:M:( the ofender cannot !e acc$sed
o" !oth crimes "or the same act !eca$se his
right against do$!le 9eopard# will !e
pre9$diced.
Ei2ewise rape cannot !e comple-ed with a
violation o" ;ection 8&!) o" (.'. ?>1J. Inder
48

People v. 3bello, .!. "o. (-(&-/, March /-, /%%&
;ection 7@ o" the (PC &on comple- crimes) a
"elon# $nder the (PC &s$ch as rape) cannot
!e comple-ed with an ofense penalized !# a
special law.
(8
R.A. 8*.*
ANTI)BIOLENCE AEAINST WOMEN AND
THEIR CHILDREN ACT O9 *33(
PSYCHOLOEICAL BIOLENCE re"ers to acts or
omissions ca$sing or li2el# to ca$se mental or
emotional s$fering o" the victim s$ch as !$t not
limited to intimidation harassment stal2ing
damage to propert# p$!lic ridic$le or
h$miliation repeated ver!al a!$se and mental
in5delit#. 0t incl$des ca$sing or allowing the
victim to witness the ph#sical se?%al o
>s&$0olo#!$al ab%se of a "e"be of t0e
fa"!l& to which the victim !elongs or to
1!tness >ono#a>0& !n an& fo" or to
witness a!$sive in9$r# to pets or to $nlaw"$l or
$nwanted deprivation o" the right to c$stod#
andBor visitation o" common children.
PUNISHABLE ACTS UNDER SEC 2 INCLUDEI
&g) Ca$sing or attempting to ca$se the woman
or her child to engage in an# se-$al activit#
which does not constit$te rape !# "orce or
threat o" "orce ph#sical harm or thro$gh
intimidation directed against the woman or her
child or herBhis immediate "amil#
R.A. NO. 7:77
ANTI)SEOUAL HARASSMENT ACT
WORK< EDUCATION OR TRAININE)RELATED<
SEOUAL HARASSMENT< DE9INED
- <emanding re+$esting or otherwise
re+$iring an# se-$al "avor "rom the other
regardless o" whether the demand re+$est
or re+$irement is accepted !# the o!9ect o"
the act.
PUNISHABLE ACTS 'Se$. +,I
1. IN A WORK)RELATED OR EMPLOYMENT
ENBIRONMENT< SEOUAL HARASSMENT IS
COMMITTED WHENI
a. %he se?%al fa@o !s "a/e as a
$on/!t!on in the hiring or in the
emplo#ment re*emplo#ment or
contin$ed emplo#ment o" said
individ$al or in granting said individ$al
"avora!le compensation terms o"
conditions promotions or privileges; or
t0e ef%sal to #ant the se-$al "avor
7A
People v. 3bay .!.. "o. ()))-/, Debruary /$, /%%&
res$lts in limiting segregating or
classi"#ing the emplo#ee which in an#
wa# 1o%l/ /!s$!"!nate< deprive or
diminish emplo#ment opport$nities or
otherwise adversel# afect said
emplo#ee;
!. '!ove acts wo$ld !">a! t0e
e">lo&ee[s !#0ts o >!@!le#es
%n/e e?!st!n# labo la1s; or
c. '!ove acts wo$ld res$lt in an
!nt!"!/at!n#< 0ost!le< o oCens!@e
en@!on"ent "or the emplo#ee.
2. IN AN EDUCATION OR TRAININE
ENBIRONMENT< SEOUAL HARASSMENT IS
COMMITTEDI
a. 'gainst one who is $nder the care
c$stod# or s$pervision o" the ofender;
!. 'gainst one whose ed$cation training
apprenticeship or t$torship is entr$sted
to the ofender;
c. Hhen the se-$al "avor is made a
condition to the giving o" a passing
grade or the granting o" honors and
scholarships or the pa#ment o" a
stipend allowance or other !ene5ts
privileges or consideration; or
d. Hhen the se-$al advances res$lt in an
intimidating hostile or ofensive
environment "or the st$dent trainee
or apprentice.
An& >eson 10o /!e$ts o !n/%$es
anot0e to $o""!t an& a$t of se?%al
0aass"ent as 0ee!n /e4ne/< o 10o
$oo>eates !n t0e $o""!ss!on t0eeof
b& anot0e 1!t0o%t 10!$0 !t 1o%l/ not
0a@e been $o""!tte/< s0all also be 0el/
l!able %n/e t0!s A$t.
PERSONS PENALISED
1. :mplo#ers emplo#ees managers
s$pervisors teachers pro"essors
instr$ctors coaches trainors and other
persons who have a$thorit# inK$ence or
moral ascendanc# over another in a wor2
ed$cation or training*related environment.
2. %he emplo#er or head o" o/ce ed$cational
or training instit$tion shall !e solidaril# lia!le
"or damages arising "rom the acts o" se-$al
harassment committed in the emplo#ment
ed$cation or training environment i" the
emplo#er or head o" o/ce ed$cational or
training instit$tion is in"ormed o" s$ch acts
!# the ofended part# and no immediate
action is ta2en.
GURISPRUDENCE
1. 0n Do"!n#o @. Ra&ala it was held. N0t is
tr$e that this provision calls "or a demand
re+$est or re+$irement o" a se-$al "avor !e
artic$lated in a categorical oral or written
statement. 0t ma# !e discerned with e+$al
certit$de "rom the acts o" the ofender.O
8J
END O9 DISCUSSIONO ON TOPIC
11. CRIMES AEAINST CHASTITY
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
1*. C!"es A#a!nst t0e C!@!l
Stat%s of Pesons
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
C0a>te 1I S!"%lat!on of B!t0s an/
Us%>at!on of C!@!l Stat%s
C0a>te *I Ille#al Ma!a#es
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
C0a>te 1I S!"%lat!on of B!t0s an/
Us%>at!on of C!@!l Stat%s
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
ART. +(7. SIMULATION O9 BIRTHS<
SUBSTITUTION O9 ONE CHILD 9OR
ANOTHERH AND CONCEALMENT OR
ABANDONMENT O9 A LEEITIMATE CHILD
ACTS PUNISHABLEI
1. S!"%lat!on o" !irths
Ele"entsI
a. %he child is ba>t!Fe/ o e#!stee/
in the (egistr# o" !irth as t0e
oCen/eAs;
!. %h$s the child loses !ts eal stat%s
and ac+$ires a new one; and
50

7omingo v. !ayala, .!. "o. (--.'(, Debruary ., /%%%
c. %he ofender1s p$rpose was to $a%se
t0e loss of an& ta$e as to t0e
$0!l/As t%e 4l!at!on.
*. S%bst!t%t!on o" one child "or another or
+. Con$eal!n# o aban/on!n# an# legitimate
child wB the intent to ca$se s$ch child to lose
its civil stat$s.
ELEMENTSI
a. %he child m$st !e legitimate= f)ll!
develo1ed and a living being;
!. %he ofender $on$eals o aban/ons
s%$0 $0!l/; and
c. %he ofender has the !ntent to
$a%se t0e $0!l/ to lose !ts $!@!l
stat%s.
NOTEI
SIMULATION crime m$st alter the
person1s civil stat$s.
;im$lation ta2es place when the woman
pretends to !e pregnant when in "act she
was not; woman who sim$lates !irth and the
woman who "$rnishes the child are !oth
responsi!le as principals
%he "act that child will !e !ene5ted !#
sim$lation o" !irth is not a de"ense since it
creates a "alse stat$s to the detriment o"
mem!ers o" "amil# to which the child is
introd$ced.
' "ather who sells his child is not lia!le $nder
this article since there is no a!andonment.
ABANDONINE A
CHILD UNDER ART.
+(7
ABANDONINE A
MINOR UNDER ART.
*7.
%he ofender is an#
person.
%he ofender m$st !e
one who has c$stod# o"
the child.
%he p$rpose is to
ca$se the child to lose
its civil stat$s.
%he p$rpose is to avoid
the o!ligation o" rearing
and caring "or the child.
ART. +(:. USURPATION O9 CIBIL STATUS
HOW COMMITTEDI
- %his "elon# is committed !# a person who
ass%"es t0e 4l!at!on< o t0e >aental o
$on5%#al !#0ts o" another.
NOTEI
Criminal intent to en9o# the civil rights o"
another !# the ofender 2nowing he is not
entitled thereto is necessar# to constit$te
this crime.
LUALI9YINE CIRCUMSTANCE, P$rpose o"
the impersonation is to de"ra$d the ofended
part# or his heirs.
0ncl$des $s$rpation o" pro"ession
0t is a!sol$tel# necessar# that there is intent
to en9o# the rights arising "rom the civil
stat$s o" the person impersonated.
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
C0a>te *I Ille#al Ma!a#es
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
ART. +(8. BIEAMY
ELEMENTS,
1. %hat the ofender has !een le#all&
"a!e/;
2. %hat the marriage has not been le#all&
/!ssol@e/ or in case his or her spo$se is
a!sent the absent s>o%se $o%l/ not &et
be >es%"e/ /ea/ according to the Civil
Code;
3. %hat he contracts a se$on/ o s%bse=%ent
"a!a#e; .
7. %hat the second or s$!se+$ent marriage has
all t0e essent!al e=%!s!tes fo @al!/!t&.
NOTEI
%he crime o" !igam# does not "all within the
categor# o" private crimes. Cence it can !e
prosec$ted even witho$t the initiative o" the
ofended part#.
%he "act that the 1st marriage is void "rom
the !eginning is not a de"ense in a !igam#
charge. %here is a need "or 9$dicial
declaration o" the n$llit# o" the 1st marriage.
;imilarl# there m$st also !e a s$mmar#
proceeding to declare the a!sent spo$se
pres$mptivel# dead "or p$rposes o"
remarriage.
Bal!/!t& of se$on/ "a!a#e !s a
>e5%/!$!al =%est!on to l!ab!l!t& fo
b!#a"&
One convicted "or !igam# ma# !e
prosec$ted "or conc$!inage as !oth are
distinct ofenses. Cowever the second
spo$se is not necessaril# lia!le "or !igam#.
One who "alsel# vo$ches "or the capacit# o"
the either o" the contracting parties 2nowing
that one o" the parties is alread# married is
an accomplice.
Gail$re to e-ercise d$e diligence to ascertain
the wherea!o$ts o" the 1st wi"e and the
h$s!and1s remarriage is b!#a"& t0o%#0
e$6less !">%/en$e.
' pardon !# the ofended part# does not
e-ting$ish criminal action considering that a
crime is committed against the ;tate and
the crime o" 4igam# is a p$!lic ofense
which can !e deno$nced not onl# !# the
person afected there!# !$t even !# a civic*
spirited citizen who ma# come to 2now the
same.
E99ECT O9 DIBORCE
D!@o$e #ante/ b& a foe!#n $o%t 0as
no eCe$t. (esidence there is not s$/cient
to con"er 9$risdiction on the co$rt o" that
state. %his applies to those domiciled in the
Philippines altho$gh the# contracted
marriage elsewhere.
D!@o$e obta!ne/ aboa/ b& al!en
s>o%se s0all l!6e1!se estoe t0e
9!l!>!no s>o%seAs $a>a$!t& to e"a&
%n/e P0!l!>>!ne La1.
BURDEN O9 PROO9 IN BIEAMY
Once the prosec$tion has esta!lished that
the de"endant was alread# married at the
time he contracted the 2
nd
marriage the
!$rden o" proo" to show the dissol$tion o"
the 5rst marriage is $pon the de"ense.
Hhen a person marries twice the second
marriage is pres$med valid and the "ormer
one is pres$med to have !een dissolved !#
death or divorce. 4$t this pres$mption ma#
#ield to circ$mstances.
GURISPRUDENCE
1. %he mere private act o" signing a marriage
contract !ears no sem!lance to a valid
marriage and th$s nee/s no 5%/!$!al
/e$laat!on of n%ll!t&. ;$ch act alone
witho$t more cannot !e deemed to
constit$te an ostensi!l# valid marriage "or
which petitioner might !e held lia!le "or
!igam# $nless he 5rst sec$res a 9$dicial
declaration o" n$llit# !e"ore he contracts a
s$!se+$ent marriage.
81
2. Gor the acc$sed to !e held g$ilt# o" !igam#
the prosec$tion is !$rdened to prove the
"elon#, &a) heBshe has !een legall# married;
and &!) heBshe contracts a s$!se+$ent
marriage witho$t the "ormer marriage
having !een law"$ll# dissolved. %he "elon# is
cons$mmated on the cele!ration o" the
second marriage or s$!se+$ent marriage. 0t
is essential in the prosec$tion "or !igam#
that the alleged second marriage having all
the essential re+$irements wo$ld !e valid
were it not "or the s$!sistence o" the 5rst
51

Morigo v. People, .!. "o. ($-//1, Debruary %1, /%%$
marriage.
82
ART. +23. MARRIAEE CONTRACTED
AEAINST PROBISIONS O9 LAWS
ELEMENTSI
1. %hat the ofender $onta$te/ "a!a#e;
and
2. %hat he 6ne1 at the time that,
a. Re=%!e"ents o" law were not
complied with or
!. %he marriage was in disregard o" a
le#al !">e/!"ent.
LUALI9YINE CIRCUMSTANCEI 0" either o" the
contracting parties o!tains the consent o" the
other !# means o" @!olen$e< !nt!"!/at!on o
fa%/.
RELUIREMENTS O9 THE LAW 9OR BALID
MARRIAEEI
'ARTS. * AND + O9 THE 9AMILY CODE,
1. Eegal capacit# o" the contracting parties
who m$st !e male and "emale;
2. Consent "reel# given in the presence o"
the solemnizing o/cer;
3. '$thorit# o" the solemnizing o/cer;
7. ' valid marriage license e-cept in
marriages o" e-ceptional character; and
8. ' marriage ceremon# which ta2es place
with the appearance o" the contracting
parties !e"ore the solemnizing o/cer
and their personal declaration that the#
ta2e each other as h$s!and and wi"e in
the presence o" not less than 2 witnesses
o" legal age.
NOTEI
Conviction "or violation o" 'rt. 38J involves
moral t$rpit$de. %he respondent is
dis+$ali5ed "rom !eing admitted into the
4ar.
%he ofender m$st not !e g$ilt# o" !igam#.
ART. +21. PREMATURE MARRIAEES
PERSONS LIABLEI
1. ' widow who married 1!t0!n +31 /a&s "rom
the date o" the death o" her h$s!and o
befoe 0a@!n# /el!@ee/ i" she is pregnant
at the time o" his death.
2. ' woman 10ose "a!a#e 0a@!n# been
/!ssol@ed or ann$lled married !e"ore her
deliver# o 1;!n +31 /a&s a"ter the date o"
the legal separation.
52

Manuel v. People, .!. "o. (1-.$/. "ovember /&, /%%-
NOTEI
Period ma# !e disregarded i" the 5rst
h$s!and was impotent or sterile or i" the
woman was pregnant !e"ore the death o" the
5rst h$s!and and gave !irth within the said
period.
%he period o" 3J1 da#s is important onl# in
cases where the woman is not pregnant or
does not 2now that she is pregnant at the
time she !ecomes a widow. 0" she is
pregnant at s$ch time the prohi!ition is
good onl# $p to deliver#.
PURPOSE O9 THE LAW
- ;ince the p$rpose o" p$nishing
the "oregoing acts is to >e@ent
$ases of /o%btf%l >aten!t&
the woman will not !e lia!le
there$nder i", &a) she has alread#
delivered; and &!) she has
concl$sive proo" that she was not
pregnant !# her 5rst spo$se
since he was permanentl#
sterile.
83
ART. +2*. PER9ORMANCE O9 ILLEEAL
MARRIAEE CEREMONY
ACT PUNISHED
- Per"ormance or a$thorization !#
a priest or minister o" an#
religio$s denomination or sect or
!# civil a$thorities o" an# illegal
marriage ceremon#.
EOCEPTION
- ' clerg#man who per"ormed a
marriage ceremon# 'it5o)t
Cno'ledge o" the minorit# o"
one o" the parties is not liable.
NOTEI Ofender m$st !e a$thorized to
solemnize marriages.
11. CRIMES AEAINST CIBIL STATUS
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
1+. C!"es A#a!nst Hono
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
C0a>te 1I L!bel
53

People v. Masinsin, C.3., $& O.. '&%.
Se$. 1 ) De4n!t!on< fo"s an/
>%n!s0"ent of t0e $!"e
Se$. * ) Eeneal Po@!s!ons
C0a>te *I In$!"!nato&
Ma$0!nat!ons
A.M. 3.)*33:
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
C0a>te 1I L!bel
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
SECTION 1. K DE9INITION< 9ORMS< AND
PUNISHMENT O9 THIS CRIMES
ART. +2+. DE9INITION O9
LIBEL;DE9AMATION
ELEMENTS,
0- %hat there m$st !e an !">%tat!on o" a
crime or o" a vice or de"ect real or
imaginar# or an# act omission condition
stat$s or circ$mstance &de"amator#
imp$tation);
*- %hat the imp$tation m$st !e made >%bl!$l&;
/- %hat it m$st !e "al!$!o%s;
7- %hat the imp$tation m$st !e /!e$te/ at a
nat%al o 5%!/!$al >eson< o one 10o
!s /ea/;
B- %hat the imp$tation m$st tend to ca$se the
/!s0ono< /!s$e/!t o $onte">t o" the
person de"amed.
DE9INITION O9 TERMS
1. LIBEL is a p$!lic and malicio$s imp$tation
o" a crime or a vice or de"ect real or
imaginar# or an# act commission condition
stat$s or circ$mstances tending to ca$se the
dishonor discredit or contempt o" a nat$ral
or 9$ridical person or to !lac2en the memor#
o" one who is dead. 0t m$st !e committed
thro$gh an# o" the acts en$merated in 'rt.
388
2. DE9AMATION ma# !e li!el or slander.
<e"amation is the proper term "or li!el as
$sed in 'rt. 383.
3. PUBLICATION is the comm$nication o" the
de"amator# matter to some third personBs.
KINDS O9 MALICE
1. MALICE IN LAW is pres$med "rom a
de"amator# imp$tation. Proo" o" malice is not
re+$ired; ma# !e ta2en "or granted in view
o" the grossness o" the imp$tation.
2. MALICE IN 9ACT is malice or ill*will which
m$st !e proved.
WHEN DO MALICE IN 9ACT APPLYZ
3alice in "act m$st !e proved whenever the
de"amator# imp$tation appears in a privileged
comm$nication.
WHEN DOES PRESUMPTION O9 MALICE O9
LAW DISAPPEARZ
Ipon proo" o" good intention and 9$sti5a!le
motive.
NOTEI
%here is no distinction !etween cal$mn#
ins$lt and li!el. 'll 2inds o" attac2 against
honor and rep$tation is p$nished.
3alice is pres$med to e-ist in in9$rio$s
p$!lications.
<e"amator# remar2s directed at a gro$p o"
persons are not actiona!le $nless the
statements are all em!racing or s$/cientl#
speci5c "or each victim to !e identi5a!le.
%he meaning o" the writer is immaterial.
0n li!el the "alse acc$sation need not !e
made $nder oath. 0t is per9$r# which re+$ires
that the "alse acc$sation is made $nder
oath.
;editio$s li!el is p$nished $nder 'rticle 172
0mp$tation o" criminal intention is not
li!ello$s
%here are as man# co$nts o" li!el as there
are persons de"amed.
EENERALLY< THE PERSON LIBELED MUST BE
IDENTI9IED.
4$t the p$!lication need not re"er !# name to
the li!eled part#. 0" not named it m$st !e shown
that the description o" the person re"erred to in
the de"amator# p$!lication was s$/cientl# clear
so that at least a +/ >eson 1o%l/ 0a@e
!/ent!4e/ t0e oCen/e/ >at&.
PRESUMPTION O9 PUBLICATION
%o pres$me p$!lication there m$st !e a
easonable >obab!l!t& that the alleged
li!elo$s matter was there!# e?>ose/ to be
ea/ o seen b& +/ >esons.
CRITERIA TO DETERMINE WHETHER
STATEMENTS ARE DE9AMATORYI
1. 0n determining whether a statement is
de"amator# the words $sed are constr$ed in
their entiret# and ta2en in their plain nat$ral
and ordinar# meaning as the# wo$ld
nat$rall# !e $nderstood !# persons reading
them $nless it appears that the# were $sed
and $nderstood in another sense.
87
54

"ovicio v. 3ggabao, .!. "o. ($(''/, 7ecember ((,
2. Hords are calc$lated to ind$ce the hearers
to s$ppose and $nderstand that the person
against whom the# are $ttered were #%!lt&
of $eta!n oCenses or are s$/cient to
impeach their 0onest&< @!t%e o
e>%tat!on or to hold the person $p to
>%bl!$ !/!$%le;
88
and
3. Hords are constr$ed not onl# as to the
e-pression $sed !$t also with respect to the
whole scope and apparent o!9ect o" the
writer.
8>

ART. +2(. RELUIREMENT 9OR PUBLICITY.
KINDS O9 PRIBILEEED COMMUNICATIONI
(. ABSOLUTELY PRIBILEEED not actiona!le
even i" the actor has acted in !ad "aith;
/. LUALI9IEDLY PRIBILEEED those which
altho$gh containing de"amator# imp$tations
are not actionable unless made with malice
or bad faith.
EENERAL RULE, E@e& /efa"ato&
!">%tat!on !s >es%"e/ "al!$!o%s< e@en !f
!t be t%e i" no good intention and 9$sti5a!le
motive "or ma2ing it is shown.
- Ho1e@e< t0e >es%">t!on of "al!$e !s
eb%tte/< !f !t !s s0o1n b& t0e a$$%se/
t0atI
a. %he de"amator# imp$tation is tr$e in
case the law allows proo" o" the tr$th
o" the imp$tation.
!. 0t is p$!lished with good intention;
and
c. %here is 9$sti5a!le motive "or ma2ing
it..
EOCEPTION TO THE RULE '10en "al!$e !s
NOT >es%"e/,I
1. P!@ate comm$nication in per"ormance o"
le#al< "oal o so$!al /%t&.
RELUISITESI
a. %hat the person who made the
comm$nication had a legal moral or social
d$t# to ma2e the comm$nication or at least
he had an interest to !e $pheld; Le#al /%t&
pres$pposes a provision o" law con"erring
$pon the acc$sed the d$t# to comm$nicate.
b. %hat the comm$nication is addressed to an
o/cer or a !oard or s$perior having some
interest or d$t# on the matter; and
$. %hat the statements in the comm$nication
are made in good "aith witho$t malice in
"act.
/%%'
55

+.,. v. O6Connell, ') Phil.)1)
56

People v. 2ncarnacion, C.3., $. O.. (.()
- T0e /efense of >!@!le#e/
$o""%n!$at!on 1!ll be e5e$te/ !f !t
s0o1n b& t0e >ose$%t!on o t0e
>la!nt!CI
a. %hat the de"endant acted with malice in "act
or
!. %hat there is no reasona!le gro$nd "or
!elieving the charge to !e tr$e.
2. 9a! an/ t%e e>ot of oD$!al
>o$ee/!n#s made in #oo/ fa!t0 1!t0o%t
an& $o""ents and remar2s
RELUISITESI
a. %hat the p$!lication o" a report o" an o/cial
proceeding is a "air and tr$e report o" a
9$dicial legislative or other o/cial
proceedings which are not o" con5dential
nat$re or o" a statement report or speech
delivered in said proceedings or o" an#
other act per"ormed !# a p$!lic o/cer in the
e-ercise o" his "$nctions;
!. %hat it is made in good "aith; and
c. %hat it is made witho$t an# comments or
remar2s
DOCTRINE O9 9AIR COMMENT
- Gair commentaries on matters o" p$!lic
interest are privileged and constit$te a valid
de"ense in an action "or li!el or slander.
MALICE IN 9ACT ) is the rivalr# or ill*"eeling
e-isting at the date o" p$!lication. 0t is the
intention to in9$re the rep$tation o" the ofended
part# motivated !# hate and revenge.
MALICE IN 9ACT MAY BE PROBED OR
SHOWN BYI
1. :-trinsic evidence that the de"endant !ore a
gr$dge against the ofended part#; or
2. %hat there was rivalr# or ill*"eeling !etween
them which e-isted at the date o" the
p$!lication o" the de"amator# imp$tation; or
3. %hat the de"endant had an intention to in9$re
the rep$tation o" the ofended part# as
shown !# the words $sed and the
circ$mstances attending the p$!lication o"
the de"amator# imp$tation.
NOTEI
Prosec$tion m$st prove malice in "act to
convict the acc$sed in case o" +$ali5ed
privileged comm$nication
Absol%te P!@!le#e/ Co""%n!$at!on are
not actiona!le even i" done in !ad "aith. %his
covers statements made !# mem!ers o"
Congress in discharge o" "$nctions and
9$dicial proceedings when pertinent and
relevant to s$!9ect o" in+$ir#
Innecessar# p$!licit# destro#s good "aith.
<e"ense o" privileged comm$nication in
paragraph 1 will !e re9ected i" it is shown
that acc$sed acted with malice and there is
no reasona!le gro$nd "or !elieving the
charge to !e tr$e.
%he mental moral and ph#sical 5tness o" a
candidate "or p$!lic o/ce ma# !e s$!9ect to
criticism. 0t does not "ollow a p$!lic man into
his private li"e and domestic concerns.
Privileged Comm$nication ma# !e "o$nd in
p$!lic doc$ment
%hat the statement is a privileged
comm$nication is a matter o" de"ense
STATEMENTS MADE IN SEL9)DE9ENSE ARE
O9TEN PRIBILEEED
;tatements made in sel" de"ense or in m$t$al
controvers# are o"ten privileged. %he person
li!eled is 9$sti5ed to hit !ac2 with another li!el.
Cowever retaliation and vindictiveness cannot
!e the !asis o" sel"*de"ense in de"amation. ;el"*
de"ense m$st !e on matters related to
imp$tations made on the person invo2ing the
de"ense.
COMMENTS ON THE CONDUCT O9 PUBLIC
O99ICERS DO NOT CONSTITUTE LIBEL
<e"amator# remar2s and comments on the
cond$ct or acts o" p$!lic o/cers which are
related to the discharge o" their o/cial d$ties
will not constit$te li!el i" de"endant proves the
tr$th o" imp$tation. Cowever an# attac2 $pon
private character on matters not related to the
discharge o" o/cial d$ties ma# !e li!elo$s.
GURISPRUDENCE
' p$!lic 5g$re has !een de5ned as a person
who !# his accomplishments "ame or mode o"
living or !# adopting a pro"ession or calling
which gives the p$!lic a legitimate interest in his
doings his afairs and his character has
!ecome a Sp$!lic personage.S Ce is in other
words a cele!rit#. O!vio$sl# to !e incl$ded in
this categor# are those who have achieved some
degree o" rep$tation !# appearing !e"ore the
p$!lic as in the case o" an actor a pro"essional
!ase!all pla#er a p$gilist or an# other
entertainer. %he list is however !roader than
this. 0t incl$des p$!lic o/cers "amo$s inventors
and e-plorers war heroes and even ordinar#
soldiers an in"ant prodig# and no less a
personage than the Grand :-alted ($ler o" a
lodge. It !n$l%/es< !n s0ot< an&one 10o 0as
a!@e/ at a >os!t!on 10ee >%bl!$
attent!on !s fo$%se/ %>on 0!" as a
>eson.
27
ART. +22. LIBEL BY MEANS O9 WRITINES
OR SIMILAR MEANS
THE MEANS BY WHICH LIBEL MAY BE
COMMITTED ARE BYI
1. writing;
2. printing;
3. lithograph#;
7. engraving;
8. radio;
>. phonograph;
?. painting;
@. theatrical e-hi!itions;
A. cinematographic e-hi!itions; or
1J. an# similar means.
NOTES
%he law provides Nor an# similar meansO
which easil# +$ali5es television is s$ch
species or categor#. <e"amation made in a
television program is li!el. 'lso incl$des
pict$res.
<e"amation thro$gh an ampli5er is not li!el
!$t oral de"amation &slander).
%he penalt# prescri!ed is in addition to civil
lia!ilit#.
Ei!el ma# !e a!sor!ed in crime o" threats i"
intent to threaten is the principal aim and
o!9ect.
ART. +2.. THREATENINE TO PUBLISH LIBEL
AND O99ER TO PREBENT SUCH
PUBLICATION 9OR A COMPENSATION
ACTS PUNISHABLEI
1. 4# t0eaten!n# another to p$!lish a li!el
concerning him or his parents spo$se
child or other mem!ers o" his "amil#; or
2. 4# oCe!n# to >e@ent the p$!lication o"
s$ch li!el "or compensation or mone#
consideration.
BLACKMAIL ) 'n# $nlaw"$l e-tortion o" mone#
!# threats o" acc$sation or e-pos$re. 0t is
possi!le in the crimes o" light threats &'rt. 2@3)
and in threatening to p$!lish li!el &'rt.
38>).
ART. +27. PROHIBITED PUBLICATION O9
ACTS RE9ERRED TO IN THE COURSE O9
O99ICIAL PROCEEDINES
57
uingguing v. C3, .!. "o. (/.&-&, ,eptember '%,
/%%-
ELEMENTS,
1. %hat the ofender is a e>ote< e/!to o
"ana#e of a ne1s>a>e< /a!l& o
"a#aF!ne;
2. %hat he >%bl!s0es "acts connected with the
>!@ate l!fe o" another; and
3. %hat s$ch "acts are oCens!@e to t0e 0ono<
@!t%e an/ e>%tat!on o" said person.

NOTESI
%he prohi!ition to p$!lish applies even s$ch
p$!lication !e made in connection wB or
$nder the prete-t that it is necessar# in the
narration o" an# 9$dicial or administrative
proceedings wherein s$ch "acts have !een
mentioned.
'rt. 38? constit$tes the NGag lawO which
!ars "rom p$!lication news reports on cases
pertaining to ad$lter# divorce iss$es a!o$t
the legitimac# o" children etc.
;o$rce o" news report ma# not !e revealed
$nless co$rt or Congress 5nds s$ch
revelation is demanded !# the sec$rit# o"
the ;tate
ART. +2:. SLANDER; ORAL DE9AMATION
KINDS O9 ORAL DE9AMATIONI
1. ERABE SLANDER * de"amation is o" a
serio$s and ins$lting nat$re;
2. SIMPLE SLANDER * light ins$lt or
de"amation.

9ACTORS THAT DETERMINE ERABITY O9
THE O99ENSEI
1. e-pressions $sed
2. personal relations o" the acc$sed . the
ofended part#
3. circ$mstances s$rro$nding the case and
7. social standing and position o" the victim.
NOTEI
Hords $ttered in the heat o" anger constit$te
light oral de"amation.
0" the $tterances were made p$!licl# and
were heard !# man# people and the acc$sed
at the same time pointed his 5nger at the
complainant oral de"amation is committed.
Ittering de"amator# words in the heat o"
anger with some provocation on the part o"
the ofended part# constit$tes onl# a light
"elon#.
8@

ART. +28. SLANDER BY DEED
ELEMENTSI
8@
4illanueva v. People, .!. "o. (1%'-(, 3pril (%, /%%1
1. %hat the ofender per"orms an& a$t not
!n$l%/e/ !n an& ot0e $!"e a#a!nst
0onoH
2. %hat s$ch act is per"ormed in the presence
o" other person or persons; and
3. %hat s$ch act casts dishonor discredit or
contempt $pon the ofended part#.
NOTEI
;lander ma# either !e s!">le or #a@e
depending $pon the nat$re o" the deed.
Pointing a dirt# 5nger constit$tes simple
slander !# deed it appearing "rom the
"act$al milie$ o" the case that the act
complained o" was emplo#ed Tto e-press
anger or displeas$reT at complainant. Hhile
it ma# have cast dishonor discredit or
contempt $pon complainant said act is not
o" a serio$s nat$re.
8A

SERIOUSNESS O9 SLANDER BY DEED
DEPENDS ONI
1. %he so$!al stan/!n# o" ofended part#
2. %he circ$mstances s$rro$nding the act
3. %he occasion
DISTINCTIONSI
1. UNGUST BEOATION * irritation or
anno#ance; an#thing that anno#s or irritates
witho$t 9$sti5cation.
2. SLANDER BY DEED * irritation or
anno#ance ` attendant p$!licit# and
dishonor or contempt.
3. ACTS O9 LASCIBIOUSNESS * irritation or
anno#ance ` an# o" the 3 circ$mstance
provided in 'rt. 338 on rape &i.e. $se o" "orce
or intimidation; deprivation o" reason or
rendering the ofended $nconscio$s; or i"
ofended part# was $nder 12 #ears old
together with lewd designs)
SECTION *. K EENERAL PROBISIONS
ART. +.3. PERSONS RESPONSIBLE 9OR
LIBEL
1. %he person who >%bl!s0es< e?0!b!ts o
$a%ses the p$!lication or e-hi!ition o" an#
de"amation in writing or similar means;
2. %he a%t0o o e/!to o" a !oo2 or
pamphlet;
3. %he e/!to o b%s!ness "ana#e o" a dail#
newspaper magazine or serial p$!lication;
and
7. %he o1ne of t0e >!nt!n# >lant which
p$!lishes a li!elo$s article with his $onsent
59
Ed.
an/ all ot0e >esons< 10o !n an& 1a&
>at!$!>ate in or have connection with its
p$!lication.
BENUE O9 CRIMINAL AND CIBIL ACTION
9OR DAMAEES IN CASES O9 WRITTEN
DE9AMATION 'PROBIDES 9OR EOCLUSIBE
GURISDICTION,I
1. where the li!elo$s article is printed . 1st
>%bl!s0e/< or
2. where an# o" the ofended parties act$all#
resides at the time o" the commission o" the
ofense or
3. where one o" the ofended parties is a p$!lic
o/cer,
a. i" his o/ce is in the Cit# o" 3anila
with the (%C o" 3anila otherwise
with the (%C o" the cit#Bprovince
10ee 0e 0el/ oD$e at the time o"
ofense;
!. or the cit#Bprovince where the article
was 1
st
p$!lished
7. where one o" the ofended parties is a
>!@ate !n/!@!/%al with the (%C o"
provinceBcit# where he a$t%all& es!/es at
the time o" the crime or where the article
was printed or 1st p$!lished.
NOTEI
Complaint "or de"amation imp$ting a private
crime &i.e. ad$lter# conc$!inage sed$ction
a!d$ction and acts o" lascivio$sness) m$st
!e 5led !# the ofended part#.
0" the li!el imp$tes a vice or de"ect and not a
crime it is alwa#s prosec$ted $pon
in"ormation signed and 5led !# the 5scal
%he person who p$!lishes a li!elo$s letter
written !# the ofended part# is lia!le
&p$!lishing and not composing is the prime
re+$isite o" crime).
Eia!ilit# o" the editor is same as the a$thor.
Eimitations o" ven$e, 0n order to minimize
inter"erence with p$!lic "$nction when the
case involves a p$!lic o/cer and also to
avoid $nnecessar# harassment o" the
acc$sed !# limiting o$t*o"*town li!el s$its.
'ction "or e-emplar# damages ma# !e
awarded i" action is !ased on +$asi*delict.
Civil and criminal actions m$st !e 5led in
same co$rt.
6o remed# "or damages "or slander or li!el
in case o" a!sol$tel# privileged
comm$nication.
ART. +.1. PROO9 O9 THE TRUTH
PROO9 O9 TRUTH IS ADMISSIBLE WHENI
1. %he act or omission imp$ted $onst!t%tes a
$!"e regardless o" whether the ofended
part# is a private individ$al or a p$!lic
o/cer or
*. %he oCen/e/ >at& !s a #o@en"ent
e">lo&ee even i" the act or omission
imp$ted does not constit$te a crime
provided it is elate/ to t0e /!s$0a#e of
0!s oD$!al /%t!es.
RELUISITES 9OR ACLUITTAL 9ROM A LIBEL
CHAREEI
1. 0t appears that the "atte charged as
li!elo$s is TRUE &"or sit$ations &1) and &2)
a!ove); and
2. 0t was p$!lished with #oo/ "ot!@es and "or
a 5%st!4able en/ &"or sit$ation &1) onl#).
NOTESI
%he proo" o" the tr$th o" the acc$sation
cannot !e made to rest $pon mere hearsa#
r$mors or s$spicion !$t $pon positive direct
evidence $pon which a de5nite 5nding ma#
!e made !# the co$rt.
'n imp$tation that a person has contagio$s
disease might $nder ordinar# circ$mstances
!e de"amator# !$t loses s$ch character
when made with good intention and
9$sti5a!le motive.
%here is no li!el when there is no malice.
(etraction ma# mitigate the damages; i"
article is li!elo$s per se p$!lication d$e to
honest mista2e is onl# mitigating.
ART. +.*. LIBELOUS REMARKS
NOTESI
Ei!elo$s remar2s or comments on privileged
matters &$nder 'rt. 387) i" made with
malice in "act will not e-empt the a$thor
and editor.
%his article is a limitation to the de"ense o"
privileged comm$nication. :ven i" matter is
privileged and malice in "act is proved
a$thor and editor is lia!le
'$thorBeditor o" p$!lication who distorts
m$tilates or discolors o/cial proceedings
reported !# him or add comments thereon
to cast aspersion on character o" parties
concerned is g$ilt# o" li!el
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
C0a>te *I In$!"!nato&
Ma$0!nat!ons
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
ART. +.+. INCRIMINATINE INNOCENT
PERSON
ELEMENTS,
1. %hat the ofender per"orms an a$t;
2. %hat !# s$ch act he /!e$tl& !n$!"!nates
o !">%tes to an !nno$ent person the
$o""!ss!on of a $!"e; and
3. %hat s$ch act doe not contit)te
1er2)r!.

* KINDS O9 INCRIMINATINE AN INNOCENT
PERSONI
1. Ma6!n# a state"ent 10!$0 $onst!t%tesI
a. de"amation or
b. per9$r# &i" made $nder oath and is "alse)
2. Plant!n# e@!/en$e
NOTESI
'rt. 3>3 is limited to planting evidence and
the li2e which tend directl# to ca$se "alse
prosec$tion.
0ncriminator# machinations disting$ished
"rom de"amation does not avail himsel" o"
written or spo2en words.
%here is a comple- crime o" incriminating an
innocent person thro$gh $nlaw"$l arrest.
INCRIMINATINE AN
INNOCENT
PERGURY BY MAKINE
9ALSE ACCUSATION
Per"orms act to directl#
incriminate or imp$te
commission o" crime
0mp$tation "alsel#
made !e"ore an o/cer
'ct o" planting
evidence
Galse statement or
a/davit made $nder
oath
'rresto 3a#or 'rresto 3a#or ma- to
Prision Correccional
min
ART. +.(. INTRIEUINE AEAINST HONOR
HOW COMMITTEDI
- %his "elon# is committed !# an#
person who shall ma2e an#
!nt!#%e which has "or its
principal p$rpose to ble"!s0 t0e
0ono o e>%tat!on o" another
person. 0t is committed b&
sa&!n# to ot0es an
%natt!b%table t0!n# t0at !f !t
sa!/ to t0e >eson 0!"self<
slan/e !s $o""!tte/.
NOTEI
3$st !e committed !# means o" some tric2#
and secret plot and not gossiping which "alls
$nder de"amation.
Hhere the so$rce or a$thor o" derogator#
in"ormation cannot !e determined and
de"endant passes it to others de"endant1s
act is one o" intrig$ing against honor; i" it
came "rom a de5nite so$rce slander is
committed.
INTRIEUINE
AEAINST HONOR
INCRIMINATINE AN
INNOCENT PERSON
%he ofender resorts to
an intrig$e "or the
p$rpose o" !lemishing
the honor or rep$tation
o" another person.
%he ofender per"orms
an act !# which he
directl# incriminates or
imp$tes to an innocent
person the commission
o" a crime.
INTRIEUINE
AEAINST HONOR
SLANDER
%he so$rce or a$thor o"
the derogator#
in"ormation cannot !e
determined and the
de"endant !orrows the
same . witho$t
s$!scri!ing to the
tr$th thereo" passes it
to others.
%he so$rce o"
in"ormation can !e
pinpointed and
de5nitel# determined
and de"endant
adopting as his own
the in"ormation he has
o!tained passes the
same to another "or
the p$rpose o" ca$sing
dishonor to
complainant1s
rep$tation.
A.M. 3:)*33:
'RULE O9 PRE9ERENCE IN
IMPOSITION O9 PENALTIES IN LIBEL
CASES,
%here is an emergent r$le o" pre"erence "or the
imposition o" 4ne onl& at0e t0an
!">!son"ent in li!el cases.
All $o%ts an/ 5%/#es $on$ene/ s0o%l/
0en$efot0 ta6e note of t0e foe#o!n# %le
of >efeen$e set b& t0e S%>e"e Co%t on
t0e "atte of t0e !">os!t!on of >enalt!es
fo t0e $!"e of l!bel bea!n# !n "!n/ t0e
follo1!n# >!n$!>lesI
1. %his 'dministrative Circ$lar does not remove
imprisonment as an alternative penalt# "or
the crime li!el $nder 'rticle 388 o" the
(evised Penal Code;
2. %he =$dges concerned ma# in the e-ercise o"
so$nd discretion and ta2ing into
consideration the pec$liar circ$mstances o"
each case determine whether the imposition
o" a 5ne alone wo$ld !est serve the interests
o" 9$stice or whether "or!earing to impose
imprisonment wo$ld depreciate the
serio$sness o" the ofense wor2 violence on
the social order or otherwise !e contrar# to
the imperative o" 9$stice.
3. ;ho$ld onl# a 5ne !e imposed and the
acc$sed !e $na!le to pa# the 5ne there is
no legal o!stacle to the application o" the
!evised Penal Code provision on s$!sidiar#
imprisonment.
1+. CRIMES AEAINST HONOR
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
1(. L%as! OCenses
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
CRIMINAL NEELIEENCE
ART. +.2. IMPRUDENCE AND NEELIEENCE
LUASI)O99ENSES ARE COMMITTED IN (
WAYSI
1. 4# committing thro$gh rec2less impr$dence
an# act which had it !een intentional wo$ld
constit$te a grave or less grave "elon# or
light "elon#;
2. 4# committing thro$gh simple impr$dence
or negligence an act wBc wo$ld otherwise
constit$te a grave or a less serio$s "elon#;
3. 4# ca$sing damage to the propert# o"
another thro$gh rec2less impr$dence or
simple impr$dence or negligence; or
7. 4# ca$sing thro$gh simple impr$dence or
negligence some wrong which i" done
malicio$sl# wo$ld have constit$te a light
"elon#.
ELEMENTS O9 RECKLESS IMPRUDENCEI
1. %hat the ofender /oes o fa!ls to /o an
a$t;
2. %hat the doing o" or the "ail$re to do that act
is @ol%nta&;
3. %hat it !e 1!t0o%t "al!$e;
7. %hat material damage res$lts; and
8. %hat there is ine-c$sa!le lac2 o" preca$tion
on the part o" the ofender ta2ing into
consideration
a. his emplo#ment or occ$pation
!. degree o" intelligence ph#sical
condition and
c. other circ$mstances regarding
persons time and place.
ELEMENTS O9 SIMPLE IMPRUDENCE"
1. %hat there is la$6 of >e$a%t!on on the part
o" the ofender; and
2. %hat the /a"a#e impending to !e ca$sed is
not !""e/!ate or the /an#e is not
$leal& "an!fest.
NEELIEENCE IMPRUDENCE
<e5cienc# o"
Perception
<e5cienc# o" 'ction
Gail$re in 'dvertence Gail$re in Preca$tion
'voided !# pa#ing
proper attention and
$sing d$e diligence in
"oreseeing them
'voided !# ta2ing the
necessar# preca$tion
once "oreseen
NOTEI
0mpr$dence or 6egligence is not a crime in
itsel" !$t simpl# a wa# o" committing a
crime.
'rt. >7 on mitigating and aggravating
circ$mstances is not applica!le in +$asi*
ofenses.
0n the technical term N(ec2less 0mpr$dence
res$lting in ComicideO what is p$nished is
not the act itsel" !$t the mental attit$de or
condition !ehind the act.
6egligence is a +$asi*ofense. Hhat is
p$nished is not the efect o" the negligence
!$t the rec2lessness o" the acc$sed.
Contri!$tor# negligence o" ofended part# is
not a de"ense !$t onl# mitigates criminal
lia!ilit#.
Miolation o" a r$le or reg$lation or law is
proo" o" negligence.
6o criminal lia!ilit# "or death or in9$ries
ca$sed !# rec2lessl# negligent acts to
trespassers where the de"endant was not
aware o" their presence.
LUALI9YINE CIRCUMSTANCE IN LUASI
O99ENSES
%he ofender1s "ail$re to lend on*the*spot
assistance to the victim o" his negligence or
a!andoning one1s victim is $s$all# p$nisha!le
$nder 'rt. 2?8.
Ho1e@e< i" it is charged $nder 'rt. 3>8 it is
onl# a +$ali"#ing circ$mstance. 0" not alleged at
all it cannot even !e considered as an
aggravating circ$mstance.
TEST O9 NEELIEENCE
LI <id the de"endant in doing the alleged
negligent act $se the reasona!le care and
ca$tion which an ordinar# pr$dent person wo$ld
have $sed in the same sit$ationD 0" not then he
is g$ilt# o" negligence.
RECKLESS
IMPRUDENCE
9ORCE MAGEURE
%he immediate
personal harm or
damage to propert# is
perceiva!le and can !e
prevented !# the
e-ercise o" reasona!le
care. %he want o"
reasona!le care to
prevent harm or
damage constit$tes
rec2less impr$dence.
:vents which co$ld
not !e "oreseen or
which tho$gh
"oreseen were
inevita!le. 0t implies
an e-traordinar#
circ$mstance which
is independent o" the
will o" the actor.
LAST CLEAR CHANCE RULE
%he contri!$tor# negligence o" the in9$red part#
will not de"eat the action i" it !e shown that the
acc$sed might !# the e-ercise o" reasona!le
care and pr$dence have avoided the
conse+$ences o" the negligence o" the in9$red
part#.
DOCTRINE O9 PRE)EMPTION IN BEHICLE
COLLISIONS
'ltho$gh the driver o" a motor vehicle crossing a
thr$*street is s$pposed to wait along the
intersection "or the driver o" another vehicle
r$nning along said thr$*street i" the driver
crossing the street had alread# reached the
middle thereo" the other driver travelling along
the thr$*street altho$gh with a right o" pre*
emption has the d$t# to stop his motor vehicle
in order to avoid a collision.
EMEREENCY RULE
' person con"ronted with emergenc# ma# !e le"t
with no time "or tho$ght and m$st ma2e speed#
decision !ased on imp$lse or instinct and
cannot !e held lia!le "or same cond$ct as one
who had the opport$nit# to reKect. %his is
applica!le onl# when the sit$ation that arises is
s$dden $ne-pected and is s$ch as to deprive
him o" all opport$nit# "or deli!eration.
:g. 'n a$tomo!ile driver who !# the
negligence o" another is s$ddenl# placed in an
emergenc# and is $o">elle/ to a$t !nstantl&
to avoid a collision or in9$r# is not g$ilt# o"
negligence i" he ma2es a choice which a person
o" ordinar# pr$dence placed in s$ch a position
might ma2e e@en t0o%#0 0e /!/ not "a6e
t0e 1!sest $0o!$e.
NOTEI 3$st !e !ased on negligence o" another
with no proo" o" his own negligence.
END O9 DISCUSSON ON TOPIC
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2012 Criminal Law Summer Reviewer - Book2 - MLW

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2012 Criminal Law Summer Reviewer - Book2 - MLW

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CRIMINAL LAW

BOOK II AND SPECIAL

i. Gor an# act or omission or

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