Exam

Seafloor Features:
Abyssal Plains- flat seafloor areas from 4000 m to 6000 m below the ocean surface.
Trench- long, narrow, steep-sided depressions. They form at subduction zones where one
crustal plate sinks beneath another plate. It doesnt make new seafloor.
Ridge- it makes new seafloor
Seamount- underwater, inactive volcanic peaks. They are most commonly found in the
Pacific Ocean.
Continental Shelf- gradually sloping end of a continent that extends under the ocean.
Continental Slope- extends from the outer edge of the continental shelf down to the ocean
floor.
Volcanic Island
Water Cycle
Phases of the Moon:
















Solar Eclipse: When the moon goes between Earth and the Sun.
Lunar Eclipse: When Earth is between the Sun and the moon.
Galaxies:
o Spiral: our Milky Way Galaxy

o Elliptical: a football shape

o Irregular: no shape

Planets:
o Inner: Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars
Small, rocky, iron core, few moons, atmospheres vary and denser than the gas giants.
Mars: red planet
o Outer: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.
Big, gassy atmospheres, may have a rocky core, rings, many moons, large orbits and less
dense than the inner planets.
Jupiter: Great Red Spot
Saturn: Ring system
Uranus: rotates on an axis nearly parallel to the plane of its orbit.
Revolution: when an objects revolves around another object.
Rotation: when an object spins on its axis.
Winter Solstice: shortest day of the year, Earth tilts away from the Sun
Summer Solstice: longest day of the year, Earth tilts toward the Sun
Ellipse: an elongated, closed curved.
Light year: the distance light travels in a year.
HR Diagram: the way to class stars.
o Nebula (stellar): dust and star dust are here, stars are born here
o Main sequence: 90% of stars are here
o White Dwarf: small, white, dim and hot
o Super giant: Huge, cooler
o Red giant: not as big as super giant, red, cooler
o Super Nova: a star compresses on itself and creates a big bang
Black hole: end product, a black hole in which light cant escape
Neutron star: end product: really dangerous, is basically a star compressed down
dramatically into a smaller size.
Apparent Magnitude: how bright a star appears to be
Absolute Magnitude: how bright a star actually is
Parallax: the apparent shift in the position of an object when viewed from two different positions, how to
measure distances in space.
Oort Cloud: where comets originate from, surrounds the solar system, outside Plutos orbit.
Climate: the average of weather over a period of 30 years in a specific area.
Optical Telescope: contains refracting and reflecting telescopes
o Refracting Telescopes: use concave lenses
o Reflecting Telescopes: use convex mirrors.
o HELPFUL HINT: concave- think of a cave, reflecting- reflect, mirrors reflect
Radiation: transfers heat in the form of rays or waves
Conduction: when molecules touch each other
Convection: transfers in currents
Layers of the Atmosphere:
o Troposphere
o Stratosphere
o Mesosphere
o Thermosphere
o Exosphere
Prevailing Westerlies: bring weather across the US
Trade Winds: winds by the equator
CFC- chlorofluorocarbons, break up ozone molecules and changes them into oxygen
Fronts- a boundary between warm and cold air
Air Masses- take up the properties of the land from where they form
Seasons are caused by Earths tilt.
The climate classifications system was based on temperature and precipitation.
Global Warming
The interaction of air, water and the sun cause weather.
Relative Humidity- the amount of water vapor present in the air compared to the amount needed for
saturation.
Space Projects:
o Project Mercury: first one, orbit a piloted spacecraft around Earth and bring it back safely.
o Project Gemini- second one, have two spacecrafts hook up with each other while in orbit.
o Project Apollo- Neil Armstrong was the first man to walk on the moon.
Rockets- dont need air to operate, have everything they need for the burning of fuel.