1) Though Green Energy is crucial to Indias energy security efforts,

there is a dearth of investment in the sector. Examine what efforts have

been made by the Union government to increase investments in green
energy in India.

Business Standard

2) As envisioned in the Treaty of Rome, the integration of European
countries, is still a work in progress. Examine.

Business Standard

3) Indias crop protection chemicals sector needs to invest more in R&D
to face many upcoming challenges. Analyse these challenges.

Business Standard

4) While the post-9/11 rhetoric suggested a common perceptual image,
both India and US have actually always had different frameworks for
confronting terrorism and extremism. Critically comment.

Business Standard

5) The Komagata Maru incident was an act of gross violation of human
rights and a landmark event during Indias freedom struggle. Critically
comment.
The Komagata Maru incident in 1914 was an incident in which the Canadian government denied their
entrance to enter Vancouver. The Komagata Maru incident was a long journey, that stayed at the docks
for two months with nowhere else to go and when they were sent back to India a terrible surprise was
waiting for them that violated at least three human rights in the end.
The Komagata Maru incident violated at least three human rights, even though the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights wasnt put into effect until December 1948. I think articles three, nine, and
thirteen of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights were violated during this incident. Article 3 states,
Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person. This was violated when 19 people were
killed during the gunfire. Article 9e states, No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or
exile. This was violated when the British gun ship tried arresting the 20 men they saw as leaders. Article
13 section 2 states, Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his
country. This was violated when the British gun boat didnt let them go back to their home country.

6) Critically comment on the major causes behind instability in the Mid-
East region. Do you think the involvement of Western forces will help
resolve crises in the region? Explain why.






















27092014
Q1) There is a growing concern over Atmospheric Brown Cloud and its impact on South Asia. What are
the causes and consequences of Atmospheric Brown Cloud?

Source-1

Source 2
Atmospheric brown cloud is a layer of air pollution containing aerosols such as soot or dust that
absorb as well as scatter incoming solar radiation. This leads to regional and global climatic effects and
poses risks to human health and food security. This layer extends from Earths surface to an altitude of
roughly 3 km.

Causes-
The ABC is created by a range of airborne particles and pollutants from combustion (e.g., wood-
fires, cars, and factories), biomass burning and industrial processes with incomplete burning. The cloud
is associated with the winter monsoon during which there is no rain to wash pollutants from the air.
Impacts-
1. Dimming- ABCs can reduce sunlight hitting the Earths surface. Particles such as Sulphates reflect
and scatter rays back into space. Black carbon in soot absorbs sunlight before it reaches the
ground.
2. Climate change- Particles and aerosols in the ABCs may act to inhibit the formation of rain drops
and rainfall. The net effect will be an extension of cloud life-times.
3. Weather change- the large heating and cooling effects of ABCs respectively in the atmosphere
and at the surface, combined with the impacts of greenhouse gases, may be also triggering
sharp shifts in weather patterns.
4. Glaciers retreating- Glaciers in India such as the Siachen, Gangotri and Chhota Shigiri glaciers are
retreating at rates of between 10 and 25 metres a year. It will be accelerated by the ABCs.
5. Food security threats- damage to crops will be as a result of increased ground level ozone. Other
effects may include damage linked with the various acidic and toxic particles from brown clouds
depositing on plants from the atmosphere. Reduced levels of photosynthesis and thus crop
production due to dimming.
6. Health impacts- Brown clouds contain a variety of toxic aerosols, carcinogens and particles
including particulate matter (PM). These have been linked with a variety of health effects from
respiratory disease and cardio-vascular problems.
Further, simply tackling the pollution linked with brown cloud formation without
simultaneously delivering big cuts in greenhouse gases could have a potentially disastrous effect
in increasing the Global warming.

Q2) What do you understand by Nuclear Umbrella? How relevant it is in contemporary world
geopolitics? Substantiate.
Source 1
Source 2
Nuclear Umbrella, is a guarantee given by a nuclear weapon state to non-nuclear weapon state citing
that military protection will be provided, if required nuclear weapons too, if any threat from third party.
This gives dominance to nuclear state by having an edge of holding nuclear arms whereas protected
state gets an additional security in case of war outbreak. There are essentially two nuclear umbrella, The
USA & Russia.
This umbrella has become tools of politics in several ways like:-
China who has often been refrain from entering umbrella deal is assumed to have extended hands to
Ukraine after Crimea annexation. There seems strategic interest in terms of military technology & design
offered by Ukraine. Same benefit is seen by Russia too.
Chinas continuous co-operation to Pakistan in terms of building nuclear weapons & missiles is always
a cause of concern to India.
NATO expressed its displeasure over Scotlands demand of independence by threatening to withdraw
the guarantee leaving the country open for aggressive peril from others.
Although such idea of guarantee is criticised saying that it violates the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
as nuclear umbrella are usual but never explicitly declared.



Q3) Write short notes on

1. OLED display
a. OLED are Organic Light Emitting Diode, it is basically a made of thin films of organic
material which produces light when electricity is passed through. It has the potential to
make the dream of having transparent and flexible phone and other electronic devices
possible. The technology have certain advantages over the current LCD and Plasma
displays, apart from being lighter, clear display, easy to fabricate, higher efficiency the
devices would also cost less in future. However, it would need more innovation and
time to make it cheaper by producing at large scale and making it water proof.
2. Spintronics
a. spinelectronics or fluxtronic, is an emerging technology exploiting both the intrinsic spin
of the electron and its associated magnetic moment, in addition to its fundamental
electronic charge, in solid-state devices.
b. Spintronics differs from the older magnetoelectronics, in that the spins are not only
manipulated by magnetic fields, but also by electrical fields.
3. Wireless Energy Transfer
a. Wireless energy transmission is the transmission of electrical energy from a power
source to an electrical load without man-made conductors. Wireless transmission is
useful in cases where interconnecting wires are inconvenient, hazardous, or impossible.
The problem of wireless power transmission differs from that of wireless
telecommunications, such as radio. In the latter, the proportion of energy received
becomes critical only if it is too low for the signal to be distinguished from the
background noise. With wireless power, efficiency is the more significant parameter. A
large part of the energy sent out by the generating plant must arrive at the receiver or
receivers to make the system economical.
b. The most common form of wireless power transmission is carried out using direct
induction followed by resonant magnetic induction. Other methods under consideration
are electromagnetic radiation in the form of microwaves or lasers[1] and electrical
conduction through natural media.
4. Vortex Engine
An atmospheric vortex engine (AVE) uses a controlled vortex to capture mechanical
energy produced when heat is carried upward by convection in the atmosphere. A tornado-like
vortex is produced by admitting warm or humid air tangentially into a circular arena. Tangential
entries cause the warm moist air to spin as it rises forming an anchored convective vortex. The
work of convection is captured with turbines located at ground level around the periphery of
the arena. The heat source can be solar energy, warm water or waste heat.
26092014
1.