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Problem 1:
For laminar free convection from a heated vertical surface, the local
convection coefficient may be expressed as hx=Cx -1/4, where hx is the
coefficient at a distance x from the leading edge of the surface and the
quantity C, which depends on the fluid properties, is independent of x.
− −
Obtain an expression for the ratio h x / h x , where h x is the average
coefficient between the leading edge (x=0) and the x location. Sketch the
−
variation of hx and h x with x.
Schematic:
Ts
B oundary layer,
h x =C x -1/4 w here C
is a constant
x
Analysis: It follows that average coefficient from 0 to x is given by
x x
− 1 C
hx =
x0∫ h x dx = ∫ x −1/4 dx
x0
− 4C 4 4
hx = x3/4 = Cx −1/4 = h x
3x 3 3
−
h 4
Hence x =
hx 3
The variation with distance of the local and average convection coefficient is
shown in the sketch.
−
hx h x − 4
hx = hx
3
−1/4
hx =Cx
−
Comments: note that hx / h x =4/3, independent of x. hence the average
−
coefficients for an entire plate of length L is h L =4/3L, where hL is the local
coefficient at x=L. note also that the average exceeds the local. Why?
Problem 2:
h(r)D ⎡ ⎛ r ⎞ ⎤
n
Nu D = = ⎢1 + ⎜⎜ a ⎟⎟ ⎥
k ⎢⎣ ⎝ ro ⎠ ⎥⎦
Where n and a are positive. The Nusselt number at the stagnation
point is correlated in terms of the Reynolds number (ReD=VD/ν) and
Prandtl
h(r = 0)D
Nu o = = 0.814Re 1/2
D Pr
0.36
− −
Obtain an expression for the average Nusselt number, Nu D = h D / k ,
corresponding to heat transfer from an isothermal disk. Typically
boundary layer development from a stagnation point yields a decaying
convection coefficient with increasing distance from the stagnation
point. Provide a plausible for why the opposite trend is observed for
the disk.
Schematic:
Assumptions: Constant properties.
ro
− 1 k
h=
πro2 ∫ DNu
0
0 [1 + a(r/ro ) n ]2π2πr
ro
− kNuo ⎡ r 2 ar n + 2 ⎤
h= ⎢ + ⎥
ro3 ⎣ 2 (n + 2)ron ⎦ 0
NuD = = 2Nu o ⎢ + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
k ⎢⎣ 2 (n + 2) ⎝ ro ⎠ ⎥⎦
o
−
NuD = Nu o [1 + 2a/(n + 2)]
−
NuD = [1 + 2a/(n + 2)]0.841Re 1/2
D Pr
0.36
Known: form of the velocity and temperature profiles for flow over a
surface.
Schematic:
y y
u∞,T∞
T(y)=D+Ey+Fy2-Gy3
Ts=T(0)=D
2 3
U(y)=Ay-By -Cy
∂u
τs = µ = µ[ A + 2 By − 3Cy 2 ] y =0 = Aµ .
∂y y =0
2Aν
Cf =
u ∞2
T − Ts ⎛ u y⎞
= 1 − exp⎜ − Pr ∞ ⎟
T∞ − Ts ⎝ v ⎠
Where y is the distance normal to the surface and the Prandtl number,
Pr=cpµ/k=0.7, is a dimensionless fluid property. If T∞ =400K, Ts=300K,
and u∞/v=5000m-1, what is the surface heat flux?
Schematic:
T( y) −Ts u y
= 1− exp(− Pr ∞ )
T∞ −Ts ν
Properties:
Air ( TS = 300k ): k = 0.0263 W/m.k
Analysis:
Applying the Fourier’s law at y=0, the heat flux is
∂T ⎡ u ⎤ ⎡ u y⎤
q "s = −k = −k(T∞ − Ts )⎢Pr ∞ ⎥exp⎢− Pr ∞ ⎥
∂y y =0 ⎣ ν ⎦ ⎣ ν ⎦ y =0
u∞
q "s = −k(T∞ − Ts )Pr
ν
Schematic:
µ 2⎡y ⎛ y ⎞ ⎤
2
T(y) = To + U ⎢ −⎜ ⎟ ⎥
2k ⎣⎢ L ⎝ L ⎠ ⎦⎥
dT µ 2 ⎡ 1 ⎛ 2y ⎞ ⎤
=0= U ⎢ −⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎥
dy 2k ⎢⎣ L ⎝ L ⎠ ⎥⎦
y=L/2.
Or,
The temperature is a maximum at this point since d 2 T/dy 2 < 0. hence
µ 2 ⎡1 1 ⎤
2
µ 2
Tm, ax = T(l/2) = To + U ⎢ − ⎥ = To + U
2k ⎣2 4 ⎦ 8k
10 −2 kg/s.m(10m/s) 2
Tmax = 40 ° C +
8 × 0.15W/m.K
°
Tmax = 40.83 C
Comments: Note that Tmax increases with increasing µ and U, decreases
with increasing k, and is independent of L.
Problem 6:
Consider two large (infinite) parallel plates, 5mm apart. One plate is
stationary, while the other plate is moving at a speed of 200m/s. both plates
are maintained at 27°C. Consider two cases, one for which the plates are
separated by water and the other for which the plates are separated by air.
For each of the two fluids, which is the force per unit surface area
required to maintain the above condition? What is the corresponding
requirement?
What is the viscous dissipation associated with each of the two fluids?
What is the maximum temperature in each of the two fluids?
Find: (a) Force and power requirements per unit surface area, (2) viscous
dissipation,(3) maximum fluid temperature.
Schematic:
Analysis: (a) the force per unit area is associated with the shear stress.
Hence, with the linear velocity profile for Couette flow τ=µ (du/dy) = µ
(U/L).
200m/s
Air : τ air = 184.6 × 10 -7 N.s/m 2 × = 0.738N/m 2
0.005m
200m/s
Water : τ water = 855 × 10 -6 N.s/m 2 × = 34.2N/m 2
0.005m
2
-7 ⎡ 200m/s ⎤
2
Air : (µµφ air = 184.6 × 10 N.s/m × ⎢ ⎥ = 2.95 × 10 4 W/m 3
⎣ 0.005m ⎦
2
⎡ 200m/s ⎤
Water : (µµφ water = 855 × 10 -6 N.s/m 2 × ⎢ ⎥ = 1.37 × 10 6 W/m 3
⎣ 0.005m ⎦
Comments: (1) the viscous dissipation associated with the entire fluid layer,
µφ (LA), must equal the power, P.
Find: Ratio of average Nusselt number for the entire plate to the local
Nusselt number at x=L.
Schematic:
Analysis: The expressions for the local and average Nusselt number
are
h L L (CL−1/2 )L CL1/2
Nu L = = =
k k k
−
h L
Nu L = L
k
where
L L
− 1 C 2C 1/2
h L = ∫ h x dx = ∫ x −1/2 dx = L = 2CL−1/2
L0 L0 L
Hence
-2CL−1/2 (L) 2CL−1/2
NuL = =
k k
and
-
NuL
= 2.
NuL
- −
Comments: note the manner in which NuL is defined in terms of h L . Also
note that
L
− 1
Nu L ≠ ∫ Nu x dx
L0
Problem 8:
For flow over a flat plate of length L, the local heat transfer coefficient hx
is known to vary as x-1/2, where x is the distance from the leading edge of
the plate. What is the ratio of the average Nusslet number for the entire
plate to the local Nusslet number at x=L (NuL)?
Known: Drag force and air flow conditions associated with a flat plate.
Schematic:
−
Where h may be obtained from the Chilton-Colburn analogy,
− −
− C − h
j H = f = S tPr 2/3 = Pr 2/3
2 ρu ∞ c p
− −
Cf 1 τ s 1 (0.075N/2)(0.2m) 2
= 2
= 3 2
= 5.76 × 10 − 4
2 2 ρu ∞ /2 2 1.018kg/m (40m/s) /2
hence,
- Cf
h= ρu ∞ c p Pr − 2/3
2
-
h = 5.76 × 10 − 4 (1.018kg/m 3 )40m/s(1009J/kg.K)(0.70) − 2/3
-
h = 30W/m 2 .K
The heat rate is
q = 2(30W/m 2 .K)(0.3m) 2 (120 − 20)°C
q = 240W
Consider atmospheric air at 25°C in parallel flow at 5m/s over both surfaces of 1-m-
long flat plate maintained at 75°C. Determine the boundary layer thickness, the
surface shear stress, and the heat flux at the trailing edge. Determine the drag force on
the plate and the total heat transfer from the plate, each per unit width of the plate.
Known: Temperature, pressure, and velocity of atmospheric air in parallel flow over a
Plate of prescribed length and temperature.
Find: (a) Boundary layer thickness, surface shear stress and heat flux at trailing edges,
(b) drag force and total heat transfer flux per unit width of plate.
Schematic:
Fluid
x)
Ts=75°C
∞=5m/s
T∞=25C
P∞=1 atm L=1m
Assumptions: (1) Critical Reynolds number is 5*105, (2) flow over top and bottom
surfaces
Analysis: (a) calculate the Reynolds number to know the nature of flow
u∞L 5 m/s × 1 m
Re L = = −6 2
= 2.75 × 10 5
ν 18.2 × 10 m /s
Hence the flow is laminar, and at x=L
−1/2
δ = 5LRe L = 5 × 1m/(2.75 × 10 5 )1/2 = 9.5mm
1.085 kg
−1/2
τ s,L = (ρρ 2 /2)0.664Re L 3
(5m/s) 2 0.664/(2.75 × 10 5 ) 1/2
=
2 m
τ s,L = 0.0172kg/m.s = 0.0172N/m 2
2
hL L 1/2
Nu L = = 0.332Re L Pr 1/3 = 0.332(2.75105)1/2 (0.707)1/3 = 155.1
k
hence,
h L = 155.1(0.028W/m.K)/1m = 4.34W/m 2 .K
q" s(L) = hL(Ts − T∞ ) = 4.34W/m 2 .K(75°C − 25°C)217W/m 2
−
(b) The drag force per unit area plate width is D ' = 2 L τ s L where the factor of two is
included to account for both sides of the plate. Hence with
−
−1/2
τ s L = (ρρ 2 ∞ /2)1.328Re L = (1.085kg/m 3 /2)(5m/s) 2 1.328(2.75 × 10 5 ) −1/2
The drag is
−
τ s L = 0.0343N/m 2
D ' = 2(1m)0.0343N/m 2 = 0.0686N/m
-
also with h L = 2hL = 8.68W/m 2 .K
-
q " = 2Lh L (Ts − T∞ ) = 2(1m)8.68W/m 2 .K(75 − 25)°C = 868W/m
Problem 10:
Engine oil at 100°C and a velocity of 0.1m/s flows over both surfaces of a 1-m-long
flat plate maintained at 20°C. Determine
Known: Temperature and velocity of engine oil Temperature and length of flat plate.
Find: (a) velocity and thermal boundary thickness at the trailing edge, (b)
Heat flux and surface shear stress at the trailing edge, (c) total drag force and heat
transfer per unit plate width.
Schematic:
Analysis: (a) calculate the Reynolds number to know the nature of flow
u∞L 0.1m/s × 1m
ReL = = = 1161
ν 86.1 * 10 -6 m 2 /s
−1/2
δ = 5LRe L = 5(1m)(1161) −1/2 = 0.147m
δ t = δPr −1/3 = 0.147(1081) −1/3 = 0.0143m
(b) The local convection coefficient and heat flux at x=L are
k −1/2 0.140W/m.K
hL = 0.3325LRe L Pr 1/3 = 0.332(1161)(1081)1/3 = 16.25W/m 2 .K
L 1m
−
−1/2 864kg/m 3
τ s L = (ρρ 2 ∞ /2)0.664Re L = (0.1m/s) 2 0.664(1161) −1/2
2
−
τ s L = 0.0842kg/m.s 2 = 0.0842N/m 2
−
(c) With the drag force per unit width given by D ' = 2 L τ s L where the factor of 2 is
included to account for both sides of the plate, is follows that
−
−1/2
τ s L = (ρρ 2 ∞ /2)1.328Re L = 2(1m)864kg/m 3 (0.1m/s) 2 1.328(1161) −1/2 = 0.673N/m
_
with h L = 2h L = 32.5W/m 2 .K, it also follows that
_
q = 2L h L (Ts − T∞ ) = 2(1m)32.5W/m 2 .K(20 − 100) ° C = −5200W/m
Known: velocity and temperature of air in parallel flow over a flat plate of prescribed
length.
Find: (a) variation of local convection coefficient with distance along the plate, (b)
Average convection coefficient.
Schematic:
u∞L 2m/s × 1m
Re L = = = 2.33 × 10 5
ν 0.858 × 10 −6 m 2 /s
1/2
k ⎛u ⎞
for x ≤ 0.215m, hx = 0.332Re 1/2
x Pr
1/3
= 0.332k ⎜ ∞ ⎟ Pr 1/3 x −1/2
x ⎝ ν ⎠
_
k 0.613W/m.K
hL = (0.037Re 4/5
L − 871)Pr
1/3
= [0.0379(2.33 × 10 6 ) 4/5 − 871(5.83)1/3
L 1m
_
h L = 4106W/m 2 .K
Problem 12:
A circular cylinder of 25-mm diameter is initially at 150C and is quenched by
immersion in a 80C oil bath, which moves at a velocity of 2m.s in cross flow over the
cylinder. What is the initial rate of heat loss unit length of the cylinder?
Known: Diameter and initial temperature of a circular cylinder submerged in an oil bath
f prescribed temperature and velocity.
Schematic:
_
where h may be computed from the Zhukauskas relation. when
VD 2m/s(0.025m)
Re D = = = 1312
ν 38.1 × 10 =6 m 2 /s
1/4
_
k 0.138W/m.K ⎛ 501 ⎞
h = CRe mD Pr n (Pr∞ /Prs )1/4 = 0.26(1312) 0.6 (501) 0.37 ⎜ ⎟
D 0.025m ⎝ 98 ⎠
_
h = 1600W.m 2 .K
Known: Diameter and surface temperature of uninsulated steam pipe. Velocity and
temperature of air in cross flow.
Schematic:
Air D=0.5mm
Ts=150 C
V=5m/s
T∞=263K
_
q = h πD(Ts − T∞ )
_
where h may be computed from the Zhukauskas relation. when
VD 2m/s(0.025m)
Re D = = = 1312
ν 38.1 × 10 =6 m 2 /s
1/4
_
k 0.138W/m.K ⎛ 501 ⎞
h = CRe mD Pr n (Pr∞ /Prs )1/4 = 0.26(1312) 0.6 (501) 0.37 ⎜ ⎟
D 0.025m ⎝ 98 ⎠
_
h = 1600W.m 2 .K
Comments: Note that q’αDm, in which case the heat loss increases significantly with
increasing D.
Problem 14:
Atmospheric air at 25°C and velocity of 0.5m/s flows over a 50-W incandescent bulb
whose surface temperature is at 140°C. The bulb may be approximated as a sphere of
50-mm diameter. What is the rate of heat loss by convection to the air?
Known: Conditions associated with airflow over a spherical light bulb of prescribed
diameter and surface temperature.
Schematic:
Analysis:
_
q = h πD(Ts − T∞ )
_
where h may be computed from the Whitaker relation. when
_
k
h= [2 + (0.4Re 1/2 2/3
D + 0.06Re D )Pr
0.4
(µµ/ s ) 1/4 ]
D
Where
VD 0.5m/s × 0.05m
Re D = = = 1591
ν 15.71 × 10 −6 m 2 /s
hence
0.0261W/m.K ⎧⎪ ⎫⎪
1/4
0.4 ⎛ 183.6 ⎞
_
1/2 2/3
h= ⎨ 2 + [0.4(1591) + 0.06(1591) ](0.71) ⎜ ⎟ ⎬
0.05m ⎪⎩ ⎝ 235.5 ⎠ ⎪⎭
_
h = 11.4W/m 2 .K
_
Comments: (1) The low value of h suggests that heat transfer by free convection may
be significant and hence that the total loss by convection exceeds 10.3W
(2) The surface of the bulb also dissipates heat to the surroundings by radiation. Further,
in an actual light bulb, there is also heat loss by conduction through the socket.
(3) The Correlation has been used its range of application (µ/µs )<1.
Problem 15:
(a) Determine the pressure drop over the pipe length and the
corresponding pump power requirement, if the pipe surface is
clean.
(b) If the pipe surface roughness is increased by 25% because of
contamination, what is the new pressure drop and pump power
requirement.
Find: pressure drops and power requirement for (a) a clean surface and (b) a
surface with a 25% larger roughness.
Schematic:
um D 1m/s × 0.25m
Re D = = = 2.92 × 10 5
ν 855 × 10 −6 N.s/m 2 /1000kg/m 3
(1000kg/m 3 )(1m/s) 2
∆P = 0.021 1000m = 4.2 × 10 4 kg/s 2 .m
2(0.25m)
∆P = 4.2 × 10 4 N/m 2 = 0.42bar
Comments: (1) Note that L/D=4000>>(xfd,h/D) ≈10 for turbulent flow and
the assumption of fully developed conditions is justified.
(2) Surface fouling results in increased surface and increases operating costs
through increasing pump power requirements.
Problem 16:
Consider flow in a circular tube. Within the test section length (between
1 and 2) a constant heat flux q”s is maintained.
(a) For the two cases identified, sketch, qualitatively, the surface
temperature Ts(x) and the fluid mean temperature Tm(x) as a function
of distance along the test section x. in case A flow is hydro
dynamically and thermally fully developed. In case B flow is not
developed.
(b) Assuming that the surface flux q”s and the inlet mean temperature
Tm,1 are identical for both cases, will the exit mean temperature Tm,2
for case A be greater than, equal to , or less than Tm,2 for case B?
Briefly explain why?
Schematic:
q”s=constant
Flow
1 2
Analysis: Based upon the analysis, the constant surface heat flux conditions,
dTm
= constant
dx
Hence, regardless of whether the hydrodynamic or thermal boundary layer is
fully developed, is follows that
Tm(x) is linear
(b) What are the location and value of the maximum pipe temperature?
Known: Inner and outer diameter of a steel pipe insulated on the outside and experiencing
uniform heat generation. Flow rate and inlet temperature of water flowing through the
pipe.
Find: (a) pipe length required to achieve desired outlet temperature, (b)
location and value of maximum pipe temperature.
Schematic:
. .
m c p (Tm,o − Tm,i ) = q = q(ππ/4)( 02 − D i2 )L
.
mc p (Tm,o − Tm,i ) (0.1kg/s)4178(J/kg.K)20°C
L= .
=
q(ππ/4)( 02 − D i2 )L 10 W/m 3 (ππ/4)[(0.4m 2 − (0.02) 2 ]
6
L = 8.87m
(b) The maximum wall temperature exists at the pipe exit (x=L) and the
insulated surface (r=ro). The radial temperature distribution in the wall is of
the form
.
q 2
T(r) = − r + C 1 λnr + C 2
4k
. .
dT ⎞ −q C qro2
r = ro ; ⎟ =0=− ro + 1 C1 =
dr ⎠ r =ro 2k ro 2k
. . . .
2
- q 2 qr q 2 qro2
r = r1 : T(ri ) = Ts = ri + λnri + C 2 o
C2 = ri - λnri + Ts
4k 2k 4k 2k
The temperature distribution and the maximum wall temperature (r=ro) are
. .
q 2 2 qro2 r
T(r) = (r - ri ) + λn + Ts
4k 2k ri
. .
q 2 2 qro2 r
Tw,max = T(ro ) = - (ro - ri ) + λn o + Ts
4k 2k ri
where Ts, the inner suraface temperture of the wall at exit, it follows from
. .
q(π(π/4) o2 − D i2 )L q(D o2 − D i2 )
"
q = s = = h(Ts − Tm,o )
πD i L 4D i
k 0.617W/m.K
h= (0.023Re 4/5
D pr
0.4
)= 0.023(7928) 4/5 5.45 0.4 = 1840W/m 2 .K
Di 0.02m
and
x
xfd
Problem 18:
Find: convection heat flux associated with the external and internal flows.
Schematic:
Air
Ts=100 C
V=30m/s
T =25 C
Air
D=0.05m
Um=30m/s
Tm=25°C
VD um D 30m / s × .05m
Re D = = = = 9.55 × 10 4
ν ν −6 2
15.71 × 10 m / s
From the Zhukauskas relation for the external flow, with C=0.26 and m=0.6
_
N u D = C Re mD Pr(Pr/ Prs )1 / 4 = 0.26(9.55 × 10 4 ) 0.6 (0.71) 0.37 (1)1 / 4 = 223
_
2
NU D = 0.023 Re 4D/ 5 Pr 0.4 = 0.023(9.55 × 10 4 ) 4 / 5 (0.71) 0.4 = 193
_
k _ 0.0261W / m.K
h= Nu D = × 193 = 101W / m2.K
D 0.05
Comments: Convection effects associated with the two flow conditions are
comparable.
Problem 19:
Schematic:
L=5m
Tm,i=290K
Um=1m/s
Ts=350K
D=0.0254m
Analysis:
. _
Tm,o = Ts − (Ts − Tm,i )exp[−(ππDLm c p ) h]
ρu m D 997kg/m 3 (1m/s)0.0254m
Re D = = = 29,618
µ 855 × 10 −6 kg/s.m
With
.
m = ρu m (ππ 2 /4) = (ππ/4)997k/m 3 (1 m/s)(0.0254m) 2 = 0.505kg/s
⎡ π(0.0254m)5m(4248W/m 2 .K) ⎤
Tm,o = 350K − (60K)exp⎢ ⎥ ≈ 323K
⎣ (0.505kg/s(4179J/kg.K) ⎦
The air passage for cooling a gas turbine vane can be approximated as a tube
of 3-mm diameter and 75-mm length. If the operating temperature of the
vane is 650°C, calculate the outlet temperature of the air if it enters the tube
at 427°C and 0.18kg/h.
Schematic:
.
m = 0.18kg / h
⎛ _ ⎞
Ts − Tm ,o ⎜ PL h ⎟
= exp⎜ − . ⎟
Ts − Tm ,i ⎜ mc ⎟
⎝ p ⎠
1/3 0.14
_
0.0563W/m.K ⎛ 584 × 0.706 ⎞ ⎛ 363.7 × 10 −7 ⎞
h= 1.86⎜ ⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟
−7 ⎟
= 87.5W/m 2 .K
0.003m ⎝ 25 ⎠ ⎝ 404.2 × 10 ⎠
Tm,o=578°C
_
Comments: (1) based upon the calculations for Tm,o=578°C, Tm =775K which
is in good agreement with our assumption to evaluate the thermo physical
properties.
Problem 21
A household oven door of 0.5-m height and 0.7-m width reaches an average
surface temperature of 32°C during operation. Estimate the heat loss to the
room with ambient air at 22°C. If the door has an emissivity of 1.0 and the
surroundings are also at 22°C, comment on the heat loss by free convection
relative to that by radiation.
Find: Heat loss to the room. Also, find effect on heat loss if emissivity of
door is unity and the surroundings are at 22°C.
0.7
m
L=0.5m
Schematic:
Analysis: the heat rate from the oven door surface by convection to the
ambient air is
_
q = h A s (Ts − T∞ )
_
Where h can be estimated from the free convection correlation for a
vertical plate,
_ 2
_`
h L ⎧⎪ 0.387Ra 1/6 ⎫⎪
Nu L = = ⎨0.825 + L
8/27 ⎬
k ⎩⎪ [
1 + (0.492/Pr) 9/16 ] ⎪⎭
Note that heat loss by radiation is nearly double that by free convection.
Comments: (1) Note the characteristics length in the Rayleigh number is the
height of the vertical plate (door).
Problem 22
Find: (1) expression for the time rate of change of the plate, (2) Initial
rate of cooling (K/s) when the plate temperature is 227°C. (3) justify the
Schematic:
Properties: Aluminium alloy 2024 (T=500K):ρ=2270 kg/m3,
_
dT dT − 2 .
− h L 2A s (Ts − T∞ ) − ε2A s σ(Ts4 − Tsur
4
) = ρA s λc or = [h L (Ts − T∞ ) + εσ(Ts4 − Tsur
4
)
dt dt ∫ λc
Where Ts is the plate temperature assumed to be uniform at any time.
_
(b) To evaluate (dt/dx), estimate h L . Find first the Rayleigh number
2
_` ⎧⎪ 0.670Ra1/4 ⎫⎪ ⎧⎪ 0.670(1.308 × 108 ) ⎫⎪
Nu L = ⎨0.68 + L
⎬ = ⎨0.68 + 4/9 ⎬
= 55.5
⎪⎩ [
1 + (0.492/Pr)9/16 ]4/9
⎪⎭ ⎩⎪ [
1 + (0.492/0.690)9/16 ⎪⎭ ]
_ _`
h L = Nu k/L = 55.5× 0.0338W/m.K/0.3m= 6.25W/m2 .K
dT −2
= 3
× 6.25W/m2 .K(227− 27)K+ 0.25(5.67×10−8 W/m2 .K)(5004 − 3004 )K
dt 2770Kg/m × 0.015m× 983J/kg.K
= 0.099K/s
(c) The uniform temperature assumption is justified if the Biot number
_ _ _ _
and htot = hconv + hrad , Bi = htot λ / k ≤ 0.1 . Using the linearized radiation coefficient
relation find,
_
h rad = εσ(Ts + Tsur )(Ts2 + Tsur
2
) = 0.25(5.67 × 10 − 8W/m 2 .K 4 )(500 + 300)(5002 + 3002)K 3 = 3.86W/m 2 .K
Find: Whether heat loss from body in water is 30 times that in air.
Analysis: in both water (wa) an air(a), the heat loss from the lateral
surface of the cylinder approximating the body is
_
q = h πDL(Ts − T∞ )
_
_
h L _
Nu L = L = CRa nL = 0.1(5.228 × 10 9 )1/3 = 173.4 h L = 2.82W/m 2 .K
k
_
_
hL _
Nu L = = CRa nL = 0.1(9.643 × 1011 ) 1/3 = 978.9 h L = 328W/m 2 .K
k
q wa 328W/m 2 .K
= = 117 which compares poorly with the claim of 30
qa 2.8W/m 2 .K
Problem 24
In a study of heat losses from buildings, free convection heat transfer from
room air at 305 K to the inner surface of a 2.5-m-high wall at 295 K is
simulated by performing laboratory experiments using water in a smaller test
cell. In the experiments the water and the inner surface of the test cell are
maintained at 300 and 290K, respectively. To achieve similarity between
conditions in the room and the test cell, what is the required test cell height?
If the average Nusselt number for the wall may be correlated exclusively in
terms of the Rayleigh number, what is the ratio f the average convection
coefficient for the room wall to the average coefficient for the test cell wall?
Known: Air temperature and wall temperature and height for a room. Water
temperature and wall temperature for a simulation experiment.
Find: Required test cell height for similarity. Ratio and height convection
coefficient for the two cases.
Schematic:
La=2.5m
Lw
Assumptions: (1) Air and water are quiescent; (2) Flow conditions
correspond to free convection boundary layer development on an isothermal
vertical plate, (3) constant properties.
gβ (Ts -T ∞ )L3
Ra L =
να
hence,
1/ 3
Lw ⎡ (αν ) w β air ⎤ ⎡ 9.61 * 1.45 * 10 −14 3.33 * 10 −3 ⎤
=⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ −3 ⎥
La ⎣ (αν ) a β H 2 o ⎦ −12
⎣15.9 * 22.5 * 10 0.228 * 10 ⎦
Lw = 2.5m(0.179) = 0.45m
_ _
if Ra L,a = Ra L,w , it follows that Nu L,a = Nu L,w .hence
_
ha L w k a 0.45 0.0263
_
= = = 7.81 * 10 −3
La k w 2.5 0.606
hw
Find: (a) initial cooling rate, (2) validity of assuming negligible temperature
gradients in the plate during the cooling process.
Schematic:
L
_
dT / dt = −2 As [h(Ts − T∞ ) + εσ (T 4 − Tsur
4
)] / ρwc p
_
k⎧ 0.670 Ra 1L/ 4 ⎫ 0.0363 ⎧ 0.670(5.58 × 10 8 )1 / 4 ⎫
h= ⎨0 . 68 + ⎬ = ⎨0 . 68 + ⎬
L⎩ [1 + (0.492 / Pr) 9 / 16 ] 4 / 9 ⎭ 0 .5 ⎩ [1 + (0.492 / 0.687) 9 / 16 ] 4 / 9 ⎭
_
h = 5.8W / m 2 .K
dT
=−
{
2 5.8W / m 2 .K (300 − 27)C ° + 0.25 × 5.67 × 10 −8 W / m 2 .K 4 [(573K ) 4 − (300 K ) 4 ] }
dt 2702kg / m 3 (0.016m)1022 J / kg.k
dT
= −0.136 K / s
dt
Air,
L=150mm
T∞=4°C
D=0.06m P=1 atm
Ts=27 C
Horizontal, (h) Vertical, (V)
Schematic:
_ _
qv hv πDL (Ts − T∞ ) hv
= = =
_
πDL (Ts − T∞ ) _
qh hh hh
2
⎧ 0.387(8.44 × 10 6 )1 / 6 ⎫
NuL = ⎨0.825 + ⎬ = 29.7
⎩ [1 + (0.492 / 0.71) 9 / 16 ]8 / 27 ⎭
_ _ _
k 0.0254W / m.K
hence, hL = h v = Nu L = 29.7 = 5.03 W / m 2 .K
L 0.15m
_ _ _
k 0.0254W / m.K
hD = h h = Nu D = 12.24 = 5.18W / m 2 .K
D 0.06m
qv 5.03
hence, = = 0.97
q h 5.18